Pkistn J. Zool., vol. 45(6), pp. 1705-1714, 2013. Color Preference, Distribution nd Dmge of Thrips Associted with Lemon nd Ornge in Adn, Turkey Nime Z. Elekcioğlu* Biologicl Control Reserch Sttion, 01321, Yüreğir, Adn, Turkey Abstrct.- Yellow, white nd blue sticky trps were tested in lemon nd ornge orchrds for their ttrctiveness to thrips in Adn during 2006-2007. Trps were djusted verticlly fcing to south t height of 1.5-2.0 m of trees. Species composition nd distribution of thrips in the orchrds were investigted by collecting 125 flowers from different directions of the trees. Thrips dmge ssocited with citrus crops ws determined by observing 1000 fruits for scrs. Blue ws the most ttrctive to thrips in both lemon nd ornge orchrds nd cn be used to estimte the popultion density nd for properly timing control pplictions. Fifteen thrips species nd unidentified individuls belonging to 3 gener were determined in these orchrds. Frnkliniell occidentlis ws the most cptured thrips species ccounting for 82.0% of the totl individuls smpled in both yers. Crdinl direction of flowers did not significntly ffect the numbers of thrips. Fruit dmge for both yers rnged between 3.8% nd 9.1% depending on the citrus vrieties. Lemon ws ttcked by thrips more thn ornge. Key words: Crdinl direction, citrus, sticky trp, fruit dmge, Frnkliniell occidentlis, Pezothrips kellynus, Thysnopter. INTRODUCTION Citrus is n economiclly importnt crop in the est Mediterrnen region of Turkey where 89% of the country s citrus is produced (Anonymous, 2008). The citrus growing re hs considerbly incresed within lst 10-15 yers. Prllel to the significnt increse of the citrus growing re, not only hve there been introductions of exotic pests, but indigenous pest popultions hve incresed. Numerous surveys in citrus orchrds in Turkey reveled tht thrips re one of the pests tht cuse dmge (Yiğit et l., 1991; Tunç, 1992; Tekşm nd Tunç, 2007). On fruit, the citrus thrips punctures epiderml cells, leving scbby, gryish or silvery scrs on the rind. This dmge, lthough entirely cosmetic, my result in reduced qulity rting nd/or if severe my render the fruit unsuitble for fresh mrket. Over the pst few yers, growers hve filed to control thrips with insecticides. Reducing thrips densities to low levels by vrious control methods is considered of vitl importnce. The use of colored sticky trps for ctching thrips could contribute considerbly to IPM progrms in citrus. Sticky trps my potentilly be rpid, cost- * Corresponding uthor: nelekcioglu@yhoo.com 0030-9923/2013/0006-1705 $ 8.00/0 Copyright 2013 Zoologicl Society of Pkistn effective tool nd provide simple method of obtining reltive estimtes of thrips popultion densities with little effort. The objective of this work ws to ddress the incresing cses of complints linked to thrips dmge in citrus. This informtion in conjunction with observtions on dmge cn then be used to determine the reltive importnce of different thrips species. The sttus of Pezothrips kellynus, serious pest of citrus in mny countries including those in EPPO region (EPPO, 2005) nd Frnkliniell occidentlis were clrified. Thrips composition, the best trp color for smpling, estimting popultions nd erly detection, citrus species nd crdinl direction prefers for the pest thrips were evluted. Scrred fruit rtio ws lso determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study site The study ws conducted in two different citrus orchrds t the Çukurov University Reserch Frm in Blclı (Adn) in 2006 nd 2007. The first one ws lemon orchrd with the vriety of Kütdiken (2.5 h, in rows 8 m nd between rows 10 m) estblished in 1966, nd the second ws Wshington nvel ornge orchrd (2.0 h, in rows 7 m nd between rows 8 m) estblished in 1971. Lemon nd nvel ornge orchrds were chosen for
1706 N. Z. ELEKCİOĞLU experimentl sites becuse of their preference s host for P. kellynus (Blnk nd Gill, 1997; Bker et l., 2001; Conti et l., 2001; Vssiliou, 2007). Both orchrds were under integrted pest mngement nd during the course of the work no pesticides were pplied for ny pest control. Color nd citrus vriety preferences Commercilly vilble double-sided sticky crds (Kpr Orgnic Agriculture Limited Compny, Ankr, Turkey) of three different colors were tested for ttrctiveness to thrips. The colors were yellow (wvelength of 570nm), white (wvelength of 430nm) nd blue (wvelength of 480nm). All sticky trps were 470 cm² (23.5 high x 20 wide) nd djusted verticlly in the trees before flowering t height of 1.5-2.0 m (Beviers et l., 1971; Childers nd Brecht, 1996) on the outside of the cnopy fcing to south t the south-west direction of the trees. The experiments were estblished in block design; 4 trees were left between the sme colored trps (in rows) nd 5 trees between the different colored trps (between rows) nd conducted with 5 replictes for ech trp color. Weekly, trps were removed nd chnged with the clen ones nd returned to the lbortory. Both sides of ech trp were counted nd the number of thrips ws recorded for ech trp color nd for ech citrus vriety using stereomicroscope without looking t its species. Thrips composition, bundnce nd distribution Smpling ws concentrted during the flowering period. For the identifiction of the thrips species, t ech smpling dte, rndomly 125 flowers from different directions (4 crdinl directions nd inside-25 from ech) of the trees were collected from the orchrds, put into polyethylene bgs contining pper sheets to bsorb excess moisture, trnsported in ice-boxes to the lbortory. Smples were stored in deep-freezer for one or two hours to inctive the thrips, then were tpped vigorously on white pper. Therefter, flower prts were crefully checked nd thrips remining on flower prts were collected by brush. Thrips were stored in glss vils contining mixture of 9 prts 60% ethyl lcohol with 1 prt glcil cetic cid. Adults were identified to species nd sex. The number of thrips per flower nd the nturl enemies were lso noted during the exmintion of the flowers. Dmge ssessment This study ws conducted when the dimeter of the fruits ws ~4-5 cm (in August) (Flint, 1991). In ech orchrd, 100 trees were rndomly selected nd 10 fruits from ech tree (for totl of 1000 fruits/orchrd) were scrutinized to rte for the injury cused by thrips. Fruits weren t picked but observed on the tree by hnd lens. Rting for injury wsn t conducted by using scle. Any fruit deformed by thrips nd with scrring on the rind lrger thn 0.2 inch ws ccepted s dmged. By this study, dmge level percentge for ech citrus vriety ws determined. Dt nlysis Anlyses were conducted to determine: 1) if thrips in citrus exhibited significnt preferences for specific trp colors, 2) whether citrus vriety preference for thrips vried cross the trils, 3) if the crdinl direction of flowers influenced thrips popultion, 4) if there ws reltion between thrips density in flowers nd fruit dmge. Sttisticl nlysis ws done by using thrips densities obtined during study (9 weeks). The effect of yer, citrus vriety, trp color nd direction on the popultion density of thrips ws nlyzed by Generl Liner Model (GLM) - Repeted Mesure Test (RM ANOVA) sttisticl nlysis followed by multiple Bonferroni s comprison test to compre the number of thrips. The dt were subjected to nlysis of vrince nd mens were seprted by Tukey s honestly significnt difference (HSD) test t P<0.05. A correltion nlysis ws pplied to determine the reltion between thrips dult nd lrve density in citrus flowers nd fruit dmge (%) (P<0.05). All nlyses were performed using the Microsoft sttistics progrm SPSS 16.0. (SPSS, 2007). RESULTS Color nd citrus species preferences In lemon, totl of 5870 thrips were counted from blue trps compred with 3349 thrips nd 2288
ASSOCIATION OF THRIPS WITH LEMON AND ORANGE 1707 thrips from white nd yellow trps, respectively while in ornge 3120, 2569 nd 1509 thrips from blue, white nd yellow trps were counted, respectively in 2006. In 2007, totl of 17637 thrips were counted from blue trps compred with 7200 thrips nd 1547 thrips from white nd yellow trps, respectively while in ornge 2174, 1830 nd 1107 thrips from blue, white nd yellow trps were counted. Tble I.- Results of repeted mesures nlysis of vrince for the effects of smpling week, yer, citrus vriety, trp color nd their interctions on the men number of thrips. Source Df MS F P Within subject effects Week 8 436.263 24.148 0.001 Week x yer 8 256.293 14.186 0.001 Week x vriety 8 120.927 6.694 0.001 Week x trp color 16 92.109 5.098 0.001 Week x yer x vriety 8 156.217 8.647 0.001 Week x yer x trp color 6 135.401 7.495 0.001 Week x yer x vriety x trp 16 69.390 3.841 0.001 color Error (week) 384 18.066 the beginning nd end of the flowering period, both in 2006 nd 2007. There were significnt differences in density of thrips mong trp colors (F=24.258, df=2, 48, P=0.028), citrus vrieties (F=41.449, df=1, 48, P=0.018) nd between yers (F=103.320, df=1, 48, P=0.031) (Tble I). The two citrus vrieties differed in the men proportion of thrips (Fig. 1). In totl, in lemon during the flowering period, the mximum trp ctch ws t blue trps with men of 130 nd 353 individuls/week per trp color in 2006 nd 2007, respectively. The dt indicted tht during the study, sttisticlly more thrips were cptured in the trps hung on lemon trees with the exception of yellow trps in 2007. Between-subjects effects Intercept 1 466.023 159.824 0.001 Yer 1 301.277 103.320 0.031 Vriety 1 120.860 41.449 0.018 Trp color 2 70.731 24.258 0.028 Yer x vriety 1 53.072 18.201 0.017 Yer x trp color 2 20.445 7.012 0.012 Vriety x trp color 2 42.481 14.569 0.015 Yer x vriety x trp color 2 24.147 8.281 0.013 Error 48 29.158 There were significnt effects of yer (F=14.186, df=8, 384, P<0.001), vriety (F=6.694, df=8, 384, P<0.001), trp color (F=5.098, df=16, 384, P<0.001), yer x vriety (F=8.647, df=8, 384, P<0.001), yer x trp color (F=7.495, df=16, 384, P<0.001), vriety x trp color (F=3.738, df=16, 384, P<0.001) nd yer x vriety x trp color (F=3.841, df=16, 384, P<0.001) on densities of thrips within the smpling weeks (Tble I). More thrips were cptured on blue sticky trps, while yellow trps were the lest ttrctive in both yers. Men number of thrips ws significntly higher on blue sticky trps between the mid of April till the first prt of My in 2006 nd between the third week of April till the end of My in 2007 (P 0.001) (Tble II). The popultion of thrips ws considerbly lower t Fig. 1. Men proportion (± SE) of thrips cught/week on different colored sticky trps hung on lemon nd ornge trees in Blclı (Adn) in 2006 nd 2007. Mens with different letters re significntly different t the 0.05 level within citrus vrieties. Thrips composition, bundnce nd distribution A totl of 1106 thrips specimens from 38
1708 N. Z. ELEKCİOĞLU smples were exmined during 2006-2007. Fifteen thrips species nd individuls belonging to 3 gener from Thripide nd Phleothripide fmilies were found in these orchrds (Tble III). All mjor species were from the fmily Thripide; representtives of Aeolothripide nd Phleothripide were reltively less common. The most notble species, present in t lest 20% of smples, were in descending order F. occidentlis, T. tbci, P. kellynus nd T. mjor. F. occidentlis ws the predominnt species being found in 100% of the smples, constituting 82.0% of the specimens recovered in 2006 nd 2007. The second mjor species, T. tbci ws present in 44.7% of the smples nd constituted 9.6% of the specimens collected. P. kellynus hd no significnce in citrus s it ws detected only in 3.6% nd 2.9% of the totl in 2006 nd 2007, respectively. Thrips ngusciseps, Limothrips cerlium nd Rhipidothrips sp., Aelothrips gloriosus nd Hplothrips distinguendus were found with very low numbers only on lemon, wheres F. intons, A. intermedius, H. bolcophilus were found only on ornge. The mjor thrips species F. occidentlis, T. tbci, T. mjor nd P. kellynus were recorded on both citrus species investigted. Thrips meridionlis nd Melnothrips sp. were lso detected on both citrus species, but in lower numbers (Tble III). Crdinl direction where the flowers were did not hve significnt effect on men number of thrips cught. Although thrips popultion ws higher t the south prt nd lower in the inner prt of the trees for both citrus vrieties, they were t the sme sttisticl group (Fig. 2). The verge number of thrips per flower in lemon in 2006 ws 8.54 thrips/flower wheres in ornge it ws 7.06 thrips/flower. In 2007, it ws 10.53 nd 9.88 thrips/flower in lemon nd in ornge, respectively (Tble IV). Direction did not hve significnt effect on men number of thrips mong citrus vrieties (F=0.038, df=1, 88, P=0.846 in 2006 nd F=0.556, df=1, 98, P=0.458 in 2007) nd mong yers (F=0.430, df=1, 93, P=0.514 in lemon nd F=1.399, df=1, 93, P=0.240 in ornge). For both yers, long with the thrips, nthocorid bugs (Orius spp.) (Heteropter), Chrysoperl crne Steph. (Neuropter: Chrysopide) nd predtory mites, Cunx sp.
ASSOCIATION OF THRIPS WITH LEMON AND ORANGE 1709
1710 N. Z. ELEKCİOĞLU (Cunxide), Prseiulus tlbii (Athis-Henriot), P. soleiger (Ribg), Euseius scutlis (Athis-Henriot), nd Typhlodromus occidentlis (Nesbitt) (Acrin: Phytoseiide) were detected in the orchrds. men number cught men number cught 20 15 10 5 0 20 15 10 5 0 Tble IV.- Yer 2006 Est West South North Middle 2007 Direction Lemon Ornge Est West South North Middle Direction Fig. 2. Men number (± SE) of thrips collected on flowers from different directions. Mens with different letters re significntly different t the 0.05 level within different citrus vrieties. Lemon Ornge Correltion between verge number of thrips (lrve+dult) per flower nd dmge rtes in the orchrds exmined in 2006 nd 2007. Averge number of thrips/flower (lrve+dult) Scrred fruit (%) (min.-mx.) Lemon Ornge Lemon Ornge 2006 8.54±1.46 7.06±1.34 4.0-7.3 3.9-6.7 2007 10.53±2.76 9.88±2.01 5.3-9.1 3.8-7.9 Dmge ssessment Scrs cused by thrips on citrus fruits re ring shped round stem end of the fruit nd sometimes my extend downwrds long the sides of the fruit which occurs during the flowering period (Broughton nd De Lim, 2002). This dmge is directly relted to the thrips numbers in flowers. Lemon orchrd, which hd the higher numbers of thrips in flower buds, hd the higher mount of dmged fruit. The scrred fruits rnged between 4.0-7.3% in lemon nd 3.9-6.7% in ornge in 2006, while in 2007 it rnged between 5.3-9.1% in lemon nd 3.8-7.9% in ornge (Tble IV). DISCUSSION No insecticides were recommended for thrips in Turkey. Frmers hve complined of some scrring on fruit tht looks like thrips dmges in recent yers. In the present study, thrips popultions hve been monitored nd smpled using colored sticky trps. Blue ws the most ttrctive to thrips in both lemon nd ornge orchrds in 2006 nd 2007. In the literture the most ttrctive color ws not lwys this color. Generlly, blue nd white hve been considered s the preferred or the most preferred colors for severl species of thrips in citrus (Childers nd Brecht, 1996) nd under field conditions (Moffitt, 1964; Yudin et l., 1987; Chu et l., 2000). In some studies similr to ours, blue hs been identified s the preferred color for trpping thrips in the greenhouse which ws consistent with previous findings (Brødsgrd, 1989; Gillespie nd Vernon, 1990; Terry, 1997). Chen et l. (2004) nd Roditkis et l. (2001) indicted tht more F. occidentlis were ttrcted to blue sticky crd trps compred with yellow or white sticky crd trps in the greenhouse. In survey in estern Sicily, P. kellynus ws the min thrips species nd white sticky trps were the most ttrctive for dult thrips, followed by blue trps in citrus (Conti et l., 2001). In some studies, different from ours, yellow hs been identified s the preferred color (Moreno et l., 1984; Smwys, 1986; Blumthl et l., 2005). In this study, lemon ppered to be the preferred citrus species. Dt on thrips bundnce in reltion to different citrus species is lcking. The highest host indices for F. occidentlis, P. kellynus nd T. mjor were clculted in mndrin, lemon nd grpefruit, respectively, in Antly (west Mediterrnen region) (Tekşm nd Tunç, 2009).
ASSOCIATION OF THRIPS WITH LEMON AND ORANGE 1711 Lemon ws mong the preferred host of P. kellynus in New Zelnd (Blnk nd Gill, 1997), in Sicily (Conti et l., 2001) lso in Cyprus (Vssiliou, 2007), but besides lemon, nvel, Vlenci ornges nd grpefruit were lso the most ffected vrieties (Bker et l., 2001). Morse (2006) determined tht thrips were significnt problem, especilly on nvel ornges in Cliforni. The thrips fun on citrus vries between prts of the world. The species found in the study sites re similr to those in other Mediterrnen countries. F. occidentlis, T. tbci, P. kellynus, T. mjor nd T. meridionlis re mong species commonly encountered on Mediterrnen citrus (Conti et l., 2003; Kersting et l., 2005; Cost et l., 2006). F. occidentlis infested ll of the smpled trees in the present study. It is the mjor thrips species in the orchrds possibly becuse of the flowering weeds (generlly Sinpis rvensis L.), round nd sometimes inside the orchrds. It is thought tht F. occidentlis popultions incresed on these lterntive hosts nd pssed to citrus in spring. Destroying the weeds by using different mngement tctics before the blooming stge of citrus seems to be crucil. Ns et l., (2007) determined 8 thrips species in est Mediterrnen region where F. occidentlis ws the most previled species constituting 35.0% of the totl thrips. Although their study comprised the whole estern Mediterrnen region, it seems tht within few yers F. occidentlis incresed its popultion nd reched n bundnce of 82.0% of ll species. T. tbci ws the second prevlent species. It is the pest of field crops nd vegetbles (Tunç, 1998) nd, however, rrely considered s pest of citrus. It ws reported to infest the flowers nd fruits of Stsum mndrin (Citrus unshiu Mrc.) but not cuse ny dmge in the orchrd conditions, however, dmging fruits grown in the greenhouse (Tsuchiy, 2002). T. mjor ws found in 28.9% of the smples constituting 2.4% of the specimens recovered in Adn, wheres in Antly, it ws the predominnt thrips species, constituting 51.1% of the specimens collected (Tekşm nd Tunç, 2009). There is not enough dt on T. mjor to determine if it is pest of citrus or not. The only existing record of T. mjor s pest of citrus is from North Afric where its feeding on flowers nd newly formed fruits ws reported to cuse scrs on the rind (Bournier, 1963). P. kellynus ws less frequent nd bundnt thn those three thrips species mentioned bove in the orchrds, but it ws the only species mongst those recorded here tht is known to feed on very young citrus fruits. Sicily ws the first loclity in Mediterrnen bsin where it ws reported s pest of citrus, currently is key pest of citrus there (Mrullo, 1998). Currently P. kellynus is recorded in Greece, Spin, Itly, Isrel nd Portugl (zurstrssen, 2003). In Turkey it ws recorded for the first time in 1995 in İzmir province (zurstrssen, 1996) nd lter in Hty nd Antly provinces fter 2000 s (Ns et l., 2007; Tekşm nd Tunç, 2007). The reson why this thrips species did not cuse significnt fruit dmges in Turkey before s in some countries is not known. Further studies must be done to identify the effect of climte, nturl enemies, hosts, inter specific reltions, fun, flor etc. Lemon ws mong the preferred host of P. kellynus in Antly province (Tekşm nd Tunç, 2009), s in this study. Becuse of its current low bundnce, it is thought tht P. kellynus hs no significnce for citrus yet nd does not pose ny thret in its present sttus. But the experiences in other countries nd the increse in its re of invsion in recent yers might men P. kellynus will need to be controlled. The thrips species from citrus flowers listed in Tble III re not generlly regrded s citrus pests, nd there re very few reports of ny of these species dmging this crop. The only thrips tht dmge citrus fruit re those tht feed on the developing fruits, just s, or soon fter, the petls fll, not those tht feed only on pollen nd florl tissues. Crdinl direction of the flowers did not hve significnt effect on thrips number. It is thought tht, southerly previling wind t the region did not influence the ptterns of eril dispersl. Lewis (1997) indicted tht thrips flying ctivity nd directionlity of flight is strongly influenced by tmospheric conditions, nd some species fly under conditions when flight cn be controlled. Abundnce of thrips on citrus flowers in Adn is pprently lower thn other citrus growing res of the world where thrips re pest. Blnk nd Gill (1997), reported up to 50 P. kellynus nd 56 T.
1712 N. Z. ELEKCİOĞLU obscurtus (Crwford) in New Zelnd. In Florid, Childers nd Nkhr (2006) counted up to 200 F. bisbinos (Morgn) per citrus flower. The level of fruit dmge ppered to be relted with thrips numbers in flower buds (Tble IV). Correltion nlysis indicted tht there ws significnt reltionship between dult nd lrve density in flowers nd fruit dmge (r 2 =0.913, P=0.045 in 2006; r 2 =0.978, P=0.011 in 2007). With regrd to this finding, it cn be sid tht the number of thrips in flower buds during bloom could be suitble predictive method for estimting finl fruit dmge due to positive nd good reltion between ech other. There re not much dt vilble in Turkey regrding the proportion of citrus fruit with scrs tht might be linked to thrips dmge compred to other cuses of blemished ones. It should be noted tht even the consistent occurrence of given thrips species on given citrus species does not necessrily men tht thrips breeds on it. The proportion of citrus fruit with injuries ttributble to thrips in the present study ws lower thn 10% in both vrieties. Lemon ws more highly scrred thn ornge. It is thought tht P. kellynus is ttributble to these scrs. In ll the smples femles were higher in number thn mles, since femles re more responsible for fruit dmge due to both feeding nd oviposition injuries (Higgins nd Myers, 1992; Childers, 1997; Ullh et l., 2010). Tekşm nd Tunç (2007) reported 0.8-2.4% fruits with scrs for different citrus vrieties in Antly province. The scrred fruit rtio ttributble only to P. kellynus is higher in some other countries. P. kellynus led to scrred fruit t levels of 20-40% in New Zelnd (Blnk nd Gill, 1997), Austrli (Bker et l., 2001), Sicily (Conti et l., 2001) nd Cyprus (Vssiliou, 2007). Mny rthropods re known to be predtors of thrips. In this study, the predtors were very low in number in both orchrds. Among the nturl enemies detected, the generlist predtor Orius spp. is hopeful. Orius spp. cn prey on ll different stges of thrips (Tommsini, 2003). Euseius scutlis nd the members of genus Cunx (Arneid) reduce the popultion of F. occidentlis nd citrus thrips (Milne, 1977; Kostiinen nd Hoy, 1996). It is thought tht their effect on the pest ws not so importnt but for future nturl biologicl control, the existence of these nturl enemies is grtifying. In conclusion, effective popultion monitoring is crucil for successfully implementing insect control progrms. Erly detection of the thrips in the orchrd nd more relible estimtion of their popultion density nd effective reduction of their popultion prticulrly in erly crop growth stges, could result in much lower density on the crop lter in the seson nd is considered to be one of the best tctics for successful integrted control. Blue sticky trps cn be used s n erly wrning method for detecting increses in eril numbers of thrips in citrus, nd cpture rtes cn be used to initite control mesures to prevent economic crop dmge nd reduce unnecessry pplictions of insecticides. Investigtions re required to determine the pest sttus of the most common nd bundnt species F. occidentlis. The bundnce of P. kellynus is low in citrus in Adn compred to countries where it is considered citrus pest, but despite its low bundnce the presence of P. kellynus itself in Adn deserves ttention s the experience in other countries suggests. However further investigtions re needed to scertin the effects of thrips on citrus yield nd the role of Orius spp. nd phytoseiids in biologicl control of citrus thrips. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The uthor thnks Dr. İrfn Tunç (University of Akdeniz, Deprtment of Plnt Protection, 07058, Antly/Turkey) for identifiction of thrips. REFERENCES ANONYMOUS, 2008. Turkish Sttistics Institute, Sttistics of Plnt Production, Ankr, http://www.tuik.gov.tr BAKER, G., KELLER, M., MACGREGOR, A., JACKMANN, D. AND PURVIS, S., 2001. Development of n integrted pest mngement system for thrips in citrus. http://www.srdi.s.gov.u/pges/ento/hort_pests/kct_re port97_00.htm:sectid_960&tempid_1 BEAVIERS, J.B., SHAW, J.G. AND HAMPTON, R.B., 1971. Color nd height preference of the citrus thrips in nvel ornge orchrd. J. econ. Ent., 64: 1112-1113. BLANK, R.H. AND GILL, G.S.C., 1997. Thrips (Thysnopter: Tenebrentin) on flowers nd fruit on citrus in New Zelnd. N.Z. J. Crop Hort., 25: 319-332. BLUMTHAL, M., CLOYD, R.A., SPOMER, L.A. AND WARNOCK, D.F., 2005. Flower color preference of
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