GRASSES, SEDGES AND RUSHES: An Introduction. Erick Revuelta SJRWMD

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GRASSES, SEDGES AND RUSHES: An Introduction Erick Revuelta SJRWMD

Graminoids Includes the grass and grass-like plants: Poaceae (Grasses) Juncaceae (Rushes) Cyperaceae (Sedges) Herbaceous plants with long, narrow, linear leaves Diminutive parts Specialized terminology Superficially similar

Florida Graminoids Account for almost 16% of all species 15% of all exotic species 14% of all FLEPCC Cat 1 Species 12% of Cat 2 Species Graminoids are present in every community type and are either dominant or an important component in: Marshes Prairies Flatwoods Sandhills Scrub

Distinguishing Characters Character Cyperaceae Juncaceae Poaceae Habitat Moist to wet areas Wet areas Throughout Triangular in cross section Terete (round) Terete to ellipsoid Stems Internodes solid Internodes solid Internodes mostly hollow Nodes not jointed Nodes not jointed Nodes jointed 3-ranked 3-ranked 2-ranked Leaves Flat or v-shaped Blades flat or round Blades mostly flat Sheath closed Sheath open Sheath open Subtending Bracts Present, often prominent Present, but not prominent No* Fruit Achene A capsule with many seeds Caryopsis (grain)

Vegetative Characteristics

Vegetative Characteristics Sheath and Ligules Open Sheath (Grasses and Rushes) Closed Sheath (Sedges) Ligules (Grasses)

Vegetative Characteristics The Spikelet Grasses A floret (palea + lemma) subtended 2 bracts (glumes). Sedges A floret is contained by a single scale. Rushes A flower with sepals, petals and 2-6 stamens.

GRASSES

GRASSES 446 species 120 Genera 9 larger genera: Aristida (22) Andropogon (18) Dichanthelium (24) Digitaria (20) Eragrostris (29) Panicum (16) Paspalum (30) Setaria (15) Urochloa (14) Many widespread species distributed across most habitats Key Characters: Stems have joints Leaves 2-ranked Stems hollow Sheaths open Grass Morphology. 1. Vegetative features: 2. Caryopsis (grain). 3-6. Spikelets: 3. Spikelet with many florets. 5. 4. Spikelet with 2 florets (dorsally compressed); 5. Spikelet with one floret (laterally compressed); 6. Spikelet with 2 florets (Andropogon); 7. Rhizomes

Internode Joint (Node) Blade (parallel venation) often with prominent midvein Ligule Hairs Sheath open (overlapping)

SEDGES

SEDGES 276 Species 21 Genera Four large genera account for almost 80% of all the species: Carex (73) Cyperus (58) Rhynchospora (56) Eleocharis (30) Mostly freshwater or brackish wetland habitats Several widespread species Cladium jamaicense C. surinamensis, C. polystachyos R.odorata, R. microcarpa Cyperaceae genera: 1. Carex (inflorescence and peryginium and achene); 2. Eleocharis (plant, spike and achene); 3. Fuirena (Spike, paddle like structure and achene); 4. Scleria (inflorescence, and achenes); 5. Abilgaardia ovata (inflorescence, spikelet and achene); 6. Schoenus nigricans (inflorescence, spikelet and achene); 7. Cladium jamaicense (inflorescence, achene and close up of blades); 8. Rhynchospora (inflorescence and achenes); 9. Cyperus (inflorescences, spike and achenes) Key Characters: Trigonous stems (cross section) Inflorescence subtended by bracts Three-ranked Leaves v- or w-shaped (cross section)

Rachis Spike Peduncle Culm Involucre (bracts subtending the inflorescence)

RUSHES

RUSHES 24 Species 2 Genera Juncus (22) Luzula (2) Mostly freshwater wetland species Several species are very common throughout the state: Juncus roemerianus Juncus effusus Juncus megacephalus Juncus marginatus Key Characters: Round stems Closed sheath Capsule with many seeds Figure 3: Juncus genera. 1-4. Inflorescence type. 1. Head-like (globose); 2, 3, 4. Open panicle. 5-8. Capsules. 5,6. Long, tapering to the apex. 7,8 Abruptly pointed or with short-tapered tip. 9-10. Achenes.

Peduncle Inflorescence (head-like cluster of capsules) Bracts subtending the inflorescence (not prominent) Culm

Bibliography and Web Resources Bradford, J. and Rogers, G. Grasses and Sedges of Palm Beach and Martin Counties. www.floridagrasses.org Godgrey, R. K. and S. W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of the Southeastern United States. Monocotyledons. University of Georgia Press, Athens. Harrington, H. D. 1977. How to Identify Grasses and Grasslike Plants. Ohio University Press, Athens. Weakley, A. S., J.C. Ludwig and J. F. Townsend. 2012. Flora of Virginia. Foundation for the Flora of Virginia Project, Inc. Botanical Research Institute od Texas, Fort Worth. Wunderlin R. P. and B. F. Hansen. 2011. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Tobe, J. D. et al. 1998. Florida Wetland Plants: An Identification Manual. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee. Atlas of Florida Plants. Institute for Systematic Botany. http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/ Institute for regional Conservation http://regionalconservation.org/ Flora of North America http://floranorthamerica.org/ Fairchild Botanical Garden Herbarium http://www.virtualherbarium.org/ Grass Manual on the Web http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/ Grasses and Sedges of Palm Beach and Martin Counties www.floridagrasses.org Zomlefer, W. B. 1989. Flowering Plants of Florida: A Guide to the Common Families. Biological Illustrations, Gainesville.

Photographs and Illustration Credits: Photographs: Erick Revuelta; (Juncus effusus), southalabamawildflowers.weebly.com (Juncus polycephalus) Illustrations: Figure 1: 1. Neyraudia reynaudiana. Courtesy of Utah State University. Illustrator: Mary Bankworth. 2. Rhynchospora microcarpa. Courtesy of Flora of North America Association. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi. 3. Juncus megacephalus. Courtesy of University of Florida IFAS. Figure 2: Arthraxon hispidus. Courtesy of the Flora of Virginia. Illustrator: Michael Terry. 2. Dichanthelium aciculare Hitchcock and Chase. 3. Digitaria pauciflora (Hitchcock and Chase). 3. Unknown.; 4. 18. Dichanthelium aciculare Hitchcock and Chase. 5. Muhlenbergia capillaris. Courtesy of the Flora of Virginia. Illustrator: Michael Terry. 6. Andropogon glomeratus. Hitchock and Chase. 7. Distichlis spicata Courtesy of the Flora of Virginia. Illustrator: Michael Terry. Figure 3. Cyperus esculentus. Courtesy of the University of Georgia. Illustrator: Barbara N. Culbertson. Cyperus entrerianus. Courtesy of Flora of North America Association. Illustrator: Yevvon Wilson-Ramsey. Cyperus echinatus Courtesy of Flora of North America Association. Illustrator: Yevvon Wilson-Ramsey. Cyperus ligularis. Courtesy of Flora of North America Association. Illustrator: Yevvon Wilson-Ramsey. 6. Cyperus haspan. Courtesy of the University of Georgia. Illustrator: Barbara N. Culbertson. 7. Cyperus refractus. Courtesy of Flora of North America Association. Illustrator: Yevvon Wilson-Ramsey. 8. Cyperus esculentus. Courtesy of the University of Georgia. Illustrator: Barbara N. Culbertson. 9. Cyperus lupulinus. Courtesy of Flora of North America Association. Illustrator: Yevvon Wilson-Ramsey.. 13. Cyperus ochraceous. Courtesy of the University of Georgia. Illustrator: Melanie Darst. 11. Cyperus elegans Courtesy of the Flora of North America Association. Illustrator: Yevvon Wilson-Ramsey. 12. Cyperus flavescens. Courtesy of the University of Georgia. Illustrator: Barbara N. Culbertson. 13. Cyperus distinctus Courtesy of the University of Georgia. Illustrator: Barbara N. Culbertson. Figure 4. 1. Juncus scirpoides. Courtesy of the Flora of Virginia. Illustrator: Michael Terry. 2. Juncus tenuis Courtesy of the Flora of Virginia. Illustrator: Michael Terry. 3. Juncus effusus. Courtesy of the Flora of Virginia. Illustrator: Michael Terry. 4. Juncus marginatus. Courtesy of the University of Georgia. Illustrator: Grady W. Reinert. 5. Juncus bufonius. Courtesy of the Flora of Virginia. Illustrator: Michael Terry. Juncus scirpoides. Courtesy of the Flora of Virginia. Illustrator: Michael Terry. Juncus tenuis. Courtesy of the Flora of Virginia. Illustrator: Michael Terry. Juncus marginatus. Courtesy of the Flora of Virginia. Illustrator: Michael Terry. 9. Juncus canadensis. Courtesy of the University of Georgia. Illustrator: Grady W. Reinert. 10. Juncus megacephalus. Courtesy of the University of Georgia. Illustrator: Grady W. Reinert. 11. Juncus romerianus. Courtesy of the University of Georgia. Illustrator: Grady W. Reinert. 12. Juncus marginatus. Courtesy of the University of Georgia. Illustrator: Grady W. Reinert.

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