Status of Solanaceous vegetables in India and possible impact of Tuta absoluta Durairaj Chinnasamy and K.R.M. Bhanu 1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India 1 Bio-Control Research Laboratories, Pest Control (India) Pvt. Lt.d, Bangalore, India
Major solanaceous vegetables Tomato Brinjal (Egg plant) Chillies (Capsicum / Pepper) Potato
Tomato Origin Peruvian & Mexican region Major producing states Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Andra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh & Tamil Nadu Scenario of major tomato producing states in India 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 State Production Production Production Andhra Pradesh 296.3 5926.2 300.76 6015.10 309.78 6195.56 Karnataka 51.2 1756.7 56.60 1986.50 59.10 2069.70 Orrisa 96.6 1367.2 96.72 1378.39 96.55 1382.78 Maharashtra 52.0 738.0 48.00 1007.00 50.00 1100.00 Gujarat 38.8 978.4 55.23 1092.48 56.00 1092.48 Tamil Nadu 19.9 580.6 56.60 605.44 59.10 726.52 India 865.0 16826.0 907.05 18653.30 933.25 19377.44 (Indian Horticultural Database, 2011, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India)
Brinjal (Egg Plant) Origin India (Asia) Major producing states Orissa, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra & Uttar Pradesh Scenario of major brinjal producing states in India 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 State Production Production Production West Bengal 155.3 2758.6 156.8 2797.3 158.4 2870.6 Orissa 130.0 1965.2 132.4 2135.2 133.2 2204.8 Andhra Pradesh 26.6 531.3 24.3 485.0 75.1 1502.4 Gujarat 62.6 1046.3 65.8 1143.6 72.0 1236.3 Bihar 55.1 1186.1 55.3 1198.6 55.7 1215.6 India 600.0 10378.0 612.0 10563.0 680.0 11896.0 (Indian Horticultural Database, 2011)
Potato Origin South America Major Producing States Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh States Scenario of major potato producing states in India 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Production Producti0n Production Bihar - 5784.3 315.17 6101.69 315.40 6308.00 Gujarat - 1881.81 80.70 2395.54 80.70 2395.54 Madhya Pradesh 62.0 743 87.98 1816.68 96.77 1998.35 Punjab 83.6 2088.36 84.11 2103.97 85.14 2129.79 Uttar Pradesh 556.6 13576.57 567.66 14125.08 579.02 14695.72 West Bengal 406.3 13391.24 376.75 9693.33 376.75 9693.33 India 1863.0 42339.0 1906.97 41482.8 1930.91 42478.7 (Indian Horticultural Database, 2011, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India)
Chillies (Capsicum / Pepper) Origin USA Major producing states Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Punjab, Uttarkhand Scenario of major potato producing states in India 2011-12 2012-13 States Production Production Himachal Pradesh 2.26 35.90 2.26 35.90 Jammu and Kashmir 1.05 23.16 1.05 23.16 Karnataka 2.90 43.60 3.10 45.80 Punjab 0.29 4.38 0.30 4.44 Uttarakhand 2.40 13.48 2.40 13.48 India 9.63 127.48 9.91 130.71 (Indian Horticultural Database, 2011, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India)
Production share of major vegetables in India (Indian Horticultural Database, 2011)
Major insect threats of Tomato S. No. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order 1. Fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera 2. Serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Agromyzidae Diptera 3. Thrips Thrips tabaci Thripidae Thysanoptera 4. Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Aleyurodidae Hemiptera 5. Leaf eating caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera 6. Red spider mite Tetranychus urticae Tetranychidae Acarina
Major insect threats of Brinjal S. No. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order 1 Shoot and fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis Pyralidae Lepidoptera 2 Stem borer Euzophera perticella Pyralidae Lepidoptera 3 Hadda / spotted beetle H. vigintioctopunctata Coccinellidae Coleoptera 4 Ash weevils Myllocerus sp. Curculionidae Coleoptera 5 Brown leaf hopper Cestius phycitis Cicadellidae Hemiptera 6 Lace wing bug Urentius hystricellus Tingidae Hemiptera
Major insect threats of Potato S. No. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order 1 Black cut worm Agrotis ipsilon Noctuidae Lepidoptera 2 Potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Gelechiidae Lepidoptera 3 White grubs Holotrichia sp. Melolonthidae Coleoptera 4 Tobacco Caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera 5 Green Leaf Hopper Empoasca kerri Cicadellidae Hemiptera 6 Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Aphididae Hemiptera 7 Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Aleyurodidae Hemiptera
Major insect threats of chillies S. No. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order 1. Chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Thripidae Thysanoptera 2. Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Aphididae Hemiptera 3. Tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera 4. Gram caterpillar Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera 5. Yellow mite or muranai mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus Tarsonemidae Acarina
Earlier history of invasive pests in vegetables Serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii An introduced pest (1991) from USA Polyphagous species with wide host range Damage- Larval mining on leaves and ovipositional injury by adults Host range: 55-79 species (Viraktamath et al., 1993; Srinivasan et al., 1995)
Tomato Major solanceous host crops Brinjal
Management options Soil application of neem cake @ 250 kg/ha Use yellow sticky traps Spraying of neem formulations Conservation of natural enemies Need based application of safer insecticides
Non chemical management methods Yellow sticky traps in tomato
Yellow stick traps in brinjal Contd.,
Adult flies attracted to yellow stick traps Contd.,
Parasitoids of L. trifolii Contd.,
Crop loss of insect pests on solanaceous vegetables Crop Damage (%) Reference Tomato Up to 100.0 Gajanawa (2006) Potato 10.9 Oerke (2006) Brinjal 48.25 Yadav and Kumawat, 2013 Capsicum 14.0-64.0 Gianesssi and Williams (2012)
Conclusion Tuta absoluta Globally, up to 100% crop loss in tomato (Russel IPM, 2011) In potato- larvae damage both leaves and tubers In India- Potato and tomato are major growing vegetables Accidental introduction can be a potential threat to potato and tomato cultivation