THE EFFECT ON THE YIELD OF TOMATO SEED TREATMENT CHEMICAL DRUG CROP NONSEEDLINGS WAY IN THE OPEN FIELD WITH MULCHING BLACK PLASTIC FILM Rustam A. Nizomov 1 and Salomat A. Otamurodova 2 1,2 Uzbek scientific research institute of vegetables, melons and potato growing, ''Kuksaray'' settlement, Zangiota district, Tashkent region, Uzbekistan Abstract In Uzbekistan mainly 90-95% of tomato is grown in open areas with seedlings, and 5-10% with seeds. It is very important to sow quality seed in getting high yield. The seed must be fresh, clean on the sort and there should not be any mixture otherwise the prolific decelerates. The main point of the seed is its sprouting. To improve germination of the seed, it must be treated. Selecting their size and weight, before sowing, soaking in different salty solutions and sprouting stimulators, to be influenced to seed negative or low changeable temperature (vernalization, endurance) to treat by the light of the sun which impact and electricity concentration, laser beam, ionizing ray are types of treatment of the seed. In this experiment, we studied sprouting of the seed with treated chemical s and influence on productivity. Eventually, average productivity was 39,1 tons on control without treatment variant but if there applied to any chemicals to treat with Maxim 2,5%, productivity was reached 49,7 tons or on control variant of 127,1%, 31,2%, with the help of Silistomp treated efficiency showed 44,7 t/ha and it was higher 114.3% than sown dry seed. With chemical 2,5% Maxim s.c.-0,004 l/kg and 31,2 % Silistomp s.c.-0,006 l/kg solutions treated to tomato sort of Sitora, its sprouting, height, mass of root, surface of leaf, mass of fruit and productivity was higher 12-15% than other variants. These s were determined that they were perspective to grow and treat tomato plant. Keywords Tomato, seed, chemical, Maxim, Silistomp, Proksanil, seedlings, germination, plant height, mass of root, number of fruits, number of side branches, surface of leaf, mass of fruit, productivity. I. INTRODUCTION Southern American countries Peru and Ecuador are considered as the native land of tomato. Tomato fruit affects to human body fragrantly. Fresh fruits are beneficial for blood pressure and stenocardia and would recommend after a myocardial infraction. In the component of 1 kg tomato constitutes 250-300 gr of vitamin C, 15-17 gr carotene - β, 1,0 1,2 gr vitamin B₁, 2,5-3,5% sugar, 0,6-1,0% protein, 0,4-0,6% organic acid, 0,2% essential oil. Tomato is widely grown on the earth as a main crop and takes the first place for its area. Today more than 10000 sorts of tomato are being grown on 4 million hectare land in the world and 160 million tons of products have been grown (FAOSTAT). 60% of tomato is being produced in greenhouses and 40% is in open area of all lands. The most tomato breeding countries (thousand hectare, in a year): China - 974; India - 520; Turkey - 225; Egypt -180; USA - 177; Russia - 140 and in Uzbekistan tomato is being produced more than 112 thousand hectare area. Primarily tomato is bred with seedlings in 90-95% and from seed only 5-10% of land. It is known, greenhouses and temporary heating greenhouses will be needed to grow seedlings. The price is rising, the cost of product is getting expensive because of their expense is high. That s why sowing tomato with seeds in open area under the cover of film is perspective. According to information of International Committee uses of plastic in agriculture and mulching with polyethylene, in Japan 200 thousand hectare, USA 100 thousand hectare, Spain - 35 @IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved Page 39
thousand, France - 26 thousand, Florida state of USA - 9200 hectare tomato, 2675 hectare cucumber, 88 thousand hectare strawberry are being bred by mulching. Advantages of this sowing method: energy of electricity, heating, expense and labor force which is spend to grow tomato will be saved by growing under the black film. The harvesting time of tomato extends which sown from the seed, one year weeds will not grow when sown under the black film, productivity quantity increases and number of watering decreases and these assure high level of economic proficiency. It is important to sow high quality seed in order to get high harvest. First of all, the seed must be fresh with regard to sort and there should not be any mixture otherwise, productivity sharply decelerates. The main quality indicator of the seed is its sprouting. It is expedient to tillage seed before sowing in order to enhance to start to grow. There are a number of methods to treat before sowing seeds. Selecting their size and weight, before sowing seeds soaking them in different salty solutions and sprouting stimulators, to be influenced on seed negative or low changeable temperature (vernalization, endurance) to treat by the light of the sun which impact and electricity concentration, laser beam, ionizing ray are types of treatment of the seed. In this test we studied sprouting seeds and impact on productivity with the help of chemical s by treatment. At the University of Davis at the department of fruit and vegetable seeds in the state of the USA [2], preparing mixture 4- MP+AA from ethanol, acetaldehyde (AA), 40-60% 4- methilpyrazol (4-MP) and have been treated. As a result maturity process accelerates. In the state of Alabama [3] in agricultural scientific research center the seed of tomato 13-13- 13 sort has been grown with fertilizer Classic Phragidultas the following macro and micro elements: 3,11% - N, 2,5% - P 2 O 5, 2,1% - K 2 O, 1,73% - Ca, 0,40% - Mg, 2982 mg/kg - Fe, 292 mg/kg - Cu, 198 mg/kg - Mn, 186 mg/kg - Zn and prolific of the product exceeded to 20 and 40 t/ha. At the department of Plant Physiology Spain s [5] Di Milano University tomato seeds has been worked on the norm of humic acid 20 and 50 mg/l and N, P, Fe, Cu, CP-B- N, P and Fe macro and micro elements. These elements impacted to root system after sprouted the seed and formed the seedling. In that case the root system of a plant were well formed. In the condition of America [6] when grown by mulching white, black and red, the growth of plants were various. Plant which grown in red and white mulching had higher mass of side branches, stem and leaves than the grown tomato under the black film. In India [7] as tomato mulching; applied to black (0,2 mm), blue (0,2 mm), bright (0,2 mm), and black (0,05 mm) polyethylene film and straw of rice plant, plant residues of sugar cane, leaves of poplar and without mulch (control). Plant is sown 60x40 scheme and productivity of same sort according to variants have been like these: 1768, 1789, 1745, 1741, 1682, 1659, 1628 and 1323 gr also commercial of plants 79,3, 77,3, 77,1, 75,9, 74,0, 73,0, 68,5, 65,7% and the average weight of fruit 34,6, 32,4, 36,2, 34,6, 35,6, 30,3, 33,1 and 28,7 gr consisted of. Due to mulch variants there was no big difference in the chemical structure of fruit and applying black polyethylene was found the most efficient mulching method. Goal from experiment. To grow tomato seeds under the black film with the help of chemical and determine its affect to productivity. III. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research conducted in the vegetable, melons and potato experiments field of SRI in 2013-2015 years. Sitora tomato sorts seeds were sown in 4 lines, 4 repetitions. Sowing scheme was 70x30 cm. The experiments conducted and accomplished by the method of Azimov B.J., Azimov B.B. Methods of experiments in vegetable, melon field and potato growing and Dospekhov B.A. Field experiment methods [1;4]. II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Used different s during the experiment affected to the phenologic level of tomato plant. For growing 10% of seedlings required 11 days and for remaining 75% required 17 days in the @IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved Page 40
sample which sown dry seeds of tomato. It has been needed to grow 10 and 75% of seedlings required for 9 and 15 days when seeds were treated with 2,5% Maxim and decreased for 2 days than the sample. When the seeds were treated with 2,5% Silistomp, 10% seedlings 10 days and 75% of them appeared in 16 days. When the seeds of Sitora sort sown and treated with chemical s the correlation (r=0,97±0,11cm) between the length of plants and the correlation between the number of the plants (r=0,98±0,10 cm) were strong (Table 1). Table 1. The effect of chemical s to plant s height, root mass, number of fruits and the phonologic level to the sort of Sitora Norm of Dry seed without (control) Maxim, 2,5% s.c.-0,004 l/kg Silistomp, 31,2% s.c-0,006 l/kg Proksanil, 60% Sprouting of seedling, day Height of the plants Weight of the root The number of fruits 10% 75% cm % gr % number % 11 17 43,4 100,0 164 100,0 6,0 100,0 9 15 48,7 112,2 192 117,4 7,2 119,4 10 16 47,9 110,4 191 116,4 6,7 111,1 11 18 41,0 94,5 161 98,5 5,7 94,4 s.c.-0,2 l/kg Average 10,0 16,5 45,3 104,3 177 108,0 6,4 106,7 v*= %, r**= % 10,1* 9,3* 0,97 ± 0,11** 0,91 ± 0,36** 0,98 ± 0,10** *- variation coefficient; **- correlation coefficient. In the control type when the seed was not generally treated in maturity time its height was 43,4 sm and comparatively to treat with Maxim 2,5%, the height is 112,2% high. When treated 2,5% Silistomp the height was 47,9 sm or comparatively to control type 110,4% much and comparatively to the second type 1,7% little. Before sowing the seed treated with 2,5% Silistomp, the root mass was 191 gr or in control type 116,5% was high. When treated 60 % Proksanil the root mass was 161 gr, it was little 98,5 % from control type. The second type indicator according to root mass was 0,5% to the third type and 119,3% to the fourth type was excessive. In that case average indicators of types was 117g or it was 108,0% high to control type. When the type without chemical the number of fruit in one stem was 6,0. Before sowing treated with 2,5% Maxim there were 7,2 fruits in the plant or comparatively to control type it was 119,4% excessive. When Silistomp applied the number of fruits were 111,1% excessive to control type. The fruit of tomato treated with 60% Proksanil in general maturity time and without treated variant there were 6,0 side branches of it. These types in treated type with 2,5% Maxim number of side branches were 116,7% and in the third type 108,3% was excessive (Table 2). Table 2. The effect on chemical s to plant s side branches, surface of leaf, commercial fruit mass and productivity the sort of Sitora Norm of Dry seed without Number of side branches Surface of leaf Commodity fruit mass General productivity number % % gr % t/ha % 6,0 100,0 57,4 100,0 137 100,0 39,1 100,0 @IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved Page 41
(control) Maxim, 2,5% s.c.-0,004 l/kg 7,0 116,7 65,7 114,5 146 107,9 49,7 127,0 Silistomp, 31,2% s.c-0,006 l/kg 6,5 108,3 63,8 111,1 141 104,4 44,7 114,3 Proksanil, 60% s.c.-0,2 l/kg 6,0 100,0 55,4 96,5 135 95,7 36,5 93,4 Average 6,4 106,7 61,0 106,0 139,8 102,0 42,5 108,7 r= % 0,99 ± 0,06 0,95 ± 0,20 0,99 ± 0,04 1,00 ± 0,02 LSD₀₅ 0,7 CV,% 3,5 r - correlation coefficient. The second type indicators by number of side branches were more 107,7% than the indicators of the third type, it was 116,7% much to the fourth type and time between by side branches in the third and fourth types constituted 108,3%. All average indicators were 6,4 or in control type constituted 106,7%. The surface of leaf in one stem in control type without was 57,4 dm². In control of 2,5% Maxim the surface of leaf was (65,7 dm²) 114,5% and of 2,5% Silistomp (63,8 dm²) 111,1% was high. Proksanil treated surface of the leaf was 55,4 dm² or it was little to 96,5% in control type. In general blooming period of the sort Sitora seeds sown with various chemical s correlation between side branches (r=0,99±0,04sm), mass of commercial fruit correlation was (r=0,99±0,04sm)strong. Preparation before sowing the seed if treated with different, there would be impact on mass of tomato fruit and number of fruit in the stem. Sown in dry type on control variant mass of fruit was 137 g, treated with of Maxim 2,5%, their mass would be 146 g or it was 107,9% comparatively to control type. Mass of fruit was 141 g treated 2,5% Silistomp before sowing the seed; it was 135 g when treated 60% of Proksanil and they constituted 104,4 and 95,7% corresponding to control type. Average productivity was 39,1 tons/ha in control type which sown without. It was indicated 49,7 tons treated by 2,5% Maxim. Indeed higher 127,1% than control type. The productivity was 44,7 tons/ha when treated seed with 31,2% Silistomp before sowing and this was more 114,3% than sown dry seed. When the seed treated with 60% Proksanil, the productivity 36,5 tons per hectare and it was 93,4% little comparatively to control type. The productivity was 49,7 tons/ha when 2,5% Maxim used and higher than 111,2% the third type; for the fourth type 136,2%; productivity of the third and fourth variants 122,5% was high for the benefit of the third variant. Average productivity was 42,5 tons of all variants and excessive to 108,7% control variant. III. CONCLUSIONS Sprouting of seedlings accelerated 10 and 75% for 1-2 days in the variant applied to 2,5% Maxim and 31,2% Silistomp. In total maturity period of fruit 2,5% Maxim and 31,2% Silistomp applied type the height of plant was excessive to 112,2 and 110,4%. Number of side branches was 116,7 and 108,3% high, mass of root was 117,4% comparatively to the second variant and in the third type it was heavy to 116,5%. The surface of leaves 2,5% Maxim and 31,2 % Silistomp s used variants constituted 114,5 and 111,1 % among all types, mass of fruit in the second type 107,9% and in the third type 104,4% was heavy to comparatively to control type. @IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved Page 42
The number of fruits of plants was 119,4 and 111,1 % much on control type. Productivity was 39,1 tons /ha on the control type and in the second type was 127,1 % and in the third type was 114,3% high. In the type without treatment average productivity was 39,1 tons/ha, comparatively to treated seeds with 2,5% Maxim the productivity was 49,7 tons or in the control type 127,1%, treated with 31,2% Silistomp the prolific was 44.7 tons/ha and much 114,3% than dry sown type. The sort of tomato Sitora seeds treated with chemical 2.5% Maxim s.c -0,004 l/kg and 31,2% Silistomp s.c.- 0,006 l/kg solution sprouting of seeds, height of plants, mass of root, surface of leaf, mass of fruit and productivity was higher 12-15% than other variants. These s were found efficient for chemical treatment of tomato seeds. BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Azimov B.J, Azimov B.B., Experiment methods on conducting in vegetable, melon crop and potato breeding. Tashkent, NUI, 2002. p. 9-11. (Uzbek) [2] Beaulieu J.C., Peiser G., Saltveit M.E. Acetaldehyde is a causal agent responsible for ethanol induced ripening inhibition in tomato fruit.plant Physiol. 2, 1997, v.113. p. 431-439. [3] Brown J.E., Gilliam Ch.H., Shumak R.L., Daniel W., Donald J.O. Comparison of broiler litter and commercial fertilizer on production of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum. Vegetable Crop Prod. 1, 1995, v.1, p.37-41. [4] Dospekhov B.A. Field experiment methods. M., Agroindustry, 1995.p.155-185. (Russian) [5] Fabrizio A., Pierluigi G., Patrizia Z., Graziano Z. The effect of commercial humic acid on tomato plant growth and mineral nutrition. J. Plant Nutr. 3, 1998, v.21p. 561-575. [6] Fortnum B.A., Decoteau D.R., Kasperbauer M.J., Bridges W. Effect of colored mulches on root-knot of tomato. J. Phytopathology 3,1995, v.85, p.312-318. [7] Kumar R., Srivastava B.K. Influence of different mulch materials on yield and quality of winter tomato. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., India. 4, 1998, m. 68, p.279-282. @IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved Page 43