Boraginaceae Anacardiaceae Solanaceae Brassicaceae Today 4 families
*Remember!* Key characteristics marked with a yellow asterisk!!
Boraginaceae (borage/waterleaf family) Overview World: 120 genera, 2,300 spp. CA: 31 genera, 266 spp. Currently Boraginaceae* Used to be Boraginaceae (borage family) Hydrophyllaceae (waterleaf family) Now combined into 1 family * *Recent genentic studies support a split into 11 families this is underway
Boraginaceae (borage/waterleaf family) Habit Herbs and shrubs* Gen bristly to hairy*
Boraginaceae (borage/waterleaf family) Representative genera Amsinckia (fiddleneck)* Borago (borage)* Cryptantha (cryptantha)* Plagiobothrys (popcorn flower)* Echium (echium) Eriodictyon (yerba santa)* Heliotropium (heliotrope)* Phacelia (phacelia)* Pholistoma (fiesta flower)* Formerly in Hydrophyllaceae
Boraginaceae (borage/waterleaf family) Leaves Simple or compound Gen alternate Cauline or basal rosette
Flowers Bisexual, gen radial INFL variable, but often coiled ( scorpioid )* Calyx Sepals gen 5 (4, 10), gen fused base Androecium Stamens 5, epipetalous Boraginaceae (borage/waterleaf family) Corolla Gen 5 lobed (4, 10) Salverform, rotate, to bell or funnel-shaped Appendages 0-5 at top* Gynoecium Ovary superior, entire to 4-lobed Style 1(2), entire or 2-lobed/branched
Boraginaceae (borage/waterleaf family) Fruit 1-4 nutlets
Some species we might see Pholistoma auritum var auritum blue fiesta flower
Some species we might see Amsinckia intermedia (A. menziesii var intermedia) common fiddleneck
Some species we might see Cryptantha clevlandii
Some species we might see Plagiobothrys nothofulvus (rusty) popcorn flower
Some species we might see Phacelia cicutaria caterpillar phacelia
Some species we might see Phacelia grandiflora giant-flowered phacelia
Some species we might see Eriodictyon crassifolium thickleaf yerba santa
Boraginaceae (borage/waterleaf family) Overview World: 120 genera, 2,300 spp. CA: 31 genera, 266 spp. Currently Boraginaceae* Used to be Boraginaceae (borage family) Hydrophyllaceae (waterleaf family) Now combined into 1 family* *Recent genentic studies support a split into 11 families this is underway
Anacardiaceae (sumac/cashew family) Overview World: > 70 genera, 850 spp. CA: 6 genera, 10 spp. Rhus ovata Malosma laurina
Habit Shrub or tree Rhus ovata Malosma laurina
Anacardiaceae (sumac/cashew family) Representative genera Malosma laurina (laurel sumac)* Rhus* Toxicodendron (poison oak/ivy)* Anacardium (cashew) Schinus ( pepper trees) Pistacia (pistachio) Mangifera (mango)
Anacardiaceae (sumac/cashew family) Leaves Simple, ternate, or odd pinnate compound* Alternate Evergreen or deciduous Many w/ urushiol* (causes contact dermatitis) Toxicodendron diversilobum Urushiol
Flowers WOW! Variable sex!* WTH!? (see next slide) Radial INFL raceme or panicle Calyx Sepals gen 5, gen fused at base Corolla Petals gen 5, free Rhus ovata Androecium Stamens 4-7 (10) Vestigial stamens occ in pistillate flowers* Gynoecium Pistil 1-chambered, w/ 1 ovule Ovary subtended by disk-like nectary Ovary superior Vestigial ovary occ in staminate flowers* Rhus integrifolia
Anacardiaceae (sumac/cashew family) Floral sexual characteristics of CA genera (TJM2 170-171) Malosma: fls bisexual or unisexual Rhus: dioecious; or with fls bisexual and pistillate Toxicodendron: gen dioecious; stamens vestigial in pistillate fls Schinus: dioecious; stamens vestigial in pistillate fls Searsia: gen monoecious Pistacia: dioecious; stamens vestigial in pistillate fls, pistils gen 0 in staminate flowers OK, you do not need to memorize the kinky details of this family just know that sex is highly variable among the genera. From a field ID standpoint leaf characteristics are very (more?) useful! Rhus integrifolia lemonade berry
Fruit Drupe-like Gen flat Sticky or not Anacardium occidentale Rhus aromatica Rhus integrifolia Mangifera sp. Rhus ovata
Some species we might see Rhus integrifolia lemonade berry
Some species we might see Malosma laurina laurel sumac
Some species we might see Rhus ovata sugar bush
Malosma laurina, Rhus ovata, Rhus integrifolia
Some species we might see Rhus aromatica (formerly R. trilobata) skunkbush
Some species we might see Toxicodendron diversilobum poison oak
Wouldn t it be cool to see Anacardium occidentale cashew (native to Brasil, grown in tropics wwide)
Wouldn t it be cool to see Pistacia vera pistachio (native to Central Asia and Middle East)
Anacardiaceae (sumac/cashew family) Overview World: > 70 genera, 850 spp. CA: 6 genera, 10 spp. Rhus ovata Malosma laurina
Solanaceae (potato/nightshade family) Overview World: 75 genera, 3000 spp. CA: 10 genera, 60 spp. Habit herb, shrub, tree
Solanaceae (potato/nightshade family) Representative genera Solanum (nightshade, tomato, potato, eggplant)* Nicotiana (tobacco)* Capsicum ( chili, sweet, or bell peppers, or simply capsicum )* Datura (Jimson weed, devil s trumpet / angel trumpet)* Brugmansia (angel s trumpet)
Solanaceae (potato/nightshade family) Leaves Gen simple and alternate Entire to deeply lobed Often highly TOXIC (many 2 metabolites in Solanaceae)*
Flowers Bisexual ± radial* INFL various Calyx Gen 5-lobed Corolla Gen 5-lobed, gen radial* Cylindric to rotate* Androecium Stamens 5, epipetalous and alternate lobes* Connivent (i.e., joined & touching, but not connate/fused)* Form tube around style, or appear to * Gynoecium Pistil 1; gen 2 chambered Ovary superior, hypogenous nectary disk present Style 1, stigma 1-2, can be papillate
Solanaceae (potato/nightshade family) Fruit Berry or capsule (e.g., tobacco)*
Some species we might see Solanum douglasii white nightshade
Some species we might see Solanum xanti purple nightshade
Some species we might see Solanum umbelliferum Blue witch nightshade
Some species we might see Nicotiana glauca tree tobacco introduced - invasive
Some species we might see Nicotiana attenuata coyote tobacco
Some species we might see Datura wrightii jimson weed, Tolguacha, sacred thornapple
Solanaceae important cultural and economic uses I. Food* Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Eggplant (S. melongena) Tomato (S. lycopersicum) Chili, sweet, & bell peppers (Capsicum spp.) Tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica) II. Ornamental plants* Petunia (Petunia spp.) Angel s trumpet (Brugmansia 7 spp.)
Solanaceae important cultural and economic uses III. Secondary metabolites used as narcotics, cosmetics, and medicines Most are alkaloids (which end in ine ) IIIa. Narcotics* Nicotine - Tobacco (Nicotiana spp., esp. N. tabacum) Hyoscyamine, atropine, scolopine (and others) - Hallucinogens (Datura spp., Brugmansia spp.)
IIIb. Cosmetics Atropine - (Atropa belladonna, deadly nightshade) Applied to eyes, causes dilation of pupils Atropa belladonna Cleopatra
Solanaceae important cultural and economic uses III. Secondary metabolites used as narcotics and medicines..cont IIIc. Medicinal uses* (there are MANY here are a very few ) Atropine opthalmology, resuscitation (can increase heart rate), inhibit glandular activity (sweating, salivation, mucous secretion) thus useful in averting death rattle in critical emergencies, and controlling SLUDGE syndrome due to poisonings etc. Hyoscyamine treatment of GI disorders (e.g., peptic ulcers, IBS, diverticulitis, colic) Scopolamine control of motion sickness, nausea, vomiting
Solanaceae important cultural and economic uses VIDEOS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u12szaymp54
Solanaceae (potato/nightshade family) Overview World: 75 genera, 3000 spp. CA: 10 genera, 60 spp. Habit herb, shrub, tree
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae; mustard family) Overview World: 300 genera, 3000 spp. CA: 53 genera, 227 spp.
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae; mustard family) Representative genera Brassica (mustard)* Raphanus (radish, charlock)* Alyssum Thysanocarpus (lace pod) lots.! Brassica nigra Raphanus sativus
Brassicaceae (mustard family) Habit Gen herbaceous or annual (or shrub, according to TJM2!) Pungent sap
Brassicaceae (mustard family) Leaves Simple, alternate Basal and cauline Estipulate Raphanus raphanistrum
Flowers Bisexual Gen radial Calyx Sepals 4, free* Corolla Petals 4(0), forming a cross (hence, Cruciferae)* Androecium Stamens 6 (2,4) * If 6, gen 4 long + 2 short (occ 3 pairs uneven length)* Cardamine californica Gynoecium Pistil 1, syncarpous from 2 carpels Stigma lobes 1 or 2 Ovary superior with 2 chambers (locules), with septum dividing*
Fruit Capsules: Silicle or silique* Silicles are short (lenth < 3x width) Siliques are long (length 3X width)
Turritis (Arabis) glabra Tower mustard, tower rockcress
Brassica nigra black mustard Introduced - invasive
Brassica nigra black mustard Sinapis (Brassica) alba white mustard Brassica juncea Chinese, brown, or Indian mustard
Raphanus sativus wild radish Introduced-invasive
Raphanus sativus wild Raphanus raphanistrum wild Raphanus sativus many cultivated varieties
Raphanus raphanistrum wild radish introduced invasive?
Erysimum capitatum Wallflower, western wallflower
Erysimum ammophilum coast wallflower rare/endagered
Cardamine californica Milkmaids, bitter-cress
Thysanocarpus laciniatus Lace pod, narrow-leaved lace pod Thysanocarpus curvipes Hairy lace pod
Capsella bursa-pastoris shepherd s purse Introduced
Brassica oleracea
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae; mustard family)
Gestalt 1. something that is made of many parts and yet is somehow more/different from the combination of its parts 2. the general quality or character of something
Gestalt 1. something that is made of many parts and yet is somehow more/different from the combination of its parts 2. the general quality or character of something