Pkistn J. Agric. Res. Vol. 28 No.1, 2015 WINTER FORAGE QUALITY OF OATS (AVENA SATIVA), ARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) AND VETCH (VICIA SATIVA) IN PURE STAND AND CEREAL LEGUME MIXTURE ZfrUllh*, Muhmmd Azim Mlik*, Muhmmd Ansr*, Shhzd Sohil Ijz* nd Muhmmd Rsheed* ASTRACT:- A field study ws crried out for two consecutive yers in sutropicl rinfed conditions of Rwlpindi, Pkistn to evlute the forge qulity of ots, rley nd vetch grown in pure stnds nd cerellegume mixtures. Tretments comprised ots pure stnd, ots in otsvetch mixture, rley pure stnd, rley in rley-vetch mixture, vetch pure stnd, vetch in ots-vetch mixture nd vetch in rley-vetch mixture. Forge yield nd qulity of ots nd rley were improved in ots-vetch nd rley-vetch mixtures thn their respective pure stnds. The higher vlues of crude protein (CP) nd lower vlues of neutrl detergent fier (NDF) nd cid detergent fier (ADF) reflected qulity forge. CP for ots in ots-vetch mixture nd rley in rley-vetch mixture ws 175 g kg nd 170 g kg, respectively. NDF nd ADF for ots in ots-vetch mixture were 494 g kg nd 341 g kg, respectively; while these vlues for rley in rley-vetch mixture were 340 g kg nd 176 g kg, respectively. Key Words: Ots; rley; Vetch; Forge Qulity; Crude Protein; Neutrl Detergent Fier; Acid Detergent Fier; Cerel-Legume Mixture; Crop Yield; Pkistn. INTRODUCTION The qulity of forges cn e improved y cerel-legume mixture, supply of frm yproducts nd use of concentrtes (Mpirwe et l., 2003; 2003). The former is the most costeffective while ltter two re the scrcest nd limiting fctors. Forges is one of the min prolems in rinfed res especilly in sutropicl Pothwr res of Pkistn. In ddition, the nturl vegettion is generlly unle to meet the nutritionl requirements of frm nimls. The most of frmers re using cerel hy for their nimls which too is sustndrd * Pir Mehr Ali Shh-Arid Agriculture University, Rwlpindi, Pkistn. Corresponding uthor: zfr_ullh_mlghni@yhoo.com 1 (Lithourgidis et l., 2006). Cerellegume mixture is sustinle solution in such situtions to meet the shortge of forge (Ydv nd Ydv, 2001). Cerel-legume mixture hs shown the improvement in qulittive chrcteristics of forge (Ansr et l., 2013). Qulity forge my e chieved y cerel-legume mixture (Mpirwe et l., 2003) while pure cerel stnds re deficient in crude protein (Umunn et l., 1997). Presently, there is n incresing interest in sustinle griculture especilly for cerel-legume mixture to otin mximum cost effective production. Severl enefits y legumes in mixture were noticed such
s soil fertility y nitrogen-fixtion, high lnd use efficiency nd high yield (Ghosh, 2004). In cerel-legume mixture, high lnd use efficiency to increse yield ws oserved y Jvnmrd et l. (2009). The mixcropping resulted in incresed wter nd nutrient uptke nd thus, it conserved the soil (Vsilkoglou et l., 2005). Vetch with cerels, fcilittes the forge growth nd improve forge qulity wheres cerels in return provide dvntges s, structurl support, etter light interprettion nd hrvesting (Thompson et l., 1992). However, insufficient nd limited investigtion on cerel-legume mixtures for forge yield nd qulity hs een crried out in sutropicl dry regions, Pothwr of Pkistn. The ojective of the reserch ws to investigte the forge yield nd qulity of ots nd rley fcilitting with vetch since there is dire need for strtegic qulity forge supplementtion through cerel legume mixture to improve niml helth. MATERIALS AND METHOD The experiment ws crried out t the PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Reserch Frm, Koont o o (73 05 E nd 33 38 N) during winter 2012-2013 nd 2013-2014. The soil ZAFAR ULLAH ET AL. of the site ws lom, clssified s Rwlpindi soil series typic Ustocrepts, (GoP, 1974). The site is locted in sutropicl rinfed region (Tle 1). The rinfll recorded during oth yers of experimenttion showed i-model ehvior with two mxim, one in lte summer (August nd Septemer) nd second during the winter-spring (Ferury nd Mrch) (Figure 1). The field lyout ws rrnged in fctoril design with four replictions. Single plot size ws 2 72 m nd 20 plots were mintined per repliction. Winter whet ws the previous grown crop nd ws hrvested in the lst week of April, 2012 nd strw of whet ws removed fter hrvest. The crop vrieties under study were ots (Aven stiv; cv. PD LV ), 2 65 rley (Hordeum vulgre; cv. Ju-86) nd vetch (Vici stiv; cv. Lnguedock). The proportions of cerel nd legumes in mixture were 70% oth for ots nd rley, nd 30% for vetch i.e., 2.3:1 rtio (Tle 2). In mixture tretments, oth component crops were nlyzed seprtely for qulity prmeters. Cerel-legume tretments were: Ots pure stnd (O ), ots in ots-vetch 1 mixture (O ), rley pure stnd ( ), 2 1 rley in rley-vetch mixture ( ), 2 vetch pure stnd (V ), vetch in rley- 1 Tle 1. Physicochemicl properties of experimentl site recorded during 2012-13 nd 20134 Prmeter 20123 20134 Soil depth (cm) EC (ds m ) Orgnic mtter (g 100 g ) Aville P (mg kg ) Aville K (mg kg ) Texture 05 0.76 0.68 7.42 113.50 Lom 15-30 0.87 0.59 7.31 115.50 Lom 05 1.23 0.66 7.96 112.50 Lom 15-30 0.98 0.61 7.87 113.50 Lom 2
Rinfll Temperture Totl monthly rinfll (mm) 250 200 150 100 50 Figure1. INFLUENCE OF CEREAL-LEGUME MIXTURE ON FORAGE YIELD Totl monthly rinfll (mm) o nd men temperture ( C) during two yers of study vetch mixture (V ) nd vetch in ots- 2 vetch mixture (V ). 3 The crops were sown with conventionl winter seed drill t row to row distnce of 22.5 cm on Octoer 23, 2012 nd Octoer 28, 2013. The experiment ws crried out in the sme field during oth yers. The seed were used @ 40kg h nd 15kg h, respectively for cerels nd vetch nd were treted with Topsin-M @ 2g kg efore sowing to control fungl diseses. The fertilizer dose @ 120-80 kg NP h for cerel crop nd 0-40 kg NP h for vetch crop, respectively, were pplied efore sowing of crops. Forge crops were hrvested on Tle 2. 20123 20134 20123 20134 0 0 M J J A S O N D J F M A 35 30 25 20 15 10 Ferury 19, 2013 nd Ferury 26, 2014. 2 Two smples from 1m re were tken rndomly from ech plot nd their fresh weight ws recorded. For qulity prmeters, the fresh plnt smples of ots nd rley t ooting stge while vetch t flowering stge from ech plot were collected nd o oven-dried t 65 C for 72 h nd ground smples were used for qulity nlysis. The N ws determined using the Kjeldhl method (remner, 1965) nd the crude protein (CP) ws clculted y multiplying the N y conversion fctor 6.25 (AOAC, 1980) while neutrl detergent fier (NDF) nd cid detergent fier (ADF) were determined y fluxing technique using hot plte (Goering nd Vn Soest, 1970). Totl digestile nutrients (TDN), nd reltive feed vlue (RFV) were clculted y Horrocks nd Vllentine (1999) equtions s under: TDN = ( 1.291 ADF) + 101.35 RFV = % digestile dry mtter (DDM) % dry mtter intke (DMI) 0.775 Sttisix 8.1 (Tllhssee, Florid, Forge crops sown in pure stnd nd in comintions during experiment S. No. Seed % Culture Forge Cultivr 5 Men monthly temperture (C) Common nme otnicl nme 1 100 Mono rley Hordeum vulgre Ju-86 2 100o Mono Ots Aven stiv PD LV 2 65 3 100v Mono Vetch Vici stiv Lnguedock 4 30v+70 inry 5 30v+70o inry = rley, o = ots nd v = vetch rley-vetch Ots-vetch Hordeum vulgre- Vici stiv Aven stiv- Vici stiv Ju-86-Lnguedock PD LV -Lnguedock 2 65 3
ZAFAR ULLAH ET AL. USA) softwre ws used for nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) in fctoril design. Mens were compred t 5% significnce level y lest significnt difference (LSD) test (Steel et l., 1997). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The significnt increse ws recorded in forge yield of ots in ots-vetch mixture over ots grown in pure stnd (Tle 3). Ots grown in mixture showed etter forge yield (50.10 t h ) thn ots grown in pure stnd (44.34 t h ). Cerel-legume mixture showed 16% higher green forge yield of ots in ots-vetch mixture. Similrly, rley in comintion with vetch resulted in higher forge yield thn rley grown in pure stnd. Higher forge yield of rley in rley-vetch mixture ws 39.84 t h ;while, in pure rley stnd forge yield ws 29.20 t h. The increse in forge yield due to cerellegume mixture ws 38%. The highest yield of 30.62 t h of vetch ws produced in pure stnd while lower 7 t h ws recorded in oth mixtures. The results indicted tht ots, rley nd vetch produced in pure stnd nd in cerel-legume mixtures showed sttisticlly significnt differences for yield nd qulity. Among oth the cerels, ots in pure stnd gve 20% higher forge yield thn rley in pure stnd which my e due to reltive higher plnt height. Yields of oth ots nd vetch (or rley nd vetch) were studied individully in cerel-legume mixture; while other scientists studied cerel-legume mixture in comined form. The higher forge yield of ots (or rley) in ots-vetch mixture (or rley-vetch mixture) ws proly due to the nitrogen contriution y vetch through tmospheric nitrogen fixtion. These results re in greement with Ansr et l. (2013) who stted tht higher forge yield in mixture ws due to legume. Moreover, Lodhi et l. (2009) lso reported higher yield in otsvetch mixture thn vetch pure stnd. Previously, khsh et l. (2007) stted tht PD2LV 65 gve high forge yield with vetch. It ws considered tht forge yield of ot differed due to vrition of numer of leves nd plnt height (Hussin et l., 2011). Similrly, Ndeem et l. (2010) found comprtively higher yield of otsvetch mixture thn rley-vetch mixture. The lush green ppernce of ots in ots-vetch mixture, showed more chlorophyll contents nd hence more yield. Ahmd et l. (2011) reported incresed yield due to more nitrogen contriuted y legume. However, Gicomini et l. (2003) reported tht forge yield of otsvetch mixture ws similr to tht of ots pure stnd ut greter thn vetch pure stnd. Anwr et l. (2010) reveled tht ot-vetch mixture produced 16% higher forge yield thn ots with rod leves legume. The decrese of vetch forge yield in the cerel-legume mixture ws proly due to shding effect of oth ots nd rley which cused senescence of lower rnches of vetch. Cerels re more competitive thn vetch for nturl resources especilly light nd spce which negtively ffected the vetch yield. The low vilility of light resulted in chlorosis nd necrosis in vetch. The negtive effect of rley on vetch yield ws smller thn ots due to reltively thinner cnopy. The significnt increse ws recorded in crude protein (CP) of ots 4
INFLUENCE OF CEREAL-LEGUME MIXTURE ON FORAGE YIELD Tle 3. Yield nd qulity prmeters of forges in cerel-legume mixture Cerel-legume Yield (t h ) Crude protein (g kg ) Neutrl detergent fier (g kg ) Acid detergent fier (g kg ) Totl digestile nutrients (g kg ) Reltive feed vlue (%) Ots pure stnd 44.34 140.04 515.22 385.27 51.61 106.33 Ots in ots-vetch stnd 50.10 175.08 493.89 340.58 A 57.38 117.45 rley pure stnd 29.20 159.87 439.41 241.71 70.15 148.34 rley in rley-vetch stnd 39.84 170.34 340.00 176.44 78.57 205.64 Vetch pure stnd 30.62 245.57 c 395.18 C 305.89 61.86 153.19 Vetch in ots-vetch stnd 07.00 226.50 405.81 315.87 60.57 147.40 Vetch in rley-vetch stnd 06.97 225.35 425.29 A 325.57 C 59.32 C 138.99 Mens followed y sme letter do not differ significntly t 5% level of proility in ots-vetch mixture thn ots in pure stnd (Tle 3). Considering vrition due to cerel-legume mixture in two yers, higher CP of 175 g kg in ots-vetch mixture, while lower 140 g kg in ots pure stnd ws recorded. The CP in ots-vetch mixture improved the nutritive qulity of ots forge compred with cerel forge grown in pure stnd. The ots grown in ots-vetch mixture hd 25% higher CP thn pure ots s t n d. S i m i l r l y, r l e y i n comintion with vetch resulted in higher CP thn rley grown in pure stnd. Higher CP of rley in rley- vetch mixture ws 170 g kg while in pure rley it ws 160 g kg. rley with vetch showed 7% higher CP thn pure rley stnd. The CP for pure vetch ws significntly higher (245 g kg ) thn vetch produced in rley- vetch mixture (226 g kg ) or vetch in ots-vetch mixture (225 g kg ) indicting non-significnt differences for vetch grown with ots nd rley. The pure vetch stnd showed 9% higher CP thn vetch with ots nd 8% higher CP thn vetch with rley. A significnt decrese ws recorded for neutrl detergent fier (NDF) nd cid detergent fier (ADF) of ot in ot-vetch nd rley in rley-vetch mixtures s compred to ot nd rley pure stnds (Tle 3). Lower NDF nd ADF were recorded in ots-vetch mixture thn pure ots stnd. Ot in ot-vetch mixture produced men minimum NDF nd ADF of 493 nd 340 g kg, respectively. The ots-vetch showed 4% nd 12% lower NDF nd ADF, respectively, thn pure ots. rley with vetch mixture showed 23% nd 2 7 % l o w e r N D F n d A D F, respectively, thn pure rley. Similrly, lower NDF (340 g kg ) nd ADF (176 g kg ) were produced y rley in rley-vetch mixture while higher NDF (439 g kg ) nd ADF (241g kg ) were produced in pure rley. On the contrry, the lowest NDF (395g kg )nd ADF (305g kg ) were produced in pure vetch. The highest NDF nd ADF were produced y vetch in ots-vetch mixture with 425 nd 325g kg, respectively. Vetch in rley-vetch mixture produced NDF 5
ZAFAR ULLAH ET AL. nd ADF of 405.81 nd 315g kg, respectively. The results indicted tht pure vetch showed 8% lesser NDF thn ots-vetch mixture nd 3% lesser NDF thn rley-vetch mixture. Results clerly indicted tht ots-vetch mixture exhiited 6% higher ADF thn pure vetch nd rley-vetch mixture tht showed 3% higher ADF thn pure vetch. As low neutrl detergent fier (NDF) nd cid detergent fier (ADF) re desired chrcteristics for qulity forge. The dry mtter intke increses in nimls with the decrese of NDF. Present findings out lower NDF nd ADF re in line with Mpirwe et l. (2003 nd 2003) who concluded tht lower NDF nd ANF were result of cerel-legume mixture rther thn only grss. Similrly, superiority of cerel-legume mixture ws recorded y otining higher CP nd lower NDF in ots-vetch mixture thn grss hy (Mpirwe et l., 2003) nd recommended ots-vetch mixture s qulity forge. Present results differed with those of Lithourgidis et l. (2006) who reported higher NDF in legumes s compred to cerels. A significnt increse ws oserved for totl digestile nutrients (TDN) of ots in ots-vetch nd rley in rley-vetch mixtures thn their respective pure stnds (Tle 3). The TDN for ots in ots-vetch mixture nd rley in rley-vetch mixture were 57 nd 78 g kg, respectively. TDN of ots in ots-vetch mixture ws 11% higher thn pure ots while in rley with vetch mixture, 12% higher TDN ws recorded thn pure rley. In ddition, the vlues of TDN for pure vetch stnd were 61g kg. The TDN for vetch in rley-vetch mixture ws 60 g kg nd for vetch in ots-vetch mixture were 59 g kg. The decline of TDN ws 4% nd 2% for vetch in ots-vetch nd rley-vetch mixture, respectively. High TDN reflects the qulity of forge. The TDN reflects the presence of ADF. Results showed tht reltion etween TDN nd ADF ws ntgonistic. The TDN is used to represent ville nutrients for frm nimls (Surmen et l., 2013). The decline in ADF showed n increse in TDN which refers mximum forge nutrients utiliztion y livestock. In this study, higher TDN ws oserved oth for ots nd rley in cerel-legume mixture. The significnt increse ws recorded for reltive feed vlue (RFV) of ots in ots-vetch nd rley in rley-vetch mixture thn their respective pure stnds (Tle 3). The percentges of RFV of ots in otsvetch mixture nd rley in rleyvetch mixture were 117 nd 205, respectively. RFV ws 11% higher in ots-vetch mixture thn pure ots stnd. RFV of rley-vetch mixture ws 39% higher thn pure rley. Similrly, the RFV for vetch in pure stnd, vetch in rley-vetch nd otsvetch mixture were 153%, 147% nd 138%, respectively. RFV in vetch ws 9% higher thn vetch in ots-vetch mixture nd 4% higher thn vetch in rley-vetch mixture. High crude protein (CP) is n importnt spect used to reflect qulity forges especilly cerellegume mixture (Mlézieux et l., 2009; Yolcu et l., 2009; Ayn et l., 2012). The incresed CP of ots nd rley reflected incresed nitrogen concentrtion in soil due to tmospheric nitrogen fixtion y vetch. Lithourgidis et l. (2011) stted tht pe-whet with 80:20 mixtures produced higher CP thn pure whet 6
INFLUENCE OF CEREAL-LEGUME MIXTURE ON FORAGE YIELD nd the incresed pe proportion in mixture produced high CP. For the sme reson, pe ws mixed with cerel (Crr et l., 2004). These results concur with the findings of Mpirwe et l. (2003) who stted tht higher CP ws recorded due to legume contriution towrds grss in cerel-legume mixture, Mpirwe et l. (2003) nd Turk nd Alyrk (2012) lso reported improved CP in ots-vetch mixture. In pure cerel, Fgeri nd ligr (2005) found tht higher dry mtter yield resulted in decresed plnt nitrogen nd CP. This mens tht pure cerel produces the higher dry mtter nd lesser nitrogen thn cerel-legume mixture. In contrst, Li et l. (2006) oserved non-significnt differences for nitrogen oth in cerel-legume mixture nd pure cerel stnd. The NDF hs ntgonistic reltion, the lower NDF results in high forge qulity. RFV is n indictor tht is used to estimte intke of forge nd its energy. RFV hs six ctegories with respect to their qulity viz., rejected, poor, fir, good, premium nd prime, nd with vlues less thn 75, 75-86, 8702, 10324,12550 nd more thn 151, respectively (Uzun, 2010). RFV of ots nd rley indicted good nd prime qulity forges in cerellegume mixture while vetch showed prime qulity in pure stnd. Crude protein (CP) content in pure vetch stnd ws higher thn vetch plnts produced in rleyvetch nd ots-vetch mixtures. High crude protein content reflects qulity forge. The pltility nd digestiility re greter in the forge contining high crude protein. Higher CP ws oserved in pure vetch stnd where the plnts otined optimum light nd showed mximum photosynthetic ctivity, while on the other hnd in mixture, the fst growth of cerels hinder the light to rech the vetch nd hence reduced the photosynthetic ctivity of vetch which resulted in chlorosis in the lterl younger rnches nd senescence of their leves. The lower qulity in vetch in mixture ws lso due to erly necrosis nd decying strted t smll rnches of vetch plnt in mixture. These results concord with those of Lithourgidis et l. (2011), who found higher CP in pure pe thn in whet-pe mixture. The high crude protein of pure vetch ws the result of the mximum enefit of nitrogen fixtion y their root nodules which ws shred with cerels in mixture. Similr findings were reported y Ipts et l. (2002), Ipts nd rohi (2003), Almodres et l. (2009) nd Glmoclij et l. (2011) who oserved n increse of crude protein with incresing nitrogen in soil. It ws thus concluded tht forge produced from cerels in mixture with legume is of etter qulity when compred with their pure stnds.the qulity of vetch showed ntgonistic response to cerel-legume mixture s the qulity of pure vetch stnd ws significntly superior to oth of its mixtures with cerels (ots nd rley). The findings of present study clerly indicted the effectiveness of cerel-legume mixture to improve the qulity of cerels (ots nd rley) forges thn grown in pure stnds while the reverse is true for vetch. It is recommended tht frmers should dopt ots-vetch mixture nd rleyvetch mixture for etter yield nd qulity of ots nd rley while pure stnd for vetch. 7
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