Renaissance Europe, Christopher Columbus, & the Age of Exploration The Age of Columbus Topics of Discussion A. In 1492... B. Columbus... C. Sailed... D. The Ocean... E. Blue Red, White, & Black 1
A. In 1492... 1. End of Medieval Period 500-1400 CE Mistakenly called the Dark Ages Dominated by the Catholic Church The Age of Columbus A. In 1492... 2. Era of Catholic Culture Architecture and Meaning Chartres Cathedral (1194-1260) French High Gothic Since876 Tunic of Mary Marian pilgrimage 4 fairs coincided with feast days of the Virgin 2
3
A. In 1492... 2. Era of Catholic Culture: Cartography: T-O Maps Jerusalem at center Oriented toward the east Three known continents Religious Map World Map, Isadore of Seville, early seventh century 4
World Map in an English psalter (c. 1250) The Age of Columbus A. In 1492... 3. Age of the Renaissance 1400-1600 C.E. meaning: rebirth.... Question: rebirth of what? The Hero as Artist Michelangelo (1475-1564) Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Plato and Aristotle, The School of Athens, by Raphael 5
A. In 1492... The Age of Columbus A. In 1492... 6
A. In 1492... The Age of Columbus A. In 1492... 4. Age of the Nation State - centralization of political power - Spain, unified 1479 - Isabella of Castile - Ferdinand of Aragon, married 1469 - Jointly succeeded to throne of Castile, 1474 - Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 1479. - Union of the two main Spanish kingdoms - Initiated the Inquisition in 1478 - Reconquest of Spain from the Moors 7
A. In 1492... 5. Age of Exploration - Portugal led Europe - Henry the Navigator, 1394-1460 - Sagres (post 1418) - Accomplishments Henry s men See the next five slides Rediscovery of Ptolemaic Tradition 8
Development of Portolan Chart Development of Caravel 9
Rediscovery of the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands 1420 to 1440 Bartholomew Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope, 1487 17 years after Prince Henry s death 10
A. In 1492... KEY QUESTION: WHY EXPLORE? WHAT IS THE GOAL? Portuguese explorers focused on traveling around Africa to reach China. 11
Portuguese explorers and other Europeans wanted to reach East Asia for: Sugar, Silk, Silver, Spices, Tea, and other goods. The overland route which had once been available was now blocked by the Ottoman Empire, a rising Islamic state in the Middle East. 12
A. In 1492... Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks under Muhammad II (1453) The Rise of the Ottoman Empire. The Age of Columbus A. In 1492... The Ottoman takeover meant that Christian rule was replaced by Muslim rule. Example: Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey. 13
Suleymaniye Mosque, 1551-1558, Istanbul Turkey. What is important for us: The overland route to Asia had largely been cut off, and European powers were competing to find a water route. 14
B. Columbus... Christopher Columbus Cristóbal Colón, Spanish Cristoforo Colombo, Italian Born 1451 in Genoa Died 1506 in Valladolid, Spain. Columbus s idea: Travel East by Going West 15
B. Columbus... Columbus s vision of the World 16
Martin Behaim Globe 1492 17
C. Sailed... Three Ships: Nina Pinta Santa Maria Dead Reckoning 18
D. The Ocean... The real discovery Wind and water patterns of the northern Atlantic. Discovered a course out and back. 19
Establishment of the Spanish Colonial System I. Why important? A. First Atlantic colonial empire the European world produced B. Biggest colonial empire the West had seen since the fall of Rome C. Wealthiest colonial empire D. Spain in the 16th century was the most powerful state in Europe The Age of Columbus II. When was it set up? First permanent European settlement: Santo Domingo, 1496 20
III. Three main lines of Spanish conquest in the Americas. A. First, subjugation of the Caribbean islands and coastal areas 1. Columbus (1492-1504) in the Caribbean 2. Balboa s penetration of Panama and his discovery of the Pacific 3. Ponce de Leon's discovery of the Florida mainland. B. The second wave was stimulated by rumors of vast treasures hidden in a highly civilized state deep in the interior. 1. Conquest of the Aztec empire in Mexico (1519-21) by Hernando Cortes. 2. Cabeza de Vaca who circled the northern Gulf of Mexico (1528-36) 3. Coronado in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma 4. Hernando de Soto, who discovered the Mississippi River (1539-41). C. The third great thrust of Spanish conquest in South America. Led by Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Incan empire by murdering their leader, after extracting a ransom of over twenty tons of pure gold and silver, and destroying their army and nobility. In 1535, he began the new central city of Lima. 21
IV. problems of the New Empire A. Bloody chaos, constant confusion B. Conquistadores not men who took orders or followed rules. C. The Catholic Church: if church demands allegiance, then political decentralization seems to occur. D. Space, time, ocean The Age of Columbus V. Solutions A. Centralized Colonial Government Council of the Indies (1524) B. Stable Relationship between Church and State: Patronzto Real de Indias (1508) C. The Social makeup of Spanish America 1. Major Imperial Officeholders (Peninsular Spaniards) 2. Creoles (American-born leaders with Spanish parents) 3. Racially mixed persons 4. Amerindians 5. Africans and African Americans 22
Representation of a Peninsular Spanish family during the Latin American colonial period. The family of José de Iturrigaray, Spanish Viceroy of Mexico, about 1805. The Age of Columbus Representation of a Creole property owner during the Latin American colonial period. 23
Representation of a Mestizo child during the Latin American colonial period. The term originally applied only to the children resulting from the union of one European and one Amerindian parent. Painting by Miguel Cabrera, Mexican painter, XVIII. The Age of Columbus Representation of a Castizo child during the Latin American colonial period. The term applied to the children resulting from the union of a European and a Mestizo. Painting by Miguel Cabrera, Mexican painter, XVIII. 24
VI. African slave trade: 12 million forced migrants Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal c. 1443 As early as 1444, Portugal brought cargoes of Africans to work as slaves on the sugar plantations of Madeira. Carlos I of Spain (1504-1556) In 1516, during the reign of Carlos I, enslaved Africans were brought to the Caribbean for the first time. Elizabeth I of England (1558-1603) Elizabeth was a major investor in the slave trade. She sponsored Sir John Hawkins to bring slaves from Africa to sell to the Spanish colonies. Louis XIV of France (1643-1715) Louis XIV supplies nearly one half of the finances needed by the French Guinea Company to commence its African trade. 25
African slaves Mining and washing gold before delivering to a Spanish overseer. 26
VII. Triangular Trade Atlantic World The Age of Columbus VIII. Columbian Exchange New World crops maize (corn) white potatoes sweet potatoes peanuts tomatoes squash pumpkin pineapples papaya avocados manioc (cassava) cocoa - chocolate Old World crops rice wheat barley oats rye turnips onions cabbage lettuce peaches pears sugar http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/columbian.htm 27
VIII. Columbian Exchange New World domesticated animals dogs llamas guinea pigs fowl (a few species) Old World domesticated animals dogs horses donkeys pigs cattle goats sheep barnyard fowl http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/columbian.htm The Age of Columbus VIII. Columbian Exchange New World domesticated animals syphilis possibly tuberculosis Old World domesticated animals smallpox malaria yellow fever measles cholera typhoid bubonic plague http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/columbian.htm 28
29