Taxo: Picralima itida (Stapf) T. Family: Apocyaceae Commo Name(s): akuamma ashati obéro Syoym(s): Picralima klaieaa Pierre Picralima macrocarpa A.Chev. [Ivalid] Taberaemotaa itida Stapf Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved Ed Date: 25 Apr 2016 WRA Score: -1.0 Desigatio: L Ratig: Low Risk Keywords: Tropical Tree, Toxic, Uarmed, Shade-Tolerat, Fleshy-Fruited Optio Aswer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? 103 Does the species have weedy races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primarily wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2-high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2-high) (See Appedix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (evirometal versatility) y=1, =0 204 205 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? y=1, =0 y=-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beyod ative rage y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameity/disturbace weed =0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed =0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs y=1, =0 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals y=1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas y=1, =0 y 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosystems y=1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life cycle y=1, =0 y High y ) Page 1 of 14
Optio Aswer 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit y=1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets y=1, =0 501 Aquatic y=5, =0 502 Grass y=1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig woody plat y=1, =0 504 601 Geophyte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat y=1, =0 y=1, =0 602 Produces viable seed y=1, =-1 y 603 Hybridizes aturally y=1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist polliators y=-1, =0 606 Reproductio by vegetative fragmetatio y=1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (years) 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed uitetioally (plats growig i heavily trafficked areas) y=1, =-1 702 Propagules dispersed itetioally by people y=1, =-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce cotamiat y=1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal y=1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed by other aimals (exterally) y=1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, =-1 y 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 yr) 803 Well cotrolled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire 805 Effective atural eemies preset locally (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) ) Page 2 of 14
Supportig Data: 101 Is the species highly domesticated? [No evidece of domesticatio] "Picralima itida occurs from Côte d Ivoire east to Ugada ad south to DR Cogo ad Cabida (Agola)." 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? NA 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primarily wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" High "Picralima itida occurs from Côte d Ivoire east to Ugada ad south to DR Cogo ad Cabida (Agola)." 202 Quality of climate match data High 203 Broad climate suitability (evirometal versatility) "Picralima itida is a uderstorey tree i raiforest, also i mature secodary forest ad semi deciduous forest alog river baks, up to 900 m altitude." ) Page 3 of 14
204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates y "Picralima itida occurs from Côte d Ivoire east to Ugada ad south to DR Cogo ad Cabida (Agola)." 205 Does the species have a history of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? No evidece of widespread cultivatio outside ative rage 301 Naturalized beyod ative rage Radall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia No evidece 302 Garde/ameity/disturbace weed Radall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia No evidece 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed Radall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia No evidece 304 Evirometal weed Radall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia No evidece ) Page 4 of 14
305 Cogeeric weed Leister, O. A. (2005). Seed plats of souther tropical Africa: families ad geera. South Africa Natioal Biodiversity Istitute, Report No. 26. SABONET, Pretoria Radall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia "Mootypic geus: Picralima itida (Stapf) T. & H.Durad, trop. Africa; sth trop. Afr.: Agola (Cabida)." No evidece 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs [No evidece] "Shrub or tree up to 35 m tall, with white latex i all parts, glabrous; bole up to 60 cm i diameter; bark hard, brittle, pale to dark greyish black or brow, smooth to slightly rough or fiely striped. Leaves opposite, simple ad etire; stipules abset; petiole 1 2 cm log; blade elliptical to oblog, (5 )10 26 cm 2 13 cm, base cueate, apex abruptly acumiate, thickly papery to thily leathery, piately veied with 14 23 pairs of lateral veis." 402 Allelopathic Ukow 403 Parasitic "Shrub or tree up to 35 m tall" [Apocyaceae. No evidece] 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals Klaus-Hügi, C., Klaus, G., Schmid, B., & Köig, B. (1999). Feedig ecology of a large social atelope i the raiforest. Oecologia, 119(1), 81-90 "The bogo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) is the largest forest-dwellig atelope of Africa."... "Table 1 List of plats eate by bogos, their relative availability, relative use i diet ad Ivlev's idex of selectivity (for defiitio see Methods) i the Dzaga Natioal Park, Cetral Africa Republic." [Icludes Picralima itida] 405 Toxic to aimals "Acute toxicity tests i rats showed a dose-depedet acute itraperitoeal toxicity." ) Page 5 of 14
Hawaiia Tropical Plat Nursery. 2016. Medicial ad Ethobotaical Plats. http://www.hawaiiatropicalplats.com/medicial.html. [Accessed 22 Apr 2016] Kuete, V. (2014). Toxicological Survey of Africa Medicial Plats. Elsevier, Lodo "The seeds have medicial uses. Should be used oly with the directio of a experieced herbalist or physicia. Prologed use may result i liver toxicity." [Toxic to humas] "Severe toxicity may cause symptoms that could be life-threateig, for example, irregular heartbeat, breathig distress, seizures, shock, or paralysis. Moderate toxicity may cause symptoms such as halluciatios, severe stomach irritatio, agitatio, or severe dermatitis. I mild toxicity, symptoms are geerally ot life-threateig i ature, such as ausea, vomitig, diarrhea, or ski rashes [162]. These fidigs show that the medicial plats listed below ca be classified amog the above three categories of toxic agets. Amog the plats metioed i Table 7.1, those that cause severe toxicity are maily Dichapetalum baeri, Aacardium occidetale, Jatropha curcas, Picralima irida,..." 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges Ukow 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas y Kuete, V. (2014). Toxicological Survey of Africa Medicial Plats. Elsevier, Lodo [Toxic to humas] "Severe toxicity may cause symptoms that could be life-threateig, for example, irregular heartbeat, breathig distress, seizures, shock, or paralysis. Moderate toxicity may cause symptoms such as halluciatios, severe stomach irritatio, agitatio, or severe dermatitis. I mild toxicity, symptoms are geerally ot life-threateig i ature, such as ausea, vomitig, diarrhea, or ski rashes [162]. These fidigs show that the medicial plats listed below ca be classified amog the above three categories of toxic agets. Amog the plats metioed i Table 7.1, those that cause severe toxicity are maily Dichapetalum baeri, Aacardium occidetale, Jatropha curcas, Picralima irida,..." 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosystems [No evidece, & ulikely i raiforest habitat] "Picralima itida is a uderstorey tree i raiforest, also i mature secodary forest ad semi deciduous forest alog river baks, up to 900 m altitude." 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life cycle y Gbadamosi. A. E. (2013). Ifluece of Shadig o the Early Seedlig Growth of Picralima itida (Stapf). Scottish Joural of Arts, Social Scieces ad Scietific Studies 8(II): 54-63 "P. itida seedligs respoded well i terms of growth ad developmet to reduced light itesity, thus it is a shade tolerat species which ca be used as a agroforestry species." ) Page 6 of 14
[Uderstory tree. Presumably shade-tolerat] "Picralima itida is a uderstorey tree i raiforest, also i mature secodary forest ad semi deciduous forest alog river baks, up to 900 m altitude." 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) Hawaiia Tropical Plat Nursery. 2016. Medicial ad Ethobotaical Plats. http://www.hawaiiatropicalplats.com/medicial.html. [Accessed 25 Apr 2016] "Plats grow well i Hawaii. Prefers a slightly acidic soil." 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit "Shrub or tree up to 35 m tall" 412 Forms dese thickets Chapma, J. D., & Chapma, H. M. (2001). The Forests of Taraba ad Adamawa States, Nigeria. A Ecological Accout ad Plat Species Checklist. Departmet of Plat ad Microbial Scieces, Uiversity of Caterbury, Christchurch, New Zealad "Picralima itida is a uderstorey tree i raiforest, also i mature secodary forest ad semi deciduous forest alog river baks, up to 900 m altitude." [No evidece] [No evidece] "I Kurmi Nya (Wurkam River) the most commo trees were Riciodedro heudelotii, Picralima itida ad Pterygota macrocarpa."... "Picralima itida (Stapf) T. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Gagumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. : Uderstory tree. Recorded at Gagumi ad also Kurmi Nya, Wurkam" 501 Aquatic [Terrestrial] 'Picralima itida is a uderstorey tree i raiforest, also i mature secodary forest ad semi deciduous forest alog river baks, up to 900 m altitude." 502 Grass USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network, 2016. Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. http://www.ars-gri.gov/pgs/idex.html. [Accessed 18 Apr 2016] Family: Apocyaceae Subfamily: Rauvolfioideae Tribe: Huterieae 503 Nitroge fixig woody plat ) Page 7 of 14
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network, 2016. Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. http://www.ars-gri.gov/pgs/idex.html. [Accessed 18 Apr 2016] Apocyaceae 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) "Shrub or tree up to 35 m tall, with white latex i all parts, glabrous; bole up to 60 cm i diameter; bark hard, brittle, pale to dark greyish black or brow, smooth to slightly rough or fiely striped." 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat "Picralima itida is a commo species of the Africa forest zoe, ad is ot threateed by geetic erosio. However, i some areas with a high huma populatio pressure, the species has become scarce because of its use as medicial plat or timber." 602 Produces viable seed y "Propagatio ad platig: There are about 300 400 Picralima seeds/kg." 603 Hybridizes aturally Leister, O. A. (2005). Seed plats of souther tropical Africa: families ad geera. South Africa Natioal Biodiversity Istitute, Report No. 26. SABONET, Pretoria "Mootypic geus: Picralima itida (Stapf) T. & H.Durad, trop. Africa; sth trop. Afr.: Agola (Cabida)." [No evidece of hybridizatio with other geera] ) Page 8 of 14
604 Self-compatible or apomictic [Ukow] "Flowers bisexual, regular, 5-merous, fragrat or ot, ope durig the day; pedicel 2 20 mm log; sepals almost free, imbricate, broadly ovate to almost orbicular, 5 7 mm log; corolla with fleshy cylidrical tube 25 45 mm log, hairy iside ad arrowed below the isertio of the stames, ofte greeish, lobes ovate, 14 30 mm 6 10 mm, apex obtuse, spreadig or erect, white to yellow; stames iserted above the middle of the corolla tube, icluded, athers ovate, 3 4 mm log; ovary superior, cosistig of 2 separate carpels, uited at the extreme base by a disk-like thickeig, style sleder, 5 7 mm log, pistil head with a oblog basal part ad a filiform stigmoid apex up to 1.5 mm log." 605 Requires specialist polliators [No evidece] "Flowers bisexual, regular, 5-merous, fragrat or ot, ope durig the day; pedicel 2 20 mm log; sepals almost free, imbricate, broadly ovate to almost orbicular, 5 7 mm log; corolla with fleshy cylidrical tube 25 45 mm log, hairy iside ad arrowed below the isertio of the stames, ofte greeish, lobes ovate, 14 30 mm 6 10 mm, apex obtuse, spreadig or erect, white to yellow; stames iserted above the middle of the corolla tube, icluded, athers ovate, 3 4 mm log; ovary superior, cosistig of 2 separate carpels, uited at the extreme base by a disk-like thickeig, style sleder, 5 7 mm log, pistil head with a oblog basal part ad a filiform stigmoid apex up to 1.5 mm log."... "The flowers are visited by isects durig suy days." 606 Reproductio by vegetative fragmetatio Gbadamosi, A. E. (2014). Vegetative Propagatio of the Medicial Plat Picralima Nitida (Stapf). Iteratioal Joural of Pure ad Applied Scieces ad Techology, 23 (1), 13-27 [Ca be propagated artificially by vegetative meas] "Coclusively, P.itida stem cuttig which had 50cm2 leaf area treated with 0.1g/L IBA ad iserted i sad were foud to root ad callused optimally while vegetative characteristics of rooted cuttigs were optimum i mixture of sad ad sawdust. The successful rootig of P.itida is a importat step forward i the itegratio of the species ito agro ecosystem; the combiatio of factors seemed to favour optimum rootig of the species. Also, the rooted cuttigs sprouted well withi 16 weeks ad ready for seedligs establishmet. Therefore, it is recommeded that for optimum vegetative propagatio of P.itida cuttigs with leaf area of 50cm2 treated with 0.1g/L IBA be iserted i mixture of sad/saw dust for a period of 16weeks." [No evidece] "Propagatio ad platig" There are about 300 400 Picralima seeds/kg." 607 Miimum geerative time (years) ) Page 9 of 14
Ukow 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed uitetioally (plats growig i heavily trafficked areas) [No evidece. Fruits & seeds relatively large & lack meas of exteral attachmet] "Fruits cosistig of 2 free obovoid to ellipsoid follicles 11 20 cm log, smooth, apex rouded, yellow to orage, 2-valved, several- to may-seeded. Seeds obliquely ovate, obovate to oblog, flatteed, 2.5 4.5 cm log, smooth, brow to orage, embedded i soft white to orage pulp."... "Fruits of Picralima itida are eate by elephats, which disperse the seeds." 702 Propagules dispersed itetioally by people y Hawaiia Tropical Plat Nursery. 2016. Medicial ad Ethobotaical Plats. http://www.hawaiiatropicalplats.com/medicial.html. [Accessed 22 Apr 2016] Sold olie 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce cotamiat [No evidece. Ulikely, as fruits & seeds are relatively large] "Fruits cosistig of 2 free obovoid to ellipsoid follicles 11 20 cm log, smooth, apex rouded, yellow to orage, 2-valved, several- to mayseeded. Seeds obliquely ovate, obovate to oblog, flatteed, 2.5 4.5 cm log, smooth, brow to orage, embedded i soft white to orage pulp."... "Fruits of Picralima itida are eate by elephats, which disperse the seeds." 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal "Fruits cosistig of 2 free obovoid to ellipsoid follicles 11 20 cm log, smooth, apex rouded, yellow to orage, 2-valved, several- to may-seeded. Seeds obliquely ovate, obovate to oblog, flatteed, 2.5 4.5 cm log, smooth, brow to orage, embedded i soft white to orage pulp."... "Fruits of Picralima itida are eate by elephats, which disperse the seeds." 705 Propagules water dispersed ) Page 10 of 14
[Occurs alog rivers. Buoyacy of fruit ukow] "Fruits cosistig of 2 free obovoid to ellipsoid follicles 11 20 cm log, smooth, apex rouded, yellow to orage, 2-valved, several- to may-seeded. Seeds obliquely ovate, obovate to oblog, flatteed, 2.5 4.5 cm log, smooth, brow to orage, embedded i soft white to orage pulp."... "Picralima itida is a uderstorey tree i raiforest, also i mature secodary forest ad semi-deciduous forest alog river baks, up to 900 m altitude." 706 Propagules bird dispersed [Ukow. Fruits & seeds large & ulikely to be dispersed by avifaua i the Hawaiia Islads, with the possible exceptio of larger game birds] "Fruits cosistig of 2 free obovoid to ellipsoid follicles 11 20 cm log, smooth, apex rouded, yellow to orage, 2- valved, several- to may-seeded. Seeds obliquely ovate, obovate to oblog, flatteed, 2.5 4.5 cm log, smooth, brow to orage, embedded i soft white to orage pulp."... "Fruits of Picralima itida are eate by elephats, which disperse the seeds." 707 Propagules dispersed by other aimals (exterally) [Iterally dispersed] "Fruits cosistig of 2 free obovoid to ellipsoid follicles 11 20 cm log, smooth, apex rouded, yellow to orage, 2- valved, several- to may-seeded. Seeds obliquely ovate, obovate to oblog, flatteed, 2.5 4.5 cm log, smooth, brow to orage, embedded i soft white to orage pulp. "... "Fruits of Picralima itida are eate by elephats, which disperse the seeds." [Iterally dispersed] ) Page 11 of 14
708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y Gautier-Hio, A., Duplatier, J. M., Quris, R., Feer, F., Sourd, C., Decoux, J. P.,Dubost, G., Emmos, L., Erard, C., Hecketsweiler, P., Mougazi, A., Roussilho, C. & Mougazi, A. (1985). Fruit characters as a basis of fruit choice ad seed dispersal i a tropical forest vertebrate commuity. Oecologia, 65(3), 324-337. "Elephats are certaily oe of the major terrestrial dispersers ad some plat species may primarily deped o them for dispersal. Piles of old elephat dug are commoly covered with vigorous seedligs that have sprouted from seeds that have passed through the aimal, complete with fertilizer. Some huge fruits for which elephats would seem the oly possible dispersers could coceivably also be eate by the largest primates - apes ad madrills (e.g. Picraliia itida or Strychos aculeata)."... "Appedix 2. List of plat species whose fruit are eate by the vertebrate commuity" [Picralima itida dispersed by small rodets, large rodets, & elephats] "Fruits cosistig of 2 free obovoid to ellipsoid follicles 11 20 cm log, smooth, apex rouded, yellow to orage, 2-valved, several- to may-seeded. Seeds obliquely ovate, obovate to oblog, flatteed, 2.5 4.5 cm log, smooth, brow to orage, embedded i soft white to orage pulp."... "Fruits of Picralima itida are eate by elephats, which disperse the seeds." 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) "Seeds obliquely ovate, obovate to oblog, flatteed, 2.5 4.5 cm log, smooth, brow to orage, embedded i soft white to orage pulp." [Ulikely. Seeds relatively large] 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 yr) Gbadamosi, A. E. (2013). Germiatio Biology of Picralima itida (Stapf) uder Pretreatmets. Greeer Joural of Biological Scieces 3(1): 13-20 [Logevity of seed bak ukow] "Seeds of P. itida soaked i hot water ad allowed to cool dow did ot germiate as well as those soaked i primarily recycled H2SO4 for 10mis i both locatios. Although, P. itida exhibited seed coat dormacy, it was clear that the seed coat could ot withstad a log duratio of treatmet. Treatmet with cocetrated ad primarily recycled acid gave lower percetage germiatio with icreased duratio of treatmet." 803 Well cotrolled by herbicides Ukow. No iformatio o herbicide efficacy or chemical cotrol of this species 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire Ukow ) Page 12 of 14
805 Effective atural eemies preset locally (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) Ukow ) Page 13 of 14
Summary of Risk Traits: High Risk / Udesirable Traits Thrives i tropical climates Toxic Shade-tolerat Reproduces by seeds Seeds dispersed by large vertebrates & itetioally by people Limited ecological iformatio miimizes accuracy of risk predictio Low Risk Traits No reports of ivasiveess or aturalizatio, but o evidece of widespread itroductio outside ative rage Uarmed (o spies, thors or burrs) Palatable despite reports of toxicity Orametal Not reported to spread vegetatively Large fruits & seeds miimize risk of accidetal dispersal ) Page 14 of 14