Adpting to Chnging Climte: Forges for Drought Prone Conditions Chris Teutsch Southern Piedmont AREC Blckstone, VA Atmospheric CO2 Levels 1
Temperture Chnge Hnsen, J.E., R. Ruedy, Mki. Sto, M. Imhoff, W. Lwrence, D. Esterling, T. Peterson, nd T. Krl, 2001: A closer look t United Sttes nd globl surfce temperture chnge. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23947-23963, doi:10.1029/2001jd000354. Kenneth Strzepek, K., Yohe,G., Neumnn, J., nd Boehlert, B. 2010. Chrcterizing chnges in drought risk for the United Sttes from climte chnge. Environ. Res. Lett. (5):1-9. Avlble on-line t http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/044012. 2
Drought in Mid-Atlntic Region Records indicte (Dickerson nd Dethier, 1970) Moderte drought one out five yers Severe drought one out of ten yers Alwys seems to be surprise Need to mnge forge production systems for drought everydy Every frm needs drought pln Topic Outline I. Photosynthetic pthwys II. Summer nnul vriety testing in VA III. Crbgrss for summer grzing IV. Forge sorghum s silge V. Discussion 3
Cool- nd Wrm-Seson Grsses Cool-Seson Grsses: C3 optiml growth t cooler temps (70 F) more digestible nd higher in CP longer growing seson Wrm-Seson Grsses: C4 optiml growth t higher temps (90 F) less digestible nd lower in CP more drought tolernt more efficient t using wter Growth Curves for Common Forges KY Bluegrss Orchrdgrss Tll Fescue Ldino Clover Red Clover Alflf Smll Grins Ryegrss Bermudgrss Switchgrss Cucsin Bluestem Sorghum-Sudn Perl Millet JAN MAR MAY JUL SEPT NOV Cool-Seson Grsses Legumes Cool-Seson Annul Grsses Wrm-Seson Grsses Wrm-Seson Annul Grsses Adpted from Controlled Grzing of Virgini s Pstures, Publiction 418-012 4
Proportion of Annul Growth 0.3 0.2 0.1 Southern Piedmont Region, VA Tll Fescue + Ldino Clover Summer Annul Grss 0.0 Jn Feb Mr Apr My Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Summer Annul Vriety Tril Conducting trils since erly 2000s Recently evluting digestibility Sorghum-Sudngrss, sudngrss, forge sorghum, nd perl millet 75 lb N/A t seeding nd 60 lb N/A fter ech hrvest 5
First Hrvest-SAVT 2009 Vriety Species BMR Yield IVTD lb DM/A % Cnex FS Yes 6848 74 XtrGrze SS Yes 5277 68 Hymster2 SG Yes 4390 64 SS501 PM No 4820 54 Hyking SG Yes 4524 58 Promx SG Yes 3765 64 LSD (0.10) 1061 3.4 Yield nd Digestibility-2009 78 Summer Annul Vriety Tril 2009 76 In Vitro True Digestibility (%) 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 5000 6000 7000 8000 Yield (lb DM/A) 6
Impct of BMR Trit-2009 In Vitro True Digestibility 74 72 70 68 66 64 2009 BMR: 53 to 77% Non-BMR: 58 to 72% b 62 60 BMR Non-BMR Impct of BMR Gene-2009 74 2009 In Vitro True Digestibility (%) 72 70 68 66 64 b b 62 60 Non-BMR BMR-6 BMR-12 BMR-18 Gene 7
Rnge of Mens within Gene Gene IVTD Rnge Vrieties % Non-BMR 63-68 5 6 65-72 8 12 58-75 4 18 66-74 2 Yield nd Digestibility-2009 Digestibility -Difference from Averge (%) 10 5 0-5 -10 High Low Digestibility Low High Yield Low Digestibility Low Yield Summer Annul Vriety Tril 2009 Averge Yield: 6407 lb DM/A Averge Digestibility: 69% High Digestibility High Yield Low Digestibility High Yield -2000-1000 0 1000 2000 Yield-Difference from Averge (lb DM/A) 8
Vriety Performnce Above verge yield nd digestibility for both 2009 nd 2010 Xtrgrze, SS, BMR-6, Evergreen Seed AS9301 or SS140, SG, BMR-6, Advnt Seed AS6501, SS, BMR-6, Advnt Seed 22050, SS, BMR-6, Advnt Seed Vriety Performnce Above verge yield nd digestibility for both 2009, 2010, nd 2011 AS9301 or SS140, SG, BMR-6, Advnt Seed AS6501, SS, BMR-6, Advnt Seed 9
Summry nd Recommendtions BMR trit incresed digestibility No single BMR gene ppered to be superior Rnge in digestibility ws gret within both BMR trit nd BMR gene Need to consider both yield nd digestibility when selecting or recommending vrieties Crbgrss Well dpted to mid-atlntic region Annul tht cts like perennil Self-reseeding Double cropped Winter nnul Good yield potentil Excellent forge qulity Higher thn bermudgrss No prussic cid Cn ccumulte nitrtes 10
Red River Crbgrss First Hrvest in 2001 (60 dys fter seeding) Nitrogen Rte: Totl Sesonl Yield 10000 9000 Seson Totl Yield (lb/cre) 8000 7000 6000 5000 305 lb N/cre y = 3940 + 32.93x + -0.0539x 2 r 2 = 0.70 P < 0.0001 4000 3000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Nitrogen Rte (lb/cre) 11
Forge Qulity In Vitro Digestibility 75 to 90% (Teutsch et l., 2005) Crude Protein 6 to 14% (Teutsch et l., 2005) Incresed with nitrogen fertiliztion Averge Dily Gin (Dlrymple, 1994) Poor to fir qulity crbgrss: 0.6 to 1.5 lb/dy Medium qulity crbgrss: 1.85 Excellent qulity crbgrss: 2.35 Bermudgrss: 1lb/dy, Crbgrss: 1.75 lb/dy Summer Annuls Supply forge during summer deficit periods Opportunities fst germintion nd emergence rpid growth high productivity nd qulity flexibility of utiliztion Chllenges Annul estblishment cost? incresed risk of stnd filures Limited growth due to drought 12
Summer Annuls Supply forge during summer deficit periods Profitble grzing systems will fst germintion nd emergence be bsed on well dpted rpid growth high perennil productivity nd sods qulity tht re flexibility of utiliztion supplemented with nnuls. Opportunities Chllenges Annul estblishment cost incresed risk of stnd filures Limited growth due to drought Drought Corn/Sorghum 13
Mterils nd Methods Corn plnted nd forge sorghum lone or in mixture in lte My 2, 4, 6, nd 8 lb forge sorghum/a BMR dwrf forge sorghum 100 lb N/A t seeding Hrvested t soft stge Summer of 2010 14
Summer 2010 Corn nd Forge Sorghum-2010 30000 Adjusted Yield (lb/a t 35% DM) 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 2010 c b 0 Corn Alone Corn + 2 lb/a Forge Sorghum Corn + 4 lb/a Forge Sorghum Corn + 6 lb/a Forge Sorghum Corn + 8 lb/a Forge Sorghum Forge Sorghum Alone 15
Corn nd Forge Sorghum-2011 40000 Adjusted Yield (lb/a t 35% DM) 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 2011 e d c bc b 5000 0 Corn Alone Corn + 2 lb/a Forge Sorghum Corn + 4 lb/a Forge Sorghum Corn + 6 lb/a Forge Sorghum Corn + 8 lb/a Forge Sorghum Forge Sorghum Alone 2012 Forge Sorghum Vriety Tril 16
Adjusted Silge Yield in 2012 40000 b Yield t 35% DM (lb/a) 30000 20000 10000 b 0 AF7201 AF7301 AF7401 SS1515A Forge Sorghum Cultivr Plnt Yield Components in 2012 100 Proportion of Plnt (%) 80 60 40 b b Stlk Lef Hed 20 b c c 0 AF7201 AF7301 AF7401 SS1515A Forge Sorghum Cultivr 17
2012 Seeding nd N Rte Study Seeding Rte Averged Over N Rte 18 Adjusted Yield (ton/cre t 35% DM) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 b Averge yield for VA Stte Corn Silge Vriety Tril, Blckstone loction 0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000 150000 175000 Seeding Rte (seeds/cre) 18
Drought Stressed Corn in 2011 N Rte Averged Over Seeding Rte 18 Adjusted Yield (ton/a t 35% DM) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 b Averge yield for VA Stte Corn Silge Vriety Tril, Blckstone loction 2 0 0 50 100 150 200 Nitrogen Rte (lb/a) 19
Diry Cow Performnce 90 80 70 b b Milk Production (lb/dy) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Non-BMR FS BMR-6 FS BMR-18 FS Corn Oliver, A.L., R.J. Grnt, J.F. Pedersen, nd J. O Rer. 2004. Comprison of brown midrib-6 nd -18 forge sorghum with conventionl sorghum nd corn silge in diets of lctting diry cows. J. Diry Sci. 87:637-44. Silge Budgets Fixed Costs Forge Sorghum @14 ton/a Corn @14 ton/a Seed 14.00 57.00 Fertilizer 190.00 239.00 Lime 14.00 14.00 Herbicdes 40.00 30.00 Fuel, Oil, Repirs 25.00 25.00 Prehrvest Lbor 12.00 12.00 Crop Insurnce 15.00 15.00 Interst 10.00 12.00 Totl Prehrvest Costs 320.00 404.00 Vrible Costs Fuel, Oil, Repirs 44.00 44.00 Hrvest Lbor 34.00 34.00 Totl Hrvest Costs 78.00 78.00 Misc. Costs 35.00 35.00 Totl Costs per Acre 433.00 517.00 Totl Costs per ton 30.93 36.93 20
Where does forge sorghum fit into silge production systems? NOT going to replce corn!!! Best fit on droughty soils tht re mrginl for corn silge production Geogrphic res tht re prone to drought? Delyed or lte silge plntings Rottion with corn for Johnsongrss control Discussion 21