Confronting Climate Change Benchmark Report: Wine grapes (Red & White) 2016 Disclaimer: The results shown in this report represent the approved data points of the CCC wine grape sample group representing combined data from the four year seasonal period of 2012-2014. In line with the leading international carbon footprinting protocol of PAS 2050-1:2012, a three year period is required to reflect seasonal and production variances. The data range now covers the required three year period, and therefore accounts for seasonal and production variances. However, the data range of the sample is not yet representative of the industry at large. Due to this consideration, the results should NOT be distributed on behalf of or representing the South African wine Industry. It is aimed to be used as an internal evaluation exercise for those South African producers and exporters wanting to compare their carbon footprint results with the CCC regional sample group averages. Authors of this report include Anél Blignaut and Lorren de Kock (main author). For more information please contact the project leader: Anel Blignaut - anel@bluenorth.co.za.
Executive Summary The 2017 Confronting Climate Change (CCC) industry benchmark process builds on 2015-2016 datasets and provides a meaningful platform for the South African fruit and wine industries to improve their understanding of the use of fossil fuel based resources and to reduce emissions over time. This report serves to highlight the specific details from the wine grape industry carbon footprint data and to highlight areas where mitigation action will have the greatest impact. The four years combined season data (2012-2016) was used for the assessment and was analyzed based on the main business activities: farm and winery. All results are shown in the internationally accepted form of kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent per unit. In the case of stone fruit it is expressed as kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilogram of fruit (kgco 2e/kg). 1. In addition to the carbon emission results, consumption benchmark data was gathered and analyzed for certain key indictors to add context to the regional and individual variances. The data range now covers the required minimum three-year period, and therefore reflects seasonal variances. However, the sample is not yet representative of the industry at large. The figures should therefore be viewed as an indicative benchmark rather than a fully representative industry benchmark. The key findings are summarized in the text and table below. Bottling activities are more carbon emissions intensive than production or processing activities due to glass and other packaging materials used. The CCC Wine industry sample group averages currently available include: SAMPLE GROUP TYPE MEDIAN OF RESULTS UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Wine grape (red) FARM 0.34 kgco2e/kg fruit produced Wine grape (white) FARM 0.32 kgco2e/kg fruit produced Wine grape (red) WINERY PROCESSING 0.46 kgco2e/litre wine processed Wine grape (white) WINERY PROCESSING 0.48 kgco2e/litre wine processed Wine grape (red) WINERY BOTTLING 0.82 kgco2e/litre wine bottled Wine grape (white) WINERY BOTTLING 0.63 kgco2e/litre wine bottled Carbon emissions intensity at farm level is a function of national grid electricity consumption linked primarily to pumping of water for irrigation, followed by nitrogen based synthetic fertilizer usage and diesel consumption. Carbon emissions intensity at winery processing level is related to the electricity usage for cooling, CO 2 for processing, the usage of wooden barrels for maturation and storage, and the amount of wastewater and type of wastewater treatment employed. Carbon intensity at winery bottling level is attributed to the type and quantity packaging material (particularly virgin glass and virgin cardboard materials). The consumption benchmarks (Appendix B, C and D) show more detail on the regional differences based on the main carbon emissions intensive inputs (as listed above) and are intended to allow and improved understanding of the carbon emissions of a particular entity 1 Kg CO2e/kg fruit is the same comparative basis as tco2e/t fruit. 2
and the underlying reasons for a result that lie above or below the CCC sample group average. 3
Table of Contents Executive Summary... 2 1. Introduction... 6 2. Methods... 6 2.1. System Boundaries... 6 2.2. Data Scope... 8 2.3. Data processing... 8 2.4. Protocol... 9 2.5. Inventory... 9 3. Results... 9 3.1. Supply Chain View... 9 3.2. Farm... 10 3.3. Winery... 13 3.4. Consumption benchmarks... 15 4. Conclusion... 17 5. References... 18 Appendices... 19 A. Inventory... 19 B. Farm... 25 1. Kg CO 2e/kg grapes wine (red) per commodity region... 25 2. Tonnes CO 2e/bearing hectare for grapes wine (red) per commodity region.... 25 3. Kg CO 2e/kg grapes wine (white) per commodity region.... 25 4. Tonnes CO 2e/bearing hectare for grapes wine (white) per commodity region.... 25 5. Consumption indicators per commodity region for grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white)... 25 C. Winery... 37 1. Kg CO 2e/kg grapes wine (red) processed per commodity region.... 37 2. Kg CO 2e/kg grapes wine (white) processed per commodity region.... 37 3. Kg CO 2e/kg grapes wine (white) bottled per commodity region.... 37 4. Kg CO 2e/kg grapes wine (white) bottled per commodity region.... 37 5. Consumption benchmarks per commodity region:... 37 4
Table of Figures Figure 2.1: System boundary for wine value chain for Confronting Climate Change carbon calculator.... 7 Figure 3.1: Kg CO 2e/kg grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white) per boundary... 10 Figure 3.2: Percentage contribution of CO 2e emissions per boundary grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white) to total emissions for supply chain.... 10 Figure 3.3: Percentage contribution of CO 2e emissions from farm activities to total CO 2e emissions.... 12 Figure 3.4: CO 2e emission contributions of winery inputs as a percentage of the total winery CO 2e emissions.... 15 Table of Tables Table 3.1: Average consumption figures per productive hectare for grapes wine (red) at farm.... 11 Table 3.2: Average consumption figures per non-productive hectare for grapes wine (red) at farm.... 11 Table 3.3: Average consumption figures per productive hectare for grapes wine (white) at farm.... 11 Table 3.4: Average consumption figures per non-productive hectare for grapes wine (white).... 11 Table 3.5: Total tonnes CO2e emissions per input extrapolated to wine grapes red and white industry total using tonnages for 2015.... 12 Table 3.6: Total tonnes CO2e emissions per input extrapolated to wine grapes industry total using hectares for 2015.... 13 Table 3.7: Total tonnes CO2e emissions per input extrapolated to wine grapes industry total using hectares for 2015.... 13 Table 3.8: Electricity and glass consumption for grapes wine (white) in winery.... 14 Table 3.9: Industry CO2e emissions from wine grapes (red and white) in winery boundary. 14 Table 3.10: Consumption values per ton grapes wine (red) for boundaries in CCC carbon calculator.... 15 Table 3.11: Consumption values per ton grapes wine (white) for boundaries in CCC carbon calculator.... 16 5
1. Introduction The Confronting Climate Change (CCC) Project is a strategic industry initiative aimed at supporting the South African fruit and wine sectors efforts to effectively realize and respond to the opportunities and challenges posed by climate change. A key theme of the project is the provision of a freely available on-line carbon emissions calculator together with the technical training supporting its adoption and use. The aim is to enable farms, packhouses, wineries and other actors across the supply-chain to undertake accurate measurement of the energy-use and carbon-emissions intensity of their respective business activities. Such measurement is generally accepted as a prerequisite for the effective management towards greater resource-use efficiency, reduced emissions and the long-term sustainability of business activities and operations. A major milestone of the project is the development of robust and representative industry level benchmarks of the carbon emissions intensity of each of the major commodities. Against these benchmarks individual businesses can sense-check and evaluate their own results, and the collective profile of the industries can be developed and their performance tracked over time. The process of benchmarking supports credible industry-level reporting as well as supporting the identification of opportunities for improvement and best-practice at the business-level. Updates on this data analysis are done annually using the approved datasets that are added through the CCC workshop data collection process undertaken each year. This report is aimed at individual growers and grower associations and therefore serves to highlight the specific results within the wine grapes red and white 2 sample set based on the data provided through the 2012-2016 regional workshops. 2. Methods 2.1. System Boundaries The system boundaries included in the Confronting Climate Change carbon calculator for wine grapes (red and white) is in Figure 2.1. This is a cradle to gate assessment and does not include consumer or end of life activities. The boundaries include the following: Farm: all farming activities excluding seedling production up until delivery of fruit to Packhouse or winery gate. Winery: all activities and inputs during processing and bottling of grapes and wine up until distribution. Distribution: all distribution modes (road, rail and sea). 2 Red grapes include all red varietals grown in South Africa and white grapes include all white varietals grown in South Africa. 6
Figure 2.1: System boundary for wine value chain for Confronting Climate Change carbon calculator. 7
2.2. Data Scope The data used for the benchmark reports represents the years from 2012 to 2016. The data points represent each approved carbon report generated for a boundary of a business entity. The business entities in the approved data sample for the 2016 year include the following wine regions: Breedekloof Klein Karoo Northern Cape Olifants River Paarl Robertson Stellenbosch Swartland Worcester The boundaries included in the grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white) value chain carbon emissions analysis is the farm, winery and distribution to local and export markets. For the 2016 year there was a total of 292 data points for grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white) used for the benchmark: Farm: 95 Winery: 111 The reporting unit for the farm boundary is kg CO 2e per kg fruit and for the winery kg CO 2e per litre wine. At farm level there is an additional reporting unit of tonnes CO 2e per bearing hectare to indicate resource intensity. 2.3. Data processing Only data sets approved by the project team are used for the benchmark reports. After data is submitted online and a carbon footprint report generated, the data is evaluated against the industry standards and queried when outside the norm as well as checked for completeness. The datasets are then approved and consequently used in the benchmark reports. At farm level the hectares in the CCC database is used as an indicator of coverage compared to the total hectares of grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white) cultivation in South Africa (SAWIS, 2016). For the winery boundary coverage, the kl of wine bottled and packed in the CCC database is compared to the total kl of natural wine produced for the 2015 year (SAWIS, 2016: 14). 8
2.4. Protocol The CCC online tool and reporting process is based on the PAS 2050: 2011 3 Assessment of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions for horticulture products. This methodology includes the onsite activities and consumables within the product value chain which have a direct impact on climate change. Capital goods, buildings and maintenance thereof is excluded in the PAS methodology (British Standards Institute, 2012). The data collection tool and reporting process has been endorsed by the Carbon Trust 4. The emission factors for inputs into the system have been sourced from the following life cycle databases: Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (UK) 5 Published literature (see Inventory A) Carbon Trust Footprint Expert Crop Calculator 6 Cool Farm Tool 7 2.5. Inventory For a comprehensive list of the inventory from the online tool and emission factors please refer to Appendix A. 3. Results 3.1. Supply Chain View The supply chain view of emissions per phase for the grapes wine (white) and grapes wine (red) value chain gives a high level view of the boundaries contributing the most to climate change. This view enables the identification of emission hotspots where interventions can be initiated. In Figure 3.1 the total CO 2e emissions and tonnages per boundary are used to determine the kg CO 2e per kg fruit. The percentage contribution to total CO 2e for each boundary of the South African grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white) value chain in Figure 3.2 shows that the sea freight boundary is the largest contributor to CO 2e emissions at 37% followed by road freight at 22%. Excluding the transport boundaries, emissions at farm level are the most significant at 19% of total emissions and the cold store boundary has the lowest contribution at only 8%. 3 http://shop.bsigroup.com/upload/shop/download/pas/pas2050.pdf 4 https://www.carbontrust.com 5 https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs 6 https://www.carbontrust.com/client-services/advice/footprinting/carbon-footprintsoftware/#footprintexpert 7 https://coolfarmtool.org/ 9
Figure 3.1: Kg CO2e/kg grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white) per boundary Figure 3.2: Percentage contribution of CO2e emissions per boundary grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white) to total emissions for supply chain. 3.2. Farm At farm level the inputs and activities taken into account for the carbon footprint are the following: Fuel use; Electricity (grid and renewable); Fertilisers and agro-chemicals application and; Land use change. The average consumption of inputs per productive hectare is presented in Table 3.1 and Table 3.3 and per non-productive hectare in Table 3.2 and Table 3.4. 10
Table 3.1: Average consumption figures per productive hectare for grapes wine (red) at farm. Input Diesel used in the vineyard Grid Electricity for irrigation Synthetic N Fertiliser Synthetic P Fertiliser Synthetic K Fertiliser Average value per productive hectare 306.95litres 1209.50kWh 39.96kg 18.69kg 20.48kg Table 3.2: Average consumption figures per non-productive hectare for grapes wine (red) at farm. Input Diesel used in the vineyard Grid Electricity for irrigation Synthetic N Fertiliser Synthetic P Fertiliser Synthetic K Fertiliser Average value per nonproductive hectare 206.21litres 993.44kWh 10.65kg 70.00kg 9.98kg Table 3.3: Average consumption figures per productive hectare for grapes wine (white) at farm. Input Diesel used in the vineyard Grid Electricity for irrigation Synthetic N Fertiliser Synthetic P Fertiliser Synthetic K Fertiliser Average value per productive hectare 266.90litres 2217.48kWh 49.27kg 19.59kg 30.19kg Table 3.4: Average consumption figures per non-productive hectare for grapes wine (white). Input Diesel used in the vineyard Grid Electricity for irrigation Synthetic N Fertiliser Synthetic P Fertiliser Synthetic K Fertiliser Average value per nonproductive hectare 159.64liters 892.53kWh 30.53kg 56.65kg 14.08kg The percentage contribution of grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white) farming activities to total CO 2e emissions at farm level is presented in Figure 3.3. 11
From 2012 to 2016 the total accumulated grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white) production in the CCC sample was 31 520 tonnes. In 2015 the wine grape industry s total production was 1.4 million tonnes (SAWIS, 2016). Table 3.5 and Table 3.6 is the contribution of farm inputs to the total farm carbon footprint for the CCC sample, extrapolated to the total industry tonnages and hectares for the year 2015. Extrapolation of the amount of CO 2e per activity in the CCC sample to industry totals was calculated using tonnages produced and total hectares for the 2016 year. Figure 3.3: Percentage contribution of CO2e emissions from farm activities to total CO2e emissions. Table 3.5: Total tonnes CO2e emissions per input extrapolated to wine grapes red and white industry total using tonnages for 2015. Total CO2e Inputs CCC sample total Tonnes CO2e Industry yield in emissions per input yield [tonnes] emissions 2014/2015 [tonnes] for industry [tonnes] Agro-Chemicals 757.90 34 035.36 Diesel 2 933.03 131 714.93 Electricity 31 520.33 4755.32 1 415 498.00 213 549.12 Fertilisers 2306.99 103 601.26 Land Use Change 98.08 4 404.34 Total 10 851.32 487 305.02 12
Table 3.6: Total tonnes CO2e emissions per input extrapolated to wine grapes industry total using hectares for 2015. Inputs Total CO2e CCC sample total Tonnes CO2e Industry coverage emissions for total hectares emissions 2014/2015 [ha] industry hectares Agro-Chemicals 757.90 22 158.70 Diesel 2 933.03 85 752.91 Electricity 3 372.34 4755.32 98 597.00 139 031.00 Fertilisers 2306.99 67 449.52 Land Use Change 98.08 2 867.44 Total 10 851.32 317 259.57 The median of the carbon equivalent emissions for all regions in the benchmark for the farm boundary is 0.34 kg CO 2e/kg fruit. For grapes wine (white) the median for all regions for the farm boundary is 0.32 kg CO 2e/kg fruit. The median of CO 2e/bearing hectare grapes wine (red) is 2.61 kg CO 2e/bearing ha and for grapes wine (white) 3.05 kg CO 2e/bearing ha. For a detailed breakdown of the carbon intensity of farm operations as well as the resource intensity per ton of fruit and per hectare please refer to Appendix B. 3.3. Winery For the winery boundary the inputs taken into account to calculate the carbon footprint is the following: Electricity Fuel (diesel, LPG, Petrol and others) Packaging Processing inputs Waste (organic and inorganic) Waste water The electricity consumption for processing, cooling and bottling and glass for packaging are the largest contributors to CO 2e emissions. The consumption of these inputs per litre of wine is presented in Table 3.7and Table 3.8. Table 3.7: Total tonnes CO2e emissions per input extrapolated to wine grapes industry total using hectares for 2015. Inputs Grid electricity for processing per ton grapes Grid electricity for cooling per ton grapes Glass per litre of wine Average value 169.83kWh 258.27kWh 0.80kg 13
Table 3.8: Electricity and glass consumption for grapes wine (white) in winery. Inputs Grid electricity for processing per ton grapes Grid electricity for cooling per ton grapes Glass per litre of wine Average value 176.48kWh 260.48kg 0.54kg From 2012 to 2016 the total accumulated grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white) processed and packed in the CCC sample was 110 745 kl. In 2015, the total wine grapes (red & white) processed into natural wine was 968 365 kl (SAWIS, 2016). Table 3.9 is the contribution of winery inputs to the total winery carbon footprint for the CCC sample, extrapolated to the total industry kl produced for the year 2015. Extrapolation of the amount of CO 2e per activity in the CCC sample to industry totals was calculated by using kl of wine bottled and packed for the 2015 year. Table 3.9: Industry CO2e emissions from wine grapes (red and white) in winery boundary. Inputs CCC sample total packaged & bulk wine [kl] Tonnes CO2e emissions Industry kl packaged & bulk wine in 2014/2015 [kl] Total CO2e emissions per input for industry [tonnes] Diesel 1 244.27 10 880.03 Grid Electricity 46 989.46 410 882.57 Glass (Consol) 6 967.64 60 926.09 PET 110 745.57 2 874.41 968 375 25 134.22 Processing inputs 2 850.70 24 926.90 Waste (organic and inorganic) 512.54 4 481.74 Waste water 424.62 3 712.93 61 863.63 540 944.48 Figure 3.4 shows the percentage contribution of each input from the winery activities to the total CO 2e emissions. 14
Figure 3.4: CO2e emission contributions of winery inputs as a percentage of the total winery CO2e emissions. The median of CO 2e/kg grapes wine (red) processed for all regions is 0.46 CO 2e/kg grapes and the median of bottling activities is 0.82 kg CO 2e/litre wine. For grapes wine (white) the median of processing activities is 0.48 kg CO 2e/kg grapes and for bottling 0.63 kg CO 2e/litre wine. For a detailed breakdown of the carbon intensity of winery operations as well as the resource intensity per ton of grapes processed and cooled and per litre of wine packed please refer to Appendix C. 3.4. Consumption benchmarks The average consumption values of inputs for each boundary are presented in Error! eference source not found. and Error! Reference source not found.. Table 3.10: Consumption values per ton grapes wine (red) for boundaries in CCC carbon calculator. Boundary Inputs Value Farm Electricity/ton grapes 204.57kWh Electricity/productive ha Diesel/ton grapes Diesel/productive ha Nitrogen/ton grapes Nitrogen/ha 1209.50kWh 28.95litres 306.95litres 4.63kg 39.96kg Winery Grid electricity for processing per ton grapes 169.84kWh Grid electricity for cooling per ton grapes Glass per litre of wine 258.27kWh 0.79kg 15
Table 3.11: Consumption values per ton grapes wine (white) for boundaries in CCC carbon calculator. Boundary Inputs Value Farm Electricity/ton fruit 173.05kWh Electricity/productive ha Diesel/ton fruit Diesel/productive ha Nitrogen/ton fruit Nitrogen/ha 2217.48kWh 24.25litres 266.90litres 4.93kg 49.27kg Winery Grid electricity for processing per ton grapes 176.49kWh Grid electricity for cooling per ton grapes Glass per litre of wine 260.48kWh 0.54kg The average resource intensity of each of the inputs in and per region is available in Appendices B to C. 16
4. Conclusion In conclusion, the Confronting Climate Change initiative provides the platform for the South African fruit and wine industries to better understand and respond to the opportunities, challenges and uncertainties inherent in climate change. The online carbon calculator, a central feature of the initiative, has been enhanced through 2015-2016 with the development of a robust and increasingly representative benchmark database. The focus of 2017 project year is to further expand the representation of this benchmark for all regions and commodity groups. The progress made to date provides a meaningful and objective platform for focusing individual and industry-level actions needed to drive the required change to farm, pack-house, cold storage and supply-chain operations. Through continued and enhanced collaboration with the industry members, the output of 2017 year will serve to further enhance this value. We welcome your feedback. Please contact us should you have any comments or questions about this document. Contact details: Anel Blignaut (mailto:anel@bluenorth.co.za). 17
5. References British Standards Institute. 2012. PAS 2050-1:2012 Assessment of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from horticultural products. SAWIS. 2016. South African Wine Industry Statistics Nr 40. 18
Appendices A. Inventory Type Input Input Unit Emissions factor value Unit Source Electricity SA Grid Electricity kwh 0.9600 Kg CO2e / kwh Eskom Factor Report 2011 Electricity PV Wind Hydro kwh 0.15 Joop F. van de Vat (2002) Fullenergy-chain greenhouse-gas emissions: a comparison between nuclear power, hydropower, solar power and wind power. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management 2002 - Vol. 3, No.1 pp. 59-74 http://www.inderscienceonline.co m/doi/abs/10.1504/ijram.2002.0 01520?journalCode=ijram Fuel Diesel L 3.2413 Kg CO2e / L DEFRA Fuel Petrol L 2.7782 Kg CO2e / L DEFRA Fuel Biofuel L 2.1863 Kg CO2e / L DEFRA Fuel Aviation Fuel L 3.0780 Kg CO2e / L DEFRA Fuel LPG Kg 2.2700 Kg CO2e / kg Carbon Trust, FE 3.3 Fuel Natural Gas m3 2.2422 Kg CO2e / m3 DEFRA Fuel Burning Oil (e.g. Paraffin) L 3.0714 Kg CO2e / L DEFRA Fuel Fuel Oil (HFO) L 3.6028 Kg CO2e / L DEFRA Fuel Coal / Anthracite Kg 2.5843 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Fuel Renewable Sources - Stationary Kg 0.0614 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Synthetic Fertiliser Pure N - Synthetic Kg 12.0440 Kg CO2e / Kg Carbon Trust Crop Calculator v3.3 (embodied emissions only) + IPCC (application) Synthetic Fertiliser Pure P Kg 4.81587 Kg CO2e / Kg Carbon Trust Crop Calculator v3.3 Synthetic Fertiliser Pure K Kg 1.3488 Kg CO2e / Kg Carbon Trust Crop Calculator v3.3 19
Organic Fertiliser Compost Kg 0.0150 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Organic Fertiliser Compost 750 Kg / m3 Compost production and use in horticulture. Paulin & O Malley. Western Australian Agriculture Authority. Organic Fertiliser Solid Manure Kg 0.0202 Kg CO2e / Kg Carbon Trust Crop Calculator v3.3 Organic Fertiliser Liquid Manure L 0.0101 Kg CO2e / L Carbon Trust Crop Calculator v3.3 Farm - Other Lime Kg 0.4935 Kg CO2e / Kg Carbon Trust Crop Calculator v3.3 Agro- Chemical Fungicide Kg Act. Ing. 3.2790 Kg CO2e / Kg Act. Ing. Carbon Trust, FE 4.0 Agro- Chemical Insecticide Kg Act. Ing. 4.7120 Kg CO2e / Kg Act. Ing. Carbon Trust, FE 4.0 Agro- Chemical Herbicide Kg Act. Ing. 5.0529 Kg CO2e / Kg Act. Ing. Carbon Trust, FE 4.0 Land Use Change Forest Lands Ha 25 000 Kg CO2e / Ha / Yr PAS 2050: 2011 Land Use Change Grass Lands Ha 1 200 Kg CO2e / Ha / Yr PAS 2050: 2011 Packaging Glass (Consol) - Virgin Kg 1.0900 Kg CO2e / Kg Consol F09 Figure - Bellville operations Packaging Glass (Consol) - Recycled Kg 0.5080 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging Glass (Other) - Virgin Kg 0.8950 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging Glass (Other) - Recycled Kg 0.5080 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging Cardboard - Virgin Kg 3.5800 Kg CO2e / Kg Provisor- International Wine Calculator Packaging Cardboard - Recycled Kg 0.6800 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging Corrugated Cardboard (Cartons) - Virgin Kg 1.0380 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging Corrugated Cardboard (Cartons) - Recycled Kg 0.6800 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging Paper (Labels) - Virgin Kg 0.9550 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging Paper (Labels) - Recycled Kg 0.9550 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA 20
Packaging PS (Polystyrene) - Virgin Kg 4.5480 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging PS (Polystyrene) - Recycled Kg 1.9360 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging PP (Polypropylene) - Virgin Kg 3.2540 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging PP (Polypropylene) - Recycled Kg 0.5990 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging PET - Virgin Kg 4.3680 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging PET- Recycled Kg 0.5990 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging LDPE - Virgin Kg 2.6120 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging LDPE - Recycled Kg 0.5990 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging HDPE - Virgin Kg 2.7890 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging HDPE - Recycled Kg 0.5990 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging Foil Bags (Wine) Kg 3.5900 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Packaging Tetra Pack (Wine) Kg 1.7333 Kg CO2e / Kg www.tetrapack.com Packaging Wax (Citrus) Kg 3.4127 Kg CO2e / Kg Use Burning Oil (Paraffin) EF as could not source a wax EF. Paraffin based wax density is 900 kg/m3 (Wikipedia. Packaging Glue Kg 4.0600 Kg CO2e / Kg pg27. Solvent Free. http://www.pcfprojekt.de/files/1298483386/pcf_h enkel_liofol.pdf Packaging Disposable Wood Pallets (number used) Units 12.3210 Kg CO2e / Unit DEFRA Packaging CHEP Pallets (number used) Units 0.3050 Kg CO2e / Unit Colors Fruit 2008 LCA. Packaging Bulk Wooden Bins (number used) Units 2.5308 Kg CO2e / Unit DEFRA Packaging Bulk Plastic Bins (number used) Units 3.5640 Kg CO2e / Unit Defra GHG conversion factors 2012. 21
Packaging Reusable Wooden Pallets (number used) Units 4.8840 Kg CO2e / Unit Defra Packaging Reusable Plastic Pallets (number used) Units 2.6492 Kg CO2e / Unit Defra The average lifespan for a reusable wooden pallet is 7 to 10 trips. Plastic pallets, on the other hand, can make 200-250 trips before being recycled. Accessed on 130408 : http://earthandindustry.com/2010/ 09/is-the-pallet-of-the-futuremade-out-of-plastic/ Wine Processing Inputs Wooden wine barrel 225L (number used) Units 4.7571 Kg CO2e / Unit DEFRA Wine Processing Inputs Wooden wine barrel 300L (number used) Units 6.6600 Kg CO2e / Unit DEFRA Wine Processing Inputs Wooden wine barrel 500L (number used) Units 10.4657 Kg CO2e / Unit DEFRA Wine Processing Inputs Wooded products for wine fermentation Kg 0.6660 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Solid Waste Organic Waste to Compost Tons 6 Kg CO2e / Ton DEFRA Solid Waste Organic Waste to Landfill Tons 254 Kg CO2e / Ton DEFRA Solid Waste Organic Waste to Other Tons N/A N/A Solid Waste Organic Waste to Brenn-Okem Tons N/A N/A Solid Waste Non-Organic Recycled Kg 0.0210 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Solid Waste Non-Organic Landfill Kg 0.2900 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Refrigerant HCFC - 22/R - 22 Kg 1 810 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Refrigerant R - 134/ HFC - 134 Kg 1 000 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Refrigerant R - 134a/ HFC - 134a Kg 1 300 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Refrigerant HCFC - 142b Kg 2 310 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Refrigerant HFC - 152a Kg 140 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA 22
Refrigerant R - 318 Kg 10 090 Kg CO2e / Kg IPCC Refrigerant SF6 Kg 23 900 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Refrigerant Ammonia Kg - Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Refrigerant R407c Kg 1 526 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Gasses CO2 Kg 1 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Winery Tons of Grapes to Litres Wine 772 L / Gross Ton SAWIS Water Municipal Water L N/A N/A Gasses Methane (CH4) Kg 21 Kg CO2e / Kg DEFRA Effluent None - river/lake/sea discharge 0.1 Cool Farm Tool Effluent None - stagnant 0.5 Cool Farm Tool Effluent None - fast flowing - Cool Farm Tool Effluent Aerobic treatment plant - Well managed - Cool Farm Tool Effluent Aerobic treatment plant - Overloaded 0.3 Cool Farm Tool Effluent Sludge anaerobic digestion 0.8 Cool Farm Tool Effluent Anaerobic reactor 0.8 Cool Farm Tool Effluent Anaerobic lagoon - depth < 2m 0.2 Cool Farm Tool Effluent Anaerobic lagoon - depth > 2m 0.8 Cool Farm Tool Distribution SA Road Freight - Petrol Average van up to 3.5 t Ton.Km 0.8352 Kg CO2e / Ton.Km DEFRA Distribution SA Road Freight - Diesel Average van up to 3.5 t Ton.Km 0.6401 Kg CO2e / Ton.Km DEFRA Distribution SA Road Freight - Rigid truck > 3.5-7.5t Ton.Km 0.7098 Kg CO2e / Ton.Km DEFRA Distribution SA Road Freight - Rigid truck > 7.5-17t Ton.Km 0.4293 Kg CO2e / Ton.Km DEFRA 23
Distribution SA Road Freight - Rigid truck > 17t Ton.Km 0.2332 Kg CO2e / Ton.Km DEFRA Distribution SA Road Freight - Articulated truck > 3.5-33t Ton.Km 0.1964 Kg CO2e / Ton.Km DEFRA Distribution SA Rail Freight Ton.Km 0.0363 Kg CO2e / Ton.Km DEFRA Distribution Sea Freight - Refrigerated Ton.Km 0.02395 Kg CO2e / Ton.Km DEFRA Distribution Air Freight - Domestic Ton.Km 2.4905 Kg CO2e / Ton.Km DEFRA Distribution Air Freight - International Ton.Km 0.7732 Kg CO2e / Ton.Km DEFRA 24
B. Farm 1. Kg CO2e/kg grapes wine (red) per commodity region. 2. Tonnes CO2e/bearing hectare for grapes wine (red) per commodity region. 3. Kg CO2e/kg grapes wine (white) per commodity region. 4. Tonnes CO2e/bearing hectare for grapes wine (white) per commodity region. 5. Consumption indicators per commodity region for grapes wine (red) and grapes wine (white) 5.1. Average litres of vineyard diesel per ton grapes wine (red). 5.2. Average litres of vineyard diesel per ton grapes wine (white). 5.3. Average litres of vineyard diesel per productive hectare grapes wine (red) 5.4. Average litres of vineyard diesel per productive hectare grapes wine (white). 5.5. Average litres of vineyard diesel per non-productive hectare grapes wine (red) 5.6. Average litres of vineyard diesel per non-productive hectare grapes wine (white) 5.7. Average kwh vineyard activity grid electricity per ton fruit grapes wine (red). 5.8. Average kwh vineyard activity grid electricity per ton fruit grapes wine (white). 5.9. Average kwh vineyard activity grid electricity per productive hectare grapes wine (red). 5.10. Average kwh vineyard activity grid electricity per productive hectare grapes wine (white). 5.11. Average kwh vineyard activity grid electricity per non-productive hectare grapes wine (red). 5.12. Average kwh vineyard activity grid electricity per non-productive hectare grapes wine (white). 5.13. Average kg of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser per ton grapes wine (red). 5.14. Average kg of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser per ton grapes wine (white). 5.15. Average kg of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser per productive hectare grapes wine (red). 5.16. Average kg of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser per productive hectare grapes wine (white). 5.17. Average kg of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser per non-productive hectare grapes wine (red). 5.18. Average kg of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser per non-productive hectare grapes wine (white). 25
Figure 1: Kg CO2e/kg fruit at farm for all regions with a median of 0.34. Figure 2: Kg CO2e/bearing hectare at farm for all regions with a median of 2.61 tonnes. 26
Figure 3: Kg CO2e/kg fruit at farm for all regions with a median of 0.32 kg CO2e/kg fruit. Figure 4: Kg CO2e/bearing hectare for all regions with a median of 3.05 tonnes CO2e/bearing hectare. 27
Table 5.1: Average litres of diesel per ton grapes wine (red). Figure 5.2. Average litres of diesel per ton grapes wine (white). 28
Figure 5.3: Average litres of diesel per grapes wine (red) productive hectare. Figure 5.4: Average litres of diesel per grapes wine (white) productive hectare. 29
Figure 5.5: Average litres of diesel per non-productive hectare grapes wine (red). Figure 5.6: Average litres of diesel per non-productive hectare grapes wine (white). 30
Figure 5.7: Average kwh of grid electricity per ton grapes wine (red). Figure 5.8: Average kwh of grid electricity per ton grapes wine (white). 31
Figure 5.9: Average kwh grid electricity per productive hectare grapes wine (red). Figure 5.10: Average grid electricity per productive hectare grapes wine (white). 32
Figure 5.11: Average kwh grid electricity per non-productive hectare grapes wine (red). Figure 5.12: Average grid electricity per non-productive hectare grapes wine (white). 33
Figure 5.13: Average kg synthetic N fertiliser applied per ton grapes wine (red). Figure 5.14: Average kg synthetic N fertiliser per ton grapes wine (white). 34
Figure 5.15: Average kg synthetic N applied per productive hectare grapes wine (red). Figure 5.16: Average kg synthetic Nitrogen per productive hectare grapes wine (white). 35
Figure 5.17: Average kg synthetic N fertiliser applied per non-productive hectare grapes wine (red). Figure 5.18: Average kg synthetic N fertiliser applied per non-productive hectare grapes wine (white). 36
C. Winery 1. Kg CO2e/kg grapes wine (red) processed per commodity region. 2. Kg CO2e/kg grapes wine (white) processed per commodity region. 3. Kg CO2e/kg grapes wine (white) bottled per commodity region. 4. Kg CO2e/kg grapes wine (white) bottled per commodity region. 5. Consumption benchmarks per commodity region: 5.1. Average grid electricity usage in kwh per ton of grapes wine (red) processed. 5.2. Average grid electricity usage in kwh per ton of grapes wine (white) processed. 5.3. Average grid electricity usage in kwh per ton of grapes wine (white) bottled. 5.4. Average grid electricity usage in kwh per ton of grapes wine (white) bottled. 5.5. Average glass in kg per litre of grapes wine (red). 5.6. Average glass in kg per litre of grapes wine (white). 37
Figure 1: Kg CO2e/kg grapes wine (red) processed in winery per region with a median of 0.46. Figure 2: Kg CO2e/kg grapes wine (white) processed in winery per region with a median of 0.48. 38
Figure 3: Kg CO2e/kg grapes wine (red) bottled per region with a median of 0.82 Figure 4: Kg CO2e/kg grapes wine (white) bottled per region with a median of 0.63 39
Figure 5.1: Average kwh grid electricity per ton grapes wine (red) processed. Figure 5.2: Average kwh grid electricity per ton grapes wine (white) processed. 40
Figure 5.3: Average kwh grid electricity per ton grapes wine (red) processed. Figure 5.4: Average kwh grid electricity per ton grapes wine (white) processed. 41
Figure 5.5: kg glass per litre of grapes wine (red) bottled. Figure 5.6: kg glass per litre of grapes wine (white) bottled. 42