Mycotoxins, the unknowns: trends in food availability and consumer perceptions

Supplementary online material of World Mycotoxin Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.3920/wmj2016.2054. Mycotoxins, the unknowns: trends in food availability and consumer perceptions M. Ragona Table S1. Composition of food items and aggregated food items according to FAOSTAT classification. 1 Food item Apples and products Barley and products Cereals, Other Coffee and products Groundnuts (Shelled Eq) Maize and products Definition Apples; Juice, apple, single strength; Juice, apple, concentrated Barley; Barley, pot; Barley, pearled; Malt; Malt extract Canary seed; Grain, mixed; Flour, mixed grain; Cereals, nes; Flour, cereals; Cereal preparations, nes; Popcorn; Buckwheat; Flour, buckwheat; Quinoa; Fonio; Flour, fonio; Triticale; Flour, triticale Coffee, green; Coffee, roasted; Coffee, extracts Groundnuts, with shell; Groundnuts, shelled; Groundnuts, prepared; Peanut butter Maize; Flour, maize; Starch, maize; Feed and meal, gluten Milk - Excluding Butter Milk, whole fresh goat; Cheese of goat mlk; Milk, skimmed goat; Milk, whole fresh camel; Milk, whole fresh cow; Milk, skimmed cow; Milk, whole condensed; Whey, condensed; Yoghurt; Yoghurt, concentrated or not; Buttermilk, curdled, acidified milk; Milk, whole evaporated; Milk, skimmed evaporated; Milk, skimmed condensed; Milk, whole dried; Milk, skimmed dried; Milk, dry buttermilk; Whey, dry; Cheese, whole cow milk; Cheese, skimmed cow milk; Whey, cheese; Cheese, processed; Milk, reconstituted; Casein; Milk, whole fresh buffalo; Milk, skimmed buffalo; Cheese, buffalo milk; Milk, whole fresh sheep; Cheese, sheep milk; Milk, skimmed sheep Nuts and products Brazil nuts, with shell; Cashew nuts, with shell; Chestnut; Almonds, with shell; Walnuts, with shell; Pistachios; Kola nuts; Hazelnuts, with shell; Areca nuts; Brazil nuts, shelled; Cashew nuts, shelled; Almonds shelled; Walnuts, shelled; Hazelnuts, shelled; Nuts, nes; Nuts, prepared (exc. groundnuts) Oats Oats; Oats rolled Pigmeat Meat, pig; Meat, pork; Bacon and ham; Meat, pig sausages; Meat, pig, preparations Rice (Milled Rice, paddy; Rice, husked; Rice, milled/husked; Rice, milled; Rice, broken; Equivalent) Starch, rice; Flour, rice Rye and products Rye; Flour, rye Spices, Other Vanilla; Cinnamon (canella); Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms; Anise, badian, fennel, coriander; Ginger; Spices, nes Wheat and products Wafers; Wheat; Flour, wheat; Macaroni; Bread; Bulgur; Pastry; Starch, wheat; Cereals, breakfast Wine Wine; Vermouths and similar Aggregated food items Cereals - Excluding Beer Wheat and products; Barley and products; Maize and products; Rye and products; Oats; Millet and products; Sorghum and products; Rice (Milled Equivalent); Cereals, Other (Canary seed; Grain, mixed; Flour, mixed grain; Cereals, nes; Flour, cereals; Cereal preparations, nes; Popcorn; Buckwheat; Flour, buckwheat; Quinoa; Fonio; Flour, fonio; Triticale; Flour, triticale) Spices Pepper; Pimento; Cloves; Spices, Other (Vanilla; Cinnamon (canella); Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms; Anise, badian, fennel, coriander; Ginger; Spices, nes) 1 Elaboration from http://faostat3.fao.org/mes/classifications/e. 1

Table S2. Availability of foods contributing to the dietary exposure to the main mycotoxins: levels (in 2011) and trends (average annual rate of change of food availability during the four considered periods, i.e. 1961-2011, 1961-1991, 1991-2011, 2001-2011). 5 2011 1961-2011 1961-1991 1991-2011 2001-2011 Region 3,4 Available quantity 1 Average annual rate of change 2 Average annual rate of change 2 Average annual rate of change 2 Average annual rate of change 2 (kg/person/yr) (%) (%) (%) (%) Maize and products World 17.59 0.92% 0.92% 0.93% 0.96% Africa 43.89 0.44% 0.52% 0.32% 0.47% Eastern Africa 57.71 0.23% 0.26% 0.17% -0.25% Middle Africa 32.27-0.15% -1.08% 1.26% 1.54% Northern Africa 33.35 0.93% 0.66% 1.34% 0.60% Southern Africa 97.54-0.27% -0.23% -0.33% -1.00% Western Africa 29.04 1.48% 2.21% 0.39% 3.53% Americas 33.89 0.57% 0.85% 0.14% 0.12% Central America 102.53-0.11% 0.18% -0.55% -0.59% Asia 9.81 1.00% 0.96% 1.06% 1.24% South-Eastern Asia 20.61 1.01% 0.85% 1.24% 2.53% Europe 7.23 0.72% -0.16% 2.06% 0.50% Eastern Europe 7.17 0.77% -1.52% 4.32% 1.35% Oceania 4.52 2.94% 4.48% 0.68% 3.16% Australia & New Zealand 4.91 2.96% 4.49% 0.71% 3.27% Wheat and products World 65.26 0.35% 0.85% -0.41% -0.54% Africa 48.98 0.98% 1.46% 0.25% 0.18% Eastern Africa 22.60 1.38% 1.03% 1.91% 1.65% Middle Africa 25.07 3.01% 3.15% 2.79% 2.42% Northern Africa 137.69 0.96% 1.65% -0.08% -0.01% Western Africa 21.09 3.45% 3.14% 3.92% 2.75% Americas 60.91 0.13% 0.26% -0.06% -0.51% Asia 62.38 1.61% 2.87% -0.25% -0.62% Central Asia 144.26-0.79% Eastern Asia 61.04 2.06% 4.07% -0.88% -1.13% South-Eastern Asia 19.03 3.02% 3.57% 2.20% 2.29% Western Asia 141.13 0.22% 0.94% -0.84% -0.96% Europe 107.81-0.42% -0.38% -0.49% -0.12% Eastern Europe 118.60-0.58% -0.42% -0.82% -0.48% Southern Europe 113.14-0.60% -0.34% -0.99% -0.39% Oceania 70.31-0.57% -0.90% -0.08% 0.26% Rice (Milled Equivalent) World 54.08 0.71% 1.03% 0.22% 0.21% Africa 23.49 1.86% 2.07% 1.56% 1.86% Eastern Africa 15.41 0.71% -0.14% 2.00% 2.50% Middle Africa 13.84 3.32% 3.66% 2.82% 2.10% 2

Southern Africa 16.06 3.68% 3.89% 3.36% 3.32% Western Africa 39.60 2.69% 3.65% 1.27% 1.86% Americas 18.87 0.96% 1.39% 0.31% 0.37% Asia 78.08 0.42% 0.70% -0.01% 0.09% South-Eastern Asia 127.83 0.32% 0.32% 0.32% 0.20% Western Asia 20.18 1.78% 1.57% 2.08% 1.48% Europe 4.92 1.76% 2.44% 0.73% 1.50% Eastern Europe 3.84 2.30% 4.53% -0.95% 0.82% Northern Europe 6.11 3.33% 2.86% 4.03% 3.75% Southern Europe 6.94 0.65% 0.29% 1.21% 0.69% Western Europe 4.34 1.75% 1.82% 1.65% 1.77% Oceania 12.82 2.05% 2.04% 2.06% 0.68% Micronesia 60.43 3.25% 5.11% 0.51% 5.40% Oats World 0.59-0.86% -1.02% -0.63% 1.08% Africa 0.15 0.45% 1.17% -0.62% -0.64% Middle Africa 0.02 7.18% Western Africa 0.04 1.40% -2.28% 7.18% 7.18% Americas 2.16 0.27% 1.00% -0.83% 1.18% Northern America 3.96 0.37% 1.72% -1.61% 2.00% Central America 0.62 0.93% -6.05% 12.39% 3.73% Caribbean 0.32 0.66% -1.20% 3.53% 3.36% Asia 0.08-3.56% -4.33% -2.40% 0.00% Central Asia 0.86 14.61% South-Eastern Asia 0.08 10.96% 7.18% Western Asia 0.21 2.22% -2.78% 10.22% 3.42% Europe 1.99 0.36% -0.64% 1.88% 2.27% Eastern Europe 2.14 0.44% -0.93% 2.52% 2.70% Northern Europe 5.34 0.87% 0.15% 1.96% 3.79% Southern Europe 0.33 3.47% 2.86% 4.38% 4.14% Oceania 0.90-0.61% 3.80% -6.87% -5.04% Rye and products World 0.83-3.42% -4.19% -2.26% -2.42% Africa 0.01-2.17% 0.00% -5.34% -18.77% Southern Africa 0.08-3.02% -4.60% -0.59% 4.81% Americas 0.13-1.90% -2.69% -0.71% 0.00% Asia 0.10-4.07% -3.22% -5.34% 0.00% Western Asia 1.11-3.71% -4.90% -1.90% 3.86% Europe 6.92-2.10% -3.27% -0.31% -1.48% Eastern Europe 11.63-1.96% -3.61% 0.55% -1.76% Northern Europe 4.47-0.49% -1.07% 0.38% -0.67% Western Europe 5.94-2.22% -3.16% -0.79% 0.20% Oceania 0.74 0.63% 3.81% -3.96% -0.40% Melanesia 0.04 14.87% Barley and products 3

World 0.98-2.82% -3.29% -2.11% -1.24% Africa 3.32-1.06% -0.33% -2.13% -0.33% Eastern Africa 4.12-1.16% -2.02% 0.16% 1.64% Middle Africa 0.34-4.19% 13.02% Northern Africa 9.04-0.84% 0.41% -2.69% -0.97% Americas 0.42-1.35% -1.74% -0.77% -0.69% Asia 0.54-4.58% -4.91% -4.07% -2.70% Europe 1.26-0.62% -2.48% 2.23% -1.86% Eastern Europe 2.01-0.63% -3.11% 3.20% -0.05% Northern Europe 2.01 0.95% -0.31% 2.88% -0.34% Oceania 0.06 3.65% 14.99% -11.30% 0.00% Melanesia 0.34 2.48% 3.61% 0.80% 0.61% Polynesia 0.42 7.70% Cereals (excluding beer) World 147.17 0.28% 0.50% -0.06% -0.10% Africa 151.88 0.37% 0.44% 0.26% 0.32% Middle Africa 106.47 0.28% -0.62% 1.65% 1.79% Americas 117.63 0.36% 0.56% 0.05% -0.17% Asia 156.04 0.51% 0.94% -0.13% -0.20% Eastern Asia 147.67 0.79% 1.55% -0.34% -0.45% Europe 131.12-0.49% -0.61% -0.31% -0.09% Oceania 89.73-0.24% -0.38% -0.03% 0.34% Nuts and products World 2.20 1.90% 0.76% 3.62% 4.33% Africa 1.84 1.13% -0.44% 3.53% 2.13% Southern Africa 0.39 6.07% 3.01% Western Africa 3.80 0.73% -1.72% 4.52% 2.43% Americas 1.37 0.73% 0.61% 0.92% -1.96% South America 0.85 2.65% 1.60% 4.25% 6.81% Asia 2.16 3.23% 1.79% 5.43% 7.48% Central Asia 1.39 7.25% Eastern Asia 2.54 4.58% 2.70% 7.48% 10.22% Southern Asia 1.72 2.34% 0.87% 4.60% 6.93% South-Eastern Asia 1.66 4.79% 5.28% 4.05% 4.20% Western Asia 4.63 0.91% 0.26% 1.88% 3.38% Europe 3.74 1.42% 0.93% 2.16% 2.09% Eastern Europe 1.37 2.49% 1.30% 4.30% 5.93% Northern Europe 2.49 1.50% 1.24% 1.90% 2.22% Southern Europe 6.83 0.46% 0.18% 0.87% 1.20% Western Europe 5.55 1.83% 2.11% 1.42% 1.25% Oceania 7.17 6.94% 7.85% 5.60% 5.62% Australia & New Zealand 7.73 7.19% 8.25% 5.62% 5.61% Melanesia 0.69 1.68% -0.48% 5.00% 3.91% Polynesia 1.24 6.63% 3.73% 11.14% 6.84% Groundnuts (Shelled Equivalent) 4

World 1.56 1.34% 0.85% 2.10% 1.02% Africa 2.60 0.20% -2.56% 4.49% 2.46% Eastern Africa 2.37 0.05% -2.69% 4.31% 7.04% Middle Africa 6.14 0.22% -1.48% 2.82% 0.62% Western Africa 3.45-0.12% -3.15% 4.61% 1.34% Americas 1.54 0.16% 0.46% -0.28% 1.48% Northern America 3.08 0.97% 2.03% -0.59% 1.33% South America 0.44-1.76% -4.26% 2.11% 4.62% Asia 1.46 1.79% 1.78% 1.81% 0.07% Central Asia 0.14 30.20% Eastern Asia 2.60 3.35% 3.21% 3.57% 0.72% South-Eastern Asia 2.41 0.84% 1.09% 0.46% 0.92% Western Asia 0.70 1.34% 1.17% 1.60% 3.22% Europe 0.83 2.27% 2.14% 2.46% 2.01% Western Europe 1.01 1.82% 2.77% 0.41% 2.88% Oceania 1.20-0.10% 1.18% -1.98% -0.33% Polynesia 1.50 10.54% 3.73% 21.60% 8.89% Spices World 1.27 1.80% 1.04% 2.95% 3.05% Africa 0.95 0.37% -0.31% 1.40% 1.00% Middle Africa 0.66 1.22% -0.50% 3.85% 8.57% Northern Africa 1.16 0.96% 0.27% 2.00% 2.68% Southern Africa 0.61 1.12% -0.51% 3.61% 6.34% Western Africa 1.28 1.36% 1.16% 1.66% 0.65% Americas 0.73 2.73% 2.99% 2.34% 3.06% Northern America 0.93 2.58% 3.31% 1.50% 3.33% Caribbean 0.65 2.84% 1.50% 4.89% 7.68% South America 0.47 4.20% 3.53% 5.22% 3.60% Asia 1.59 1.71% 0.63% 3.37% 3.38% Central Asia 0.13 10.03% Southern Asia 2.75 1.36% 0.16% 3.18% 3.55% South-Eastern Asia 1.76 2.55% 1.27% 4.50% 2.03% Western Asia 1.37-0.30% -2.35% 2.86% 6.79% Europe 0.63 1.95% 2.41% 1.26% 2.76% Northern Europe 0.93 4.18% 3.73% 4.86% 5.20% Western Europe 0.70 3.13% 3.95% 1.90% 4.29% Oceania 0.54 2.74% 2.69% 2.81% 7.18% Australia & New Zealand 0.59 2.78% 2.22% 3.62% 8.54% Milk (excluding butter) World 90.73 0.37% 0.00% 0.92% 1.42% Africa 46.17 0.87% 0.54% 1.37% 1.83% Eastern Africa 39.17 0.45% -0.17% 1.38% 3.47% Northern Africa 104.25 1.80% 1.46% 2.33% 1.72% Western Africa 20.01 0.89% 0.62% 1.30% 3.66% Americas 172.79 0.09% -0.20% 0.53% 0.53% Northern America 252.95-0.09% -0.15% 0.01% -0.07% 5

South America 140.20 1.12% 0.75% 1.67% 1.93% Asia 58.74 1.97% 1.26% 3.03% 3.56% Central Asia 168.74 1.06% Eastern Asia 34.27 3.90% 3.33% 4.77% 7.11% Southern Asia 85.66 1.43% 0.87% 2.28% 2.67% South-Eastern Asia 17.85 2.21% 1.78% 2.87% 2.66% Western Asia 111.68-0.20% -0.41% 0.10% 1.50% Europe 219.06 0.50% 0.55% 0.41% 0.44% Eastern Europe 174.37 0.21% 0.11% 0.34% 0.94% Northern Europe 264.68 0.15% 0.05% 0.29% 0.48% Southern Europe 223.32 1.32% 1.90% 0.45% 0.22% Western Europe 261.08 0.51% 0.87% -0.03% -0.13% Oceania 202.93-0.16% -0.08% -0.28% 1.03% Australia & New Zealand 216.77-0.14% -0.06% -0.27% 1.04% Micronesia 24.78 3.82% 5.06% Coffee and products World 1.16 0.11% -0.15% 0.50% 0.26% Africa 0.69 0.53% 0.36% 0.79% 1.75% Middle Africa 1.39 3.49% -0.28% 9.41% 16.97% Southern Africa 1.24 1.75% -1.04% 6.09% 12.86% Americas 2.88-0.96% -1.88% 0.44% 0.14% Northern America 4.52-0.75% -1.45% 0.31% 0.88% Asia 0.34 2.94% 3.87% 1.55% 0.30% Western Asia 1.27 2.67% 2.24% 3.33% 4.10% Europe 4.08 1.90% 2.24% 1.40% 0.74% Northern Europe 4.80 0.83% 1.42% -0.06% 1.08% Southern Europe 4.98 2.77% 3.61% 1.52% 1.91% Western Europe 5.98 0.91% 2.20% -1.01% -0.71% Oceania 4.28 1.76% 1.17% 2.64% 7.08% Australia & New Zealand 4.52 1.77% 1.20% 2.63% 7.27% Polynesia 5.38 3.51% 1.52% 6.56% 11.82% Wine World 3.41-1.38% -1.60% -1.05% -0.60% Africa 0.78-1.90% -2.65% -0.77% -0.13% Eastern Africa 0.13-3.50% -6.91% 1.86% 2.66% Middle Africa 1.98-2.60% -5.14% 1.33% 4.30% Northern Africa 0.27-0.63% -0.48% -0.85% 2.54% Southern Africa 6.90-1.43% -1.53% -1.29% -1.42% Western Africa 0.36-1.08% -3.39% 2.49% 4.14% Americas 4.95-0.66% -0.44% -1.00% -0.47% Northern America 7.73 1.83% 2.60% 0.70% 0.20% Asia 0.63 5.67% 4.73% 7.09% 3.65% Eastern Asia 1.46 8.96% 9.57% 8.06% 4.61% South-Eastern Asia 0.07 3.97% 0.00% 10.22% 8.84% Western Asia 0.78-0.33% -2.36% 2.79% 2.00% Europe 19.93-0.57% -0.78% -0.25% -0.28% Eastern Europe 9.53 0.88% 0.30% 1.76% 3.92% 6

Northern Europe 19.23 4.51% 5.72% 2.72% 1.92% Southern Europe 23.86-2.19% -1.58% -3.09% -4.66% Western Europe 33.18-0.52% -0.44% -0.62% 0.49% Oceania 16.91 2.72% 4.31% 0.37% -0.29% Australia & New Zealand 18.07 2.88% 4.57% 0.39% -0.30% Apples and products World 9.40 1.58% 1.32% 1.98% 1.64% Africa 2.47 3.87% 3.19% 4.89% 4.50% Eastern Africa 0.27 0.81% -1.94% 5.09% 8.45% Middle Africa 0.47 4.20% 0.52% 9.99% 12.10% Northern Africa 8.24 4.85% 4.10% 6.00% 4.71% Southern Africa 7.91 3.68% 3.77% 3.53% 5.50% Western Africa 0.32 3.78% -3.01% 14.87% 14.87% Americas 9.55 0.53% 1.32% -0.65% -1.26% Northern America 16.45 0.54% 1.80% -1.31% -2.40% Central America 6.02 2.90% 3.86% 1.49% 2.64% Asia 9.19 4.56% 3.93% 5.50% 3.77% Central Asia 10.99 7.52% Eastern Asia 17.89 5.38% 3.85% 7.72% 4.85% Southern Asia 3.03 4.08% 5.35% 2.20% 2.44% South-Eastern Asia 1.01 6.67% 4.50% 10.00% 6.46% Western Asia 15.61 1.63% 2.83% -0.16% -0.58% Europe 18.68 0.84% 1.43% -0.03% -0.37% Eastern Europe 18.79 1.60% 2.51% 0.25% 2.78% Northern Europe 23.35 1.41% 1.39% 1.45% 1.51% Southern Europe 14.65 0.00% 0.37% -0.55% -1.87% Western Europe 19.35 0.14% 0.87% -0.95% -3.88% Oceania 25.18 0.95% -0.21% 2.71% 3.74% Australia & New Zealand 26.90 0.95% -0.20% 2.69% 3.63% Pigmeat World 15.56 1.33% 1.62% 0.91% 1.03% Africa 1.40 1.45% 1.01% 2.12% 2.82% Middle Africa 3.79 3.01% 2.44% 3.88% 6.65% Southern Africa 4.19 0.77% -0.07% 2.04% 5.05% Western Africa 1.31 1.71% 1.88% 1.46% 1.95% Americas 17.18 0.04% -0.28% 0.53% -0.03% Northern America 27.58 0.00% 0.12% -0.17% -0.65% Central America 11.68 0.57% -0.16% 1.68% 1.50% Caribbean 11.31 1.90% 0.92% 3.39% 4.65% South America 10.83 1.03% 0.15% 2.37% 0.75% Asia 15.00 4.45% 5.97% 2.21% 2.04% Eastern Asia 33.91 5.47% 7.30% 2.79% 2.37% South-Eastern Asia 12.43 2.53% 2.13% 3.13% 4.25% Europe 34.70 0.95% 1.41% 0.26% 0.54% Eastern Europe 28.30 0.66% 0.95% 0.24% 3.07% Northern Europe 28.70 0.31% 0.51% 0.00% 0.65% 7

Southern Europe 39.50 2.83% 4.34% 0.60% -1.22% Western Europe 43.82 0.65% 1.27% -0.27% -0.53% Oceania 21.45 1.36% 1.39% 1.31% 2.36% Australia & New Zealand 22.52 1.39% 1.42% 1.35% 2.44% 1 2011 values shown in italics and bold are, respectively, 1.5 and 3 times higher than the world value. 2 Average annual rates of change shown in italics and bold are higher than 1.5% and 3%, respectively. 3 Regions that do not present any value or rate in bold or italics are not shown. 4 Continents are included, even when they do not have any value or rate in bold or italics. 5 Elaboration from FAOSTAT data. 8