Chapter 16 The Civil War (1861-1865) Section 4 The Strain of War
Which do you feel is the most important quality in a good leader? A. Enthusiasm B. Confidence C. Courage D. Decisiveness A. A B. B C. C D. D
n How did the events at Gettysburg and Vicksburg change the course of the war?
Battle of Fredericksburg After Antietam, Lee retreated to Virginia General Burnside, marched his troops toward the Confederate capital at Richmond Lee intercepted the troops at Fredericksburg Lee moved to a hill and then had trenches built so they could fire down on the enemy The army would be protected December 13, 1862- Lee s entrenched forces easily drove back the Union troops Burnside resigned and was replaced by General Joseph Hooker
After Fredericksburg May 1863- Lee split his men in response to Hooker doing the same thing Even though Hooker had twice as many men Some Confederate troops stayed to defend Fredericksburg, and some confronted the main Union forces at Chancellorsville A third group, under Stonewall Jackson, caught the Union by surprise Stonewall Jackson marched around the side of Hooker s position
Battle of Chancellorsville Suddenly, Jackson s army attacked the Union forces at the rear At the same time, Lee struck from the front The Union was sandwiched between the two Confederate forces Hooker withdrew his men One of the Confederate companies fired on Stonewall Jackson s company by mistake Jackson was wounded in the left arm Jackson s arm had to be amputated, and he died a week later
The Union had 3 different Generals in less than a year McClellan was reluctant to engage the enemy Lincoln said If McClellan doesn t want to use the army, I d like to borrow it for a while McClellan didn t follow the retreating Confederate troops (Antietam) into Virginia After McClellan was Burnside (Loss at Fredericksburg) Then Lincoln appointed Joseph Hooker (Loss at Chancellorsville) Hooker resigned within 2 months Major General George Meade took command Weak Union Generals
African Americans in the War At first, neither side allowed African Americans to fight The North soon relaxed its rules African Americans made up 30% of the South s population Confederate leaders feared African Americans would attack their fellow troops Or begin a revolt
In the North The North needed more soldiers, so Lincoln allowed African Americans to serve Congress allowed the formation of all-african American regiments Southern troops hated the African American troops and focused their fiercest gunfire on African American regiments By the end of the war, they comprised about 10% of the Union army These men fought hard and effectively
The 54 th Massachusetts Best known African American regiment 1863- Took part in the siege of Fort Wagner in South Carolina On the front lines Had nearly 300 casualties in this regiment alone Nevertheless, the soldiers bravely fought on The Union could not capture the fort The 54 th became famous for the courage and sacrifice of its members
Going to the North Spring 1863- The South had the upper hand Union loss at Chancellorsville ruined their plan for taking Richmond Robert E. Lee decided to take the war to the North to impress Britain and France The South recalled the Revolutionary War- Getting help from the French France and Britain missed the goods the South provided (Mainly cotton) If the South could win here, these nations might help
Battle of Gettysburg Confederates entered Gettysburg, Pennsylvania looking for supplies General Lee hoped to avoid fighting in an unfamiliar area But the two sides encountered one another After 4 days of fighting, the Confederates had 25,000 casualties and the Union had 23,000 The battle started at 5:30 A.M. on July 1
Battle of Gettysburg Continued The Union troops were outnumbered and retreated to Cemetery Ridge Reinforcements for both sides arrived On the second day of fighting, Southern generals tried to remove Union forces from hills called Round Top and Little Round Top Union Troops under General Meade held their positions That night Meade made the decision not to retreat The next day Lee order an attack designed to create a panic and virtually destroy the [Union] army
Results of Gettysburg The Confederates started by firing nearly 140 cannons at Union lines The under General George Pickett, 1000s of Confederates attacked the Union s center position They advanced across open land At first, it seemed Pickett s Charge might work- the Confederates broke the Union s first line In the end 75% of those that charged were dead or wounded
The Vicksburg Siege July 4 th, 1863- Lee retreated from Gettysburg Also on the same day the important river city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, fell to the Union under Grant In May, Grant began the siege with 30,000 Blockading it to prevent food and supplies from entering Then the Union gunships on the river supported Grants 77,000 troops by firing 1000s of mortar shells into the city
Battle of Vicksburg 47 days- Both sides had many casualties 9,000 Confederate/10,000 Union deaths Fewer than 20 civilians were killed in the siege A few days later, the South lost Port Hudson in Louisiana- The last stronghold on the Mississippi The Anaconda Plan had worked Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were now cut off July 1863 was a major turning point
Lincoln s Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863- Soldiers National Cemetery was dedicated at Gettysburg Former Mass. Governor Edward Everett delivered a two-hour speech Then it was Lincoln s turn Lincoln spoke for about 2 minute (272 words) Lincoln was able to honor the soldiers and the cause, as well as state his vision for the country These dead shall not have died in vain Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth
n How did the events at Gettysburg and Vicksburg change the course of the war? -Defeat at Gettysburg ended the Confederates hopes for invading the North -Victory at Vicksburg allowed the Union to divide the Southern states and control the Mississippi
Chapter 16 Section 4 Quiz
General Stonewall Jackson was killed at Chancellorsville by a fall from his horse. A. True B. False
Lincoln replaced McClellan with General Ambrose Burnside. A. True B. False
The Union army was comprised of mostly African American soldiers. A. True B. False
The Gettysburg Address was given at a ceremony to dedicate a cemetery. A. True B. False
The 54th Massachusetts was an all female regiment. A. True B. False
Which of the following did not lead the Union forces? A. George McClellan B. Ambrose Burnside C. Joseph Hooker D. Robert E. Lee
General Lee hoped that a win in the North might impress A. France and Spain. B. Spain and Britain. C. Britain and France. D. Spain and Germany.
General Grant led a 47-day A. Port Hudson, Louisiana B. Vicksburg, Mississippi C. Atlanta, Georgia D. Mobile, Alabama siege against
By the end of the war, African American volunteers made up nearly what percentage of the Union army? A. 20 percent B. 10 percent C. 100 percent D. 50 percent
President Lincoln s address at what battlefield helped war-weary Americans focus on their shared ideals? A. Vicksburg B. Chancellorsville C. Shiloh D. Gettysburg