2017年年6 月2 日 星期五 Yuan Dynasty Introduction: Yuan Dynasty-The great Yuan(beginning) 1279 1368 Yuan s origin: Genghis Khan 成吉思汗 set the foundation of the Yuan Dynasty. He defeated the Western Xia and conquering Central Asia, Mongolia, and the Hexi Corridor. He was the founder of Mongol Empire. Silk Road Trade routes though the Hexi Corridor helped Mongol rulers and their troops moved quickly from east to west, and gave them power. Kublai Khan Kublai Khan 忽必烈烈 a grandson of Genghis Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin Clan. Emperor Shizu of Yuan 元 世祖 The first foreign-led dynasty until 1368, due to the internal rebellion. EX: government corruption and revolt between many clans. How did Kublai Khan came to power: He captured Dali Kingdom in Yunnan Province Against southern of Song Dynasty 1
!! 2017 年年 6 月2 日星期五 In 1279, he defeated last emperor of Song, established the Yuan dynasty (the great Yuan) In 1274, he and his troops wanted conquered Japan, but they failed. Moved capital to Dadu (Beijing) Eventually conquered northern and southern China Government Monarchy Consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures Mainly came from the native Tang, Song The Privy Council: manage military affairs The Central Secretariat: manage civil affairs, including the Chinese Style Six Ministries. The censorate: a supervisory agency The Department of State Affairs: financial 2
Occupational Specialization The Mongols sought to using Han (Chinese) bureaucrats to govern, but it failed All the important positions were dominated by Mongols. Preferred non-chinese ( Central Asia, Middle East and Europe) Class Structure 4 class system: -Mongolian people, Semu people, Han people (N.China) and Southerners (former N. Song Dynasty) Why? To dominance of the Mongolian minority. The 1 st and 2 nd : had the real power and military affairs. 3 rd and 4 th &other groups: court officials Every classes of people have the right to have examination, but the 3 rd and 4 th classes are much more difficult. The 4 th class treated unfairly. Different punishments handed down to each classes of people. Han and Southern were forbidden to held any weapon and raise dogs and eagles. Religion& Culture& Language Buddhism, Islam and Christianity Tibetan Buddhism( 藏传佛教 ) was established the state religion Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan) was set up in Khanbaliq (Beijing) Managing territory of Tibet Goal: -to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire Other religions: Shamanism ( 萨满教 ) and Totemism ( 图腾教 ) 3
Agriculture: Living a nomadic lifestyle Replaced traditional husbandry Focused on the agricultural production Cotton planting became more popular in the S.China, the textile industry was blooming. Culture& Writing Painting, calligraphy, poetry and theater Yuan Drama was blooming. Ex: Guan Hanqing s Dou Eyuan Language : Mongolian and Chinese Technology& Trade Polynomial algebra was made Printing industry, using movable type The first to use paper money as the main currency Convenient water transport was the commercial development of the Yuan Dynasty Tonghui River constructed in Dadu by Kublai Khan, provided much convenient for the food transport and open economy, more ports in the coastal areas were opened for transport 4
References: pictures Anige (photographer) (2016,October 13) YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg [digital image] Retrieved from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/yuanemperoralbumkhubilaiportrait.jpg/ 440px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg Dschingis Khan und seine Erben (exhibition catalogue), München 2005, p. 304 (photographer) (2013, December 29) Title of Genghis Khan [digital image] Retrieved from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/ YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg Mongke Khan (n.d) in Academic Retrieved from http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/388686 Miskin (photographer) (2013,November 23). Ariq_Böke.jpg [digital image] Retrieved from https:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/ariq_b%c3%b6ke.jpg Picasa (photographer) (2012, December 7). Mongol military people. Töv Province, Mongolia [digital image] Retrieved fromhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:mongolian_warriors_01.jpg Gary Lee Todd(photographer) (2009,June 28) Chinese porcelain statue of the Buddha, Guan Yin, from the Yuan Dynasty [digital image] Retrieved fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:yuan_porcelain_buddha.jpg brahim ebi (photographer) (2012, November 20) Archangel in Islam [digital image] Retrieved from https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:israfil1.png Boris23 (photographer) (2017,May 14) Basic Latin cross [digital image] Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/file:christian_cross.svg David Wu - Epoch Times (author) (2015,July 4) Guan Hanqing, le plus grand dramaturge du théâtre classique chinois. Retrieved from http://www.epochtimes.fr/guan-hanqing-le-plus-grand-dramaturge-dutheatre-classique-chinois-5795.html Amber(author) (n.d) Money In Ancient China. Retrieved from http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/ chinahist/images/yuanpapermoney.jpg Daniel Chodowiecki (photographer) (2017,April 3) Chodowiecki Basedow Tafel 21 c Z [digital image] Retrieved from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/ Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty(unknown author) 1279-1368', (25 Nov 2016) Retrieved from http://www.chinasage.info/maps/yuandynasty.jpg Unknown (n.d) Date(n.d) Retrieved from http://www.manfen5.com/cz_ls- SYS201309160020364633503565.html Unknown (n.d) Opinions on northern yuan dynasty Retrieved from http://www.chinafolio.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/map-yuan.jpg Websites: Unknown, (n.d) Yuan Dynasty. Retrieved from https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/yuan/ Fercility (2017,June 2) The Yuan Dynasty First Foreign-Ruled Era in China. Retrieved from http:// www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/china-history/the-yuan-dynasty.htm Yuan dynasty (2017,May 27) in Wikipedia Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Yuan_dynasty#Printing_and_publishing Kublai Khan (2017,May 25) in Wikipedia Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kublai_khan Unknown (n.d) Date(n.d) Retrieved from http://www.manfen5.com/cz_ls- SYS201309160020364633503565.html 5