Famil: Asparagaceae Taxo: Yucca aloifolia Som: Dracaea leeaa Regel Yucca serrulata Haw. Yucca ucataa Egelm. Sarcoucca aloifolia (L.) Lidig. Commo Name: aloe ucca Spaish baoet dagger plat Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Assessor Desigatio: H(HPWRA) Data Etr Perso: Assessor WRA Score 14 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? 103 Does the species have weed races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 Prit Date: 11/15/2013 Yucca aloifolia (Asparagaceae) Page 1 of 9
410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed 603 Hbridizes aturall 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, >3 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 14 Prit Date: 11/15/2013 Yucca aloifolia (Asparagaceae) Page 2 of 9
Supportig Data: 101 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 102 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2000. Groma, J.D./Pellmr, O.. Rapid evolutio ad specializatio followig host coloizatio i a ucca moth. Joural of Evolutioar Biolog. 13(2): 223-236. 201 2013. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 202 2013. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 203 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 204 1902. Trelease, W.. The Yucceae. Missouri Botaical Garde Aual Report. 1902: 27-133. 204 2003. Pellmr, O.. Yuccas, Yucca Moths, ad Coevolutio: A Review. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 90(1): 35-55. 205 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A [Is the species highl domesticated? No. Ulikel] Pellmr (2003) has suggested that these characters i cojuctio with the absece of a edemic polliator, core loss i the fruit, disjuct distributio rage, ad poorl schroized flowerig spread across ma moths suggest that Y. aloifolia might be a escaped cultivar. He hpothesized that pre-hispaic cultures developed Y. aloifolia as a cultivar of Y. elephatipes, oe selected for its high vegetative propagatio potetial coupled to ethobotaical value, i this istace use of the roots for soap. However, phlogeetic work coducted b Clar (1997) o Yucca DNA shows that Y. aloifolia is most closel related to Y. gloriosa, ot Y. elephatipes. Although Y. elephatipes ad Y. aloifolia both are tropical i distributio ad have deticulate leaves ad flesh fruits, the appear ot to be closel related withi the Sarcocarpa clade i Yucca (Clar 1997). These data do ot support a hpothesis that Y. aloifolia was domesticated from Y. elephatipes. Rather, it is suggested that Y. aloifolia is a uique species which has bee o its ow distictive evolutioar path log separate from the commo acestor it shares with Y. elephatipes. It therefore is doubtful that Y. aloifolia was domesticated from aother ucca species (K. Clar, persoal commuicatio). It would appear more likel that it was selected directl from the wild because of the useful characteristics that it alread possessed." [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Yucca aloifolia L. occurs i Mexico, the Caribbea, ad o the dues alog the US Atlatic Coast (Trelease, 1902)." [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Native: (liks to other web resources are provided for some distributios) NORTHERN AMERICA (Check coservatio status i U.S. & Caada i NatureServe Explorer database) Southeaster U.S.A.: Uited States - Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiaa [s.], Mississippi [s.], North Carolia, South Carolia, Virgiia [s.e.] South-Cetral U.S.A.: Uited States - Texas [s.e.] Souther Mexico: Mexico - Veracruz, Yucata SOUTHERN AMERICA Caribbea: Atigua ad Barbuda; Guadeloupe; Jamaica; St. Lucia" [Qualit of climate match data 2-High] [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "Most species of Yucca are exceedigl tolerat of extreme climatic coditios. The Free State Provice, where Y. aloifolia has bee collected (Figure 2), experieces ver cold witers with temperatures regularl droppig well below 0º Celsius. I summer, exteded spells of over 30º Celsius are ot ucommo. The secod collectio site of Y. aloifolia (Figure 3) ear Pietermaritzburg i KwaZulu-Natal similarl experieces frost, although ot as extreme i itesit or duratio. At either of these localities (Figure 4) do the plats show eve the slightest sig of damage from frost or heat ijur." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Virgi Isles, Jamaica, easter coast of Mexico (Vera Cruz), the Bermudas, Atlatic ad Gulf States southward from about Pamlico Soud; ad occasioall escapig from cultivatio as far ilad as Moroe i orthwester Louisiaa." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "I additio to its distributio alog the shorelie of southeaster North America, Y aloifolia is reportedl also established o Cuba, Jamaica, the Bahamas ad Bermuda (Trelease, 1902), where pre-hispaic cultures are suggested to have used its roots for soap (Egelma, 1873)." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Although Yucca aloifolia is ver widel cultivated (Hochstätter 2002), Thiede (2001) suggests that it occurs aturall ol i Veracruz ad Yucatá, Mexico." Prit Date: 11/15/2013 Yucca aloifolia (Asparagaceae) Page 3 of 9
301 2004. Wu, S.-H./Hsieh, C.-F./Rejmáek, M.. Catalogue of the Naturalized Flora of Taiwa. Taiwaia. 49(1): 16-31. 301 2010. Chambers, D./Holtum, J.A.M.. Feasibilit of Agave as a Feedstock for Biofuel Productio i Australia. RIRDC Publicatio No. 10/104. Rural Idustries Research ad Developmet Corporatio, Barto, Australia 301 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 301 2013. Queeslad Govermet. Weeds of Australia - Yucca - Yucca aloifolia. http://keserver.lucidcetral.org/weeds/data/03030 800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/Yucca_aloifolia.htm [Accessed 15 Nov 2013] 302 2006. Agricultural Geo-refereced Iformatio Sstem (AGIS). Weeds ad Ivasive Plats - Versio 2.00. http://www.agis.agric.za/wip/ [Accessed 14 Nov 2013] 302 2011. Merio, F.F./Doat, P.M.. Ivasive Plats i the Coastal Vegetal Commuities i Valecia (Spai). Notulae Botaicae Horti Agrobotaici Cluj-Napoca. 39(1): 9-17. 303 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 304 1998. Csurhes, S./Edwards, R.. Potetial evirometal weeds i Australia: Cadidate species for prevetative cotrol. Biodiversit Group, Eviromet Australia, Caberra, Australia 304 2013. Queeslad Govermet. Weeds of Australia - Yucca - Yucca aloifolia. http://keserver.lucidcetral.org/weeds/data/03030 800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/Yucca_aloifolia.htm [Accessed 15 Nov 2013] 305 2006. Bove, R.W.. Cotrol of Yucca B Aerial Applicatio of Herbicides. Joural of Rage Maagemet Archives. 17(4): 194-196. 305 2011. Youg, S.L./Mues, N.L. /. Maagig Soapweed Yucca. G2086. Uiversit of Nebraska Licol Extesio, Licol, NE iarpubs.ul.edu/live/g2086/build/g2086.pdf 401 2008. Kobaashi, K./Crile, R./Kaufma, A./Tsugawa, S./Ricordi, A./Clifford, P.. Barrier Plats. L-20. College of Tropical Agriculture ad Huma Resources (CTAHR, Hoolulu, HI http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/freepubs [Naturalized beod ative rage? Possibl Taiwa] "Table 2. List of possibl aturalized species." [Icludes Yucca aloifolia] [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "I Australia six exotic Agavaceae from the geera Agave (A. americaa, A. vivipara, A. sisalaa), Furcraea (F. foetida, F. selloa) ad Yucca (Yucca aloifolia) are cosidered aturalised (Figure 8.1; Forster 1987a; Batiooff et al 2002, Ao. 2006)." "Yucca aloifolia is aturalised at several localities i Qld, NSW ad WA (Figure 8.1). I Queeslad, small populatios are kow o foreshores at seaside settlemets (see also Batiooff & Fraks 1997, 1998; Batiooff & Butler 2002). A ilad populatio at higher altitudes (450m) has bee preset sice at least 1948 ad a large populatio of earl 50 m across is likel to have bee established over a cetur ago (Forster 1987b)." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Abstract: Although several species of Agave L. (Agavaceae/Asparagaceae) are kow to have become established i souther Africa, particularl South Africa, this is the first time that evidece supported b herbarium specimes is documeted for the occurrece of the agavoid Yucca aloifolia L. i the regio. Notes are provided o the reproductive biolog ad uses of Y. aloifolia, with emphasis o South Africa." "However, it is ol Y. aloifolia L. that has become established i atural vegetatio o the subcotiet." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "This species is widespread but scattered i Australia, ad is mail foud i coastal districts. It has bee recorded i south easter ad cetral Queeslad, i some parts of easter New South Wales, i the ACT ad i south-wester Wester Australia. It is also sparigl aturalised o Lord Howe Islad. Also aturalised overseas i other parts of the Caribbea (e.g. Puerto Rico ad the Virgi Islads) ad i New Caledoia." [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Icluded i a list of weeds & ivasive plats] "Habitat: Disturbed sites aroud huma habitatio, draiage lies ad dogas. " "Ivasive status: Categor Not declared" [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Listed as ivasive] "I the stud 49 ivasive species have bee catalogued:" [Icludes Yucca aloifolia] [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece [Evirometal weed? No] "Yucca aloifolia is a evergree plat (to c. 1.5m tall) with greish-gree, arrow, spear-like leaves arraged i a basal rosette. The flowers are white ad bell-shaped, arraged i erect, termial spikes. Propagatio is b seed (Bodki 1986). It is commo aroud old habitatio but does ot et appear to be full aturalised (Harde 1993). It is preset o the orth coast of New South Wales ad Queeslad (Harde 1993)." [Evirometal weed? Potetiall] "Yucca (Yucca aloifolia) is regarded as a evirometal weed i New South Wales ad as a potetial evirometal weed or "sleeper weed " i other parts of Australia." [Desigatio as a evirometal weed has ot bee supported with direct evidece i this referece. Iformatio is therefore justificatio to categorize this species as a weed of uspecified impacts. See 3.02] [Cogeeric weed? Yes] "Yucca (Yucca glauca Nutt.), also commol called soapweed, beargrass, or Spaish baoet, is a geerall udesirable pereial that occurs o thousads of acres of ragelad i Nebraska ad surroudig states." [Cogeeric weed? Yes] "Soapweed ucca ca ifest pastures ad ragelad, reducig beeficial plat populatios ad livestock productio." "It is used i ladscapes as a orametal, but geerall is cosidered a uisace i pastures, rages, ad rights-of-wa. It ca reach desities of up to 2,000 plats per acre." [Produces spies, thors or burrs? Yes] "Spaish baoet, dagger plat - Yucca aloifolia, Agavaceae. This plat s erect truk is armed with sharp-poited, dark gree, straplike leaves." "Do ot plat Spaish baoet ear walkwas, patios, or i areas frequeted b childre ad pets. This plat ca iflict paiful pucture wouds eve through heav clothig." Prit Date: 11/15/2013 Yucca aloifolia (Asparagaceae) Page 4 of 9
401 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 402 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? Ukow] 403 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A [Produces spies, thors or burrs? Yes] "Leaves erect, log-lived, persistet whe dr, stem-claspig, desel ad rosulatel crowded alog stems, stiff, leather, flatteed, slightl thickeed-flesh, 10 40 2.0 6.5 cm; leaf margis saw-toothlike (sharpl deticulate to serrulate) or more rarel smooth; leaf tips ver sharp." [Parasitic? No] "Medium-sized to robust, clump-formig, stem ad leaf-succulet plats." [Agavaceae/ Asparagaceae] 404 2002. Loewer, H.P.. Solvig deer problems: how [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Yes, due to spi leaves] "Yuccas are largescale America desert plat foud i most of the coutr. The produce stiff, to keep them out of the garde, avoid them o the road, ad deal with them awhere!. Globe sword-shaped leaves up to four feet log, ofte tipped with a eedle-like spie." Pequot, Guilford, CT 404 2005. Ket, D.. Firescapig: creatig fire-resistat ladscapes, gardes, ad properties i Califoria's diverse eviromets. Wilderess Press, Berkele, CA 404 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Yes, due to spi leaves] Categorized as deer resistat [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Yes] "Figure 1. Sectio of a livig fece of Yucca aloifolia i flower. The plats were established from large stem cuttigs plated where the were iteded to grow as part of a impeetrable livestock eclosure." "With their spie-tipped leaves ad geeral opalatabilit to stock, uccas sometimes are used as boudar or rough fece plats, particularl i more arid areas (Howes 1946)." 405 2013. Plats for a Future Database. Yucca aloifolia. [Toxic to aimals? Ukow] "The roots cotai sapois[222]. Whilst sapois are quite toxic to people, the are poorl absorbed b the bod ad so ted to http://www.pfaf.org/user/plat.aspx?latiname=y pass straight through. The are also destroed b prologed heat, such as slow ucca+aloifolia [Accessed 14 Nov 2013] bakig i a ove. Sapois are foud i ma commo foods such as beas[k]. Sapois are much more toxic to some creatures, such as fish, ad hutig tribes have traditioall put large quatities of them i streams, lakes etc i order to stupef or kill the fish[k]." 406 2007. Gilma, E.F.. Yucca aloifolia: Spaish Baoet. Revised. FPS-614. Uiversit of Florida IFAS Extesio, Gaiesville, FL http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/fp/fp61400.pdf 407 2001. Kaerva, L./Estlader, T./Petma, L./Mäkie-Kiljue, S.. Occupatioal allergic cotact urticaria to ucca (Yucca aloifolia), weepig fig (Ficus bejamia), ad spathe flower (Spathiphllum wallisii). Allerg. 56: 1008 1011. 407 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? No] "Pest resistace: o serious pests are ormall see o the plat" "Pest problems iclude scale ad ucca moth larvae, which ma bore through ad weake the termial shoot. Pests ad Diseases Leaf spot ca be a problem i areas with poor air circulatio." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Possibl to susceptible idividuals] "A 22-ear-old male gardeer ad caretaker of plats developed CU ad rhiocojuctivitis whe exposed to decorative houseplats. He had worked i his preset job for 15 moths before ski smptoms developed o the eelids ad lower arms, ad later spread to the hads ad the etire ski. Cotact with especiall weepig fig, ucca, ad spathe flower caused immediate ski smptoms. He uderwet allergologic ivestigatio half a ear later. Occasioall, he had had work-related had dermatitis, developig as a cosequece of CU, ad coformig to protei cotact dermatitis." "I Filad, four ucca species, Yucca aloifolia (Fig. 1), Y. gloriosa, Y. elephatipes (25), ad Y. filametosa, are commol cultivated. Yucca ad some other Agavaceae plats, such as Agave americaa, ma cotai sapoi ad miute, sharp, irritatig crstals of calcium oxalate (26, 27). Plat thors ad spliters from ucca plats ma iduce deep graulomata (26), but we have ot foud reports of ucca allerg." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No evidece] "These authors oted that all parts of Yucca flower [iflorescece] stalks were eate b the idigeous peoples of the southwester America deserts, either boiled or raw. Oe could speculate o the relative palatabilit of stalks that do ot bear fruits, o which basis sterile forms of Y. aloifolia might have bee selected as a food cultivar." 407 2013. Brow, S.H.. Yucca aloifolia. Uiversit of Florida, IFAS Extesio, Fort Mers, FL [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Ijur from spies ma lead to secodar ifectio] "It is strogl recommeded ot to plat it i ards or i http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/hort/gardepubsaz/spaish ladscapes where childre are ofte preset. The spies ca cause ifectio. It _baoet.pdf ca also be surrouded b a groud cover or low growig plats to protect the uwar from harm." 408 2005. Ket, D.. Firescapig: creatig fire-resistat ladscapes, gardes, ad properties i Califoria's diverse eviromets. Wilderess Press, Berkele, CA [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] Recommeded as a fireresistat plat Prit Date: 11/15/2013 Yucca aloifolia (Asparagaceae) Page 5 of 9
408 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 409 1996. Nelso, G.. The shrubs ad wood vies of Florida: a referece ad field guide. Pieapple Press Ic, Sarasota, FL 409 2007. Gilma, E.F.. Yucca aloifolia: Spaish Baoet. Revised. FPS-614. Uiversit of Florida IFAS Extesio, Gaiesville, FL http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/fp/fp61400.pdf 409 2008. Kobaashi, K./Crile, R./Kaufma, A./Tsugawa, S./Ricordi, A./Clifford, P.. Barrier Plats. L-20. College of Tropical Agriculture ad Huma Resources (CTAHR, Hoolulu, HI http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/freepubs 410 1996. Garrett, H.. Howard Garrett's Plats for Texas. Uiversit of Texas Press, Austi, TX 410 2007. Gilma, E.F.. Yucca aloifolia: Spaish Baoet. Revised. FPS-614. Uiversit of Florida IFAS Extesio, Gaiesville, FL http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/fp/fp61400.pdf [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No evidece] "Medium-sized to robust, clump formig, stem ad leaf-succulet plats." [Succulet pereial with presumabl low flammabilit] [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "It requires welldraied soil ad does well i full su or shade." [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "Growig i full su or partial shade, Spaish baoet does well o a well-draied soil ad should be watered sparigl, if at all. Plats ca also tolerate earl full shade." [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle?] "It prefers full su but does well i partial su." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Grows i a soil." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Soil toleraces: alkalie; sad; acidic; loam" 410 2013. Brow, S.H.. Yucca aloifolia. Uiversit of Florida, IFAS Extesio, Fort Mers, FL [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Spaish baoet is adaptable to a wide rage of well-draied soils ad is suitable for platig o coastal sads ad http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/hort/gardepubsaz/spaish sad dues." _baoet.pdf 411 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 412 1988. Godfre, R.K.. Trees, Shrubs, ad Wood Vies of Norther Florida ad Adjacet Georgia ad Alabama. Uiversit of Georgia Press, Athes, GA 412 2012. Michael, P. (ed.). The Master Weed Wackers Maual. A compilatio of the most commo weeds foud o Port Macquarie Ladcare sites.. Port Macquarie Ladcare Group, Ic., Port Macquarie, NSW 501 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 502 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 503 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 504 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "Medium-sized to robust, clumpformig, stem ad leaf-succulet plats." [Forms dese thickets? Possibl] "Besides the foregoig growth habit, buds ofte form ear the base of a relativel elogate stem ad these b the same process ca form a thicket." [Forms dese thickets? Yes] "A hard plat that forms impeetrable of tough leaves, spi leaves." [Aquatic? No] "Medium-sized to robust, clump-formig, stem ad leaf-succulet plats." [Grass? No] Agavaceae/ Asparagaceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Agavaceae/ Asparagaceae [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "Medium-sized to robust, clump formig, stem ad leaf-succulet plats. Roots thi, wir, reddish brow. Stems clidrical to slightl elarged at the base, 3 ma, erect or leaig, 3 5 m tall, simple or sparigl brached higher up, fibrous, covered i remais of dead leaves. Leaves erect, log lived, persistet whe dr, stem-claspig, desel ad rosulatel crowded alog stems, stiff, leather, flatteed, slightl thickeed-flesh, 10 40 2.0 6.5 cm; leaf margis saw-tooth-like (sharpl deticulate to serrulate) or more rarel smooth; leaf tips ver sharp." Prit Date: 11/15/2013 Yucca aloifolia (Asparagaceae) Page 6 of 9
601 2003. Pellmr, O.. Yuccas, Yucca Moths, ad Coevolutio: A Review. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 90(1): 35-55. 602 2003. Pellmr, O.. Yuccas, Yucca Moths, ad Coevolutio: A Review. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 90(1): 35-55. 602 2007. Gilma, E.F.. Yucca aloifolia: Spaish Baoet. Revised. FPS-614. Uiversit of Florida IFAS Extesio, Gaiesville, FL http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/fp/fp61400.pdf 602 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 603 1902. Trelease, W.. The Yucceae. Missouri Botaical Garde Aual Report. 1902: 27-133. 603 2012. Retsch, J.D./Leebes Mack, J.. Homoploid hbrid origi of Yucca gloriosa: itersectioal hbrid speciatio i Yucca (Agavoideae, Asparagaceae). Ecolog ad evolutio. 2(9): 2213-2222. 604 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families ad geera of vascular plats. Volume III. Flowerig plats, Moocotledos: Liliaae (except Orchidaceae). Spriger-Verlag, Berli, Heidelberg, New York 604 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 605 2000. Phillips, S.J./Comus, P.W. (eds.). A Natural Histor of the Soora Desert. Uiversit of Califoria Press, Berkele ad Los Ageles, CA 605 2003. Pellmr, O.. Yuccas, Yucca Moths, ad Coevolutio: A Review. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 90(1): 35-55. 606 2003. Pellmr, O.. Yuccas, Yucca Moths, ad Coevolutio: A Review. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 90(1): 35-55. 606 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 607 2013. Shoot Gardeig. Yucca aloifolia (Spaish baoet). http://www.shootgardeig.co.uk/plat/uccaaloifolia [Accessed 14 Nov 2013] 701 2012. Michael, P. (ed.). The Master Weed Wackers Maual. A compilatio of the most commo weeds foud o Port Macquarie Ladcare sites.. Port Macquarie Ladcare Group, Ic., Port Macquarie, NSW [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] "Yucca aloifolia is the sigle exceptio to the lack of evidece for polliators other tha the moths. Itroduced as a garde plat i Europe o later tha 1596, i Australia b 1885, ad i Melaesia b 1880, it has bee reported o several occasios to set fruit i locatios outside North America eve though there ever have bee a coicidet moth reports." [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Yucca aloifolia is the sigle exceptio to the lack of evidece for polliators other tha the moths. Itroduced as a garde plat i Europe o later tha 1596, i Australia b 1885, ad i Melaesia b 1880, it has bee reported o several occasios to set fruit i locatios outside North America eve though there ever have bee a coicidet moth reports." [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Propagatio is b divisio of the suckers or b cuttigs of a size at a seaso. Occasioall plats are grow from seed." [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Additioall, we have observed seed set i Y. aloifolia i souther Africa, although this is ol occasioal." [Hbridizes aturall? Possibl] "The ecological facts stated, however, are cosistet with the morphological suggestio that Y. gloriosa ma be a hbrid betwee Y. aloifolia ad Y. filametosa," [Hbridizes aturall? Possibl Yes] "The data preseted here provide strog support for the hbrid origi of Y. gloriosa as the result of polle dispersal from Y. filametosa to the materal paret, Y. aloifolia. Yucca gloriosa appears to be a later geeratio hbrid that is reproductivel isolated from its parets, likel due to differeces i flowerig pheolog." [Self-compatible or apomictic? Yes] "Self-compatibilit has bee demostrated i Mafreda ad Poliathes (Verhoek-Williams 1975), i Yucca (Dodd ad Lihart 1994; Richter ad Weis 1995)," [Self-compatible or apomictic? Yes] "Although the well-kow ucca ucca moth polliatio sdrome is oe of the most ofte-cited examples of co evolutioar mutualism, albeit ofte over-simplisticall (Baker 1986; Pellmr 2003), Y. aloifolia has log bee recogized as exceptioal i this regard (Trelease 1902), with selfcompatibilit ad erratic fruit formatio observed i the absece of a specific moth (Lepidoptera, Prodoxidae) polliator i regios as widespread as Australia, Melaesia, Europe, ad the Middle East (Pellmr 2003)." [Requires specialist polliators? No. But seed set ma be limited without moth polliatio] "Yucca aloifolia of the southeaster U.S. is polliated b bees." [Requires specialist polliators? No] "The aberrat Y. aloifolia L. occurs i the orther Caribbea ad alog the U.S. Mexica Gulf ad souther Atlatic coasts; it reproduces vegetativel but is ot kow to have a ative polliator." [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Yes] "It is also possible that Y aloifolia is uder limited selectio for maitaiig sexual reproductio, as it reproduces ver vigorousl b vegetative propagatio. This happes both through rapid cloal extesio ad establishmet b broke off plat part " [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Yes] "The spread of Y. aloifolia i souther Africa ad other uccas for that matter is almost ivariabl through vegetative meas. Y. aloifolia is particularl capable of rapid cloal extesio ad establishmet b sapped-off plat parts " [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 4+] "10-20 ears To maturit" [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall? Yes] "Dispersal: Spread b humas as a horticultural plat. Seed that drops ear the plat ca form ew idividuals eablig the patch to spread, but seed ad plat parts such as stem segmets ad rosettes ca be spread through the dumpig of garde waste ad as a cotamiat of soil etc." Prit Date: 11/15/2013 Yucca aloifolia (Asparagaceae) Page 7 of 9
702 2007. Gilma, E.F.. Yucca aloifolia: Spaish Baoet. Revised. FPS-614. Uiversit of Florida IFAS Extesio, Gaiesville, FL http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/fp/fp61400.pdf 702 2010. Chambers, D./Holtum, J.A.M.. Feasibilit of Agave as a Feedstock for Biofuel Productio i Australia. RIRDC Publicatio No. 10/104. Rural Idustries Research ad Developmet Corporatio, Barto, Australia 703 2000. Groma, J.D./Pellmr, O.. Rapid evolutio ad specializatio followig host coloizatio i a ucca moth. Joural of Evolutioar Biolog. 13(2): 223-236. 704 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 705 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 706 1895. Webber, H.J.. Studies o the Dissemiatio ad Leaf Reflexio of Yucca aloifolia ad Other Species. Missouri Botaical Garde Aual Report. 1895: 91-112. 706 1902. Trelease, W.. The Yucceae. Missouri Botaical Garde Aual Report. 1902: 27-133. 706 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 707 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 708 1895. Webber, H.J.. Studies o the Dissemiatio ad Leaf Reflexio of Yucca aloifolia ad Other Species. Missouri Botaical Garde Aual Report. 1895: 91-112. 801 2000. Groma, J.D./Pellmr, O.. Rapid evolutio ad specializatio followig host coloizatio i a ucca moth. Joural of Evolutioar Biolog. 13(2): 223-236. 801 2012. Smith, G.F./Figueiredo, E./Crouch, N.R.. A 802 2008. Roal Botaic Gardes Kew. Seed Iformatio Database (SID). Versio 7.1. http://data.kew.org/sid/ [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Spaish baoet makes a woderful accet at etrwas or i a shrub border. Their strikig texture adds a accet to a garde. Plats evetuall form attractive, multi stemmed clumps." [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Agavaceae from Cetral America, icludig Agave americaa, Furcraea foetida, Yucca aloifolia, Y. filametosa ad Y. gloriosa, were cultivated horticulturall i NSW ad SA as earl as 1843 (Swiboure 1982) ad i Queeslad b 1864 (Ao. 1908a)." [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] "Vigorous reproductio occurs via rhizomes, whereas sexual reproductio i the Uited States is severel limited due to the absece of a ative polliatig ucca moth." [Limited seed set ad lack of cultivatio with other commercial plat products makes cotamiatio ulikel] [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "Fruits large, pedet, baccate to somewhat ovate, purple, turig black, wood to chartaceous whe dr. Seeds black, roud to ovate, 5 7 mm i diameter." [Propagules water dispersed? No] "Fruits large, pedet, baccate to somewhat ovate, purple, turig black, wood to chartaceous whe dr. Seeds black, roud to ovate, 5 7 mm i diameter." [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Exteded observatios through three seasos have full cofirmed the fact that the mockig bird ( Mimus polglottus) is a ver importat factor i aloifolia dissemiatio, especiall i what ma be termed log distace dissemiatio. The mockig bird is ver abudat throughout the rage of aloifolia ad ma be the ol aimal dissemiator of this species. At least I have ot bee able to observe a other bird or aimal eatig its fruits. It is ot improbable that the fruit of aloifolia has become especiall adapted for dissemiatio b the mockig bird or some small bird of similar habits."... "Ma seeds are also scattered b beig twitched to some distace b the bird, i freeig its bill from the adherig pulp ad seeds." [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "As a rule, the fruits of the baccate species of Yucca ad of Samuela are promptl eate b birds, rats, etc., but domesticated aimals are said to like them, ad, beig quite sugar, the are ejoed b the Idia ad Mexica childre, who commol call them figs or dates." [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Fruits large, pedet, baccate to somewhat ovate, purple, turig black, wood to chartaceous whe dr. Seeds black, roud to ovate, 5 7 mm i diameter." [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No]"Fruits large, pedet, baccate to somewhat ovate, purple, turig black, wood to chartaceous whe dr. Seeds black, roud to ovate, 5 7 mm i diameter." [Adapted for cosumptio ad iteral dispersal b birds ad other frugivores] [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "The fruit of aloifolia, which is flesh throughout ad persistet, is pricipall dissemiated b the mockig bird. This is accomplished b the bird swallowig the seeds while eatig the pulp. The seeds remai uijured ad are evacuated i good coditio for germiatio." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "Vigorous reproductio occurs via rhizomes, whereas sexual reproductio i the Uited States is severel limited due to the absece of a ative polliatig ucca moth." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Not i South Africa] "The reasos for low seed set with fruitig ad o fruitig ifloresceces withi populatios ad eve idividual plats ad the coverse potetial for higher sexual productivit, require further stud, give the possibilit of itrapopulatioal variatio i visitor guilds, ad autogam or geitoogam (Pellmr 2003)." [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow. Several Yucca species have orthodox seeds] 802 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow] Limited seed productio ma preclude establishmet of a persistet seed bak Prit Date: 11/15/2013 Yucca aloifolia (Asparagaceae) Page 8 of 9
803 2011. Youg, S.L./Mues, N.L. /. Maagig Soapweed Yucca. G2086. Uiversit of Nebraska Licol Extesio, Licol, NE iarpubs.ul.edu/live/g2086/build/g2086.pdf 803 2012. Michael, P. (ed.). The Master Weed Wackers Maual. A compilatio of the most commo weeds foud o Port Macquarie Ladcare sites.. Port Macquarie Ladcare Group, Ic., Port Macquarie, NSW 803 2013. Lewis, M.. How to Kill a Yucca aloifolia. http://homeguides.sfgate.com/kill-ucca-aloifolia- 63970.html [Accessed 14 Nov 2013] 804 2003. Pellmr, O.. Yuccas, Yucca Moths, ad Coevolutio: A Review. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 90(1): 35-55. 804 2009. Kubiak, P.J.. Fire resposes of bushlad plats after the Jauar 1994 wildfires i orther Sde. Cuighamia. 11(1): 131-165. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Probabl Yes. Herbicides effective o other Yucca species] "Effective cotrol of ucca with herbicides is highl depedet o timig ad placemet. A directed spra usig Remed ad diesel fuel or vegetable oil is effective for cotrollig ucca. B mixig Remed (15 percet) with diesel fuel or vegetable oil (85 percet), a applicatio to the ceter of the whorl with a sigle spra ozzle (5500 X1) will allow the herbicide to be absorbed directl ito the meristematic tissue for complete uptake. It is importat to add the herbicide to the spra tak first ad the add eough oil to get the total volume desired. I additio, the duratio of applicatio to the whorl must be for at least two secods. Use a timer or slowl cout (e.g., 21, 22 ) to esure a two-secod applicatio." "Broadcast applicatios of herbicides, such as Roudup Ultra, Reward, ad Roudup Ultra or Reward plus All had varig rates of cotrol at eight weeks after treatmet. Cotrol of ucca was 48 percet with 6 quarts of Roudup Ultra, which was greater tha for Reward (Table II). Addig All improved cotrol; however, it was still less tha 70 percet regardless of timig." [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Yes] "CHEMICAL: Use cut-paste or drill/chisel ad iject with udiluted glphosate (eg RoudUp Biactive)." [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Possibl. Cut stems ma require retreatmet] "Pait a high-cocetrate, read-to use glphosate o the cut truks withi five miutes of cuttig. This works best i the sprig whe uccas are activel growig. If our Spaish baoet resprouts, cut it agai ad repait the glphosate o the cut eds. If ou prefer ot to use a herbicide, proceed to the ext step." [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "...i coastal North Carolia, local residets dissemiate the plat b cuttig stems i 10-cm pieces that are tossed o the groud i disturbed sad sites (J. Groma, pers. comm.)." [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes. Resprouts after fires] "Appedix 1. Observatios o fire resposes (after 100% leaf scorch) of vascular plats i the Lae Cove River (LCR) (observatios mail Ja 1994 Oct 1999) ad Narrabee Lagoo (NL) (Mar Oct 1994) catchmets, followig the fires of Jauar 1994." [Yucca aloifolia - R = majorit of adult plats resprouted after the fires] 804 2013. Brow, S.H.. Yucca aloifolia. Uiversit of Florida, IFAS Extesio, Fort Mers, FL [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "Clumps about 15 ears of age or older ma bloom reluctatl or ot at all. If this happes, cut them http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/hort/gardepubsaz/spaish back to about 3 feet or shorter to reivigorate them. The ca also be cut back to _baoet.pdf the groud without killig them." 805 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 11/15/2013 Yucca aloifolia (Asparagaceae) Page 9 of 9
Summar of Risk Traits High Risk / Udesirable Traits Broad climate suitabilit, icludig tropical climates Naturalized i South Africa, Australia ad elsewhere A weed plat with potetiall egative evirometal impacts Other ucca species have become ivasive leaf margis saw-toothlike (sharpl deticulate to serrulate); leaf tips ver sharp Spi leaves make plats upalatable to aimals Possible toxis ad allerges to aimals ad people Shade tolerat Tolerates ma soil tpes Ca from dese thickets Self-compatible, although seed productio ma be limited without crosspolliatio Spreads vegetativel Flesh-fruited, ad seeds, whe produced, dispersed b birds ad other frugivorous aimals Ca resprout if ol abovegroud vegetative material is removed Low Risk Traits Limited seed productio outside ative rage Used as a barrier plat Log time to reproductive maturit Limited seed productio makes log distace ad iadvertet dispersal ulikel Herbicides ma provide effective cotrol