Effects of Exotic Insect Pests on IPM Programs in California Table Grapes David Haviland University of California Cooperative Extension Kern County, California, USA
Southern San Joaquin Valley Fresno, Kern, Tulare, and Kings Counties Size 300 x 150 km. Production area of 1.7 million hectares Value of agriculture $18 billion Most valuable products Milk Grapes Almonds Pistachios Citrus $3.0b 132,116ha $2.1b 132,060ha $1.4b 44,899ha $1.0b 82,756ha $1.2b
An international state Population of California ~40,000,000 12.8% Asian 25.0% Mexican 11.7% Non-Mexican Latinos = 20,000,000 people (50%) Airports of LAX and SFO 100,000,000 passengers/year (landings and takeoffs) 10,000,000 international passegeners pass customs Ports of Long Beach, Los Angeles, Oakland 10,000,000 containers/year (27,000/day)
Exotic Pests in California Six new pests per year in California Others arrive but do not establish Behave differently than in their native land For the better or for the worse Arrive without their natural enemies Affect yield and quality of fruit Affect quarantines and export industries
New Pests of California Table Grapes Vine mealybug- Planococcus ficus Glassy-winged sharpshooter- Homalodisca vitripennis European Grapevine Moth- Lobesia botrana Spotted Wing Drosophila- Drosophila suzukii Black widow spiders- Latrodectus sp.
Vine Mealybug- Vine Mealybug- Planococcus ficus Planococcus ficus
Pseudococcus y Planococcus grape mealybug vine mealybug Pseudococcus viburni and maritimus: Long tails 2-3 generations per year Synchronized stages Feed in hidden places Medium amount of honeydew Planococcus ficus: Short lateral filaments Short tails 5-7 generations per year Stages not synchronized Overwinters on roots Excessive honeydew Feeds on whole plant Loves to be in the cluster
Parasitoids of P. citri Parasitoids introduced found in para P. ficus California Anagyrus pseudococci Anagyrus fusciventris Anagyrus kivuensis Chrysoplatycerus splendens Coccidoxenoides peregrinus Leptomastidea abnormis Leptomastix dactylopii Pseudaphycus sp. Zarhopalus inquisitor A. pseudococci C. peregrinus L. abnormis L. dactylopii
Biological Control of Parasitoids Anagyrus pseudocci Releases made in 1940s for Planococcus citri Attacks 2 nd, 3 rd instar and adult Commercially available for releases Leptomastidea abnormis Released beginning in 2000 Attacks 1 st to 3 rd instars
Problems with parasitoids Mealybug overwinters below the ground Mealybugs hide under the bark Disrupted by ants Parasitoid A. pseudococci not active until May Unable to maintain mealybugs a the economic threshold for table grapes Oviposition date 15 Mar ` Outdoors (ambient air temperature) Indoors (insectary) 28 Feb 23 Jan 19 Dec 15 Nov 18 Oct Oct 01 Nov Dec Jan 02 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Anagyrus pseudococci oviposition and adult emergence dates Photo and chart courtesy K. Daane
Insecticides for P. ficus Lorsban (chlorpyrifos) Prior to budbreak Applaud (buprofezin) Specialist on 1 st instar nymphs Movento (spirotetramat) Applied to foliage, then systemic No effects on parasitoids or predators Neonicotinoids Admire (imidacloprid), Belay (clothianidin), Venom (dinotefuran) Minimal impacts on biocontrol (soil applied) Lannate (methomyl) No longer available
Insecticides for P. ficus 105000 90000 Acres treated 75000 60000 45000 30000 15000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Chlorpyrifos Methomyl Buprofezin Imidacloprid Acetamiprid Clothianadin Dinotefuran Spirotetramat 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Glassy-winged sharpshooter
Integrated Management Arrived in the late 90s Feeds on more than 100 genera of plants Diet requires more than one species Excellent flier, vectors the bacteria Xylella fastidiosa Likes tasting and moving on Requires regional management with insecticides Managed in citrus in the winter Prevents movement to grapes Management of inoculum is also important Identify and remove diseased vines Biological control used primarily in urban environments
X. fastidiosa is transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on the xylem Bacteria reproduces in the plant Pierce s Disease bacteria Xylella fastidiosa Tracheids S i l e m a Vessel Elements Xylem function: transport water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant The bacteria reproduces and blocks the transport of water
Biological Control Parasitoids Southeast USA, Mexico, and South America Problems All are egg parasitoids Sharpshooter overwinters as adult 1 st generation parasitism very poor 1 st generation moves to grapes 2 nd generation parasitism excellent Disease is already transmitted Valuable in urban settings G. ashmeadi (female) G. ashmeadi (male) G. morrilli (female) G. morrilli (male)
Pesticides in table grape for mealybugs and sharpshooters 120,000 100,000 80,000 Movento Lannate Neonics Applaud Lorsban 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Acres treated 2008 2009 2010 2011 Kern Co. Table and Raisin Grapes
0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 Rate of neonicotinoids Pounds of active ingredient per treated acre Pounds of a.i. per treated acre 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Kern Co. Table and Raisin Grapes
Rate of neonicotinoids Pounds of active ingredient per treated acre 0.50 0.45 Macimum per acre per year for imidacloprid Imidacloprid becomes generic Vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus) 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Pounds of a.i. per treated acre 2010 2011 Leafhoppers and mealybugs (Pseudococcus sp.) Glassy-winged sharpshooter Kern Co. Table and Raisin Grapes
Spotted Wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii Native to SE Asia First recognized in CA in 2009 Found in the Central Valley in 2010 Overwinters in damaged citrus Major pest of spring-harvested cherries Has been shown to reproduce on table grapes in laboratories Has been shown to be a pest of winegrapes in several places in the world Never once has it been found infesting a table grape in California Likely due to climatic conditions male
D. suzukii per trap per week D. suzukii per trap per week D. suzukii per trap per week 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 80 1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 8 6 4 2 2010 Citrus 2010 Cherry 2010 Blueberry 2011 Citrus 2011 Cherry 2011 Blueberry 2012 Citrus 2012 Cherry 2012 Blueberry Kern 0 1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 Julian date Grape harvest County phenology Overwinters in citrus Moves to cherries in the spring Catches approach zero in early July Flies return in mid- October Pesticides never needed because flies never found in fruit
Black Widow Spiders Latrodectus sp. Common spider in California Common in vineyards Considered a beneficial organism Extremely rare to find it in a cluster But CA grapes have excellent reputation throughout the world Even 1 black widow making it to market becomes front page news May lead to export quarantines Growers forced to have zero tolerance policy
IPM for Black Widow Spiders Proper identification Only treat for black widows Monitoring programs Biology documented Spray at night Direct nozzles at trunk, cordons Hand work on clusters Use economic thresholds Treat only if spider is present Zero tolerance Use the least disruptive, effective product (= pyrethroids)
Acres Treated with Pyrethroids (Table Grapes, Kern Co.) 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Acres treated 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Acres Treated with Pyrethroids (Table Grapes, Kern Co.) 25,000 2001-2005 ~5% of ac. treated 2008-2011 ~50% of ac. treated 20,000 Acres treated 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Black Widow Spiders Fenpropathrin for thrips - Dimethoate label lost Miscellaneous Pests
Worm pests Western grapeleaf skeletonizer Harrisina brilllians defoliator control by granulosis virus Grape leaffolder Desmia funeralis defoliator controlled by parasitoids Ominvorous leafroller Platynota stultana 3 rd and 4 th gen. in cluster parasitoids mostly effective supplemented by Bt, Cryolite, IGRs, Diamides
European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana Found in 2008 in north coast winegrapes Positively identified in 2009 In 2010, major infestations in two counties, small infestations in 8 other counties Statewide eradication initiated Only 1 infestation in a region where table grapes grown
Region County 2010 2011* North Coast Central Valley Central Coast Males captured Napa 100,831 110 Sonoma 59 9 Solano 11 0 Mendocino 36 0 Fresno 11 0 Merced 4 0 San Joaquin 2 0 Monterey 1 0 Santa Cruz 1 1 Santa Clara 3 19 Sierra Nevada 0 4 Total 100,959 143 Achievements in 2011 Maintenance fo 58,782 traps Reduction of 99.9986% Of the 49 counties that produce grapes 2 with >10 captures 44 with 0 captures No captures in areas with table grapes * Through 26 August, 2011
Region County 2010 2011* North Coast Central Valley Central Coast Males captured Napa 100,831 110 Sonoma 59 9 Solano 11 0 Mendocino 36 0 Fresno 11 0 Merced 4 0 San Joaquin 2 0 Monterey 1 0 Santa Cruz 1 1 Santa Clara 3 19 Sierra Nevada 0 4 Total 100,959 143 Achievements in 2011 Maintenance fo 58,782 traps Reduction of 99.9986% Of the 49 counties that produce grapes 2 with >10 captures 44 with 0 captures No captures in areas with table grapes * Through 26 August, 2011
2011 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Insecticides for worms (Napa County) Mating Disruption EGVM Bt Spinosyn Avaunt Intrepid Diamide 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Pounds a.i. applied (Napa Co.)
Insecticides for worms (Napa County) Pounds a.i. applied (Napa Co.) 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Mating Disruption EGVM Bt Spinosyn Avaunt Intrepid Diamide 17,414 Grape acreage 7,135 Acres treated in 2006 70,657 Acres treated in 2009 Nearly all products safe for biocontrol 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 250,000 225,000 200,000 175,000 150,000 125,000 100,000 75,000 50,000 All Pesticides Combined (Table Grapes, Kern Co.) Acres Treated Pounds Applied 4 Apps/Season Acres treated or pounds applied
Summary - Rate of new pests increasing - Establishment of new pests usually means a significant short-term increase in insecticides - Single applications of most modern insecticides have minimal impact on biological control - Cumulative pesticide use against all pests has been on a steady upward trend - Biocontrol as part of IPM is still important, but being increasingly challenged each year
Depends on climate Starfish scar Flower thrips Nymphs feed under the calyptra Bloom to fruit set Influenced by the persistence of the calyptras, bloom period, grape variety and color Gibberilic acid makes it worse Halo scar Adults insert ovipositor Whitening occurs Increased fruit rot Especially Red Globe
Insecticides for thrips (Table grape, Kern Co.) 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 Table grape acres treated 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Est. Misc OP Methomyl Dimethoate Chlorpyrifos Spinosad Spinetoram
Insecticides for thrips (Table grape, Kern Co.) 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Table grape acres treated Avg 1 treatment/year Mostly spinosyns Toxic to parasitoids, but residual is short Est. Misc OP Methomyl Dimethoate Chlorpyrifos Spinosad Spinetoram
Pacific or twospotted spider mite Overwintering female Pacific or twospotted spider mite Being eaten by a western predatory mite Western predatory mite Willamette mite
Sixxpotted thrips Scolothrips sexmaculatus Yellow, cylindrical larvae Adults with 6 spots Both are predacious on mites Arrival is unpredictable, often not until many mites Extremely effective when it shows up Western Predatory Mite Galendromus occidentalis Teardropped shape Dependable predator predator Life cycle in 1 week Commercially available
Acaricide use (Table grapes, Kern Co.) 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Fenbutatin-Oxide Propargite Dicofol Pyridaben Avermectin Bifenazate Etoxazole Fenpyroximate Hexythiazox Spirodiclofen
Acaricide use (Table grapes, Kern Co.) 20000 15000 10000 5000 Average of 0.5 applications per season Nearly 100% of the products are safe to predatory insects Moderate to severe effects to predatory mites 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Fenbutatin-Oxide Propargite Dicofol Pyridaben Avermectin Bifenazate Etoxazole Fenpyroximate Hexythiazox Spirodiclofen