prevalence 181 Atopy patch test, see Patch test

Subject Index AD, see Atopic dermatitis Adrenaline, anaphylaxis management 99 101, 194, 195 Adverse food reaction definition 4 nonallergic reactions 6, 9 Allergen Nomenclature database 20, 21 Allergen Online database 22 Allergens, see also specific allergies and allergens class I allergens 22, 23 class II allergens 23 cross-reactivity 26 28 databases 20 22 epitopes B cell 26 T cell 25 families 19, 20, 27 food labeling, see Labeling, allergens in food food matrix influence on digestion and allergenicity 25 pollen allergen cross-reactivity, see Pollen-food allergy syndrome residue detection 233 stability digestion 24, 25 thermal stability mechanisms 23, 24 Allergome database 21 AllFam database 20 22 Almond allergy, see Tree nut allergy Anaphylaxis action plan 103 diagnosis 99, 191, 192 economic impact 221 education programs 265, 267, 268 food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis 41, 196, 197 laboratory evaluation 193, 194 management acute management 194 196 adrenaline 99 101, 194, 195 anti-histamines 101 beta-agonists 102 fluid therapy 102 glucocorticoids 101, 102 long-term management 196 oxygen 101 vasopressors 102 mortality 191, 192 overview 191 risk minimization 103, 196 wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis 147 Antigen uptake, intestine 14 Anti-histamines mechanism of action 98 selection of drug 98, 99 Atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy association allergens 183 asthma prevention 182 children 39, 42, 43 clinical manifestations 182, 183 diagnosis 181, 182, 185 188 education programs adults 266, 267 children and adolescents 264 266 group sessions 264 natural history 181, 182 pathogenesis of food allergy epidermal barrier dysfunction 183, 184 gut barrier dysfunction 184 immune response 184, 185 272

prevalence 181 Atopy patch test, see Patch test Baker s asthma 146 Basophil activation markers 76 activation test 75 77 allergy response 10 basophil activation test 75 77 B cell, food allergen epitopes 26 Bird-egg syndrome 54 Breastfeeding, food allergy prevention 254 Buckwheat allergy, see Wheat allergy Cashew allergy, see Tree nut allergy CCD, see Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinant CD, see Celiac disease Celiac disease (CD) diagnosis 177 eosinophilic esophagitis patients 201 overview 176 Childhood food allergy atopic dermatitis association 38, 42, 43 elimination diet nutritional impact grains 215, 216 infant development 216, 218 milk 213 215 miscellaneous allergies 215 overview 212, 213 eosinophilic gastroenteropathies 43, 44 immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis 41 oral allergy syndrome 42 urticaria and anaphylaxis 39 41 non-immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome 44 46 food protein-induced enteropathy 47 food protein-induced proctocolitis 46, 47 Heiner syndrome 47 overview 38, 39 sensitization onset 254 CMA, see Cow s milk allergy Colic, see Infantile colic Complementary feeding, food allergy prevention 254, 256, 257 Constipation, see Food protein-induced constipation Cow s milk allergy (CMA) allergens 69, 71, 115, 116 case example 121, 122 clinical manifestations delayed reactions 116, 117 immediate reactions 116 overview 115 diagnosis history and physical examination 117 immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy 117 non-immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy 117, 118 elimination diet 118 oral food challenge 117, 118 elimination diet childhood nutrition effects 215 217 management 211, 212 epidemiology 114 Heiner syndrome 47 natural history 118 pathogenesis 115 prevalence 32, 33 treatment avoidance 118, 119 follow-up 120 milk substitutes 119, 120 oral immunotherapy 119, 120 Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinant (CCD) 26, 148, 149 Diagnosis, food allergy allergen identification 62 basophil activation test 75 77 clinic 66 component-resolved diagnosis 168 cow s milk allergy, see Cow s milk allergy culprit food identification 61, 62 differential diagnosis 4, 5, 56, 57, 59 61 egg allergy 126, 127 elimination diet, see Elimination diet fish and shellfish allergy 159 food allergy in atopic eczema 181, 182, 185 188 fruit and vegetable allergy 167, 168 histamine release test 76 immunoglobulin E-related examination assays for allergen components 69 component-resolved diagnostics 69 heat stability in proteins 69, 71 Subject Index 273

overview 68, 69 prospects 75 singleplex versus multiplex testing 74, 75 soybean allergy 72, 73 species-specific and cross-reactive proteins 71, 72 temporal development of allergen components 73, 74 lymphocyte stimulation test, see Lymphocyte stimulation test oral food challenge, see Oral food challenge patch test, see Patch test prerequisites 63 process 63 66 purpose 59 skin prick test, see Skin prick test threshold dosage 62, 63 Eczema, see Atopic dermatitis Education programs, food allergy anaphylaxis 265, 267, 268 atopic eczema adults 266, 267 children and adolescents 264 266 group sessions 264 dietetic treatment 263, 263 Egg allergy allergens egg white 125, 126 egg yolk 126 case example 129 diagnosis 126, 127 elimination diet childhood nutrition effects 216 management 211, 212 natural history 127, 128 oral immunotherapy 128 overview 124 prevalence 33 symptoms 125 Elimination diet adherence 88 diagnostics cow s milk allergy 118 overview 87, 88, 209, 210 labeling concerns 210, 211 management eosinophilic esophagitis 203, 204 milk and egg allergy 211, 212 overview 210, 211 nutritional impact adults 218, 219 children grains 215, 216 infant development 216, 218 milk 213 215 miscellaneous allergies 215 overview 212, 213 ELISA, see Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), allergen residue detection 233 EoE, see Eosinophilic esophagitis Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) clinical presentation 200, 201 diagnosis 202 differential diagnosis 200, 201 epidemiology 200 natural history 202, 203 overview 199, 200 pathophysiology 201, 202 prospects for study 205 treatment corticosteroids 204, 205 elimination diets 203, 204 endoscopic food disimpaction and stricture dilatation 205 mepolizumab 205 montelukast 205 proton pump inhibitors 203 reslizumab 205 Eosinophilic gastroenteropathies, see also Eosinophilic esophagitis children 43, 44 clinical features and mixed-immune food reactions 12, 13 Epidemiology, food allergy adults 51 cow s milk allergy 114 overview 30, 31 prevalence 32 35 study methodology 31, 32 trends in prevalence 36 Epinephrine, see Adrenaline EuroPrevall Research Consortium 32 Exercise food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis 41, 42, 196, 197 274 Subject Index

wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis 147 FA, see Food allergy FALCPA, see Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act FAQLQ-AF, see Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire-Adult Form FAQLQ-CF, see Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire-Child Form FAQLQ-PF, see Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire-Parent Form FAQLQ-TF, see Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire-Teen Form FDEIA, see Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis Fish and shellfish allergy allergens cross-reactivity parvalbumin in frog 157 shellfish and other arthropods 157, 158 shellfish group 157 types 155 157 case examples 154, 158 classification of seafood species 163 clinical manifestations 154, 155 diagnosis 159 differential diagnosis 158, 159 effects 216 natural history 159 overview 152 prevalence 34, 152, 153 treatment 159, 160 Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA) 230 Food allergens, see Allergens; specific allergens Food allergy (FA), see also specific allergies children, see Childhood food allergy classification of reactions 5, 39, 60 definitions 3, 4, 61 diagnosis, see Diagnosis, food allergy education programs, see Education programs, food allergy epidemiology, see Epidemiology, food allergy history of study 1 3 immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy 9 11, 39 management, see Oral immunotherapy; specific allergies and drugs mixed-immune food reactions 12, 13 non-immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy 11, 12, 44 prevention breastfeeding 254 combined maternal and infant feeding strategies 257 complementary feeding 254, 256, 257 methodological issues in study 255 nutritional supplements 259 oral tolerance induction 258, 259 probiotics and prebiotics 259 prospects for study 259, 260 sensitization routes 258 public perception 222 public policy 223 225 quality of life, see Quality of life, food allergy symptoms 4, 55, 56 Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire-Adult Form (FAQLQ-AF) 237, 242, 243 Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire-Child Form (FAQLQ-CF) 237, 242 Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire-Parent Form (FAQLQ-PF) 237 240 Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire-Teen Form (FAQLQ-TF) 237, 242 Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) children 41 overview 196, 197 Food intolerance, definition 4 Food protein-induced constipation, clinical features 174, 175 Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), see also Gastrointestinal food allergy children 44 46 clinical features 38, 72, 173 immune mechanisms 12 management 103, 104 Food protein-induced enteropathy, see also Gastrointestinal food allergy children 47 clinical features 172 Food protein-induced proctocolitis, see also Gastrointestinal food allergy children 46, 47 clinical features 173 Subject Index 275

FPIES, see Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome Fructose malabsorption 57, 175 Fruit allergy allergens 164 166 clinical symptoms 166, 167 diagnosis 167, 168 epidemiology 163 management 168, 169 overview 162, 163 pathogenesis 163, 164, 166 Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, sensitization and red meat allergy 54, 55 Gastroesophageal reflux disease eosinophilic esophagitis differential diagnosis 200, 201 infants 174, 177 Gastrointestinal food allergy, see also specific diseases diagnosis 176, 177 dietary management 177 Hazelnut allergy, see Tree nut allergy Health-related quality of life, see Quality of life, food allergy Heiner syndrome, features and management 47 Histamine allergy mediation 9 anti-histamines, see Anti-histamines intolerance 57 release test 76 IFN-γ, see Interferon-γ IgE, see Immunoglobulin E IgG, see Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin E (IgE) monoclonal antibody, see Omalizumab testing, see Diagnosis, food allergy Immunoglobulin G (IgG) non-immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy 12 oral tolerance role 13, 108 Infantile colic, clinical features 175 Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), non-immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy 12 Labeling, allergens in foods advisory labeling 231, 232 elimination diet concerns 210, 211 guidance 228 230 ingredient labeling and exemptions 231, 232 legislation 230 overview 227, 228 priority lists 229, 230 residue detection 233 Lactose intolerance 57, 175, 176 Lateral flow strip (LFS), allergen residue detection 233 Latex-fruit syndrome (LFS) 54, 162 Legume allergy, see Peanut allergy; Soybean allergy LFS, see Lateral flow strip; Latex-fruit syndrome Lipid transfer protein (LTP) fruit and vegetable allergy 163 167, 169 history of study 161 LST, see Lymphocyte stimulation test LTP, see Lipid transfer protein Lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) antigen preparations 81 assays 81 culture system 81 interpretation 81, 82 overview 80 peripheral blood mononuclear cell types 80, 81 prospects 82 Mast cell, allergy response 10 Mepolizumab, eosinophilic esophagitis management 205 MFPI, see Multiple food protein intolerance of infancy Montelukast, eosinophilic esophagitis management 205 Multiple food protein intolerance of infancy (MFPI), clinical features 173, 174 Nutrition, see Elimination diet: specific diseases OAS, see Oral allergy syndrome OFC, see Oral food challenge OIT, see Oral immunotherapy Omalizumab, oral immunotherapy combination 111 Oral allergy syndrome (OAS) children 42 symptoms 55 Oral food challenge (OFC) cow s milk allergy diagnosis 117, 118 dosing strategies 92, 93 double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge 90 food allergy in atopic eczema diagnosis 187, 188 276 Subject Index

indications 88, 89 methodology 91, 92 open challenge 89 risks and management 93, 94 setting 90, 91 single-blind challenge 89, 90 Oral immunotherapy (OIT) basophil activation test studies 76, 77 cow s milk allergy 119, 120 desensitization 109, 110 dose and duration 110 efficacy 106 108 egg allergy 128 epicutaneous immunotherapy combination 111, 112 mechanisms and immune response 108, 109 omalizumab combination 111 permanent tolerance 109, 110 safety 108 skin prick test studies 76, 77 sublingual immunotherapy combination 110 wheat allergy 148 Oral tolerance dose-dependent mechanisms 1 food allergy prevention 258, 259 immune mechanisms 13, 14 Patch test absorption and sensitization 83, 84 accuracy 83 atopy patch test kit 83 food antigens 83 indications 82, 83 interpretation 83 overview 82 prospects 84 Peanut allergy age of onset 133 allergens 134 136 case example 136 clinical reactions 132 immunoglobulin E-related examination 72 multiple nut allergy 133 pathogenesis 140 prevalence 34 36, 131, 132 resolution 134 subsequent reactions 133, 134 Pecan allergy, see Tree nut allergy Pfam database 21 Pollen-food allergy syndrome birch pollen-mediated food allergy 52, 53 cross-reactions 11, 52 grass, ragweed, and plane pollen-mediated food allergy 54 mugwort pollen-mediated food allergy 53, 54 soybean allergy 149 Pork-cat syndrome 54 PPIs, see Proton pump inhibitors Probiotics, food allergy prevention 259 Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), eosinophilic esophagitis management 203 Provocation testing, see Oral food challenge Public policy, food allergy 223 225 Quality of life, food allergy, see also specific instruments emotional impact 241 improvement 249, 250 instrument validation 237 overview 222, 223, 236, 237 prospects for study 248, 249, 251 qualitative studies children and teens 246 248 overview 243, 244 parent perspective 244 246 Red meat allergy 11, 54, 55 Regulatory T-cell (Treg), oral tolerance role 13, 109 Reslizumab, eosinophilic esophagitis management 205 Seafood, see Fish and shellfish allergy Shellfish allergy, see Fish and shellfish allergy Skin prick test (SPT) accuracy and sensitivity 75 cow s milk allergy 117 food allergy in atopic eczema 186, 187 fruit and vegetable allergy 167 oral immunotherapy studies 76, 77 SLIT, see Sublingual immunotherapy Soybean allergy effects 216 immediate-type allergy 149 immunoglobulin E-related examination 72, 73 overview 148, 149 pollen-related soybean allergy 149 Subject Index 277

SPT, see Skin prick test Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), oral immunotherapy combination 110 T cell food allergen epitopes 25 regulatory T-cells in oral tolerance role 13, 109 Tick bite, meat allergy induction 11, 55 Tree nut allergy age of onset 133 allergens almond 139 cashew 139 hazelnut 138 miscellaneous nuts 139, 140 overview 136 138 pecan 138, 139 walnut 138 clinical reactions 132 effects 216 multiple nut allergy 133 pathogenesis 140 prevalence 34, 36, 131, 132 resolution 134 subsequent reactions 133, 134 Treg, see Regulatory T-cell Tryptase, allergy diagnosis 9, 10 Vegetable allergy allergens 164 166 clinical symptoms 166, 167 diagnosis 167, 168 epidemiology 163 management 168, 169 overview 162, 163 pathogenesis 163, 164, 166 Vitamin D, food allergy prevention 259 Walnut allergy, see Tree nut allergy Wheat allergy allergens 145, 146 baker s asthma 146 deamidated gluten allergy 147, 148 effects 215, 216 immediate-type allergy 146, 147 oral immunotherapy 148 prevalence 33, 34 wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis 147 278 Subject Index