CNS stimulant Alkaloid from a chemical group called Xanthines Found in 63 species of plants Everyday 90% of Americans consume caffeine in some form
Caffeine (1, 3, 7- trimethylxanthine) found in coffee, sodas and some OTC medicine Theophylline (1, 5- dimethylxanthine) found in tea Theobromine (3, 7- dimethylxanthine) found in chocolate
Plants evolve caffeine to protect themselves from attack by bacteria, fungi and insects. 1st use of caffeine as early as 600,000 BCE First historical record of caffeine use from Aztec records. Homer makes reference to a mysterious black bitter beverage with the power to ward off sleep.
1475 - The worlds first coffee shop opens in Constantinople 1821 - Pure caffeine extracted from coffee 1880's - Caffeinated soft drinks appear 1903 - Researchers remove caffeine from beans without destroying the flavor 1923 - Decaffeinated coffee is introduced to the United States
1940 - The US imports 70 percent of the world coffee crop. 1962 - American per-capita coffee consumption peaks at more than three cups a day. 1971 - First Starbucks opens in Seattle. 1995 - Coffee becomes the worlds most popular beverage (overtaking tea).
Tweenagers consisting of 8 to 14 year olds are heavily targeted by marketers Why do so many young tweenagers drink caffeinated beverages? Coffee bars are often the only place for young people to hang out Marketing of cold-sweet coffee drinks and high caffeine sports/energy drinks
In Canada, adding caffeine to citrus drinks has not been allowed. The company that produces Mountain Dew has been fighting to add caffeine to Canadian Mountain Dew claiming to improve taste. The Do the Dew ad campaign shows frenzied lifestyle
7-Up 0 mg Root Beer (non-barq s) 0 mg Tea, the elegant option 30-60 mg Coke 45.6 mg Mountain Dew 55 mg JOLT 71.2 mg of caffeine Coffee 80-135 mg Excedrin 130 mg per tablet No Doz 200 mg a pill In 1998 Americans guzzled 15 billion gallons of sodas, the equivalent of 585 cans for every man woman and child in America.
Soda companies pay school districts for exclusive selling rights (Coke vs Pepsi) and for the right to put ads on the gym walls and school buses 1997 in West Virginia a state law prohibiting the sale of soda in schools was overturned after extensive lobbying by softdrink companies
mixture of energy drinks and alcohol sold as expensive cocktails in many clubs 100mg of caffeine -- often sold without labels Dangerous when combined with alcohol
Anheuser-Busch s B E Takes Beer to a New Level ST. LOUIS (Oct. 4, 2004) B-to-the-E (B E ), Budweiser's newest entry in a long line of innovative beers by Anheuser-Busch, is a distinctive new product for contemporary adults who are looking for the latest beverage to keep up with their highly social and fast-paced lifestyles. 54 mg of caffeine (plus guarana and ginseng)
Absorption through: Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Effects of caffeine Depends on: Food in the body Caffeine in the substance
Throughout the body and the brain Water soluble Crosses blood brain barrier Reaches the fetus No accumulation within body
Dose: 100 mg = 1 Cup of Arabica Coffee (8oz) Route: Taken Orally Onset: 30-60 Minutes Peak At: 2 Hours Half-life: Approximately 3-7 hours
The enzyme CYP1A2 is responsible for the metabolism of caffeine in the liver. One form of the enzyme, produced by the gene variant 1A, metabolizes caffeine rapidly while another form, 1F, metabolizes it slowly. Longer/Slower Metabolism if: Alcohol Asians Men Newborn Liver Damage Pregnant Shorter/Faster Metabolism if: Cigarettes Caucasians Women Child
Smoking Will Metabolize Twice as Fast Alcohol Will Metabolize Slowly
Metabolized by liver (first-order kinetics) Excreted by kidney via urine (diuretic)
Main mechanism of action: direct competitive antagonist of adenosine receptors - A 1 and A 2a Effects on Monoamines: -Elevates levels of 5-HT in the brain -Stimulates NE neurons -Increases rate of DA formation However, this may be quickly followed by a decrease Yet, injection of caffeine usually increases locomotor activity, an effect supposedly blocked by a DA receptor antagonist
Multiple mechanisms Adenosine antagonist - both A1 and A2 sites 2 nd messenger theory - Phosphodiesterase inhibition - camp, AMP, intracellular calcium
50-200 mg - Sleepy first 5 minutes - Blood levels peak at 30 min. - Stimulant effects 300-1000 mg Prolonged ability to perform Exaggeration of side effects Pronounced insomnia Nervousness Irritability Tremor Restlessness 1000+ mg Caffeinism All of the above worsen GI disturbances Cardiac arrhythmias
A. Recent consumption of caffeine B. Five (or more) of the following develop shortly after caffeine use restlessness nervousness excitement insomnia flushed face diuresis GI disturbances muscle twitching rambling flow of speech tachycardia periods of inexhaustibility psychomotor agitation
Central Nervous System - stimulant Autonomic Nervous System - change in EMG activity Cardiovascular System - heart and blood vessels - blood platelets Gastrointestinal System - cause for ulcers? Respiratory - increases blood and air to lungs
Skeletal Muscles - contraction (contrarily) Energy Metabolism - basal metabolic rate, free fatty acids, oxidation of fats in exercise Neurotransmitters - norepinephrine in CNS, norepinephrine and epinephrine in blood, seratonin in brain Neuroendicrine effects - stress (high doses)
Increases wakefulness, alleviates fatigue, facilitates concentration Can also produce: elevated mood, shaky/jittery feeling time to fall asleep, amount and quality of sleep attention/vigilance, ability to sustain performance work capacity/speed, # of errors Fig. 3-d: Percent change on a repeated acquisition test, which assesses motor learning and memory
Decreased A2a receptor expression Increased A1 receptor expression Tolerance to respiratory effects after 8 consecutive days of daily administration Cross-tolerance Caffeine tolerance is pharmacodynamic
Very rare but deadly occurrence LD 50 = 150mg/kg 70 kg (154 lbs) person s lethal dose is 10.5 grams In 1986, of 2709 cases of caffeine exposure registered with Poison Control Centers, 0.1% or 3 cases resulted in death.
Withdrawal has been reported after stopping a dose as low as 100 mg/day 40-70% of people who attempt to quit caffeine experience withdrawal Withdrawal can be totally incapacitating Onset: 12-24 hours Peak: 20-48 hours Duration: 2-7 days
Withdrawal can occur by abstaining from a dose as low as 100mg/day equivalent to a cup of coffee or 2-3 caffeinated soft drinks. Telephone survey shows 40-70% of consumers trying to quit reported experiencing withdrawal symptoms
The most commonly reported symptoms of withdrawal are: Headache Fatigue Sleeplessness/Drowsiness Difficulty Concentrating Work Difficulty Irritability Depression Anxiety Flu-like symptoms Impairment in psychomotor, vigilance, and cognitive performances
Not included in DSM IV While caffeine produces physical dependence, there is insufficient information on whether it causes inability to stop use or cause use despite harm.
Treatment of migraine headaches, caused by dilation of blood vessels Mixed with ergotamine tartrate (vasoconstrictor) Increases the power of aspirin and other painkillers by about 40% has also been used to treat: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease asthma breathing problems in newborns overdoses with opioid drugs
Weight Loss Effects Increased Alertness Enhanced Concentration Enhance Physical Endurance and Delay Fatigue
5 or more cups of coffee daily can increase the risk of heart disease due to: - heart rate - blood pressure - blood cholesterol levels Drinking coffee may cause increase of stress hormones - adrenal gland produces adrenaline until no more can be produced - leads to chronic fatigue, constant exhaustion and susceptibility to disease
Diuresis Gastritis Heartburn Lower birth weights Pregnancy risks Panic Attacks Jitters Anxiety Raised Blood Pressure Insomnia
Because of risk of increased blood pressure, caffeine should be used cautiously by patients who take other drugs that raise bp Anti-Depressants that are MAO inhibitors Marplan, Nardil, and Parnate High doses of cold medicine Phenylpropanolamine Adds to the effects of other stimulants Cocaine, amphetamines, metamphetamines
Sodas are aggressively marketed for kids Marketers focus on children starting at the age of 18 months In order to establish consumer loyalty to their brand, advertisers try to appeal to younger and younger customers Mountain Dew, the preferred soda of children under 6, distributed a half million free pagers to children in 1998 in an ad campaign