Sugar Reduction and Using Sugar Substitutes (Low Calorie Sweeteners) ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 1
utline I. Metrics for Sweetener Commercial Viability II. Synthetic Non-Caloric Sweeteners I. Natural Non-Caloric Sweeteners II. Low-Calorie Sweeteners I. Sweetness Enhancers ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 2
I. Metrics for Sweetener Commercial Viability 1. Safety 2. Taste Quality 3. Taste Quality 4. Taste Quality 5. Taste Quality 6. Stability Hydrolytic Light 7. Solubility Equilibrium Rate of Dissolution 8. Cost 9. Patentability ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 3
II. Synthetic Non-Caloric Sweeteners H CH 3 S S N H N H NHS 3 H Cl H H H H Saccharin Cyclamate Acesulfame Sucralose Cl Cl CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 HC NH 2 HC NH H N H N CCH 3 CCH 3 Aspartame Neotame Advantame ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 4
Synthetic Non-Caloric Sweeteners Relative to Commercial Viability Metrics Sweetener 440 (5) 32 (5) 140 (5) 680 (5) 10.1 15.2 11.6 14.7 Bitter/Metallic Weak Bitter Bitter/Metallic Quick nset / Minimal SL Quick nset / No SL Quick nset / Minimal SL Slight nset Delay / Moderate SL Food Additive (5) Good (Na Salt) No US Approval (11) Good (Na Salt) Food Additive (15) Good (K Salt) Good Food Additive (5) Good ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 5
Synthetic Non-Caloric Sweeteners Relative to Commercial Viability Metrics (Cont d) Sweetener 200 (5) 11,000 (5) 42,000 (5) 16.0 Slight nset Delay / Moderate SL Food Additive (50) Good Fair Good 15.1 Signif nset Delay / Very Signif SL Food Additive (0.3) Good Fair 11.6 Signif nset Delay / Very Signif SL Food Additive (5) Good Fair Ajinomoto ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 6
Aspartame: Why such a ADI? Aspartame Digestion Aspartic Acid Phenylalanine Methanol Digestion Vegetable/ Animal Protein and Fruit/Vegetable Complex Carbohydrates Aspartame Digestion Products in Common Foods in Comparison to a 12 oz (355mL) Diet Coke Food Aspartic Acid Phenylalanine Methanol 100 g Roasted Chicken 36X 13X - 12 oz Skim Milk 13X 6.6X - 12 oz range Juice - - 1.3X 12 oz Apple Juice - - 1.6X 12 oz Tomato Juice - - 6.6X H. Butchko, The NutraSweet Company ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 7
III. Natural Non-Caloric Sweeteners Stevia Sweeteners: Rebaudioside A, D and M Luo Han Guo Sweetener / Monk Fruit Sweetener: Mogroside V Thaumatin Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 8
Natural Non-Caloric Sweeteners Relative to Commercial Viability Metrics Sweetener 250 (5) NA 350 (5) 10.0 Weak Bitterness* Signif nset Delay / Very Signif SL NA nset Delay / Signif SL 14.2 nset Delay / Signif SL GRAS No. 253 / Cargill / 2008 (12.2) 8000PPM ~$150/kg Process & Formulation Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni): 2-4% GRAS No. 456 / Pure Circle / 2013 (14.2) 1000PPM NA Process & Formulation Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni): 0.03% GRAS No. 512 / GLG / 2014 (16.3) 2600PPM TBD Process & Formulation Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni): 0.05%** *Very weak in ultra high-purity REBA (>/= 99.5%) ** REBA Cultivar ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 9
Natural Non-Caloric Sweeteners Relative to Commercial Viability Metrics (Cont d) Sweetener 256 (5.1) / Mogroside V NA Weak Bitterness Signif nset Delay / Very Signif SL GRAS No. 301 / 2010 / Biovittoria NA NA $400/kg (80% Mog) Process & Formulation Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) ~1% 14,000 (5) 10.1 Bitter & Licorice-Like Very Signif nset Delay / Very Signif SL Very FEMA GRAS as natural flavor 60,000PPM Negotiable Thaumatococcus danieli (Benth.) 900 (5) 9.8 Bitter & Licorice-Like Signif nset Delay / Very Signif SL FEMA GRAS as artificial flavor 500PPM Negotiable Synthetic ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 10
IV. Low-Calorie Sweeteners Maltitol Lactitol Isomalt (R 1 = H, R 2 = H / R 1 = H, R 2 = H Mixture) Fructooligosaccharide Sweetener (FS) (n = 1-3) Erythritol D-Tagatose: 4 Fructose Epimer D-Allulose: 5 Fructose Epimer ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 11
Low-Calorie Sweeteners Relative to Commercial Viability Metrics Sweetener 0.71 0.41 0.43 0.27 GRAS GRAS / 1993 GRAS / Palatinit of America / 1990 GRAS No. 44 / GTC Nutr / 2000 - - - - 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 12
Low-Calorie Sweeteners Relative to Commercial Viability Metrics (Cont d) Sweetener 0.65 0.92 0.70 GRAS No. 76 / Cerestar / 2001 37% w/v ~$4/kg 0.2 GRAS No. 78 / Arla Food Ingredients / 2001-1.5 GRAS No. 400 / Cheiljedang / 2011-0.2 ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 13
V. Sweetness Enhancers 2, 4-Dihydroxy Benzoic Acid SucralGEM TM SucroGEM TM Sweetmyx TM ILSI Conference / Sri Lanka 14