186 udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 28 lsx is,x ;s@ fp;kd is,x" fp;islx is,x" ixjfrd is,x" wú;s;alfud is,x - Y%S O¾ujxY ysñ" ud;r ^isxy, wkqjdoh&" nq'j' 2503" úy=oaê ud¾.h" YS%,xld O¾u pl% <ud moku" nkavdr.u" ms' 8' 29 tu" ms' 11' 30 tu" ms' 14' 31 jrka;s liañx isf, mßmqr ldß;dh mj;a;;ka;sz;s jdß;a;x' - tu" ms' 15' 32 jdß;x ;dhka;s rclka;s f;kd;s jdß;a;x' - tu" ms' 15' 33 iín mdmiai wlrkx l=i,iai Wmiïmod iñ;a; mßfhdomkx ta;x nqoaodk idikx - LqoaolmdG" Oïumomd,s" nq' c' ;s%' ^mqk¾' uq'&" nqoao j.a.h" 183.d:dj' 34 >ksldh 1" fidakokav iq;%h" nq' c' ;s%' ^mqk¾' uq'&" ms' 243' 35 fïodkkao ysñ foajdf,a.u" Oïur;k ysñ ;e?f,a".dñks úfêisxy ví' ta" fn!oao ixiald;sh ^miqìu yd uq,o¾u&" 2011" l;d m%ldykh" fld,sá m%skag¾ia" kqf.af.dv" ms' 156' 36 uêcêu ksldh' 2" l=lal=rj;sh iq;%h" nq'c';s%' ^mqk¾' uq'&" ms' 84' 37 tu' 38 > ksldh 2" isõd, iq;%h" nq'c';s%' ^mqk¾' uq'&" ms' 309' 39 tu' 40.sySkx p fp;shjkaok;a:dh.épdu" fndaêjkaok;a:dh.épdu" Oïuijkx lßiaidu mud,d mqmammqcd lßiaidu''' oiaidu" wêc iù>iai p;a;dfrd mépfh oiaidu" iù>x ksukaf;;ajd LokShfNdckShd ks ixúoy:" wdikdks''' fu;a;x jölïux kdu - Oïuls;a;s isß foajñ;a; ysñ^ixia'&" fyhshka;=vqfõ" 1918" iqux.,ú,disks" fyajdú;drk uqøkh" fld<u" ms' 366' 41 fyajdudkf.a úu,a" fn!oao mqcdpdß;% yd idys;hh" ms' 42' 42 wdkkao ffu;%s ysñ n,xf.dv ^ixia'&" 1962" ñ<skaom[afyd" wkq, uqøkd,h" urodk" ms' 160' 43 rdyq, ysñ j,afmd<" 1997" if;hdaoh" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifyaorfhda" fld<u 10" msgq' 11" 15" 17' 44 fyajdudkf.a úu,a" fn!oao mqcdpdß;% yd idys;hh" ms' 36' 45 tu" ms' 48' 46 úu,r;k ysñ" fn,a,kaú," ;%súo ffp;h jkaokd ^,smsh&" rdyq, ysñ fldgmsáfha ^ixia'&" nqÿiuh yd mqcd pdß;%" ms' 91' 47 mqcdrfya mqchf; nqoafo hè p idjfl - mm[ap iu;slalkaf; ;skakfidl mßoaofj f; ;dèfi mqchf;d ksínqf; wl=f;dnfh - k ilald mq[a[x ixld;=x bfuf:ïms flkñ LqoaolmdG" Oïumomd,s" nq'c';s%' ^mqk¾' uq'&" 195" 196.d:d' 48 fïodkkao ysñ foajdf,a.u" Oïur;k ysñ ;e?f,a".dñks úfêisxy ví'ta" fn!oao ixiald;sh ^miqìu yd uq,o¾u&" ms' 145' ixyhjdoh yd wdos fn!oao Ñka;kh w;r iudk;d ms<sn ;=,kd;aul wohhkhla È,aYdka ufkdaê rdcmlai Since extreme skepticism questions all knowledge, it played a significant role in the history of philosophy in the development of epistemology. Skepticism is a philosophical attitude that questions people's claims to knowledge. It is usually backed by epistemological reasons. The Pāli canonical sources do not provide much information regarding the epistemological reasons for skepticism in Indian thought. Some scholars have expressed the opinion that the teachings of the skeptics mentioned above have had an influence on Buddhism. However Buddhism is not a skepticism. But skeptic thought is not redetected by Buddhism. Knowledge was considered in Buddhism as a pre-requisite to the attainment of Nibbāna. One cannot attain it without overcoming skeptical doubt and perplexity regarding the truths of.buddhism pertaining to the nature of life, the world and morality. Thus we see that the Buddha admitted the possibility of knowledge regarding many issues on which the skeptics denied any such possibility. Hence, this research article will discuss the similarities of skepticism and early Buddhism with comparatively. m%fõyh lsisÿ fhdackdjla bèßm;a lsífuka je<lsu" úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh /.;a ixyhjd uq,sl ia:djr fmrzmr foè.fhka u fjkilska f;dr j ms<sf.k we;' fï wkqj ixyhjd Ñka;kh ljr o¾ykh iïm%odhlska bèßm;a jqj;a lóldpd¾h È,aYdka ufkdaê rdcmlai ixia' uydpd¾h meüá%la r;akdhl" wdpd¾h fla' î' chj¾ok" fchiag lóldpd¾h Èk,s m%kdkaÿ udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 udkjydia;% msgh" le,ksh úyajúohd,h
188 ë - udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 189 m%m[ap ukqihhdg jdia;úl" úih uq,sl" i¾j iïmq¾k {dkhla,nd.; fkdyels nj 1 uq,sl ia:djrh f,i f.k yer ±la jq nj fmfka' ngysr ixyhjdofha w.%;u M,h jq mhsfrdakshdkq ixyhjd kag wkqj idudkh fyda úfyais; hk oajdúo jia;+kaf.a meje;au ms<sn ia:djr ks.ukhlska fyda ksyañ; woyilska ne,su ksrjµ {dkh i yd ksiam, ls%hdjls' iel iys; wúksyañ; njlska úuisu" O¾u ms<sn i;h ±kqu fyda úfyai lafia;%hla ;=< ±kqfï mj;akd ia:djr;ajh m%;slafiam lr wia:djr;ajh f.kyer ±laùu hk lrekq jeo.;a nj Tjqkaf.a woyi hs' fï i yd ;Skaÿ ;SrK wfydais lsíu" l%unoao ielh fyda úfõpk bèßm;a lsíu m%.=k l< hq;= nj mhs frda kshdkq ixyhj d yq fmk ajd ÿkay' fm rè. od¾ Yksl hkaf.ka ixyh jd k a f,i.efkk wurdúlafämjd ka iodpdrd;aul wxyh flf¾ keuqre fjñka yd w{dkndjh m%lg lrñka if;hcikh l< fkdyels oe ms<sn ish ixyh fufyhjd we;' ixyhjdoh ms<sn fn!oao ia:djrh ;=< ixyhjdoh yd nqÿ oyu iu úiu jk whqre i,ld ne,sh yels w;r fuu Ydia;%Sh,smsfha wruqk jkafka ixyhjdoh yd nqÿ oyu w;r iudk;d wohhkh lsíu hs' ixyhjdoh yd nqÿ oyu w;r mj;akd iudk;d fmr wmr foè. ixyhjd Ñka;kh i,ld n,k úg th nqÿ oyu iu. fndfyda fihska ;=,kh jk,laik lsysmhla ±lsh yels h' tajd kï" 1. ixyhd;aul fm<öula u; úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh wjodrkh lsíu' 2. wka;jdo neyer lsíu' 3. iodpdrd;aul keuqrej 4. ufkdandj ms<sn uohia:;dj 5. jdoys,s nj m%;slafiam lsíu' 6. jhdc" fm%davdldr yd.=v u;jdo neyer lsíu' 7. bkaøsh m%;hcifha ÿn,;d fmkajd u' 8. i¾j iïmq¾k {dkh m%;slafiam lsíu' 9. {dkfhys isudj,ska Tíng hdfuys wkjyh nj fmkajd u hkdèh hs' 1' ixyhd;aul fm<öula u; úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh wjodrkh lsíu ixyhd;aul o¾ykfha olakg,efnk uq,sl,laikhla jkqfha úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh hs' wkao Nla;sfhka" wdodk.%dys;ajfhka hula tfia hehs ms<s.eksug jvd hg;a msßfihska ielhla Wmojd.ekSu fyda ms<sìuq lrkafka kï tys jeo.;alula we;' o¾ykfha ud;dj ielh hs' fuf;la ìys jq ieu Ñka;khl u iudrïnl wjia:dj ke;fyd;a uq,drïnh fidhd.shfyd;a wm k;r jkqfha tf;la mej;s Ñka;k iïm%odhhka ms<sn Wmojd.kakd,o ielhla yuqfjys h' 2 zzfuh fuf,i ùu úh yelso@" fuh fjk;a whqrlska isÿúh fkdyelso@zz hkqfjka úu¾ykh Èß.ekaùu i yd ixyfhys ld¾hndrh w;syh m%n, h' ngysr o¾ykh ;=<.S%l hq.fha mgka u ndysr f,dalh ms<sn j;a" ñksia wnhka;rh ms<sn j;a mej;s ixyh ksid fkdfhla od¾ykslhka úúo Ñka;djka bèßm;a l< nj fmfka' úkakuqjlf.a ld¾h yd iudk j Ôú;h ms<sn fkdfhla Ñka;djka bèßm;a lrñka yd wkhhka ;=<ska {dkh u;= lrñka úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñhlska ;kk,o m%dfhda.sl ixyhla fidl%àia úiska ±re nj fmfka' uoh;k hq.fha foajjd hoïj,ska {dk únd.h isr fldg ;eîu wmyiq jqfha o fuu úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh hs' kq;k ngysr o¾ykfha {dk.fõikh ms<sn nqoaêjdoh yd wkqn+;sjdoh ms<sn u;jdo f.dvke.=fka o fuys m%;sm,hla f,i hs' foúhka ms<sn Nla;sh cks; lsíug wjyh miqìu wìnjd is;ai;kaj,ska mek ke.=k ixyhd;aul woyia Ndr;Sh o¾ykfha wdè;u hq.h jk ffjèl hq.fha rñ; R.afõoh ;=<ska o u;= fõ' ffjèl Ñka;dj,sfha wdrïnfha isg wjidkh olajd u ixyhd;aul wnsreñh w hg ieõjqkq.sks mqmqre fuka jßka jr u;= jq w;r th wffjèl Ñka;khg o uy;a jq
190 ë - udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 191 n,meula isÿ lf<a h' úfyaifhka u fuu úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh u; f,dal h:d¾:h wjfndao lr.eksfuys,d w;súyd, Y%uK iïm%od /ila kd kd m%ldr úuqla;s ud¾. f.kyer ±lajqj o" tys Wmßu M, fk,d.eksug iu;a jq iqúfyai Ydia;Djrfhl= 3 jkafka nqÿrcdkkajykafia h' nqÿ iufhka mefkk úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh flf¾ wmf.a wjodkh f;jeoereï mßè fhduq l< yels nj fmfka' tkï" I. nqoao pß;fhka mefkk úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh II. nqoao foaykdjkaf.ka m%lg jk úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh III. nqoao Y%djlhkaf.ka m%lg jk úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh hkdèh hs' I. nqoao pß;fhka mefkk úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh wnsfhda.d;aul wjia:dj, mjd úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh ch,nd.eksug Wmfhda.S jk nj fndai;a pß;h ;=<ska ksremkh flfrk wdldrh wmkakl" f:a,m;a: 4 yd jkakqm: 5 wd cd;l l;dj,ska fmfkk w;r l=vd wjosfha mgka Ydia;%Sh 6 " jd;a;sh yd wdohd;añl 7 wxy flf¾ úu¾ykhl fhÿkq wdldrh uq,dy%hj,ska meyeos,s fõ' isÿy;a ;rekhd idïm%odhsl iudc rgdj kï jq ;sñr mg,fhka jika lr ;snq ukqih Ôú;fhys m%dfhda.sl yrh ms<sn m%yak lrñka ±k.eksug uy;a mßy%uhla ±refõ h' iudc h:d¾:h úksúo ±lsug.;a W;aidyfha m%;sm,hla jqfha ieu fokd u crdjg;a" frda.d;=r Ndjhg;a" urkhg;a m;a jk O¾u;d ±l ;uka o th fkdblau jq ;eke;af;la hehs is;=fõ h' Ôú;fha yrh" f,dalfha i;hh fidhd ;jqia Ôú;.; l< ks.kag" wdôjl" mßn%dcl" wd fndfyda msßia o" t;=udg olakg,enqkq w;r Tjqkaf.a b.ekaùï yd úuqla;s ud¾. ms<sn j o m%udkj;a wjfndaohla,en.;af;a h' 8 fï wkqj.sysf.h iïndol iys; nj;a" flf,iaj,g wdh;khla nj;a" meúoao ysia wnhdjldyh fuka ksoyia nj;a9 oel iajlsh m%odk W;aidyh ioyd wnsksial%ukfhys jeo.;alu 10 wjfndao lr.;af;a h' isÿy;a ;jqidf.a uq,sl wnsm%dh jqfha hym; l=ulao@ hkak.fõikh lsíu ^lsx l=i,.fõis& 11 fyj;a wkq;a;r W;=ï Ydka;shg u. fiùuls' ^wkq;a;rx ikaksjrmox mßfhiudfkd& 12 Ôú;fha mrud¾:h.fõikh lsßfuys isoaod¾: ;jqidkkaf.a fuu jhdhduh W;=ï m¾fhaikh fkdfyd;a wd¾h m¾fhaikh ^wßh mßfhaikd& 13 kï úh' fï i yd isÿy;a ;jqid" wd,drld,du" Woaolrdumq;% hkd tjlg iqm%lg.=rejre fj;.sfha h' 14 fkaji[a[d kdi[a[d OHdkh olajd is; ÈhqKq lr.eksug yels jqj;a fjkia fkdjk" mru iem;la tys fkdjq neúka W.% ;mia /lsfuka fyda mru Ydka;sh idcid;a lr.eksfuys úu¾ykh w;afkdyf<a h' fl;rï ;Sj% ^;smam&" lgql ^lgqld&" ÿla fõokd ú ñka ^fõokd fõohka;s& ÿialr ls%hdj, ksr;jqj o W;a;Í;r ukqih O¾uh jk wd¾hndjh f.k ug iu¾: {dk o¾ykhla fkdue;s nj;a" iïfndaêh msksi fjk;a u.la we;s nj;a 15 ish úu¾ykfhka u wjfndao lr.;a isÿy;a ;jqid kej;;a YÍr Yla;sh k.d OHdk flf¾ wjodkh fhduq lf<a h' tys mqífíksjdidkqiai;s {dkh;a" Èín plalq {dkh;a" wdijlalh {dkh;a fmr fkdweiq úre f,i ^mqífí wkkqiaiqf;aiq Oïfïiq& ;uka úiska u ±k ^ihx wns[a[d iépsl;ajd& ish wd¾h m¾fhaikh kï jq ±jeka; W;aidyfha m%;sm,h jk wd¾h i;h wjfndao lr.;af;a h' ta nj nqÿkajykafia ish Wodk jdlhhlska fufia f.kyer olaj;s' zzmqífn wkkqiaiqf;aiq Oïfïiq" plalqx WomdÈ" [dkx WomdÈ" m[a[d WomdÈ" úêcd WomdÈ" wdf,daflda WomdÈZZ 16 II. nqoao foaykdjkaf.ka m%lg jk úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh úuisu (quest& hk Yíofhys ksrela;sh ùuxid hkak hs' udk Od;=jg zúz Wmi¾.h mq¾j ù we;s fuys zzudkzz hkak fjkqjg zzuxzz hkak wdfoay ù 17 zzùuxidhzz" zzùuxi;szz hkdos f,i kdu" ls%hd moj, fhfok nj fmfka' tys mo.;d¾:h mílaid lsíu" kqjkska ne,su 18 hkdosh hs' ùuxikhg uq,a jkafka ielh kï jq uq,sl ufkdandjh hs' ielh fkdfyd;a
192 ë - udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 193 ixyh" i;h.fõikfha m%odk fuj,u nj by;os o idlépd úh' fï wkqj ielhla we;s jq úg tu ielh msßis oek.eksug ork W;aidyh ùuxikh kï jk nj oelaúh yels h' 19 wkaodkqlrkh" wkao Nla;sh neyer fldg újd;" úpdrd;aul ukilska hula foi ne,sug W;af;ackhla ùuxikh ;=<ska u;=jk wdldrh fï u.ska meyeos,s jk w;r th iajépkao;djfha ^free will& by<;u m%;sm,hla nj fmfka' ish ÿla ke;s fldg ks¾jdkh kï jq W;=ï i;h wjfndao lr.eksfuys,d úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñfha jeo.;alu nqÿrÿka iq;% foaykd.kkdjlska u fmkajd we;' hula kqjkska úuid n,d" mílaid lr n,d wjfndao lr.eksuz 20 hkak wjodrkh lsíug nqÿ iuh ùuxikhz hk moh nyq,j fhdod we;' tys mrud¾:h jkafka lsisúfgl;a hula wdodk.%dys j fkd.eksh hq;= nj fmkajdosu hs' 21 fmf<ys ùuxidz hkak i yd úph" méph" Wiaidykd" ;=,kd" WmßmlaLkd hkdos mo fuka u m[a[d hkak o m¾hdhla f,i olajd ;sfí' p;=rd¾h i;h wjfndao lr.eksfñ m%{dj u ùuxikh jk nj olajd ;sîfuka th meyeos<s fõ' ^ùuxid;s( p;=iép Oñu õñkkd m[a[d j& 22 ùuxikh ;=<ska wm isÿ l< hq;af;a hula wmg flf,ilska.e<fmao@ fkd.e<fmao@ hkak fidhd ne,su hs' ^whx mqépd iq;af;aiq kiqêcd;s hd ;;a: ùuxid& 23 kqjke;s ñksiqka úu¾ykfhka hq;a wkqñka;k ls%hdj,shla wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj;a ^wkqúñp ldrx fld isy lfrdys wkqéñpldfrd ;=ïyd Èidkx {d; ukqiaidkx idoq fyda;s ;s&" 24 laiksl ;Skaÿ ;SrKj,g jvd is;du;d úuid ne,sfuka lghq;= lsífï jeo.;alu;a ^wkqúéñ ldrlx fld.ym;s lfrdys wkqúéñldfrd ;=ïyd Èidkx {d; ukqiaidikx idÿ fyda;s ;S& 25 nqÿrÿka fmkajd ;sfí' tfia u wm hula ùuxikhg Ndckh l< hq;af;a oshg neisug hk mqreifhla m<uq fldg u hiaàhlska c,fha.euqr úuid n,d miqj oshg nei ;rkh lrkafka hï fia o" ta whqßks' ^h:d mqßfida hüàhd Wolx ùuxis;ajd ;r;s& 26 fñ i yd ;j;a jeo.;a Wmudjla jkafka we;df.a úuisfñ l%ufõoh hs' we;d úu¾ykh lrkafka fyd~ Wmfhda.S lrf.k h' ^y;aó kd.iai w.a. fidkavd ùuxid& 27 we;d hñ wdydrhla,enqkq úg th wkqnj lsíug m%:ufhka tys ;o nj" udÿ nj yd le hq;= fyda fkdle hq;= nj úuihs' wdydrhg.; yels foa mukla f.k neyer l< hq;= foa neyer lrhs' tmßoafoka m%{djka;hd o hym; whym; ksyaph lr.; hq;af;a úuisfuks' úu¾ykh fmr±ß fldg.;a m%{djka;hd ii d n,d" ;=,kh fldg Ydiaj;" WÉfþo wd wka;jdo bj;a lrk 28 whqre ksoafoaifha o fmkajd ;sfí' O¾uh fuka u wjyh kï ;:d.; iïnqoao;ajh jqj o úu¾ykh fldg lrekq wjfndao lr.eksug we;s yelshdj o nqÿrÿka ùuxil iq;%fha fmkajd we;' ^ùuxiflak NslaLfj NslaLqfkda mriai féf;dmßhdh" wcdkkaf;ak ;:d.f;a iukafkaikd" ld;índ iïud iïnqoafod jd fkdajd b;s ú[a[dh;s& 29 nqÿ iuh m%dudksl úuisfuys jeo.;alu wjodrkh lrhs' hula ms<sn úuisfï os ie,ls,a,g.; hq;= lrekq i;rla olajd ;sîfuka fñ nj meyeos,s fõ' k p w;s,skd Núiai;s ^úuisu wkjyh m%udkhg jvd wvq fkdúh hq;= h'& k p w;sm.a.ys;d Núiai;s ^wjyh m%udkhg jvd jeäfhka úuisu fkdl< hq;= h'& k p wþco;a;x ixå;a;d Núiai;s ^úuisu is; we;=f<a yels<sug bv fkdosh hq;= h'& k p nysoaod úlaå;a;d Núiai;s ^úuisu ndysrj úisíug bv fkdosh hq;= h'& 30 nqÿ iuh ùuxik ixl,amh flf¾ olajk m%;scdkk wdl,amh úyo jk jeo.;a wjia:djla f,i uyd mßksíndk iq;%fha i;r uydmfoay foaykdj yÿkajd osh yel' hfula fuh O¾uh hehs o fuh õkh hehs o fuh Ydia;Dka jykafiaf.a foaykdj hehs o Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia yuqfjys isg ud õiska wik,oafoa hehs o ms<s.kakd,oafoa hehs o lshkafka kuqÿ ^nqoaodmfoay&" 31 f;rkul yuqfjys isg ud úiska wik,oafoa hehs o ms<s.kakd,oafoa hehs o lshkafka kuqÿ ^ix>dmfoay&" 32
194 ë - udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 195 nyqy%e;" O¾uOr" úkhor" u;sldor" NslaIQka Ydia;DDka jykafiaf.a foaykdj fï hehs m%ldy lrkq ud úiska wik,oafoa hehs o ms<s.kakd,oafoa hehs o lshkafka kuqÿ ^iïnyq,;af:ardmfoay&" 33 nyqy%e;" O¾uOr" úkhor" u;sldor" NslaIQjla O¾uh" úkh yd Ydia;Dka jykafiaf.a foaykdj fï hehs m%ldy lrkq ud úiska wik,oafoa hehs o ms<s.kakd,oafoa hehs o lshkafka kuqÿ ^tal;af:ardmfoay&" 34 tljr u fkdms<s.; hq;= h' iq;%fhys nyd jkfhys ii d n,d.e<fma kï mukla ms<s.; hq;= h' fkd.e<fma kï neyer l< hq;= h' 35 wúpdrj;a" wkao Nla;sh mokï lr.;a ms<s.eksu wduq,sld Y%oaOdZ kï fõ' nqÿ iufhka th m%;slafiams; h' lrekq ksi f,i fidhd n,d úuid úpdr mq¾jl j" ifya;=l j we;s lr.;a ms<s.eksu wdldrj;s Y%oaOdZ kï fõ' nqÿ iufhka th w.h flf¾' 36 III. nqoao Y%djlhkaf.ka m%lg jk úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh nqÿka jykafia wkqu; l< fyj;a foaykd l< úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh Y%djlhka ;=<ska o m%lg úh' fï i yd ießhq;a uq.,ka f;rjrekaf.a pß;dmodk jeo.;a fõ' 37 bf.k.; hq;= oe ish,a, ixchf.ka ±k.;a; o tys mru ksiagdjla fkdmj;sk nj ±k kej;;a i;h fiùfï m%ikak meje;aula we;s wiaið ysñf.ka38 fya;=m, oyu ms<sn ixlaisma; foaykdjla wid 39 fidajdka jqy' bka wk;=re j nqÿkajykafiaf.a w.%y%djlfhda ùug mjd ießhq;a" uq.,ka f;rjre iu;a jqy' tla;rd iqúfyai m%ia;=;hla ms<sn úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñhlska hqla; jq nqoao ld,sk NslaIqjla tu úu¾ykh wm%;sy; lemùfuka isÿl< whqre flajâv iq;%fha i yka fõ' tu NslaIqjf.a wnsm%dh jqfha mgú" wdfmda" f;afcda" jdfhda hk i;r uyd N+; fld;ekska ksreoao fj;ao@ hkak ^l;a: kq fld bfu p;a;dfrd uyd N+;d wmßfiid ksreêcoka;s" fihhòox mgú Od;=" wfmda Od;"= f;afcda Od;= jfhdod;=;s@& 40 fidhd ne,su hs' ish udkisl Yla;sh jvñka n%yauldhsl foúhka olajd u.uka lsíug tu NslaIqjg isÿ úh' tu mekhg ms<s;=re ;uka o fkdokakd nj;a ^wyïms fld k cdkdñ&" fuh úi d.eksug isák tl u iqÿiaid nqÿrcdkkajykafia nj;a fmkajd ÿka úg tu NslaIqj nqÿrÿka fj; meñk ksis ms<s;=r,nd ish úu¾ykh id¾:l lr.;af;a h' 41 2' wka;jdo neyer lsíu' {dkh f;aud fldg f.k bèßm;a ù we;s we;eï Ñka;k yd u; ixyhjd ka wka;jdo f,i neyer lr ouhs' fmr wmr foè. ixyhjd ka wka;jdo flf¾ m%;spdr olajk whqre tl yd iudk fkdjk nj meyeè,s lrekls' p;=r f,i ìksfï yd,sùfï yelshdj we;sj ixyhd;aul o¾ykh hï wdldrhlg f.k.sh.s%l ú;kavjd ka o" Bg yd;amiska fjk;a u.la wkq.ukh l< mhsfrdakshdkq ixyhjd ka o wka;jdo flf¾ m%;spdr olajd we;af;a ks¾oh f,i tajd úfõpkh lrñks' f.da,sh ixyhjdofha mshd jq frfka foald;a iuld,sk wdodk.%dys u; úfõpkh lsíug ixyhjd woyia Ndú;d lf<a h' wmrè. ixyhjd kg jvd Ndr;Sh ixyhjd ka f,i.efkk wurdúlafämjd ka wka;jdo flf¾ m%;spdr ±laùug fjkia uqyqkqjrla Ndú; l< nj fmfka' úfyaifhka u th úfõ pkd;aul m%fõ Yhlg jvd iodpdrd;aul yd ufkdaúohd;aul l%uhla f,i.eksu ksjerè h' ;u {dkfhys isudfjka Tífnys fyj;a if;hcikh l< fkdyels foa ms<sn ksyañ; woyila m< lsíu fndfyda fodai mek ke.sug ^nyq;r fodai iïnj;a& fya;= jk nj Tõyq f.kyer ±lajqy' fï wkqj n,k úg ngysr ixyhjd ka wka;jdo flf¾ ±lajq m%;spdr id¾:l jq njg is;sh fkdyel' Ndr;Sh ixyhjd ka wka;jdo neyer l< o wka;jd fkdjk u;hla fyda ks.ukhla fyda ksyañ; m%;sfõohla fyda f.kyer olajd fkdue;' tneúka nqÿ iufha wka;jdo neyer lrk wdldrh;a" fï ms<sn ixyhjd ka ±lajq m%;spdr;a w;r tl iudk;ajhla fiùu fkdl< hq;a;ls' ukao" wka;jdo neyer lsíu w;ska we;eï úfgl tla;rd jdohl t,an.eksula fyda m%;sfõohla bèßm;a fkdlsíu ixyhjd kaf.a uq,sl,laikhla jk w;r ish wka;jdo neyer lsíu yd ks¾jdkh kue;s m%;sfõoh nqÿ iuh ;=<ska bèßm;a ùu ksid h'
196 ë - udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 197 wka;jdo neyer lsíu w;ska nqÿ iuh iuld,sk Ndr;Sh iudcfha mej;s foiegla ñ:hd odiaá ish,a, u m%;slafiam lrhs' 42 wka;jdo neyer lsíu w;ska nqÿ iuh ie,ls,a,g.kakd m%odk lrek jkafka ks¾jdkh hs' ta wkqj ks¾fõoh msksi" úrd.h msksi" úuqla;sh msksi" m%{dj msksi" iïnqoao;ajh msksi fya;= fkdjk u;jdo flf¾ nqÿ iuh ish wm%idoh m< lrhs' 43 fï ms<sn j ;jÿrg;a lrekq úia;r lrk nqÿkajykafia lépdk f;rekag fmkajd fokqfha f,dalfha nyq, jyfhka we;s nj ^w;aó ;[ap& yd ke;s nj ^k;aó ;[ap& hk folrekq wdy%h fldg f.k mj;sk nj hs' 44 f,dalfhys we;sùu ;;a jq mßè ukd m%{dfjka olskakd yg f,dalh ms<sn hï ke;s njla fõ o" th fkdjk nj;a ^f,dal iuqoh[ap fld lépdk h:dn+;h iïumam[a[dh miaif;d hd f,dfl k;aóhd id kfyd;s&" f,dalfhys ke;sùu ;;a jq mßè ukd jq m%{dfjka olskakd yg f,dalh ms<sn hï we;s njla fõo" th fkdjk nj;a ^f,dal ksfrdaox fld lépdk h:dn+;x iïumam[a[dh miaif;d hd f,dfl w;aóhd id kfyd;s&" f,dalfha nyq, jyfhka u Wmdh" Wmdodk" wnsksfõihka ^WmdhqmdodkdNs;s fjiùksnoafod& ne mj;sk nj;a" th wka;jdoj,g uq, fya;=j nj;a fmkajd fohs' 45 tneúka" hfula tu wka;jdo i yd fya;=jk Wmdh" Wmdodk yd wnsksfõihka.%ykh fkdflf¾ o" zzfuh udf.a wd;auh hehs ±ä j fkd.ks o" ÿl;a" ÿflys ksfrdaoh;a ms<sn ielhg;a" úu;shg;a fkdmeñks Tyqg wkqkaf.ka fkdwmka {dkh we;' 46 fï wkqj ish,a, we; hkq tla wka;hls ^iín w;aó;s fld lépdhk whx tafld wkaf;d&" ish,a, ke; hkq fojk wka;h hs ^iínx k;a;só whx ÿ;sfhda wkaf;d& hkqfjka olajk nqÿrÿka fmkajd fokafka ;uka jykafia fuu wka; folg fkdmeñk uohfhka O¾uh foaykd lrk nj hs' ^tf; f; WfNd wkaf; wkqm.ïu uêcok ;:d.f;d Oïux foafi;s& 47 fï iïnkao ;j;a jeo.;a lrekla >kl iq;%fha os fmkajd we;' lsishï wdldrhl wka;jdo ms<sn nqÿrÿka ish wdl,amh úpdrd;aul j f.kyer olajk fuys os yuqjk >kl kue;a;d ms<sn j o lrekq wkdjrkh lr.eksu w;syh jeo.;a nj fmfka' 48 >kl iq;%fha >kl mßn%dclhd ÈÜÀ ms<sn lrekq fyj;a u;jdo ;=kla flf¾ olajk woyi;a Bg nqÿkajykafia olajk wdl,amh;a flf¾ wjodkh fhduq lsíu o jeo.;a h' fuys odiaá ms<sn f.kyer olajk u;jdo ;=k kï" 1. iínx fu Ldu;s - uu ieu odiaáhlg u tlõ fjñ' 2. iínx fu k Ldu;s - uu lsisÿ odiaáhlg tlõ fkdfjñ' 3. tlépx fu Ldu;s" talépx fu k Ldu;s - iuyr odiaákag uu leu;s jk w;r" ;j;a iuyr odiaàkag leu;s fkdfjñ' 49 hkdèhhs' fuys tlsfklg m%;súreoao m<uq odiaáh;a f;jeks odiaáh;a yer ;ud fojk u;h ork nj >kl nqÿrÿkag mjihs' 50 Bg nqÿrÿka ÿka ms<s;=r jqfha fojeks u;h wdodk.%dys j ±Íu yd tys t,an isàu wka u;hla ±Íug;a jvd Nhdkl nj hs' 51 fï wkqj fojk u;fhys w¾: ksremkh fohdldr jk nj fmfka' tkï" 1. ;uka lsisÿ u;hlg tlõ fkdfjñhs hkak wdodk.%dys j ±Íu ^;[axp j ÈÜÀx kmamcyka;s" w[a[x p ÈÜsÀx Wmdohka;s& 52 2. ;uka lsisÿ u;hlg tlõ fkdfjñhs hkak wdodk.%dys j fkd±íu ^;[afé j ÈÜÀx mcyka;s' w[a[xp ÈÜÀx k WmdÈhka;s& 53 hkdèh hs' hfula fuys m<uqjeks wdldrh ^odiaáhla f,i& orkafka kï fyf;u fohdldrhlska ish ffjrh k.hs' tkï" 1. ;uka.;a fuu u;h wdodk.%dysj.eksu' 2. fuu u;h fjk;a iajremhlg fjkia ùug bv fkd u hkdèh hs' fuys m<uq ^2.1 jeks& u;h ±Ífuys m%;sm,h jkafka l,yj,g uqyqk ug isÿùu hs' 54 bka wk;=rej újdoj,g;a ^újdfod&" úm;aj,g;a ^ú>f;d&" fjfyig;a ^úfyfid& m;aùug
198 ë - udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 199 isÿ fõ' 55 tfy;a fuys fojeks ^2.2& u;h ±Ífuka odiaáh /l.eksug ffjrh jeãu flf¾ fhduq fkdfõ' thg fya;=j th uohia: u;hla ùu hs' fuys by;ska u idlépd l< u; ;=fkka fojeks woyi ±rej o >kl fojeks u;fha m%ldr foflka m<uq jeks u;h orkafkls' fï wkqj ch;s,l uy;d fmkajd fokafka >kl ^;uka lsisÿ u;hla fkdork nj wdodk.%dys j ms<s.kakd ksid& nqÿkajykafia wnsuqj iajhx m%;súfrdaohlg m;a jk nj hs' 56 tfy;a Ndr;Sh iudch ;=< Wmdodkh m%;slafiam l< ixyhjd ka o isá ksid nqÿka jykafia Tjqka ms<sn ±lajq woyi hym;a jqjla nj fuu.ska fmfka' flfia kuq;a nqÿrÿka fuys fmkajd ug W;aidy f.k we;af;a wdodk.%dys;ajfhka f;drj ish odiaá m%ydkh lsífï we;s jeo.;alu hs' 3. iodpdrd;aul keuqrej ixyhjdofha iodpdrd;aul keuqrej ms<sn woyi iyuq,ska u m%;slafiam lrk ì%;dkh cd;sl fcda¾ê iagqjü ñ,af.a uq,sl wdl,amh jqfha iudch fjkia ùug Ñka;kh n,mdk nj hs' ixyhjd Ñka;kh iudc m%.;sh úifhys,d nrm;< wnsfhda.hla jk nj;a iudchla Is; njg m;ajkafka ixyhjd kag f.dÿre ùfuka nj;a 57 ixyhjdohg úreoaojkakka hï wdldrhl ixyhjd hq.hla we;sjqjfyd;a wjq,a u;=ù iudc msßysu je<elaúh fkdyels nj olajhs' 58 tfy;a fuu ks¾oh úfõpk lsisu lf,l mej;s ixyhjd o¾ykhg wkqfhdackh lsíu id¾:l fkdjkafka ixyhjdoh ksid msßyqkq fyda Is; jq iudchla ms<sn f;dr;=re yuq fkdjk neúks' wdodk.%dys ñ:hd u;" ÿ¾j, {dk únd.d;aul l%u bj;a fldg ksoyia yd Yla;su;a o¾ykhla f.dvkõd.eksug ixyhjdoh Wmfhda.S lr.;a whqre ngysr ieu od¾yksl hq.hlska u Èiajkakls' p;=r f,i ìksfï yd,sùfï YlH;dj ixyhd;aul ;d¾lsl l%ufõohla iu. uqiq l< ú;kavjd yq ish ks¾oh úfõpk ;=<ska idïm%odhsl ñ:hd úyajdi neyer lsíug m%h;ak ±rey' ixyhjdofha od¾yksl w.h ;Sj% l< mhsfrda" od¾yksl uqksjrfhla f,i ie,lsug uq,sl fya;=j úh hq;af;a ixyhd;aul woyia wkqj ;kd.;a úfyais; prk moao;shla fyf;u wkq.ukh l< ksidfjks' by;ska ±la jq ixyhjd ka ms<sn ks¾oh úfõpk Ndr;Sh wurdúlafämjd kag lsisfia;a wod< fkdjk nj fmfka' úfyaifhka u iodpdrd;aul yd ufkdaúohd;aul lrekq ksid ksyañ; u;hla ±Ífï ÿialr;dj fmkajd ÿka fudjqka ms<s.; yels lrekq ;=<ska {dkh f.dvkõd.eksfï wjyh;dj wjodrkh l< nj fmfka' n%yaucd, iq;%fha i yka wurdúlafämjd.=rel=, y;frka w{dkndjh ksid ixyh Ndú; l< msßi yer fiiq msßi flf¾ fuys jeä wjodkhla fhduq l< yel' prk moao;sh wkqj uqidjdohg ìfhka uqidjdoh m%;slafiam l< msßif.a woyi jqfha wêfn!;sljdo yd iodpdrd;aul m%ia;=; we;= if;hcikh l< fkdyels oe flf¾ meñks ksyañ; ks.ukh fndrejla jkafka kï th ÿlg fya;=jla jk nj hs' fï wkqj ±ä leue;a; ^Pkafod& fyda ±ä wdydj ^rdf.d& fyda oafõyh ^fodfid& fyda fldamh ^máf>d& fyda uq,a fldg f.k hïlsis ks.ukhlg meñk ta ms<sn m%ldyhla lrkafka kï we;eï úg uqidjla úh yel' 59 wjidkfha tu uqidfjka we;s jk m%;sm,h ;ukag úm;la" ndodjla úh yels ^hx uuiai uqid fid uuiai ú>df;d fhd uuiai ú>df;d" fid uuiai wka;rfhda~;s& 60 nj Tjqkaf.a u;h hs' fudjqkaf.a woyi nqÿ iufha iuia; b.ekaùï iu. lsisfia;a fkd.e<msh yelalla fkdfõ' uqidjdoh m%;slafiam lsíu 61 nqÿkajykafia o fkdfhla jr wjodrkh lr we;s w;r th mxpys,hg o wka;¾.; ùfuka fï nj jvd;a meyeè,s fõ' Wmdodkhg ìh ù th m%;slafiam l< msßi o by; ls mßè Pkaoh" rd.h" oafõyh yd má> uq,a fldg f.k if;hcikh l< fkdyels oe ms<sn ksyañ; ks.ukhla fuka je<fl;s' Tjqka woyia l< mßè hula ±ä f,i.;a úg thska isÿ jk ydkslr ;;a;ajh fldf;la ÿrg úys hkafka ±hs hkak fidhd ne,sug meyeè,s f;dr;=rla yuq fkdfj;;a nqÿ iuh fmkajd fok wdldrhg fuf,dj jyfhka mukla fkdj idxidßl
200 ë - udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 201 Ôú;hg;a th nrm;< f,i n,mdhs' tf,iska u újdohg ìh ù th m%;slafiam l< msßi o ish ixyhjd ia:djrhg iodpdrd;aul yd ufkdaúohd;aul jákdlula,nd we;' mqoa., prkh yd iïnkao fldg f.k by;ska idlépd l< mßè wurdúlafämjd ka olajd we;s woyia yd fn!oao woyia ;=,kd;aulj lsishï iei ula flf¾ o wjodkh fhduq l< yel' ta wkqj uqidjdohg ìh ùu yd th ms<sl=,a lsíu mqoa.,noao lrekls' th fm!oa.,sl Ôú;h ke;fyd;a mqoa., fm!reifha jeo.;a idolhls' tfuka u by;ska idlépd l< mrsos Wmdodkhg ìh ùu yd th ms<sl=,a lsíu wdohd;añl Ôú;h yd iïnkao lrekla f,i.eksu jeo.;a h' idxidßl jyfhka mqoa., meje;au flf¾ ;SrKd;aul f,i n,mdk idolhla f,i fuh idlépd l< yel' újdohg ìh ùu yd th ms<sl=,a lsíu úfyaifhka u iudc Ôú;h yd iïnkao lrekls' hym;a" iduldó iudchla i yd újdoh t;rï ys;lr idolhla fkdjk nj wmf.a idlépdfjka u;= jq m%odk lrekls' iodpdrd;aul yd ufkdaúohd;aul jyfhka by; ls idol jákd kuq;a wd{dkdndjh uq,a fldg lsishï m%ia;=;hla ms<sn kuhys,s woyila ±Íu hful=f.a od¾yksl Ôú;hg jvd jákd nj fmfka' thg fya;=j jkafka" hula flf¾ id;syh uohia: u; ±Íu ksyañ; j fkdokakd ke u fohla ms<sn wjfndaohla,nd.eksug ufydamldí jk neúks'.s%l o¾ykfha m%dfhda.sl od¾ykslhd f,i ie,flk fidl%àia mjd ish w{dkndjh ks¾njhj m%ldy lr we;' 62 fï lrek Oïumofha mjd ú.%y ù we;s nj fmfka' zzfhda ndf,da u[a[;s nd,hx - mkaäf;da jdms f;a kfhda ndf,da p mkaä; udks - ifõ ndf,da;s jqép;szz 63 tkï" hï wkqjkfhl=g ;udf.a wkqjklu ukdj jegfya kï" tu ldrkfhka Tyq mkaä;fhl= fõ' ;ud wkqjkfhlaj isg mkaä;fhl=hs is;kakd taldka;fhka u fudavfhl=hs lshkq,efí hkak hs' 4. ufkdandj ms<sn uohia:;dj Ndr;Sh ixyhjd ka yd nqÿ iuh w;r fmfkk ;j;a iudk;djla f,i ufkdandj ms<sn uohia:dj hk lrek flf¾ wjodkh fhduq l< yels nj fmfka' fuu p;=¾úo wurdúlafämjd ka ke u mqoa.,fhl=g we;s úh yels wi;=gqodhl udkisl lrekq fyj;a ufkdandj lsysmhla ;=<ska wka;hlg meñksfuka w;a úh yels Nhdkl m%;sm, flf¾ ie,ls,su;a úh' Pkaoh" rd.h" oafõyh yd fldamh fyj;a má> hk wi;=gqodhl ufkdandj yd tajd ;=<ska wka;jd jqjfyd;a w;aú ug isÿjk wi;=gqodhl ;;a;ajj, wdè;u wjia:dj o udkisl jyfhka n,mdk w;r" miqj th mqoa.,hd yd ne Kq úúo wxyhka flf¾ whym;a f,i n,mdk nj Tjqkaf.a wjodkh fhduq jqjd úh yel' tneúka ke u wjia:djl uohia: udkisl ;;a;ajhla ;=< ys Su mqoa.,hd yd ne Kq úúo wxyhka flf¾ hym;a wdldrfhka n,mdk nj wurdúlafämjd kaf.a b.ekaùï wohhkh lsífuka meyeè,s fõ' ufkdandj ;=<ska wka;jd jqjfyd;a we;s jk ÿialr;d udkisl jyfhka mukla fkdj iodpdrd;aul jyfhka mqoa.,hdf.a úúo wxyj,g we;s l< yels n,meï ie,ls,a,g f.k neæ úg thska je<ls id;syh uohia: ufkdandj ;=< / ug wurdúlafäjd ka.;a m%h;akh m%yia; h' nqÿkajykafia i;h hgm;a jkakd jq Ñ;a;dfõ. ms<sn ±lajq wdl,amhg o fuu woyi ;=,kh jk nj fmfka' zzwkh wd.ï yd O¾u iïnkaoj fyda Tjqka flf¾ ;Kaydjla" ÿiag fé;kdjla we;s lr fkd.kak' Tn fldamhg m;a ù isák úg is; fkdixiqka jqjfyd;a wkhhkaf.a m%ldyk hym;ao" keoao hkak ±k.eksug Tng yelshjla we;s fõo@zz 64 hk m%ldyh fuys i,ld ne,sh yel' iudf,dapkh ksyañ; jq iqúfyai mrud¾:hlska úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh fmr±ä fldg.;a ixyhjd,laik ms<sìuq lrkakd jq.kfhys,d nqÿ oyu o" ie,lsu ksrjµ nj fmfka' nqÿkajykafiaf.a nqoao;ajh w;syh m%n, úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñhl m%;sm,hls'
202 ë - udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 203 Y=oaO ixyhjd Ñka;kfhys tk ixyhd;aul fm<öula u; úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh wjodrkh lsíu" wka;jdo neyer lsíu" jdoys,s nj m%;slafiam lsíu" jhdc fm%davdldr.=v u;jdo neyer lsíu" bkaøsh m%;hcifha ÿn,;d fmkajd u" i¾j iïmq¾k {dkh m%;slafiam lsíu yd {dkfha isudj,ska Tíng hdfï wkjyh nj fmkajd u hkdè lrekq nqÿ iuh ;=,ska o m%lg ùu fuys jeo.;a fõ' wfkla w;g" Ndr;Sh wurdúlafämjd ka ms<sn fn!oao wdl,amh i,ld n,k úg fndfyda wxyj,ska ys;lr j Qjla nj o fm fka' ika ol iq;%fha wurdúlafämjd kaf.a O¾uh wi;=gqodhl i;rdldr wd.ïj,ska tlla f,i fmkajd ;snqk o uq ukska u wi;h jk wd.ula f,i olajd fkdue;s nj fmfka' tfia u fudjqka fmkajd fok iodpdrd;aul yd ufkdaúohd;aul miqìu nqÿ iuh iu. o uekúka ;=,H fõ' ixyhjd o¾ykh iu. ;=,H jk,laik ±rej o" nqÿ iuh lsisfia;a u ixyhjdohla f,i.eksu WÑ; fkdfõ' ixyh" ixyh Wfoid u Ndú; l< msßi;a" ixyh ksyañ; jq iqúfyais mrud¾:hla Wfoid Ndú;d l< msßi;a iuia;hla f,i f.k thska nqÿ oyu fjk u msysgqjd idlépd l< yels lrekla o fuysos fmks hhs' tkï" nqÿ oyu yer ixyhjd Ñka;djka ms<sìuq lrk wfkl=;a ish,a,la u nqoaêjd ia:djrhla fj; msh k.k nqoaêjd Ñka;djka f,i y kd.eksug yels jk úg nqÿ oyu wkqn+;sjd ia:djrhla u; mokï fjñka úu¾ykd;aul wnsreñh fufyhùu hs' nqoaêjdè {dk ud¾. neyer fldg wkqn+;sjd m%fõyhlska {dkh wjodrkh lsíu mukla fkdj" bkaøsh m%;hcifhka fkdkej;s w;skaøsh m%;hcih wjodrkh lsíu yd ish ÿla ke;s fldg ksjka wjfndao lr.eksug u. fmkajd u w;ska o nqÿ oyu ixyhjd o¾ykfhka fjkia jk nj fmfka' wfkla w;g ixyh fufyhjd m%;sfõohla wjodrkh l< msßia w;ßka o nqÿ oyu iqúfyais jkafka" m%dfhda.slj ish fokdg wjfndao l< yels ks¾jdkh kï jq wdohd;añl ud¾.hla bèßm;a l< neúks' wdka;sl igyka( 1' l,kaiqßh ta' ã'ms'.s%l o¾ykh" ms' 99' 2' úl%uisxy wkqr" tka" m%d.a fn!oao Ndr;Sh wd.ï o¾yk iïm%od úpdrd;aul y kajd ula" 66' 3' mkaishmkia cd;lfmd;ajykafia 1" fn!oao ixiald;sl uohia:dkh" foysj," 2003" ms' 57-63' 4' tu" ms' 292-297' 5' tu" ms' 64-66' 6' l myk ã'fê" fn!oao o¾yk b;sydih" ms' 24' 7' u' ks' 1" uyd iépl iq;%h" ms' 582' zzwdcdkdñ fld mkdyx ms;=laliai lïukaf; is;dh cïnqépdhdh ksiskaf;d úúéféj ldfuys úúép wl=if,ys Oïfuys iú;a;lx iúpdrx úfõlcx ms; iqlx mgux COdkx WmiïmÊc úyß;dzz 8'.,auxf.dv iqukmd," wd fn!oao o¾ykh" uq,o¾u ú.%yhla" iriaj;s m%ldyk" Èjq,msáh" 2007" ms' 196' 9' Lq' ks' iq;a; ksmd;h" mínêcd iq;%h" ms' 122".d:dj 408' zziïndfodhx >rdjdfid rciaidh;kx b;s - wífnd ldfidp mínêcd b;s Èiajdk mínðzz 10' tu" ms' 124".d:dj 426' zzldfuiajd kjx Èiajd- fklalïux oügqfäuf;d modkdhd.ñiaidñ - t;a; furêc;s ufkd;szz 11' u' ks' 1" wßhmßfhaik iq;%h" ms' 400' 12' tu" ms' 400' 13' tu" ms' 398' 14' tu" ms' 400-406' 15' u' ks' 1" uyd iépl iq;%h" ms' 582' zzk fld mkdyx budh lgqldh ÿlalxldßldh wê.épdñ W;a;Í ukqiaiouud w,ußh{dkoiaik úfiaix' ishd kqfld w[af[d u.af.d fld fndodhd~;s'zz 16' ix' ks' 5" II, Oïupll mj;a;k iq;%h" ms' 272' 17' hiiais ysñ mkyvqfõ" ksoyia Ñka;kh yd ùuxikh wd.ñl od¾yksl uq,o¾u õ.%yhla" ud.ë md,s yd fn!oao wohhk wdh;kh" mqjlamsáh" 2009" ms' 23' udk i" udk udk i" ù ux i 18' nqoaoo;a; ysñ fmd,a,;af;a" md,s - isxy, wldrdosh" ms' 471' zzudk id ud - yg oaú;aj fõ' m%:u ud - yg ù - wdfoay fõ' b;sß udk - fldgig ux - wdfoay fõzz 19' hiiais ysñ mkyvqfõ" ksoyia Éka;kh yd ùuxikh wd.ñl yd od¾yksl uq,o¾u õ.%yhla" ms' 24' 20' > ksldh àld" uyd i;smügdk iq;a;" fidaudj;s fyajdú;drk" urodk" 1967" ms' 512' zzh:djf;d wdoskjdksixidkx máixldkx ùuxid bo máixldkxzz
204 ë - udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 205 21' > ksldh àld" n%yaucd, iq;a;" tu" ms' 103' zzwkqúpß;ka;s ùuxidh wkqmj;a;s;x" ùuxidkq.f;ak jd úpdf¾k wkqjêcs;xzz 22' uyd ksoafoaiüg l:d" iqoügl iq;a; ksoafoai jkakkd" ihsuka fyajd ú;drk" fld<u" 1921" ms' 156' zzùuxid;s( p;=iép Oñu õñkkd m[a[d j" ùuxid Oïu úñkkd ;s jq;a;dzz 23' Lq' ks' fmagfldamfoaih" mxp N+ñ" ydr únx.h" nqoao chka;s ;s%msgl.%ka: mqk¾ uqøk" fn!oao ixiald;sl uohia:dkh" foysj," 1989" ms' 116' 24' wx' ks' 5" isyfiakdm;s iq;%h" tu" ms' 60' 25' u' ks' 2" Wmd,s iq;%h" tu" ms' 70' 26' > ksldhüg l:d" n%yaucd, iq;a; jkakkd" mgu j.af.d" ihsuka fyajdú;drk" fld<u" 1918" ms' 76' 27' Manorathapūraņi - III, Editor: kopp Hermann, The pali Text society, Oxford,1998, pg. 372. 28' Lq' ks' uyd ksoafoai md,s" tu" ms' 386' zzuqks iiai; ÈÜÀ ksiais;dks [;ajd" WÉfþo ÈÜÀ ksiams;dks {;ajd" iiaiq;éfþo ksiais;dks {;ajd" ;=,hs;ajd ;Srhs;ajd úydjhs;ajd" ún+;xl;ajd fid úuxi;s" mkaäf;d m[a[djd nqoaêud úndú fuodj;szz 29' u' ks' 1" úuxil iq;%h" tu" ms' 744' 30' ix' ks' 5" boaêmdo ixhq;a;h" mdido lïmk j.a.h" uymam, iq;%h" nqoao chka;s ;s%msgl.%ka: mqk¾ uqøk" fn!oao ixiald;sl uohia:dkh" foysj," 1982" ms' 22' zzb;s fu ùuxid k p w;s,skd Núiai;s" k p w;sm.a.ys;d Núiai;s" k p wþco;a;x ixå;a;d Núiai;s" k p nysoaod úlaå;a;d Núiai;sZZ 31' os' ks' 2" uyd mßksíndk iq;a;" ms' 192' 32' os' ks' 2" uyd mßksíndk iq;a;" ms' 194' 33' os' ks' 2" uyd mßksíndk iq;a;" tu" ms' 194' 34' os' ks' 2" uyd mßksíndk iq;a;" tu" ms' 196' 35' os' ks' 2" uyd mßksíndk iq;a;" tu" ms' 196' 36 uydhdk o¾ykfha iqm%lg wdpd¾hjrfhl= jq wd¾hfoajmdohka {dkidr iuqéph kï ld;sfha os nqÿ iufha úpdrys,s moku olajd we;af;a fufia h' ;dmd;afþod;a p kslid;a - iqj¾kój mkaûff;# mílaih NslaIfjda.%dyHx - uoajfpd k;= f.!rjd;a uyfkks" kqjke;s rka lrejd úiska rka lene,a,la f.k th ;jd" lmd" Wr.d" Tm uügï lr rka nj yÿkd.kakd wdldrhg Tn o udf.a jpkh msßlaisfuka ñi yqÿ f.!rjfhka mukla fkdms<s.; hq;= h' 37' OïumoÜg l:d 1" isxy, mßj¾;kh" tu" ms' 58' iemj;a" iqjm;a.dy Ôú;.; l< flda,s; - Wm;siai fofokd úfkdaoldó Ôú; l<y'ta nj.sr.a. iuêc nÿ W;aijj,g iynd.s ùfuka fmfka' tfy;a Ôú;fha yrh fkdfyd;a ksiagdj ;uka,o úfkdaodiaj, ke;ehs is;+ fudõyq fudalaih fidhd hdfï m%;sm,hla f,i uy;a jq msßjrla iu. jdih l< ixch msßjeðhdf.a wkq.dñlfhda jqy' 38' u' j' m' 1" tu" ms' 86' zzúmaikkakd;s fld f; wdjqfid" bkaøshdks mßiqoafod PújKafKd mßfhdodf;d lxis;ajx wdjqfid WoaÈiai mínðf;d@zz 39' tu" ms' 86' zzfh Oïud fya;=mamnjd f;aix fya;=x ;:d.f;d wdy f;i[ap fhd ksfrdaod tjx jdè uyd iufkdzz 40' È' ks' 1" flajâv iq;%h" tu" ms' 526' 41' tu" ms' 526-538' 42' È' ks' 1" n%yaucd, iq;%h' tu" ms' 78' 43' u' ks' 2" w.a.sjépf.d;a; iq;%h" ms' 260' 44' ix' ks' 2" lépdkf.d;a; iq;%h" ms' 28' 45' tu" ms' 28' 46' tu" ms' 28' 47' tu" ms' 28' 48 >kl fuka u Tyqf.a b.ekaùu fkdfyd;a jdoh ms<sn W.;=ka w;r talu;sl;ajhla fkdue;s nj fmfka' >kl ms<sn ±lafjk fm< yd wgqjd újrkj,g wkqj Tyq b;d meyeè,s j u kdia;sljdèfhls' kuq;a uydpd¾h u,,fialr uy;d olajk wdldrhg Tyq n%dyaukfhla49 fkdj mßn%dclfhls' ^ >kfld mßíndcfld&50 uydpd¾h ch;s,l uy;d fmkajd fok mßè,avkan¾.a uy;df.a woyi kï >kl jkdys Ndr;Sh ;d¾lsl ixyhjdohl wdrïnl,laihls'51 >kl ießhq;a ysñf.a {d;sfhl= ùu;a" ießhq;a ysñ.sys l, ixch fn,a,üàmq;a; Ydia;Djrhdf.a f.da,fhla j isàu;a52 i,ld n,k úg fyf;u ixyhjdèfhla fkdjkafka ukao@ hk ielh u;= fõ' fuls lrekq wkqj >kl ms<sn fla' tka' ch;s,l uy;d fudyq újdohg t<ô tl u ixyhjd.=rel=,h jq i[achf.a.=rel=,hg wh;a úkehs is;sh yels nj 53 olajhs' Malasekara G.P., Doctonary of Pali - Proper names vol - I Manshiram manoharlal publishers, pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1983, Pg. 1082' Perhaps he is the heretic Brahmin.''/u' ks' 2" os>kl iq;%h' tu" ms' 280'$ch;s,l fla' tka' uq,a nqÿ iufha {dk únd.h" tu" ms' 318'/mm[apiQokS III, isxy, mßj¾;kh" tu" ms' 141'$ch;s,l fla' tka' uq,a nqÿ iufha {dk únd.h" tu" ms' 324' 54' u' ks' 2" os>kl iq;%h' tu" ms' 280' 55' tu" ms' 280' zzwyx ys fnd f.d;u tajxjdè" tajx ÈÜÀ iínx fu k Ldu;S;s'ZZ
206 ë - udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 207 56' tu' ms' 280' zzwf;d fld f; w.a.sfjiaik nyqns nyq;rd f,daliañxfh tajudyxiq; ;ïmiai ;dèifuj" ;ïmiai ;dèifujd;s f;' ;[aféj ÈÜsÀx kmamcyka;s" w[a[[ap ÈÜÀx WmdÈhka;sZZ 57' tu" ms' 280' 58' tu" ms' 280' 59' tu" ms' 282' zzoaúys fï wiai ú.a.fydzz 60' tu" ms' 282' 61' ch;s,l fla' tka' uq,a nqÿ iufha {dk únd.h" tu" ms' 320 62' úu,oïu ysñ lkafof.dv" wdpdr O¾u' l¾;d m%ldykhls" 2010" ms' 82' 63' tu" ms' 82' 64' È' ks' 1" n%yaucd, iq;%h" tu" ms' 44' 65' tu" ms' 44' 66' È' ks' 3" plaj;a;sisykdo iq;%h" tu" ms' 106' zzuqid k Ndis;índZZ 67 zzud okakd tl u foh lsisjla fkdokakd nj hszz hkak fidl%àia l< iqm%lg m%ldyhls' tf,i u fidl%àia ±ksu iïnkao fldg f.k mqoa.,hka i;r fofkla fmkajd we;' tkï" 1. hfula okafka o" okakd nj fkd±kafka o Tyq kskafoa h' wjè lrkak' 2. hfula fkdokafka o" fkdokakd nj fkdokafka o" Tyq fudavfhls' ÿre lrkak' 3. hfula fkdokafka o" fkdokakd nj okafka o" Tyq wirkfhls' msysg jkak' 4. hfula okafka o" okakd nj okafka o Tyq W.f;ls'.re lrkak' wurdúlafämjd kaf.ka isõjeks msßi jk w{dkndjh mokï fldg.;a msßi fuu j¾.slrkfha f;jeks.kh iu. fndfyda úg iudk jk nj fmfka' ^fuu ks.ukhg zztyq wirkfhls' msysgjkakzz hkak fkdi,ld we;'& 68' Lq' ks' 1" Oïumo md<s" nd, j.a." tu" ms' 38' 69' È' ks' 1" n%yaucd, iq;%h" ms' 4' wdy%s;.%ka: kdudj,sh( m%d:ñl uq,dy%h( wx' ks' 1' ^1960&" 2' ^1962&" 4' ^1970&" 5' ^1977&" nqoao chka;s ;s%msgl.%ka: ud,d mqk¾uqøkh" fn!oao ixiald;sl uohia:dkh" foysj,' Lq' ks' 1" Lqoaol mdg" Oïumo md,s" Wodkmd<s" ^1960&" iq;a; ksmd;h" ^1977& máiïnsod u.a. ^1979&" fmagfldamfoaih ^1989&" nqoaojximd,s ^1979&" uydksoafoai md,s ^1961&" nqoao chka;s ;s%msgl.%ka: ud,d mqk¾uqøkh" fn!oao ixiald;sl uohia:dkh" foysj,' È' ks' 1" ^1962&" 2 ^1976&" 3 ^1976&" nqoao chka;s ;s%msgl.%ka: ud,d mqk¾uqøkh" fn!oao ixiald;sl uohia:dkh" foysj, os> ksldh àld" fidaudj;s fyajdú;drk" urodk" 1967' mm[apiqoks 1" fyajdú;drk" 1948' mkaishmkia cd;l fmd;ajykafia 1" fn!oao ixiald;sl uohia:dkh" foysj," 2003' u' ks' 1 ^1973&" 2 ^1973&" 3 ^1974&" nqoao chka;s ;s%msgl.%ka: ud,d mqk¾uqøkh" fn!oao ixiald;sl uohia:dkh" foysj,' uyd ksoafoaiüg l:d" ihsuka fyajd ú;drk" fld<u" 1921' ix' ks' 1 ^1960&" 2 ^1962&" 3 ^1983&" 4 ^1981&" 5 I ^1982&" 5 II ^1983&" nqoao chka;s ;s %msgl.%ka: ud,d mqk¾uqøkh" fn!oao ixiald;sl uohia:dkh" foysj,' oaú;shsl uq,dy%h( Ydia;%Sh.%ka:( wnhjxy lms," buekqfj,a ldkaüf.a {dk únd.h; fn!oao Ñka;kh weiqßka flfrk wohhkhla" md,s yd fn!oao myapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh" le,ksh úyajúohd,h" 1997' wßhúu, ysñ fldiaj;af;a" nqoao O¾uh" iuhj¾ok" urodk" 1996' wdkkao ysñ" Wvqydjr" ;s%msglfhka fy<s jk nqoao pß;h" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<u 10" 2000' W;a;rdkkao ysñ b refõ" odiaá únd.h" b rej uqøk Ys,amsfhda" b rej" 1972' l,kaiqßh ta'ã'ms".s%l o¾ykh" wohdmk m%ldyk fomd¾;fïka;=j" n;a;ruq,a," 2007' l,kaiqßh ta'ã'ms" o¾ykh ye kaùula" wdßh m%ldylfhda" jrldfmd<" 2002' l,kaiqßh ta' ã' ms" od¾yksl.eg iy úü.kaiaffgka" is$i" f,alayjqia bkafjiaüukaüia iud.u - fmd;a m%ldylfhda" fld<u 02" 1986' l,kaiqßh ta' ã' ms" kq;k ngysr o¾ykh" wohdmk m%ldyk fomd¾;fïka;=j" n;a;ruq,a," 2007'
208 ë - udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 209 l,kaiqßh ta' ã' ms" ngysr úyaf,ais o¾ykh" wdßh m%ldylfhda" jrldfmd<" 2008' l myk ã'fê" Ndr;Sh o¾yk b;sydih" rdch NdId fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%ldyk wxyh" 1963'.,auxf.dv iqukmd," wd fn!oao o¾ykh" uq,o¾u ú.%yhla" iriaj;s m%ldyk" Èjq,msáh" 2007' ch;s,l fla' tka' uq,a nqÿ iufha {dk únd.h mß(fya'uq' ;s,lr;ak" tia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<u 10" 2003' ch;s,l fla" o¾ykjdo winäka" m% m m%ldylfhda" fld<u 12" 2005' chfialr luks".s%l o¾ykhg msúiqula" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<u 10" 2002' ;s,lr;ak wix." Y=kH;djdofhys o¾ykh yd prkh" fn!oao ixiald;sl uohia:dkh" foysj," 2001' ;s,lr;ak fya' uq" uydpd¾h fla' tka ch;s,l o¾ykh" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<u 10" 2001' ;s,lisß fê" ffjèl idys;hh" ldkavh 1",xldfõ is$i m%jd;a;s m;% iud.u" fld<u" 1958' Oïudkkao ysñ ;,,af,a" iïnqoao foaykdj" pß;h yd ;;ald,sk iudch" wnh m%ldylfhda".,alsiai" 1968' Oïudkkao ysñ fydaud.u" fn!oao yd ldkaáhdkq iodpdr o¾ykh" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<u 10" 2004' Oïud,xldr ysñ b;a;emdk" nqÿ oyfuys od¾yksl m%ia;=; ^iq;% msglh weiqfrka&" YS% foaú m%ldyk" foysj," 2001' O¾uisß.=Kmd," od¾yksl m%yak" wohdmk m%ldyk fomd¾;fïka;=j" n;a;ruq,a," 2007' kdro ysñ Èh.u" IÜ Ydia;Dka iy nqÿ oyu" l¾;d m%ldykhls" 2009' m[a[dkkao ysñ mrjdyer" Oïumd, ysñ fõye,af,a" ngysr o¾yk" m%ldyk ; ux., fü%v¾ia" fld<u 09" 1955' msßia u¾,ska" fmkakïfmreu ã'ms" fidl%àia Ôjk pß;h" is$i" weï' ã'.=kfiak iy iud.u" fld<u 11" 1999' n¾kü fcdaka" wd.%sl o¾ykh" rdch NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1964' nidï ta' t,a" wisßu;a bkaèhdj" wohdmk m%ldyk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1995' uyskao ysñ WKqj;=rnqnqf,a" kkaèfiak Ô'ví" nqoaold,sk.s%l o¾ykh II, weia' f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda" fld<u 10" 2009' hiiais ysñ mkyvqfõ" ksoyia Éka;kh yd ùuxikh wd.ñl od¾yksl uq,o¾u õ.%yhla" ud.ë md,s yd fn!oao wohhk wdh;kh" mqjlamsáh" 2009' ri,a n¾g%kaü" o¾ykjdofha.eg " mß( rdcmlai fiakdr;ak" úfêiqßh.%ka: flakaøh" mqxñ fnd/,a," 2008' rdodldiakka" bka h o¾ykh" I ldkavh" wohdmk m%ldyk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1970' rdyq, ysñ w;a;=vdfõ" fn!oao o¾ykh" ohdjxy chfldä iud.u" fld<u 10" 1963' rdyq, ysñ fyüáuq,af,a" ld,h yd wjldyh; fn!oao u;h ms<sn ;=,kd;aul wohhkhla" iuka;s fmd;a m%ldylfhda" 2007' úfênkavdr pkaèu" fudrgqj.u té' tï" fn!oao Ñka;kh iy ch;s,l odiaáh" uydpd¾h fla' tka' ch;s,l iure ixúodkfha m%ldylhls' rdc.sßh" 1995' úfênkavdr pkaèu" fudrgqj.u té' tï" wd fn!oao Ñka;kh" woyia lsysmhla" tia' f.dv.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<u 10" 1985' úfêr;ak wdkkao" Y%uK iïm%odh ^Iâ Ydia;Djreka we;= nqoao ld,sk Ndr;Sh Y%uK iïm%od ms<sn úu¾ykd;aul wohhkhla& l;d m%ldykhls" 2004' úkag¾ksüia tï" bka h idys;h b;sydih" 1 ldkavh" wohdmk m%ldyk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1967' úu,oïu ysñ lkafoaf.dv" wdpdro¾u" l¾;d m%ldykhls" 2009' ùrisxy tia' Ô' tï" ldkaáhdkq o¾ykh ms<sn úpdr mq¾jl wohhkhla" le,ksh úyajúohd,hsh m¾fhaik m%ldyk ud,dj" le,ksh" 1988' fifkúr;ak is' ta' fodka" WmksIoa" is'i' weï'ã'.=kfiak iy iud.u" fld<u 1961' Keith A. Berridale, Budhist Philosophy; in Indian and Ceylon, munshirum manoharlal publishers, pvt, Ltd, 1979. Matilal. Bimal Krishna, Perception; An Eassay on classical Indian theories of knowledge, Oxford, clarendon press, 1986. Raadhaknishanan Sarvepalli, Moore A. Charles, A source Book in Indian philosophy, New Jersey, princton university press, 1957.
210 ë - udkjydia;% msg Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 211 Ydia;%Sh,sms( ch;s,l fla' tka" nqÿ iuh yd kq;k ngysr o¾ykh" o¾ykjdoh" úohd,xldr úyajúohd,h" o¾yk ix.ufha jd¾isl ix.%yh" ixia( uq;=., wd;¾" chùr fla' ms'" w;m;a;= fmaudkkao" o¾yk ix.uh" le<ksh úyajúohd,h" 1962-63" 2 ldkavh" 2 l,dmh' chj¾ok fla' î" od¾yksl mokulska f,daflda;am;a;sh újrkh lrk kdi h iqla;h" úfohdaoh O¾u Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" w;smqch fyhshka;=vqfõ YS% foajñ;a; kdysñ Wmydr l,dmh" ixia mshr;k ysñ" je.u'" Oïudkkao ysñ ul=remafma" {dkr;k ysñ mqiaie,a,dfõ" úofhdaoh wdè YsIH ix.ufha m%ldykhls" fld<u 10" 2012' ;s,lr;ak wix." {dkfhys wjdph;ajh ms<sn.eg j" YS%,xld m%dök NdfIdamldr iud.u" Ydia;S%h ix.%yh" ixia( fidaudkkao ysñ f;ßmeye" Oïumd, ysñ hg.u" fiakdkdhl Ô' tia' î" wèldí wnhr;ak" ú;dkf.a isßfiak" YS%,xld m%dök NdfIdamldr iud.u u.ska m%ldys; h' 1999' okkaiqßh ðkodi" frfka foald;a pß;dmodkh" iïndid" ixia( wêldí" ta" Wiia wohdmk wud;hdxyfha msßfjka wohdmk YdLdj yd ixiald;sl lghq;= wud;hdxyh" n;a;ruq,a," 1993' úu,oïu ysñ lkafoaf.dv" buekqfj,a ldkaüf.a {dk únd.h" b jr" uydpd¾h ta' ã' ms' l,kaiqßh yrirksh" ixia( wurfialr ohd" ërdkkao ysñ" yõ=rkafl;" Èidkdhl frdays;" wdßh m%ldylfhda" jrldfmd<" 2004' úu,idr ysñ fk ï okafâ" nqoaold,sk {dk ud¾." ud.ë Ydia;S%h ix.%yh" 92" ixia( ërdkkao fud,a,sf.dv" uyskao fldnjl" md,s yd fn!oao wohhk ixioh" YS% chj¾okmqr úyajúohd,h" kqf.af.dv" 1992' ùrj¾ok iqfïo" frfka fâld¾ü kq;k ngysr o¾ykfha mshd jyfhka ie,lsh yelso@ prk ux., l,dmh" ixia( m[a[dr;k ysñ uvj,;ekafka" pkaoúu, ysñ lüglvqfõ" m%ldykh" NslaIQ ix.uh" YS% c~mqr úyajúohd,h" 2008' fifkúr;ak chka;" úü.kaiaffgkaf.a uq,a od¾yksl ixl,amh ms<sn ú.%yhla" iïndid 9" m%odk ixia( r;akmd, ms'ã' wohdmk yd Wiia wohdmk wud;hdxyfha msßfjka wohdmk YdLdfõ m%ldykhls" n;a;ruq,a," 1998' fldai.%ka:( isxy, úyaj fldaih" fj ï - I" II" III" IV, m%odk ixia( ã'b' fyüáwdréñ" ixiald;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1963' nqoaoo;a; ysñ fmd,a,;af;a" md,s" isxy, wldrdèh" fn!oao ixiald;sl uohia:dkh" foysfj," 1998' u,,fialr bx.s%is - isxy, YíofldaIh" is$i" weï'ã'.=kfiak iy iud.u" fld<u 11" 1999',shkf.a isß" fn!oao Yío fldaih I" II, l¾;d m%ldykhls" 2001' isxy, Yío fldaih" 25 ldkavh" 45 Nd.h" II fldgi" ixiald;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1992' isß iqux., ia:úr uä;shfj," md,s - isxy, Yío fldaih" weï' ã'.=kfiak iy iud.u" fld<u" 1956' Edited by: Davids Rhys, stede William, The pali text society's, Pali English Dictionary, Luzac and company, ltd. London, 1966. Malasekara G.P., Doctonary of Pali - Proper names vol - I Manshiram manoharlal publishers, pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1983. Premasiri P. D, skepticism, Editor in chief, G.P. Malasekara, editor chief, W.G. Weerarathne,Encyclopedia of Buddhism, vol VII, Department of Buddhist affirs, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Sri Lanka, 2007.