Famil: Taxo: Commeliaceae Commelia commuis Som: Commo Name: Asiatic dais Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Patti Clifford Desigatio: H(HPWRA) Data Etr Perso: Patti Clifford WRA Score 21 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? 103 Does the species have weed races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- Low substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- Low high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 Prit Date: 12/2/2011 Commelia commuis (Commeliaceae) Page 1 of 7
412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed 603 Hbridizes aturall 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 1 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 21 Prit Date: 12/2/2011 Commelia commuis (Commeliaceae) Page 2 of 7
Supportig Data: 101 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Is the species highl domesticated? No] No evidece of domesticatio that reduces ivasive traits. 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Has the species become aturalized where grow? NA] 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Does the species have weed races? NA] 201 2011. USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network (GRIN) [Olie Database Idex]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Beltsville, Marlad. http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 203 2009. Ulloa, S.M./Owe, M.D.K.. Respose of Asiatic daflower (Commelia commuis) to glphosate ad alteratives i sobea. Weed Sciece. 57: 74-80. 204 1976. Morto, J.F.. Pestiferous spread of ma orametal ad fruit species i South Florida. Proceedigs of the Florida State Horticultural Societ. 89: 348-353. 205 2009. Ulloa, S.M./Owe, M.D.K.. Respose of Asiatic daflower (Commelia commuis) to glphosate ad alteratives i sobea. Weed Sciece. 57: 74-80. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 0-low] Native rage: ASIA-TEMPERATE Caucasus: Georgia Russia Far East: Russia Federatio - Amur, Khabarovsk, Primore, Sakhali Chia: Chia Easter Asia: Japa - Hokkaido, Hoshu, Kushu [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)?] "Kutba ad Uca (1998) reported that Asiatic daflower has broad ecological tolerace to climatic ad soil factors." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Commelia commuis L. DAYFLOWER. Easter Asia. Naturalized about gardes, o moist baks ad i waste grouds. [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] Commelia commuis is a cosmopolita weed ad widel distributed aroud the world, pricipall i the orther hemisphere. I the Uited States, Asiatic daflower is mostl located i the Midwest ad alog the East coast. 205 2011. Hilt, J.. Asiatic Daflower - Commelia commuis. www.illioiswildflowers.ifor, [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] The Asiatic Daflower has become the most commo Commelia http://www.illioiswildflowers.ifo/weeds/plats/asi sp. (Daflower) i Illiois for reasos that are ot etirel clear. a_daflower.htm 205 2011. Le, K.A.. Asiatic daflower Commelia commuis, a ew weed to Norwa?. Blttia. 69: 123-129. [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Durig local registratio work i Hobol parish, Østfold, i Southeast Norwa fiftee plats of Commelia commuis were discovered i a wastelad field at 95 m a.s.l. 301 2011. Hilt, J.. Asiatic Daflower - Commelia commuis. www.illioiswildflowers.ifor, [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] The Asiatic Daflower is a commo plat that occurs i most couties of Illiois (see Distributio Map). It appears to be http://www.illioiswildflowers.ifo/weeds/plats/asi spreadig ito all areas of the state. Habitats iclude edges of floodplai forests, a_daflower.htm thickets, edges of gardes ad ards, areas alog buildigs, fece rows, vacat lots, ad waste areas. This plat prefers disturbed areas, although it occasioall ivades atural areas. 302 2007. Nice, G./Johso, B.. Asiatic daflower prett but hard to cotrol. Purdue Uiversit Extesio Sciece, [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Yes] Asiatic daflower (Commelia commuis) ca be a problematic weed i laws ad gardes, but it appears over the past several ears to be http://www.bt.purdue.edu/weedsciece/2007/a spreadig ito o-till cor ad sobea. It is oe of the 16 weeds metioed i siaticdaflower07.pdf the Weed to Watch hadout. 302 2011. Hilt, J.. Asiatic Daflower - Commelia commuis. www.illioiswildflowers.ifor, [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Yes] The Asiatic Daflower is a commo plat that occurs i most couties of Illiois (see Distributio Map). It appears to http://www.illioiswildflowers.ifo/weeds/plats/asi be spreadig ito all areas of the state. Habitats iclude edges of floodplai a_daflower.htm forests, thickets, edges of gardes ad ards, areas alog buildigs, fece rows, vacat lots, ad waste areas. This plat prefers disturbed areas, although it occasioall ivades atural areas. 303 2007. Nice, G./Johso, B.. Asiatic daflower prett but hard to cotrol. Purdue Uiversit Extesio Sciece, [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes]Asiatic daflower (Commelia commuis) ca be a problematic weed i laws ad gardes, but it appears over the past several ears to be spreadig ito o-till cor ad sobea. It is oe of http://www.bt.purdue.edu/weedsciece/2007/a the 16 weeds metioed i the Weed to Watch hadout. siaticdaflower07.pdf Prit Date: 12/2/2011 Commelia commuis (Commeliaceae) Page 3 of 7
303 2008. Owe, M.D.K.. Weed species shifts i glphosate-resistat crops. Pest Maagemet Sciece. 64: 377-387. 304 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece. [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "Asiatic daflower (Commelia commuis L.) has bee a serious, albeit scattered weed problem i sobea, peaut ad cotto fields i the midwest, midsouth ad southeast USA for a umber of ears. Recet iformatio suggests that Asiatic daflower is spreadig, although ot quickl (Boerboom C, private commuicatio, 2007). I GR cotto, for example, Asiatic daflower is difficult to cotrol with glphosate. Apparet atural tolerace to glphosate ad other biological characteristics (i.e. exteded germiatio period) cotribute to the iabilit of growers effectivel to maage this weed." 305 1999. Galiato, M.I./Mood, K./Piggi, C.M.. Uplad rice weeds of south ad southeast Asia. Iteratioal Rice Research Istitute, http://books.google.com/books?id=nlldcra2k C&pg=PA31&dq=commelia+diffusa&hl=e&ei=vl XRTtqtE4OH2AWjpK29CQ&sa=X&oi=book_res [Cogeeric weed? Yes] "Commelia diffusa is a patropical weed extedig somewhat ito temperate zoes. Widel distributed ad has bee reported as a weed i 17 crops i 26 coutries." 401 2008. efloras.org. Flora of Chia Vol. 24 [olie flora]. Missouri Botaical Garde, St. Louis, MO & Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 402 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? Ukow] [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Herbs aual. Stems creepig, diffuse, umerous brached, to more tha 1 m, glabrous proximall, puberulet distall. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blade laceolate to ovate-laceolate, 3--9 1.5--2 cm, glabrous. Ivolucral bracts bore opposite leaves, with 1.5--4 cm log stalk, cordate, folded, 1.2--2.5 cm, ofte hirsute-ciliate, apex acute. Proximal brach of cicii with peducle ca. 8 mm ad 1 or 2 male flowers, distal brach with short peducle ad 3 or 4 bisexual flowers, earl icluded i ivolucral bracts; pedicels ca. 3 mm at athesis, curved ad less tha 6 mm i fruit. Sepals ca. 5 mm, membraous. Petals dark blue, 9--10 mm except proximal oe ca. 5 mm. Capsule ellipsoid, 5--7 mm, 2-valved. Seeds 2 per valve, brow-ellow, semiellipsoid, 2--3 mm, flat o 1 surface, irregularl pitted, trucate at 1 ed." 403 2008. efloras.org. Flora of Chia Vol. 24 [olie [Parasitic? No] Commeliaceae. flora]. Missouri Botaical Garde, St. Louis, MO & Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 404 2011. Hilt, J.. Asiatic Daflower - Commelia commuis. www.illioiswildflowers.ifor, [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] The foliage of Daflowers is a preferred food source of the White-Tailed Deer. http://www.illioiswildflowers.ifo/weeds/plats/asi a_daflower.htm 405 2011. Natioal Ceter for Biotecholog [Toxic to aimals? No] No evidece of toxicit. Iformatio. PubMed. U.S. Natioal Librar of Medicie, Bethesda, Marlad http://www.cbi.lm.ih.gov/ 405 2011. Specialized Iformatio Services, U.S. Natioal Librar of Medicie. TOXNET toxicolog data etwork [olie database]. Natioal Istitutes of Health, http://toxet.lm.ih.gov/ [Toxic to aimals? No] No evidece of toxicit. 406 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? ukow] 407 2011. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Asiatic daflower, blue daflower, Commelia commuis. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/653/ 407 2011. Natioal Ceter for Biotecholog Iformatio. PubMed. U.S. Natioal Librar of Medicie, Bethesda, Marlad http://www.cbi.lm.ih.gov/ 407 2011. Specialized Iformatio Services, U.S. Natioal Librar of Medicie. TOXNET toxicolog data etwork [olie database]. Natioal Istitutes of Health, http://toxet.lm.ih.gov/ 408 2008. efloras.org. Flora of Chia Vol. 24 [olie flora]. Missouri Botaical Garde, St. Louis, MO & Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas?] Hadlig plat ma cause ski irritatio or allergic reactio. [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] No evidece. [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] No evidece. [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] Herbaceous aual. Prit Date: 12/2/2011 Commelia commuis (Commeliaceae) Page 4 of 7
409 2011. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Asiatic [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? ] Full su. daflower, blue daflower, Commelia commuis. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/653/ 409 2011. Hilt, J.. Asiatic Daflower - Commelia commuis. www.illioiswildflowers.ifor, http://www.illioiswildflowers.ifo/weeds/plats/asi a_daflower.htm [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? ] This plat also tolerates full su ad light shade. 410 2009. Ulloa, S.M./Owe, M.D.K.. Respose of Asiatic daflower (Commelia commuis) to glphosate ad alteratives i sobea. Weed Sciece. 57: 74-80. 410 2011. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Asiatic daflower, blue daflower, Commelia commuis. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/653/ [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad)? Yes] "Kutba ad Uca (1998) reported that Asiatic daflower has broad ecological tolerace to climatic ad soil factors." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad)? Yes] Soil ph requiremets: 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic) 6.1 to 6.5 (mildl acidic) 6.6 to 7.5 (eutral) 411 2011. Hilt, J.. Asiatic Daflower - Commelia commuis. www.illioiswildflowers.ifor, [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? Yes] This plat ca root at the leaf odes o moist groud, formig ew plats vegetativel. At favorable sites, the Asiatic http://www.illioiswildflowers.ifo/weeds/plats/asi Daflower forms coloies that ca exclude other species of plats a_daflower.htm 412 2008. efloras.org. Flora of Chia Vol. 24 [olie flora]. Missouri Botaical Garde, St. Louis, MO & Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 501 2008. efloras.org. Flora of Chia Vol. 24 [olie flora]. Missouri Botaical Garde, St. Louis, MO & Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 502 2008. efloras.org. Flora of Chia Vol. 24 [olie flora]. Missouri Botaical Garde, St. Louis, MO & Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 503 2008. efloras.org. Flora of Chia Vol. 24 [olie flora]. Missouri Botaical Garde, St. Louis, MO & Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 504 2008. efloras.org. Flora of Chia Vol. 24 [olie flora]. Missouri Botaical Garde, St. Louis, MO & Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 602 2011. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Asiatic daflower, blue daflower, Commelia commuis. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/653/ [Forms dese thickets? No] Herbs aual. Stems creepig, diffuse, umerous brached, to more tha 1 m. [Aquatic? No] Aual herb; terrestrial. [Grass? No] Commeliaceae. [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Herbaceous aual. Commeliaceae. [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] Herbaceous aual. [Produces viable seed? Yes] Propagated b seed. 603 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow] 604 2007. Ushimaru, A./Wataabe, T./Nakata, K.. Colored floral orgas ifluece polliator behavior ad polle trasfer i Commelia commuis (Commeliaceae). America Joural of Bota. 94: 249-258. [Self-compatible or apomictic? Yes] Commelia commuis is self-compatible. 605 2007. Ushimaru, A./Wataabe, T./Nakata, K.. Colored floral orgas ifluece polliator behavior ad polle trasfer i Commelia commuis (Commeliaceae). America Joural of Bota. 94: 249-258. [Requires specialist polliators? No] Srphid flies (Episrphus balteatus) ad Japaese hoe bees (Apis ceraa japoica) were see visitig Commelia commuis flowers i this stud. 605 2011. Hilt, J.. Asiatic Daflower - Commelia commuis. www.illioiswildflowers.ifor, http://www.illioiswildflowers.ifo/weeds/plats/asi a_daflower.htm [Requires specialist polliators? No] Primaril bees polliate the flowers. Prit Date: 12/2/2011 Commelia commuis (Commeliaceae) Page 5 of 7
606 2011. Hilt, J.. Asiatic Daflower - Commelia commuis. www.illioiswildflowers.ifor, [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Yes] This plat ca root at the leaf odes o moist groud, formig ew plats vegetativel. At favorable sites, the http://www.illioiswildflowers.ifo/weeds/plats/asi Asiatic Daflower forms coloies that ca exclude other species of plats a_daflower.htm 607 2008. efloras.org. Flora of Chia Vol. 24 [olie [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 1] Aual. flora]. Missouri Botaical Garde, St. Louis, MO & Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 607 2011. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Asiatic [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 1] Aual. daflower, blue daflower, Commelia commuis. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/653/ 701 2011. Hilt, J.. Asiatic Daflower - Commelia commuis. www.illioiswildflowers.ifor, [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? Yes] Habitats iclude edges of floodplai forests, thickets, http://www.illioiswildflowers.ifo/weeds/plats/asi edges of gardes ad ards, areas alog buildigs, fece rows, vacat lots, ad a_daflower.htm waste areas. This plat prefers disturbed areas, although it occasioall ivades atural areas. 702 2011. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Asiatic daflower, blue daflower, Commelia commuis. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/653/ 703 2011. Le, K.A.. Asiatic daflower Commelia commuis, a ew weed to Norwa?. Blttia. 69: 123-129. 704 2008. efloras.org. Flora of Chia Vol. 24 [olie flora]. Missouri Botaical Garde, St. Louis, MO & Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] Sixtee members of Dave's Garde have or wat Commelia commuis propagules. [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? Yes] "Durig local registratio work i Hobol parish, Østfold, i Southeast Norwa fiftee plats of Commelia commuis were discovered i a wastelad field at 95 m a.s.l. The localit is situated at 10 55 E ad 59 37 N ad is a ew orther limit for the species. While this East Asia plat has become ivasive ad a troublesome weed i some gardes of easter North America, it is postulated that summer temperatures (mea temperature for Jul is 16-18 C) are ot high eough for this species to become ivasive i Norwa at preset. However, with postulated climatic chage, icreasig temperatures ma provide better habitats for the species i the future. It is assumed that seeds of the Asiatic daflower reached Norwa as pollutio i rice sacs imported from Asia. The seeds were probabl throw o the street as waste from oe of the Asia food shops i Oslo. Ever sprig after sowmelt street waste is collected b special machies, ad such street-waste has i fact bee deposited at the localit i Hobøl, 40 km south of Oslo." [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] Capsule. 705 2011. Hilt, J.. Asiatic Daflower - Commelia commuis. www.illioiswildflowers.ifor, [Propagules water dispersed? Yes] The Asiatic Daflower is a commo plat that occurs i most couties of Illiois (see Distributio Map). It appears to be http://www.illioiswildflowers.ifo/weeds/plats/asi spreadig ito all areas of the state. Habitats iclude edges of floodplai forests, a_daflower.htm thickets, edges of gardes ad ards, areas alog buildigs, fece rows, vacat lots, ad waste areas. This plat prefers disturbed areas, although it occasioall ivades atural areas. 706 2009. Goddard, R.H./Webster, T.M./Carter, R/Gre, T.L.. Resistace of Beghal daflower (Commelia beghalesis) seeds to harsh eviromets ad the implicatios for dispersall b mourig doves (Zeaida macroura) i Georgia, U.S.A.. Weed Sciece. 57: 603 [Propagules bird dispersed?] The seeds of Commelia beghalesis are dispersed b mourig doves (Zeaida macroura) i Georgia, USA ad retai viabilit. 706 2011. Hilt, J.. Asiatic Daflower - Commelia commuis. www.illioiswildflowers.ifor, [Propagules bird dispersed? ] Occasioall, the seeds are eate b uplad gamebirds ad sogbirds, icludig the Mourig Dove, Bobwhite, ad Redwig http://www.illioiswildflowers.ifo/weeds/plats/asi Blackbird. a_daflower.htm 707 2008. efloras.org. Flora of Chia Vol. 24 [olie flora]. Missouri Botaical Garde, St. Louis, MO & Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 708 2009. Goddard, R.H./Webster, T.M./Carter, R/Gre, T.L.. Resistace of Beghal daflower (Commelia beghalesis) seeds to harsh eviromets ad the implicatios for dispersall b mourig doves (Zeaida macroura) i Georgia, U.S.A.. Weed Sciece. 57: 603 [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No.] Capsules [o meas of exteral attachmet]. [Propagules survive passage through the gut? ] The seeds of Commelia beghalesis are dispersed b mourig doves (Zeaida macroura) i Georgia, USA ad retai viabilit. Prit Date: 12/2/2011 Commelia commuis (Commeliaceae) Page 6 of 7
708 2011. Hilt, J.. Asiatic Daflower - Commelia commuis. www.illioiswildflowers.ifor, [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Occasioall, the seeds are eate b uplad gamebirds ad sogbirds, icludig the Mourig Dove, Bobwhite, ad http://www.illioiswildflowers.ifo/weeds/plats/asi Redwig Blackbird. a_daflower.htm 801 1999. Galiato, M.I./Mood, K./Piggi, C.M.. Uplad rice weeds of south ad southeast Asia. Iteratioal Rice Research Istitute, http://books.google.com/books?id=nlldcra2k C&pg=PA31&dq=commelia+diffusa&hl=e&ei=vl XRTtqtE4OH2AWjpK29CQ&sa=X&oi=book_res [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)?]Commelia diffusa plats ca produce approximatel 1,000 seeds. 801 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Ukow] 802 2009. Ulloa, S.M./Owe, M.D.K.. Respose of Asiatic daflower (Commelia commuis) to glphosate ad alteratives i sobea. Weed Sciece. 57: 74-80. [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Yes] "Seed dormac is a importat adaptive characteristic of the Commeliaceae. The logevit of Asiatic daflower seeds i the soil is relativel great, ad more tha 80% of the seeds ca germiate eve after four ad a half ears i the soil seed bak." 803 2007. Nice, G./Johso, B.. Asiatic daflower prett but hard to cotrol. Purdue Uiversit Extesio Sciece, [Well cotrolled b herbicides? No]There are few herbicides that are effective o Asiatic daflower. This is oe of the weeds that is poorl cotrolled b glphosate (Roudup Weathermax, http://www.bt.purdue.edu/weedsciece/2007/a Touchdow, Glphomax, ma). Iowa State Uiversit research reported siaticdaflower07.pdf that three applicatios of glphosate (0.75 lb ae/a); at platig, 44 das after platig, ad 63 das after platig was eeded to achieve over 80% cotrol. FirstRate (clorasulam-methl) plus Sparta (sulfetrazoe) also provided over 80% cotrol3. The combiatio of these two products ca also be foud i Authorit First. I this stud, Commad (clomazoe), Basagra (betazo), Blazer (acifluorfe), Cobra (lactofe), Flexstar (fomesafe), ad Raptor (imazamox) did ot have much activit o this weed. 803 2008. Owe, M.D.K.. Weed species shifts i glphosate-resistat crops. Pest Maagemet Sciece. 64: 377-387. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? No] "Asiatic daflower (Commelia commuis L.) has bee a serious, albeit scattered weed problem i sobea, peaut ad cotto fields i the midwest, midsouth ad southeast USA for a umber of ears. Recet iformatio suggests that Asiatic daflower is spreadig, although ot quickl (Boerboom C, private commuicatio, 2007). I GR cotto, for example, Asiatic daflower is difficult to cotrol with glphosate. Apparet atural tolerace to glphosate ad other biological characteristics (i.e. exteded germiatio period) cotribute to the iabilit of growers effectivel to maage this weed." 804 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Ukow. 805 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 12/2/2011 Commelia commuis (Commeliaceae) Page 7 of 7