k Tofe"ltsf] cfjzostf

;DkfbsLo k Tofe"ltsf] cfjzostf clwsf+z cleefjs cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ dg6]zj/ld} egf{ ug{ cft'/ 5g\. ljbfnodf egf{ ul/lbp cfˆgf] lhdd]jf/l k"/f epsf] dfgg] cleefjssf] wf/0ffdf qmdzm kl/jt{g klg cfo/x]sf] 5. lstfadf cif/ 3f]sfpg] lzifs / lzlifsfsf] r]k'jfdf k/]sf afnaflnsfx phofnf] eljio k5\ofpg c;dy{ x'g5g\ egg] a'emfo cleefjsx df kl/;s]sf] 5. of] ;a} kl/jt{g To;} cfpsf] xf]og, ;do;fu}egbf klg ;do;fu} lzif0f ;'wf/sf nflu cfpsf] ljlw / k ljlwn] NofPsf] xf]. ljutdf ;':t dgl:yltsf ljbfyl{ k9fog] ljbfnosf kdf lrlgpsf] dg6]zj/l clxn] w]/}sf] /f]hfosf] s]gb ag]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] kl/k ]Iodf dg6]zj/l, Kn] j] d]y8, OlG6u ]6]8 d]y8, kmg Kn] d]y8 cflb k4ltcg' k ljlegg kf7\oqmddf cwofkg u/fog5. ol kf7\oqmdn] afnaflnsfx sf] rf}tkml{ ljsf; ug]{ tyf pglx nfo{ l;h{gzln, lh1f;' Pj+ ljzn]ifs agfpg] s'/fdf x/]s :s'n ljzj:t 5g\. clxn] afnaflnsfx df s/n] xf]og /x/n] k9\g] afgl a;fng'k5{ egg] dfgotfsf] ljsf; epsf] 5. :s'nsf] ;+/rgf klg afnaflnsfx n] dg k/fpg] u/l lgdf{0f ul/g5. clxn] l;sfo k lqmof kl/jt{g epsf] 5. tlg jif{sf] lzz' g;{/ldf egf{ epkl5 $ jif{df Pns]hL / % jif{df o's]hldf k'u5, To;kl5 siff! sf] egf{sf lgldt tof/ x'g5, k"j{k fylds lziffsf] of] k/dk/fut ;+/rgfnfo{ dg6]zj/lnufot ljlegg z}lifs k 0ffnLsf] goff 9+usf] cjwf/0ffn] k5fl8 kf/]sf] 5. lzz'sf] phhjn eljiod} cleefjssf] ;Gt'i6L x'g5 egg] dfgotf qmdzm :yflkt x'g] qmd hf/l 5. k"j{k fylds txsf] cfwf/zlnf alnof] x'g'k5{. afnaflnsfn] :jtgq kdf cfˆg} cg'ejaf6 lziff u x0f ug{'k5{ egg] l;4fgtdf cfwfl/t k"j{afnofj:yf lziff k 0ffnL x]/]/, 5f]P/, ;'F3]/, ;'g]/ / dx;'; u/]/ afxo jftfj/0faf6 u x0f ul/psf] lziff g} hljge/ sfd nfu5. dg6]zj/lsf] l;4fgtn] clxn] cfp/ ljzjjofkls/0fsf] k lnpsf] 5, h;sf] k efjn] g]kfnl ;dfhnfo{ klg 5f]Psf] 5. To;n] g]kfnl lzif0fdf klg ha{h:tl kl/jt{gsf] nflu 3R3RofPsf] 5. ToxL sf/0f clxn] k To]s s]6fs]6lsf nflu of] ljlw cfjzos epsf] dxz'; cleefjsx n] ug{ yfn]sf 5g\. o;}n] pglx dg6]zj/l ljlwaf6 siff ;~rfng x'g] ljbfnox /f]lh/x]sf 5g\. /fhwfglb]lv ;'b'/ u fdl0f e]udf ;d]t :yfkgf epsf k fylds txsf ljbfnodf dg6]zj/l n]lvpsf] b]lvg5. of] clxn] lk :s'nsf] kof{ojfrl gfdsf] kdf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5. cleefjsn] cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] /fd f] eljiosf] snkgf ug{', ;fy} afnaflnsf cftdlge{/ xf];\ egg] rfxgf /x]sf] x'g5. lziff If]qdf cfpsf] kl/jt{g, cleefjsx sf] dfu tyf afnaflnsfsf] dgf]lj1fg ;'xfpfbf] jftfj/0fn] cleefjs tflg/x]sf] jf:tljstf ep klg dg6]zj/lsf] Jojxfl/s cy{ w]/} cleefjsnfo{ yfxf gepsf] kif klg oyfy{ g} xf]. of] lgss} udel/ / r'gf}tlsf] ljifo xf]. oxl sf/0f dg6]zj/lx cfnf]rgfaf6 d'qm epsf 5}gg\. clxn] ;do ablnpsf] 5. of] ablnpsf] ;do;fu}sf lgodx, Joj:yf;Fu} dg6]zj/l ;~rfnsx n] of] ljifodf Wofg lbp/ cleefjsnfo{ dg6]zj/lsf] c;nl k Tofe"lt lbg ;Sg'k5{. d}of Tjfgfjf;' dltgfú k"j{k fylds lziffsf] k/dk/fut ;+/rgfnfo{ dg6]zj/lnufot ljlegg z}lifs k 0ffnLsf] goff 9+usf] cjwf/0ffn] k5fl8 kf/]sf] 5. lzz'sf] phhjn eljiod} cleefjssf] ;Gt'i6L x'g5 egg] dfgotf qmdzm :yflkt x'g] qmd hf/l 5. lh=k =sf= eqmk'/, btf{ g+=!!% )^* )^( www.nuwagi.com z}lifs dfl;s g'jful dfl;s jif{ ^, c+s *, k"0ff{+s %( k'; @)&$ g]kfn ;Djt\!!#* ;Dkfbs k sfzsm d}off Tjfgfaf;' dltgfú tl:a/m ljgf]b dxh{g, So"aL dxh{g sfg'gl ;Nnfxsf/M ;Togf/fo0f kssf ahf/ k d'vm l;tf/fd Tjfgfaf;' n]vfm /]g' vftfvf] lrtjgm ljbfg k':ts k;n, )%^ %@&*%* /f}tx6m 1fg;fu/ :6]zg/L, )%% %$)&)^, jl/u~hm dfo:yfg a's :6f]/, (*$%)#&@^$, ;nf{xlm hljg bf;,?kgb]xlm Zofd v8\sf, sfe ]M k ult k':ts e08f/, pktosfm dx]gb 1jfnL, df]= (*$*)&@*)@ ;HhfM 6r lqmp;g k f=ln= afuahf/ kmf]gm )! $@!%$$* d'b 0fM ;'hn ckm;]6 k ]; sf7df8fff}+ sfof{nom g'jful ldl8of k f=ln=, ;Nnf3f/L, eqmk'/!, kmf]g g+= )! ^^!@^$), ^^!(#($ E-mail: nuwagimonthly@gmail.com

cfj/0f cfj/0f g' s] lbo/x]sf] 5 dg6]zj/ln] < s]6fs]6lnfo{ k9fpg' klg k lti7f;fu hf]l8psf] of] a]nfdf afnaflnsf eg]sf sffrf] df6f] x'g\, pglx nfo{ h'g cfs[ltdf 9fNof] To:t} ag5g\ú egg] g]kfnl ;dfhdf k rlnt egfonfo{ cleefjsx n] cftd;ft ul/;s]sf 5g\. o;}n] pglx ;Gtfgsf] eljiok lt lrlgtt 5g\. /fd f] k9fo x'g], x]/rfx x'g] ljbfno vf]h5g\. jfuln] dg6]zj/ln] NofPsf] kl/jt{g ljifodf l/kfl6{ªsf] qmddf Pshgf dg6]zj/l ;~rfns;fu s'/fsfgl ug]{ qmddf pgn] b'o{hgf s]6fs]6lsf] pbfx/0f lbog\. ljlgtf / ljgo Pp6} pd]/sf s]6fs]6l. tl b'o{dwo]] ljlgtf dg6]zj/l lzif0f ljlwdf cwoog ul//x]sl 5g\, eg] ljgo k/dk/fut k2lts} lghl :s'ndf cwoog/t 5g\. ljlgtf / ljgodf Pp6f k :6 km/s b]lvg5. ljgonfo{ s'g} k Zg ;f]lwof] eg] pgl 6fpsf] lgx'/fpf5g\. bf]xf] {ofp/ ;f]wbf klg pgsf] af]nl km'6\b}g, t/ ljlgtf ˆof pq/ lblg5g\. s'/fsfgl;fu}sf] pbfx/0fn] dg6]zj/ln] NofPsf] kl/jt{gnfo{ pgn] cem yk k i6 kfg{ elgg\, pq/ unt g} lsg gxf];\. dg6]zj/l lzif0f ljlwdf afnaflnsfn] :jtgqtf dxz'; ug]{ epsfn] pglx df cftdljzjf; a9l x'g5.ú pqm cg'ej pgn] cfkm}n] u/]sf] gep/ cfkm"n] ;~rfng u/]sf] dg6]zj/ldf afa' k7fpsf cleefjsn] ;'gfpsf] pgl;fusf] e]6df g'jful;fu ;fl6g\. h] h:t} ep klg clxn]sf cleefjsx t'ngf u5{g\, kmnfgfsf] 5f]/f5f]/L sxff kl9/x]sf] 5, l9:sfgf]sf] sxff eg]/ vf]hllglt u5{g\. cem glhssf cfkmgt / gft]bf/x sf ;Gtfgx alr t k lt:kwf{ g} x'g5, e]63f6df. s]6fs]6lnfo{ k9fpg' klg k lti7f;fu hf]l8psf] of] a]nfdf afnaflnsf eg]sf sffrf] df6f] x'g\, pglx nfo{ h'g cfs[ltdf 9fNof] To:t} ag5g\ú egg] g]kfnl ;dfhdf k rlnt egfonfo{ cleefjsx n] cftd;ft ul/;s]sf 5g\. o;}n] pglx ;Gtfgsf] eljiok lt lrlgtt 5g\. /fd f] k9fo x'g], x]/rfx x'g] ljbfno vf]h5g\. ljutdf ;':t dgl:yltsf ljbfyl{ k9fog] ljbfnoúsf kdf lrlgpsf] dg6]zj/l clxn] w]/}sf] /f]hfosf] s]gb ag]sf] 5. cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ dg6]zj/ld} egf{ ug{ cft'/ cleefjsx af6 klg of] s'/f a' g ;lsg5. ljbfnodf egf{ ul/lbp cfˆgf] lhdd]jf/l k"/f epsf] dfgg] cleefjssf] wf/0ffdf qmdzm kl/jt{g cfo/x]sf] 5. k':tssf cif/ 3f]sfpg] lzifs / lzlifsfsf] r]k'jfdf k/]sf afnaflnsfx phofnf] eljio k5\ofpg c;dy{ x'g5g\ egg] a'emfo cleefjsx df kl/;s]sf] 5. of] ;a} kl/jt{g To;} cfpsf] xf]og, ;do;fu}egbf klg ;do;fu} lzif0f ;'wf/sf nflu cfpsf] ljlw / k ljlwn] NofPsf] xf]. nf}/f] b]vfp/ 5f]/fnfO{ ljbfno k7fpg] afgl k/]sf ;/n v8\sfnfo{ l5d]slsf] 5f]/Lsf] afgln] eg] crdddf kf/]sf] 5. laxfg l5d]slsl 5f]/L :s'n hfg cfkm}+ xtfl/lg5g\. t/ otf cfˆgf] 5f]/f]nfO{ eg] nf}/f] b]vfo{ gt;f{o{ gx'g]. lsg < pq/ ;xh 5, ;do;fu} cfpsf] gf}nf] lzif0f ljlw.ú /dfonf] jftfj/0f, /+ulr+ul ;+/rgf, v]ndo ;+;f/, sf]7f x]bf{ kfs{h:tf]. of] kl/b[zo sf6{'g ;+;f/sf] ge} clxn] afnaflnsfx sf nflu v'n]sf lk :s'nsf] xf]. clxn] afnaflnsfx nfo{ nlift u/l ljlegg lk k fod/l :s'n v'n]sf 5g\. x]bf{ lgs} /dfonf] tyf afnaflnsfx sf nflu kof{kt v]n ;fdu L tl lk k fod/l :s'nsf ljz]iftf x'g\. o:tf :s'ndf afnaflnsfx nfo{ lk6]/ jf 3f]sfP/ xf]og s'g} klg ljifo;fusf] kl/ro tyf To;sf] ljzn]if0faf6 1fg k bfg ul/g5 h'g pglx sf nflu dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. afnaflnsfx nfo{ ljlegg lydsf cfwf/df ljlegg ljifosf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/l lbog5. o;/l lbopsf] lziffsf lzz'x nfo{ k"j{ k fylds txdf egf{ ug{' eg]sf] ev{/} /f]k]sf] la?jf x'sf{pg'h:t} xf], h;/l la?jfnfo{ /fd f] v agfpg ljz]if lsl;dsf] :ofxf/ rflxg5. To:t} c;n / Ifdtfjfg\ gful/s tof/ ug{ k"j{afnofj:yfdf ljz]if lzif0f ljlwn] dxtj /fv5, o;af/]df cleefjsx df qmdzm hfgsf/l lng] afglsf] ljsf; x'fb} upsf] 5. sf/0f pglx n] cfkm"n] l;s]sf s'/f slxno} la;{fb}gg\. o;af6 pglx x/]s ljifodf hfgsf/ x'g5g\.!* dlxgfb]lvsf afnaflnsfx lk :s'ndf egf{ x'g ;S5g\. :s'ndf pglx sf] x]/rfx, tflnd tyf vfgkfgdf lgs} Wofg lbog5. clxn] g]kfnsf] kl/k ]Iodf dg6]zj/l, Kn] j] d]y8, OlG6u ]6]8 d]y8, kmg Kn] d]y8 cflb k4ltcg' k ljlegg kf7\oqmddf cwofkg u/fog5. ol kf7\oqmdn] afnaflnsfsf] rf}tkml{ ljsf; ug]{ tyf pglx nfo{ l;h{gzln, lh1f;' Pj+ ljzn]ifs agfpg] s'/fdf x/]s :s'n ljzj:t 5g\. clxn] afnaflnsfx df s/n] xf]og /x/n] k9\g] afgl a;fng'k5{ egg] dfgotfsf] ljsf; epsf] 5. :s'nsf] ;+/rgf klg afnaflnsfx n] dg k/fpg] u/l lgdf{0f ul/g5. x/]s siffdf lzifsnufot pglx sf] x]/rfxsf nflu ;xoful l;:6/x sfo{/t x'g5g\. lzifsx n] cfˆgf gfglx nfo{ xksfp/ xf]og dfof u/]/ k9fpf5g\. o:tf] lziffn] pglx sf] efjgf a' g] k of; u5{. lzif0f l;sfo sfo{ljlw afnaflnsfx sf] hu alnof] agfpg]tkm{ s]lg t x'g5. To;}n] lk k fod/l :s'n x/]s afnaflnsfsf nflu pkof]ul / dxtjk"0f{ 5. of] tyo qmdzm cleefjsn] dgg\ ug{ yfln;s]sf 5g\. o;}n] cleefjsx cfkm" ;fdfgo sfd u/]/ klg afnaflnsfsf] eljio ;'lglzrt / phhjn x'g] dg6]zj/l jf lk :s'ndf k7fpg ceof; ul//x]sf 5g\. sf7df8f+}nufot b]zsf clwsf+z 7fpFdf lk k fod/l :s'n vf]ng] qmd tlj 5. x/]s :s'nn] cfkm"n] /fd f] lziff k bfg ug]{ bfal ul//x]sf 5g\. t/ klg :s'n egf{ u/fpg'k"j{ cleefjsx n] s]xl s'/f a' g'k5{. Joj:yfkgb]lv k9fpg] z}nl, :j:y jftfj/0fh:tf s'/fdf lrq a'em]kl5 cfˆgf gfglx nfo{ :s'n k7fpg'k5{ eg] dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf :s'ndf dfq cfˆgf gfglx nfo{ egf{ u/fpg' pko'qm x'g5. o;af/]df klg cleefjsx ;r]t x'g yfn]sf] lk :s'n tyf dg6]zj/l ;~rfnsx sf] wf/0ff 5. ;x/ ahf/dfq xf]og, clxn] ufpf7fpfdf klg dg6]zj/l lziffsf] r]tgf uo;s]sf] cj:yf 5, o;}n] cleefjsx dg6]zj/l ljlwaf6 k9fo x'g5 egg] af]8{ em'08\ofpsf] e/df egf{ ug]]{ kifdf b]lvpsf 5}gg\, pglx of] af/]df lgss} ;r]t eo;s]sf 5g\,Ú ag]kfsf] cls{8 dg6]zj/lsf ;l/tf >]i7n] elgg\. o'/f]lkog a];sf] dg6]zj/l, cd]l/sg a];sf] kmf:6 6«ofs ls8, OlG8og a];sf] o'/f] ls8\; cflb cln{ rfon8 x'8 Ph's];gn] lzif0f ljlwdf NofPsf] qmflgtsf sf/0f klg g]kfnl lzif0f ljlw klg kl/jt{g e};s]sf] 5. To;}n] g]kfnl lzz'x oltv]/ :s'n hfg dg k/fpg yfn]sf 5g\, xff:b} v]nb} 1fg klg cfh{g x'g] epsfn] of] lzif0f ljlwn] nf]slk otfsf] r'nl tfls/x]sf] 5. ;'uf /6fOÚ egbf klg afnaflnsfsf] dgf]lj1fg,?lr / Ifdtfsf] d"nof+sg u/]/ lbog] lziffn] g]kfnl z}lifs If]qd} kl/jt{g NofO/x]sf] ;/f]sf/jfnfx atfpf5g\. clxn] l;sfo k lqmof kl/jt{g epsf] 5. lgoldt cwoog u/]sf] kq} gkfo{ pglx 1fg k flktsf] af6f]df x'g5g\. ev{/} /f]k]sf] la?jf x's{g] ;dodf hlt udel/ r/0fdf x'g5, k"j{ afnofcj:yfdf /x]sf lzz'x sf] cj:yf klg TolQs} ;+j]bgzln x'g5ú dfl/of dg6]zj/ln] k ltkfbg u/]sf] z}lifs k 0ffnLcg';f/ dg6]zj/l lziff k bfg ub}{ cfpsf] dg6]zj/l lsg8/jn8{sl ;+:yfks kljqf lnda" elg5g\. of] lziff k 0ffnLsf] cf}lrtoaf/] pgl km]l/ ylk5g\, lzz'x nfo{ k"j{ k fylds txdf egf{ ug{' eg]sf] ev{/} /f]k]sf] la?jf x'sf{pg'h:t} xf], h;/l la?jfnfo{ /fd f] v agfpg ljz]if lsl;dsf] :ofxf/ rflxg5. To:t} c;n / Ifdtfjfg\ gful/s tof/ ug{ k"j{afnofj:yfdf ljz]if lzif0f ljlwn] dxtj /fv5, o;af/]df cleefjsx df qmdzm hfgsf/l lng] afglsf] ljsf; x'fb} upsf] 5.Ú 2 3

cfj/0f cfj/0f Pp6f dg6]zj/l :s'ndf Go'gtd dfkb08df afnd}ql jftfj/0f, tflndk fkt lzifs, afndgf]lj1fgdf kof{kt 1fg xfl;n u/]sf ;+:yfks / lzifs x'g'}k5{. Pp6f siffdf hddfhddl!% hgf ljbfyl{, Ps tflndk fkt lzlifsf / ;xfos lzlifsf x'g' kb{5. Pp6f dg6]zj/l :s'ndf Ps ;o ljbfyl{ x'g' eg]sf] ljzjljbfno ;/x epsf] ;~rfnsx sf] egfo 5. tlg jif{sf] lzz' g;{/ldf egf{ epkl5 $ jif{df Pns]hL / % jif{df o's]hldf k'u5, To;kl5 siff! sf] egf{sf lgldt tof/ x'g5. k"j{k fylds lziffsf] of] k/dk/fut ;+/rgfnfo{ dg6]zj/lnufot ljlegg z}lifs k 0ffnLsf] goff 9+usf] cjwf/0ffn] k5fl8 kf/]sf] 5. cln{ rfon8x'8 :k]zn Ph's];g nf]slk o tyf ;a} cleefjssf] rf;f]sf] ljifo agg' k5fl8sf] sf/0f o;sf] cfsif{s z}lifs k 0ffnL g} epsf]df b'o{dt 5}g. lzz'sf] phhjn eljiod} cleefjssf] ;Gt'i6L x'g5 egg] dfgotf qmdzm :yflkt x'g] qmd hf/l 5. k"j{k fylds txsf] cfwf/zlnf alnof] x'g'k5{ egg] dfgotfcg' k o;k sf/sf lzif0f k 0ffnLn] k"jf{wf/;lxtsf] kf7\oqmd tof/ kf/]sf x'g5g\. cln{ rfon8x'8 Ph's]zg ;du df # jif{sf] z}lifs Kofs]h xf], oxff txutegbf klg :s'n] cwoogdf k'ug] cfwf/zlnf lgdf{0f ul/g5. sltkon] 8] s]o/ ;]G6/ eg5g\ú, kljqf elg5g\, jf:tjdf cln{ rfon8x'8 Ph's]zg 8] s]o/ g} xf], t/ o;df ;d"xut 9+udf pglx n] a' g] z}nldf v]nfpfb} cfjzos lziff klg lbog5.ú # jif{, $ jif{ / % jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf lzz'x nfo{ 5' f5' } siffdf /fv]/ pglx sf] z}lifs ljsf; ug]{ lziff k 0ffnLsf] ljk/lt ;a}nfo{ Pp6} :yfgdf /fv]/ ;a}sf] 1fg Pscsf{df k bfg ug]{ z}lifs ljlw cln{ rfon8x'8 Ph's]zgdf x'g5. # jif{sf] lzz'df x'g] hfgsf/l sltko cj:yfdf kffr jif{sf] lzz'df x'fb}g, To;}n] ;Fu} a;]/ cwoog ug]{ qmddf ;fgf]n] klg 7"nfnfO{ l;sfo/x]sf] x'g5ú k"j{k fylds lzifflj1 kljqf elg5g\ To:t} 7"nf] pd]/sfx n] ;fgfnfo{ cfkm"n] hfg]sf] s'/f ;]o/ ug{' t :jefljs 9+ud} x'g5.ú ev{/} egf{ ep/ siff ;d"xdf k'ubf lzz'n] ljlegg pd]/ ;d"xsf ;fylefox ljlegg lqmofsnfkdf ;+nug e}/x]sf] b]v5, ToxfF p;n] cfˆgf] OR5f cg' ksf] lqmofsnfkdf cfkm"nfo{ ceo:t u/fpg yfn5, To;kl5 lzifs lzlifsfn] lzz'sf] dgf]lj1fg a'em]/ v]nb} pglx nfo{ k9fpf5. afnaflnsfn] :jtgq kdf cfˆg} cg'ejaf6 lziff u x0f ug{'k5{ egg] l;4fgtdf cfwfl/t k"j{afnofj:yf lziff k 0ffnL x]/]/, 5f]P/, ;'F3]/, ;'g]/ / dx;'; u/]/ afxo jftfj/0faf6 u x0f ul/psf] lziff g} hljge/ sfd nfu5. clxn]sf cleefjsx cfkm\gf ;GtfgnfO{ s]xl ;dosf] k9fo cfkm\g} 7fpFdf u/fp/ eljio agg] k9fo eg] ljb]zdf u/fpg rfxg5, oxl rfxgfnfo{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ sfd klg lk :s'n / dg6]zj/ln] ug{ yfn]sf 5g\. o;}n] cleefjsx sf] cfs{if0f o;df ghflgfbf] kn] a9]sf] xf].ú ljª\;s} ;~rfns e08f/l elg5g\. O6fnLdf hlgdpsl dfl/of dg6]zj/ln] ljsf; u/]sf] o;k sf/sf] lziff k 0ffnL k of]uftds kd} ;kmn epkl5 o;nfo{ ljlegg :j kdf ljsf; / lj:tf/ ub}{ nlupsf] xf]. dg6]zj/lsf] l;4fgtn] clxn] cfp/ ljzjjofkls/0fsf] k lnpsf] 5, h;sf] k efjn] g]kfnl ;dfhnfo{ klg 5f]Psf] 5. To;n] g]kfnl lzif0fdf klg ha{h:tl kl/jt{gsf] nflu 3R3RofPsf] 5. ToxL sf/0f clxn] k To]s s]6fs]6lsf nflu of] ljlw cfjzos epsf] dx;'; cleefjsx n] ug{ yfn]sf 5g\. o;}n] pglx dg6]zj/l ljlwaf6 siff ;~rfng x'g] ljbfnox /f]lh/x]sf 5g\. k"j{afnofj:yf lziff k 0ffnLsf] lzif0f k4ltdf /]:k]s6 cyf{t\ g}lts lziff klg plqs} l;sfog5. ljbfyl{x :jtgq x'g5g\, pglx Ans rnfp/ xf];\ jf cafs; k4lt ckgfp/ xf];\, ul0ftlo lziff lng5g\. o:t} cgo ljifodf klg k of]uftds 9+un] lziff lno/x]sf x'g5g\. pglx nfo{ lzifsn] 5fq / 5fqfeGbf klg ;fylsf] kdf Jojxf/ ug]{ epsfn] klg pglx lzifsnfo{ ;fylsf kdf a' 5g\. cleefjs clxn] cfp/ afnaflnsf cyf{t\ cfˆgf ;fgf gfglx ljz]if x'g5g\, pglx ;+j]bgzln x'g5g\ egg] a'em]sf] atfpg yfn]sf 5g\.Ú s] of] kl/jt{g xf]og < pgsf] k ltk Zg 5. afnaflnsfsf] dgf]lj1fgcg';f/ lziff lbog] epsfn] ;r]t cleefjsx k"j{afnofj:yf lziff k 0ffnL cyf{t\ cln{ rfon8x'8 Ph's]zg l;:6dk lt cfslift{ epsf x'g\ú egg]df b'o{dt 5}g. lziffljb\x sf cg';f/ k"j{afnofj:yf l;sg] ;do xf].! b]lv % jif{sf afnsn] %) k ltzt l;sg] Ifdtf /fvb5. * x'g t dg6]zj/lsf] Jojxfl/s cy{ w]/} cleefjsnfo{ yfx} 5}g. t}klg cleefjsx eg] dg6]zj/ld} cfk\mgf afnaflnsf k7fpg nfnflot 5g\.Ú lziffljb\ dg jfun] eg5g\, of] Ps lsl;dsf] hah{:t cfpsf] kl/jt{g jf cleefjsdf b]lvpsf] nxnx}kg dfgg'k5{.ú jif{;ddsf afnssf nflu of] ;do clt g} l;sg] ;do xf]. of] ;dodf afnsn] *) k ltzt l;sg] Ifdtf /fvg] lziffljb\x sf] wf/0ff 5. affsl pd]/df eg] @) k ltzt dfq l;s]sf] x'g5. To;}n] afnaflnsfsf nflu lziff u x0f ug]{ pko'qm ;do eg]sf]! jif{b]lv * jif{ g} xf]. To;}n] of] ;dodf cleefjsn] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lk lt ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ eg] pglx sf] plrt lziffsf ;DaGwdf a]n}df lg0f{o lng'k5{. s]6fs]6lnfo{ dg6]zj/ldf egf{ ul/of] eg] p;n] ToxfFaf6 kof{kt dfqfdf 1fg xffl;n ug{ ;S5 egg] a'emfo{n] hu xfln;s]sf] 5. dg6]zj/l k9]sf] afnaflnsf Psbd} hfu?s x'g5. x/]s ;fgf] ;fgf] s'/fnfo{ klg Psbd}?lr lbp/ ;f]wg] vfnsf x'g5g\ cyf{t\ pglx km/jf8{ x'g5g\. cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg km/jf8{ epsf] s;nfo{ kf] dg kb}{g / < o;}n] afnaflnsfnfo{ km/jf8{ agfpg'k5{ egg] dfgotf klg cleefjsx df a:b} upsf] 5. dg6]zj/l lziffn] ljbfyl{sf] rf}tkml{ ljsf;df ;xof]u ub{5. o; k4ltdf ljbfyl{nfo{ k9fpg]egbf klg pglx sf] Ifdtf klxrfg u/l ;f]xl cg';f/ l;sfosf] k4lt ckgfpg] xf]. o;n] ;fgf ljbfyl{nfo{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]ul ag5. ;fy} ljbfyl{df z}lifs pknlawsf] ;f6f] k To]s afnaflnsfdf ptk ]/0f hufpg] sfd u5{. clxn] g]kfndf slt dg6]zj/l 5g\ egg] olsg 5}g. t/ /fhwfgl sf7df8f}+ tyf aflx/ klg 7"nf] ;+Vofdf dg6]zj/l lziff ;'? eo;s]sf] 5. ;/sf/l :t/df rfon8 8]enkd]G6 ;]G6/ -O{8L;L_ klg o;} dg6]zj/l k4ltsf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5. Pp6f dg6]zj/l :s'ndf Go'gtd dfkb08df afnd}ql jftfj/0f, tflndk fkt lzifs, afndgf]lj1fgdf kof{kt 1fg xfl;n u/]sf ;+:yfks / lzifs x'g'}k5{. Pp6f siffdf hddfhddl!% hgf ljbfyl{, Ps tflndk fkt lzlifsf / ;xfos lzlifsf x'g' kb{5. Pp6f dg6]zj/l :s'ndf Ps ;o ljbfyl{ x'g' eg]sf] ljzjljbfno ;/x epsf] ;~rfnsx sf] egfo 5. k To]s afnaflnsfsf] km/s tl/sfn] Jojxf/ ug{'kg]{ epsfn] w]/} ljbfyl{nfo{ Ps} k6s Pp6} siffdf /fv]/ k efjsf/l kdf sfd ug{ ;lsgg. ;fgf gfglafa'x hf] rf/ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf 5g\, ltgnfo{ afn ljsf; s]g df cwoog ug]{ cj;/ h'6folbfbf z}lifs ljsf;, zf/ll/s tyf ;/;kmfo, kf]if0f cflbsf s'/fdf t /fd f] k ult x'g5 g}, cem dxtjk"0f{ s'/f eg]sf] pglx df x'g] ;fdflhsls/0fsf] k lqmof / cgtlqm{ofd'vl z}nlsf] ljsf; xf]. ;fg}b]lv w]/}hgf;fu s'/fsfgl ug]{ afnaflnsfx kl5 klg c?;fu g8/fo{, gnhfo{ 9'Ss;Fu af]ng / cfˆgf] s'/f /fvg ;Sg] x'g5g\. pglx df cftdljzjf; a9\b} hfg5.ú dg6]zj/l lj1 ;fg' cdfto elg5g\. g]kfnsf] lziff k 0ffnLdf lzz' siffn] ;w}f k fyldstf kfpg] u/]sf] 5. To;f] ep/ g} xf]nf, ljbfnodf egf{ ep/ o:tf] 5 M dg6]zj/l lgb]{lzsf ;x/ tyf u fdl0f e]udf v'n]sf dg6]zj/l -k"j{k fylds ljbfno_ ;~rfnsn] ljbfno /x]sf] :yfgaf6 clwstd #) ldg]6;ddsf] k}bn b"/legbf 6f9faf6 ljbfyl{ cf];f/ k;f/ ug{ gkfpg] epsf 5g\. ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfglo ljsf; dgqfnon] tof/ u/]sf] k"j{k fylds ljbfno ;~rfng;dagwl lgb{]lzsfdf o:tf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. lgb]{lzsfsf] vfsf agfp/ ;+3Lon] lziff dgqfnodf k7fpsf] 5. dgqfnosf ;x;lrj xl/k ;fb nd;fnn] eg], of] ;'wfg{'kg]{ ljifo xf]. l9n} ep klg lgodg x'g nfu]sf] 5. o;df lziff dgqfno ;Fu;Fu} hfg5.ú o;cl3 j8f sfof{noaf6 :jls[lt lnp/ dg6]zj/l ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] glltut Joj:yf /x] klg o:tf ljbfnosf] ef}lts ;+/rgf, ToxfF k9fpg] lzifssf tflnd tyf j/k/sf jftfj/0fnufot ljifodf k efjsf/l cg'udg x'g ;s]sf] lypg. glltut kd} k efjsf/l Joj:yf x'g g;sbf unnlunnldf dg6]zj/l :yfkgf ul/psf] / afnaflnsfsf] :jf:yo tyf ;'/Iffdf ;/sf/n] rf;f] lbg g;s]sf] u'gf;f cfpg] u/]sf] lyof]. lgb]{lzsfdf dg6]zj/ldf k lt afnaflnsf b'o{ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn a/fa/sf] sf]7f x'g'kg]{, cf7 lkm6 prfo epsf] sf]7f / dg6]zj/l ;~rfng epsf] 3/ rf/}lt/ v'nf tyf cgo 3/;Fu ghf]l8psf] x'g'kg]{, tlg jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf nflu e'of tnf, rf/ kffr jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfo{ klxnf] tnf tyf ^ / ;ft jif{sf afnaflnsfnfo{ bf]; f] tnf;ddsf] x'g'kg]{ pnn]v 5. ejgn] cf]u6]sf] hldgsf] b'o{ ltxfo hldgsf] efu v'nf x'g'kg]{, ljbfnodf sfd ug]{ hgzlqmdf k frfo{ sdtldf siff!@ pql0f{ u/l!^ lbg tflnd u/]sf] x'g'kg]{, cgo lzifs P;O{O{ pql0f{ u/l kffr lbgsf] tflnd lnpsf] x'g'kg]{5. ;xhstf{ sdtldf!) siff pql0f{ u/l kffr lbg tflnd u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ / o:tf hgzlqmnfo{ lgo'lqmkq / Go"gtd tna;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ lgb]{lzsfdf 5. dg6]zj/ldf Ps Pshgf lzifs / ;xhstf{n] tlg jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf nflu ^, tlgb]lv rf/ jif{;ddsf afnaflnsfsf!@ hgf, rf/b]lv kffr jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsf!% hgf / kffrb]lv ;ft jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf 5g\ eg] @% hgf afnaflnsfsf] dfq x]/rfx ug{'kg]{5. cab]lv dg6]zj/l ;~rfng ug{'egbf rf/ dlxgfcl3 g} :yfglo lgsfodf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ / cg'dltkl5 dfq ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ lgb{]lzsfn] ;d]6]sf] 5. xfn d'n'se/ k f/ldes afn ljsf; s]g sf] gfddf #% xhf/ ;+:yf ;~rfngdf 5g\. k jqmf nd;fnn] eg], clxn];dd cg'dlt / btf{sf] ;fdfgo Joj:yf dfq lyof]. ca w]/} clwsf/ :yfglo lgsfodf ;d]t upsf] x'gfn] lgb]{lzsfadf]lhd lgodg x'g5. oxff pnn]v ul/psf] Joj:yf sfof{gjogdf cfpf5.ú 4 5

cfj/0f cfj/0f Psb]lv b'o{ jif{;dd lzz'siffdf cwoog u/]kl5dfq siff! df egf{ x'g kfog] lgod a;]sf]]. t/ g]kfndf lghl ljbfnosf] cjwf/0ff cfpkl5 eg] lzz'siffn] s]xl ;sf/ftds ;+:s[ltsf ;fy;fy} s]xl ljs[ltx klg leq\ofpsf] cf/f]k 5. lghl ljbfnox n] u/]sf] /fd f] sfd eg]sf] lzz' pd]/sf afnaflnsfx nfo{ v]n, ceof; / dgf]/~hgsf dfwodaf6 af]em gx'g] z}lifs l;sfo k lqmofnfo{ a9fjf lbg' xf]. vf;u/l k"j{ k fylds lziff jf b]ze/ v'n]sf afn ljsf; s]g x sf] ;f]r klg oxl xf]. o;nfo{ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ël0f ljsf;sf nflu ;sf/ftds kxn dfgg'kb{5. v]n, g[to, lrqsnf tyf ceof;sf dfwodaf6 lzz'sf] zf/ll/s ljsf;sf ;fydf lj:tf/} dfgl;s ljsf;df klg hf]8 lbg] k4lt / k lqmof g} lzz' siffsf] d"n ;f/ xf]. x'g t dg6]zj/lsf] Jojxfl/s cy{ w]/} cleefjsnfo{ yfx} 5}g. t}klg cleefjsx eg] dg6]zj/ld} cfk\mgf afnaflnsf k7fpg nfnflot 5g\.Ú lziffljb\ dg jfun] eg5g\, of] Ps lsl;dsf] hah{:t cfpsf] kl/jt{g jf cleefjsdf b]lvpsf] nxnx}kg dfgg'k5{.ú dg6]zj/lsf] cy{ ga'emlsg} o;} ;fogaf]8{ú em'g8\ofp/ dg6]zj/l :s'nú egl vf]ng cft'/ xfd f lziffsdl{ / Joj;foLn] o;df ljs[lt klg NofPsf 5g\. k lt:kwf{n] ynf k/]sf] xfd f]] ;dfh lziffsf] Joj;foLs/0fn] olta]nf cem g/fd f];fu u :t 5. gfd dg6]zj/l ep klg sfd s07]zj/lú ug]{, ljlw / k lqmofsf lx;fan] dg6]zj/lsf] efj ga'eml b]jl ;/:jtln] ljbf lbg] xfd f] wfld{s ljzjf;h:t} dg6]zj/l klg To:t} k sf/sl b]jl xf]lng\ z}n]zj/l, afu]zj/l, l5ds]zj/l jf o:t} O{Zj/Lo k xf]nf eg]/ a' g] klg sltko lziff Joj;foL / cleefjs 5g\ xfd f] g]kfndf.ú b]ljgf k wfgfª\usf] egfo 5. cfhsn /fhwfglb]lv ;'b'/ u fd0f e]udf ;d]t :yfkgf epsf k fylds txsf ljbfnodf dg6]zj/l n]lvpsf] b]lvg5. of] clxn] lk :s'nsf] kof{ojfrl gfdsf] kdf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5. cleefjsn] cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] /fd f] eljiosf] snkgf ug{', ;fy} afnaflnsf cftdlge{/ xf];\ egg] rfxgf /x]sf] x'g5. afnd}ql siffsf]7fsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ lgdf{0f ul/psf] ;f] siffsf]7fdf afnaflnsfx leq l5g{ kfpkl5 xtkq lg:sg dfgb}gg\. To;sf] sf/0f xf] ToxfF y'k } k sf/sf afn;'ne j:t'x 5g\, pglx nfo{ ;'xfpfbf] v]nf}gfx 5g\, dgkg]{ ljlegg /+ux /+ufopsf 5g\, yl/yl/sf lstfax, k]g;lnx 5g\. nf]enfubf] 5 siff. lziff If]qdf cfpsf] kl/jt{g, cleefjsx sf] dfu tyf afnaflnsfsf] dgf]lj1fg ;'xfpfbf] jftfj/0f agfp/ ;~rfngdf cfpsf] dg6]zj/ln] cleefjs tflg/x]sf] lzlifsf Pj+ 8f]/]dg dg6]zj/l ;~rfns ljlgtf v8\sf atfpfl5g\. O{;L8L tflnd k fkt lzlifsfx, Kn] j] d]y8af6 cwofkg u/fog] ;f] dg6]zj/lsf]] jftfj/0f /dfonf], 3dfOnf]dfq gep/ ;'/lift klg 5. Tolx ;'/Iffsf] k Tofe"lt cleefjsn] u/]sf 5g\.Ú ljbfyl{x sf] rf}tkml{ ljsf; ug{ ljbfyl{x s'g lsl;daf6 l;sg rfxg5g\ ToxL lsl;daf6 cwofkg u/fpg] k ljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{, ;Lk Ifdtf epsf z}lifs hgzlqmnfo{ kl/rfng ug]{ u/]sf] sf/0fdfq gep/ dg6]zj/l / k/dk/fut lzif0f ljlwnfo{ ;+of]hg u/l cfkm\g} ljlzi6 lzif0f ljlwaf6 afnaflnsfnfo{ lziff k bfg u/]/ afnaflnsfsf] lziffdf pnn]vglo z}lifs ;'wf/ ug{ ;s]sf]n] cleefjsx ;Gt'i6 ag]sf] k 1f :s'nsf 6+s l;6f}nf atfpf5g\. p2]zoaf6 efub} dg6]zj/l kl5nnf] ;dodf /fhwfglleq / aflx/ 5\of:5\of:tL kdf vf]lnpsf dg6]zj/l cyf{t\ lk :s'n olta]nf ;kmn Joj:yfkgsf] cefjdf p2]zo cg' ksf] sfo{ ug{af6 6f9f x'fb} upsf b]lvg5g\. s]6fs]6lnfo{ :s'n hfg] afglsf] ljsf; x'g5 eg]/ klxn] klxn] /x/sf] cfwf/df a'afcfdfn] egf{ u/] klg 5f]6f] ;dod} To;sf] gsf/ftds k ltlqmof lbg cft'/ epsf] e]l6g5g\. :s'nsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug]{egbf klg a9l b]vfj6l z}nlnfo{ cftd;ft ugf{n] o; sfo{qmdk lt cfz+sfx hgdg yfn]sf 5g\. dg6]zj/l eg]sf] :s'n hfg'cl3 ;fgf s]6fs]6lx nfo{ :s'lnësf] afgl kfg{sf nflu vf]lnpsf Kn] u 'k siff xf], hxff vfg, v]ng, af]ng, n'uf nufpg, g}lts lziff ljsf; ug{, ljz]if u/l :s'n hfg] afgl ug]{ cflb s'/fx nfo{ afgl kfg{ l;sfog5. Joj:yfkgnfO{ of] :s'n vf]ng s'g} emgem6 x'fb}g. ;fdfgo k lqmof k' ofp/?= #))) dfq dxfgu/ gu/kflnsf uflj;df /Lt k'of{p/ z'ns lt/]kl5 ToxL sfof{noaf6 ;DaGwg :jls[lt lng kfog5. o;sf/0f ;lhnf] eps} sf/0f o;sf] ;+Vofdf klg pnn]vo j[l4 epsf] ;DalGwt If]qsf hfgsf/x atfpf5g\. o;/l v'nb} u/]sf o:tf ;+:yfx df b]vfj6l ;fdfgdf vr{ u/]sf], cgfjzos cyf{t\ cfjzostfegbf aflx/sf ljlegg lqmofsnfkx df ;fgf s]6fs]6lnfo{ ;+nug u/fpg'n] klg o; :s'nsf] u'0f:t/df k ZglrGx pah]sf] Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ /fd f] sfd ug]{sf] 5ljdf c;/ k'u]sf] 5. s]xl :yfgx sf] :ynut 36gf cwoogdf -!_ sf]xln] afn'jfdf gfë} v]nfp/ Ps If0fdf g'xfolbg] clg ;'tfolbg]. -@_?3f / Hj/f] cfof] eg] s'g} hfgsf/l a]u/ bafo VjfP/ ;'tfolbg]. -#_ vfgfsf] u'0f:t/lotfdf sdl. -$_ dxfuf] z'ns. -%_ bif k lzifssf] cefj. -^_ :t/lo k of]u ug]{ ;fdfgsf] cefj cflb o; If]qsf d'vo d'2fx x'g\. o:tf ;jfnx nfo{ lg/fs/0f ;fdfgo k lqmof k' ofp/?= #))) dfq dxfgu/ gu/kflnsf uflj;df /Lt k'of{p/ z'ns lt/]kl5 ToxL sfof{noaf6 ;DaGwg :jls[lt lng kfog5. o;sf/0f ;lhnf] eps} sf/0f o;sf] ;+Vofdf klg pnn]vo j[l4 epsf] ;DalGwt If]qsf hfgsf/x atfpf5g\. ub}{ o; If]qdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu ;/sf/n] k efjsf/l sfo{qmd NofP/ cl3 a9\g'kg]{ b]lvg5. gq cfsif{s lj1fkgsf] cfwf/df cleefjsx 7lug] / Joj;foL df]6fpg] qmd slxno} klg /f]lsg] 5}g. o;sf/0f o; Joj;fodf ;/f]sf/jfnfx sf] Wofg hfg' h?/l eo;s]sf] 5. afnaflnsf;fu k ToIf ;DaGw /fvg] ljlegg kifx dwo] kl5nnf] ;dodf lgs} km:6fpsf] of] z}lifs Joj;fo ;doc'g;f/sf] dfu ep klg o:tf ;+:yfx sf] cg'udg / ;'wf/df ;/sf/ tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx n] s~ho';fof ug'x'fb}g. ;a} kif hlta]n} tof/ /xg'kb{5. ;'wf/sf Kofs]hx ;do ;dodf lbg' ctofjzos eo;s]sf] 5. ;kmn 6]«lgË k4ltsf] ljsf;, xflgsf/s v]nf}gfsf] k of]u gug]{, bif sd{rf/lsf] egf{ / 5gf}6, ljz]if :yfgsf] Joj:yf, kf]if0fo'qm vfg]s'/fsf] pknawtf, z}lifs jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f, Go"g z'nsdf u'0f:t/lo lziff cflb ckl/xfo{ ag]sf] 5. 6 7

cfj/0f cfj/0f ljut 5 jif{b]lv eqmk'/sf] s6'gh]df ljª\; dg6]zj/l ;+rfng ul//x]sl /~hgf e08f/l Joj:yfkg ;+sfosl ljbfyl{ x'g\. ;+of]ha; lzif0f k]zf ug{ yfn]kl5 afnaflnsfsf] dgf]lj1fgaf/] cwoog klg ul/g\. rf/hgfaf6 ;'? u/]sf] pgsf] dg6]zj/ldf xfn 8]9 ;o afnaflnsf cwoog/t 5g\. ljª\; dg6]zj/l ;'? ug'{ klxn] pgl lk :s'ndf k9fpflyg\. pgnfo{ s]6fs]6l c;fwo} dg kg]{. pgl s]6fs]6l;fu lgs} /dfpg] uly{g\. t/ slxn]sfxlf pgn] s]6fs]6lsf Jojxf/x a'em\g g;s]sf] dxz'; uly{g\. ;fdfgo cj:yfdf arrf kmsfpg vlkk; pgl slxn]sfxlf eg] Hofb} ;s; k/]sf] ;'gfpfl5g\. slxn]sfxlf s'g} s'g} s]6fs]6l;fu rfx]/ klg glhs x'g g;s]sf] pgl ;DemlG5g\. ol o:t} sf/0f pgnfo{ a]nfa]nf cfkm" c;kmn epsf] efg x'g] uyof]{. t/ dg6]zj/lsf] tflndkl5 pgl ab\lnpsl l5g\. pgsf] cftdljzjf; a9]sf] 5. kmnt cfkm}n] dg6]zj/l g} ;+rfng ug{ yflng\. pgl;fu epsf] s'/fsfglsf] s]xl c+z oxff k :t't 5 dg6]zj/l / ;fdfgo lk :s'ndf s] km/s b]vg'x'g5< ;fdfgo lk :s'ndf hfg] s]6fs]6ldf ;+sf]r x'g5, nfh x'g5. p 7"nfn] agfolbpsf ljlegg lgodx n] afflwpsf] x'g5. t/ dg6]zj/l hfg] s]6fs]6l /dfo /dfo hfg5g\. pglx :jtgq dxz'; u5{g\. of] lgs} dxtjk"0f{ leggtf xf] h:tf] nfu5. dg6]zj/ldf x'g] ljlegg lqmofsnfk pglx nflu ljz]if of]hgf;lxtsf] x'g5g\ h;sf] lglzrt p2]zo / t/lsf klg x'g5. oxff s]6fs]6lnfo{ sldkl6;g ug{sf nflu pt;flxt ul/g5. k/dk/fut kdf rn]sf ljbfnox df ljbfyl{nfo{ s]gb df /fv]/ sfd x'gg eg] oxff s]6fs]6lnfo{ s]gb df /fv]/, prr k fyldstfdf /fv]/ sfd x'g5. ;'uf /6fO x'gg. cleefjsx dg6]zj/laf6 s] ck]iff /fv5g\ < clxn]sf cleefjsx lgs} km/s eo;s]sf 5g\. k9\g hfg]/ dfq k'ub}g egg] wf/0ffsf cleefjsx sf] ;+Vof al9/x]sf] 5. pglx sf] zfl//ls dfgl;s;fu} ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ck]iff cleefjsn] ug]{ u/]sf 5g\. cfkm\gf gfglx gl8/ xf]pmg\, /fd f] Jojxf/ ug{ hfg"g\ egg] s'/f rfxfbf /x]5g\. s]6fs]6l /dfpmg klxnf To;kl5 k9\g] egg] s'/f t 5Fb}5 lg egg] ;f]r epsf cleefjs klg 5g\. dg6]zj/l ;+rfng u/]/ ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'g5 < Psbd} ;Gt'i6 5'. lsgeg] o;df x/]s lbg goff s'/f l;sg kfog5. km/s km/s ljz]iftf epsf afnaflnsfaf6 x/]s lbg goff goff s'/fx l;sg] df}sf kfo/xg5'. h'g s'/f c? k]zfdf ;Dej x'gg h:tf] nfu5. dnfo{ s]6fs]6l dg kg]{. p;} klg dg k/]sf] s'/f;fu sfd ug{ kfpg' cfkm}df ;'vb\ s'/f xf]. Tof] sf/0f klg d v';l 5'. ljª\; s;/l ;'? ug' {eof] < km\nfoª xfo{ egg] Pp6f sg;]k6 lnp/ ljª\; gfd /fv]/ ;g\ @)!@ df of] dg6]zj/l ;'? u/]sf xf}f. klxn] estk'/df dg6]zj/l g} eg]/ 8 ;fob} s'g} lyp. To;}n] o;sf] ;Defjgf / cfjzostf b]v]/ d / d]/f] >Ldfg ldn]/ $ hgf arrfaf6 ;'? u/]sf xf}f. clxn] t gu/kflnsfdf ug'{k5{ Sof/]. xfdln] Tof] a]nfdf rflxf ufpf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no s6'~h]df k lqmofcg';f/ cfjzos sfuhft a'emfp/ sdkgl btf{ u/]sf xf}f. of] ;f9] b'o{ /f]kgldf km}lnpsf] 5. clxn] eqmk'/ / j/k/af6} gfglx cfpg'x'g5. s] s] ;'ljwfx 5g\ < xfdlsxff dg6]zj/l Nofa 5. s]6fs]6lnfo{ xfdl h'g s'/fx l;sfpf5f}f, Tof] Jofjxfl/s x'g' k5{ egg] dfgotf 5. h:tf] ;fgf] s]6fs]6l lkhldf cfpf5, lkhldf cfo;s]kl5 Psb'O{ dlxgf s]xl klg u/fpfb}gf}f. To;kl5 dfq s]xl ceof;x ;'? u/fpf5f}f. h'g ceof;x pglx sf] jif{ ;'xfpfbf] x'g5. pglx nfo{ b}lgs lqmofsnfk s;/l ug{ l;sfpg] egg] ljifodf Wofg lbg5f}f. ;fgf] s]6fs]6lnfo{ u/]/ l;sg] k4ltcg';f/ l;sfpg] xf]. pglx nfo{ s;/l /]:k]s6 ug]{, :s'nleq l5l/;s]kl5 s;/l /]:kf]g; ug]{ klg l;sfpf5f}f. o;sf nflu lglzrt ;fdu L;lxtsf] Jojl:yt 7fpF rflxg5. To;}nfO{ Nofj eg5f}f. xfdlsxff!! j6f siffsf]7f / affsl k Zff;lgs sf]7f u/]/!% j6f 5g\. tnn}lkr5] zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf 5. rfon8 k ]m08nl sdaf]6x 5g\. a]l;g klg rfon8 k m]08nl 5. xfdlsxff!$ hgf zlifsf 5g\. To;afx]s ljª\; gfd /fv]/ ;g\ @)!@ df of] dg6]zj/l ;'? u/]sf xf}f. klxn] estk'/df dg6]zj/l g} eg]/ ;fob} s'g} lyp. To;}n] o;sf] ;Defjgf / cfjzostf b]v]/ d / d]/f] >Ldfg ldn]/ $ hgf arrfaf6 ;'? u/]sf xf}f. /~hgf e08f/l ;+rfns, ljª\; dg6]zj/l 8fG;, Do'lhs, :kf]6{;\sf] tlghgf, P8ldgdf Pshgf x'gx'g5. lbblx cf7hgf x'g'x'g5. kffrj6f uf8ldf % hgf 8«fOe/ 5g\. lzifsn] s] l;sfo/sf] 5, Tof] cg';f/sf] ;fdu L xfdl;fu 5. xfdl;fu af:s]6an sf]6{ g} 5. u fp08 5, km'6an elnan v]nfpgsf] nflu. ljbfyl{n] l8df08 u/]sf] cfwf/df xfdln] v]n ;fdu L Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}F. s:tf lzifsx x'g'x'g5 < ;a} tflndk fkt lzifsx g} 5g\. w]/} lzifsx g]kfn dg6]zj/laf6 tflnd k fkt 5g\ eg] O;LO;Laf6 tflnd lng' epsf lzifsx klg x'g'x'g5. xfdln] :s'nd} klg dlxgfsf] clgtd z'qmaf/ labf x'g5, Tof] lbgdf lzifsx sf nflu tflnd ug]{ u/]sf 5f}F. tflnddf ljz]if1x af]nfpg] u/]sf 5f}F. sltko tflnd d cfkm} rnfpf5'. xfdl klxnf] q}dfl;s ;lsof], bf]; f] ;lsof] eg] s]6fs]6lx n] s] rflx/x]sf 5g\, cleefjsx n] s] vf]lh/x]sf < clg :jod\ lzifsx n] s] rflx/x]sf 5g\ < Tof] a'em]/ l8df08a]; tflnd klg rnfpf5f}f. oxff cfpkl5 ljbfyl{sf] lbg ;fdfgotof s;/l ljt5 < s]6fs]6lx ljxfg ( ah] :s'n cfo;s]kl5 P;]DAnL x'g5. To;kl5 siffdf;s{n 6fOd egg] x'g5. To;df /fod;x l;sfpg], To; lbg s] s] sfdx ub}{5f}f egg] k"j{ hfgsf/l lbg], cl3nnf] lbg xfdln] s] s] uof}{f egg] s'/f ul/g5. To;n] s]6fs]6lx ;Fusf] sdo'lgs]zg r':t x'g5. To;kl5 vfgf x'g5. vfgfkl5af6 siffut kdf s] 5, :kf]6{;\ 5 ls, Do'lhs 5 ls, 8fG; 5 ls < Tof] u5{. To;kl5 ljifout kdf k7gkf7g x'g5. vfgfsf] xsdf laxfg bfn, eft, t/sf/l g} x'g5. lbpf;f] :GofS; x'g5. ;a} :s'nd} ag5, aflx/af6 s]xl klg Nofpg'kb}{g. d]g' km/s km/s x'g5. dg6]zj/l lziff dx+uf] 5 eg5g\ lg< ;a}lt/ km/s km/s z'nssf] Joj:yf 5. Tof] rflx ToxfFsf] ;'ljwfdf e/ k5{. oxff z'ns siffut kdf km/skm/s 5. To;n] ubf{ Go"gtd :GofS;, uf8l / ngr, 6\o';g lkm ubf{ nueu # xhf/b]lv % xhf/;dd 5. Psbd} l/hg]an k fo; xf] Tof]. ;fflrr, egg'kbf{ d klg :68L u5'{, j/k/sf] dg6]zj/ln] slt lno/x]sf] 5 < eg]/. Tof] cfwf/df a'em\bf xfdl sd z'nsd} rnfo/x]sf 5f}F. clxn] lkhldf #%)) b]lv $ xhf/df @ k6s v'jfp/, uf8l ;'ljwf lbg' /fd f] xf]. ;'?;'?df xfdln] yf]/} z'nsdf rnfpsf] ep/ clxn] Ps}k6s a9fpg klg ufx f] 5. sfdl sndsf] k of]u x'g5 < cleefjsn] t Aofudf kfglsf] af]tn k7fp k'u5. c? s'/fx ;a} :s'nd} Joj:yf x'g5. clxn] s]6fs]6lx sf] nflu sfkl km/s km/s x'g5. ;fgf] nfolgª, 7"nf] nfolgªsf] x'g5. ;fgf] nfolgªdf n]vbfn]vb} 7"nf] epkl5 cif/ ;fgf] ;fgf] x'fb} hfg5. ca cleefjsn] k7fpsf] skllkr5]sf] nfolgª g} km/skm/s x'g5. Tof] x'fbf ;d:of b]lvpsf] 5. To;sf/0f :s'nn] :6]zg/L lbg] sfd u/]sf] 5. kfgl eg] pglx cfkm}+n] Nofpg'k5{. To;n] lbgdf pglx n] slt kfgl vfof] egg] klg yfxf x'g5. dg6]zj/laf/] cfd cleefjssf] a'emfo s:tf] /x]sf] kfpg'x'g5< ev{/ ev{/ dg6]zj/l vf]n]sf] ;dodf dg6]zj/l eg]sf] s] xf] < g]kfndf s;n] dg6]zj/l ;'? u/]sf] < dg6]zj/lsf] Yof]/L lgsfng] dfg5] sf] xf] < egg] ;f]wg] cleefjsx klg x'g'x'gyof] / clxn] klg 5g\. sf]xl cfpg'x'g5, dg6]zj/l eg]sf] s] xf] /< s]6fs]6l k7fof], laxfg a]n'sf eft v'jfpf5, vfhf v'jfpf5, To;/L v'jfpg] :s'n} dg6]zj/l xf] egg] cleefjsx klg 5g\. dg6]zj/l eg]sf] v]ng] clg 3/ kms{g] egg] sg;]k6 klg cleefjsdf 5. slthgf t s]6fs]6ln] v]ng t v]n5 t/ v]nbf l;sg] jftfj/0f t x'g'kof]{ egg] cleefjs klg 5g\. tkfof {sf]egbf sdhf]/ jf ;'wfg' {kg] { dg6]zj/l b]vbf s:tf] nfu5 < slt dg6]zj/ln] z'ns /fd } lno/x]sf] x'g5, t/ lbg] ;]jfdf s~h':ofo u/]sf] b]lvg5. Tolta]nf g/fd f] nfu5. lsgeg] cleefjssf] ;f]rfodf dg6]zj/l egg] lalqss} s] xf] < egg] s'/fdf ;a}n] Pp6} kdf nu]sf] v08df /fd f] x'gyof]. k};f a9l lnfb}df dg6]zj/l x'g] xf] ls < ;'ljwf a9l lbp/ dg6]zj/l x'g] xf] < egg] ljifo ;f]rglo 5. of] ljifodf dg6]zj/l ;~rfnssf] Wofg hfg'k5{. egg ldng];dd t d}n] hfg]sf] s'/fx atfpg] / ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfpg] klg u/]sl 5'. ;d:of rflxf s] 5 < slt :s'nn] lstfa kmnf] u5{, sltn] u/]sf] 5}g. lstfa kmnf] gubf{ /fd f] x'g] d}n] cg'ej u/]sl 5'. lsgeg] cfkm}n] Tof]cg';f/sf] sl/s'nd agfpg kfog5. k fod/ldf ;/sf/n] sl/s'nd tf]s]sf] 5. Tof] sl/s'ndnfo{ lnp/, xfd f] a'snfo{ lnp/ xfdl sl/s'nd agfpg ;S5f}F. t/ of] lk :s'nsf] nflu eg] ;/sf/n] s]xl klg pnn]v u/]sf] 5}g. o;n] ;d:of epsf] 5. olt jif{sf] nflu olt k9fp eg]/ slxf klg s]xl e]l6psf] 5}g. To;n] ubf{ kmnfgf] :s'ndf olt k9fof], tkfof{sf]df k9fpg egg] u'gf;f] cleefjsx af6 cfpg] u/]sf] 5. cg'udg, lg/lif0f / lgodg ug] { s'g} lgsfo oxff cfpsf] 5 < clxn];dd Ps k6s gu/kflnsfaf6 cg'udg ug{ cfpg' epsf] lyof]. Tof] a]nf pxffx n] ljbfyl{ ;+Vof / c? tyofª\sx lnp/ hfg'eof]. 8fOlgª xn x]g'{eof], kmf]6f]x lvrg'eof] clg hfg'eof]. ;Nnfx, ;'emfj s]xl lbg'epg. sf7df8f}+sf O{l;8Ldf ;d:o} ;d:of sf7df8f}+ ljbfno xftfdf ;~rflnt afn ljsf; s]g d} l;sfo d}ql jftfj/0fsf] cefj /x]sf] kfopsf] 5. v]nb}, l;sb} / cf/fd ub}{ ljbfno egf{ x'g'cl3 dfgl;s kdf tof/ x'g'kg]{ afnaflnsfnfo{ s]gb df /fvl ;~rfngdf /x]sf sf7df8f}+sf afn ljsf; s]g df k"jf{wf/sf] cefj gep klg l;sfod}ql jftfj/0fsf] eg] cefj /x]sf] lziff ljefun] hgfpsf] 5. ljbfno hfg] pd]/ k"j{sf afnaflnsfsf] PsLs[t tyf ;du ljsf;sf nflu vf]lnpsf] afn ljsf; s]g k f/ldes afnljsf; s]gb sf] dd{cg';f/ ;~rfngdf g/x]sf] ljefusf pklgb]{zs Pj+ k f/ldes afnljsf; zfvfsf k d'v xl/k ;fb vgfnn] atfp. afn ljsf; s]g n] k f/ldes afnlziff tyf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g\Ú, pgn] eg], t/ tl s]gb x df afnaflnsfsf] rfk eg] a9l 5.Ú siff ;~rfng ug{ vfg]kfgl / zf}rfno Joj:yf x'g'k5{. siffsf]7fdf sfk]{6, rs6l, afnd}ql /+u/f]ug / tl:a/, cif/ / ejg e"sdk k lt/f]wftds x'g'kg]{ k fjwfg /x]sf] 5. pgn] lziff ljefu, o'lg;]km, ;]e b lrn8]«g / ;]tf] u'/ff;nufotsf u}/;/sf/l ;+:yf / lhnnf lziff sfof{nosf k pgllw, ljbfno lg/lifs, ; f]tjolqmnufotsf] ;xeflutfdf sf7df8f}+sf ljlegg ljbfnox df ;~rflnt afnljsf; s]gb x df ;d:ofsf] rfªú g} /x]sf] lgisif{ lg:s]sf] atfp. pklgb]{zs vgfnn] sf7df8f}+sf] afnjoj;fol dflj, ltlnª\uf6f/ dflj, xnrf]s dflj, lzjk'/l dflj, d+unf]bo dflj, 1fgf]bo dflj / zflgt lgs'~h dfljdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf jfnljsf; s]gb x sf] cjnf]sg;fu} cg'udg ul/psf] hfgsf/l lbp. tl s]gb x df cg'udgsf] qmddf afnljsf; s]g eg]]/ :yfkgf ul/p klg sltko eg] gfdd} dfq} ;Lldt epsf] klg kfopsf] atfp. s'g}df ef}lts k"jf{wf/} 5, s'g}df 5}g, t/ clwsf+zdf eg] afnd}ql jftfj/0f, u'0f:t/lo l;sfo 5}g, To:tf cj;/af6 ;d]t afnaflnsf jl~rt eo/x]sf 5g\.Ú pgsf] egfo 5. pgn] afnaflnsfx sf] ;jf{ª\ul0f ljsf;sf] nflu :yflkt afn ljsf; s]gb x df v]n d}bfgsf] cefj x'fbf zfl//ls ljsf;df afwf k'lu/x]sf] klg atfp. s]gb sf] ;f] cj:yf epkl5 cf}krfl/s kdf ljbfno egf{cl3 kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fdf cif/ lrgfpgsf nflu ;/sf/l nufgldf ;~rflnt afn ljsf; s]g k efjsf/l agg g;s]sf] pgsf] :jlsf/f]qml 5. clwsf+z O{l;8Lx df lghl kdf ;~rflnt dg6]zj/l, O{l;O{;Lsf] k efj k/]sf] pgn] atfp. dg6]:j/lú h:t} ;fgf gfglsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;~rfngdf NofOPsf O{l;8Ln] cleefjssf] dg lhtg ;s]sf 5}gg\. s]gb sf ;xof]ul sfo{stf{x n] a9l ;fif/tfd'vl l;sfodf hf]8 lbo/x]sf 5g\.Ú 9

cgtjf{tf{ cgtjf{tf{ lziff ljefusf] O{;L8L zfvfsf] sfdx s] s] x'g\ < vf;df lziff ljefusf] d'vo sfd eg]sf] b]ze/l rn]sf z}lifs sfo{qmdx nfo{ ;xhls/0f ug]{ xf]. ;xhls/0f eggfn] sfo{qmd sfof{gjogsf pkfox agfpg], agfpsf sfo{qmdx sf] k jf]lws/0f ug]{, k fljlws ;xof]u k'of{pgsf nflu dfu{ k z:t ul/lbg], tl sfo{qmdx nfo{ ;DalGwt lhnnfx df k7fpg], k7fpsf sfdx sf] cg'udg / lg/lif0f ug]{h:tf sfdx h'g 5g\, To:t} sfdx nfo{ k f/ldes afn ljsf; zfvfn] ub}{ cfo/x]sf] 5. b]ze/l rn]sf afnljsf; s]gb x, s'g lhnnfdf s;/l / slt rn]sf] 5 < ltgnfo{ sfo{qmd lbg] / sfo{qmddf ;xhls/0f ug]{, To;sf] l/kf]l6{ª ug]{ sfdx clxn] ul//x]sf 5f}F. b]ze/ clxn] slt afnljsf; s]gb x ;~rfngdf 5g\ < ca clxn] af]ng] qmddf ;/sf/l cg'bfg hfg] afnljsf; s]gb x sf] ;+Vof s]xl jif{ otf xfdln] a9fpsf 5}gf}F. lziff dgqfno, ljefuaf6 hfg] cg'bfgcgtu{t ;~rflnt x'g] afnljsf; s]gb x sf] ;+Vof #) xhf/ $ ;o $* sf] ;+Vofdf 5. t/ s]gb ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cg'dlt lbg] sfd :yfglo txn] ug]{ epsf]n] Tof] s]gb :yfglo txsf] cg'bfgdf rn]sf] O{;L8L g otfsf] g ptfsf] ep/ u'lh /x]sf] 5 :yfglo txn] vfnl cg'dlt lbp, Tof] egbf k/ x]g{ lg EofPg. O{;L8LnfO{ lziff dgqfnon] cfkm\gf] 7fg]/ Jojxf/ t uof]{ t/ klg g lziff dgqfnosf], g :yfglo ljsf;lt/sf] egg] lsl;dn] rnof]. To;n] ubf{ sltko s'/f pt}af6 x]l/of] egg]df lziff dgqfno k'uof]. ptfaf6 O{;L8L eg]sf] t k9fpg] s'/f xf], pt} lziff dgqfnon] x]of]{ xf]nf, cg'dlt lbpkl5 sfd ;lsof] egg] s'/f p;n] a'em\of] xf]nf. of] alrsf] a'emfodf xfdln] ;femf wf/0ff agfp/ xfdl cl3 a9\g ;s]g5f}f. xfdln] tflnd lbp/ k7fpsf lzifsx ToxfF w]/} l6s]gg\. lsgegbf xfd f] nufgl sd eof]. nufgl sd epsf]n] kfl/>lds vfhf vfg k'ug] klg 5}g. cj;/ kfpg] lalqss} ToxfFaf6 aflxl/of]. aflxl/g] lalqss} xfd f] tflnd v]/ uof]. tflnd glnpsf] dfg5] l5g]{ eof]. tflnd glnpsf dfg5] l5g]{ lalqss} O{;L8Lsf] cjwf/0ff g} dof]{. Tof] vfnsf] tflnd lnpsf dfg5]sf] xfo8«k cfp6 eof]. o;sf] k efj ;j{q kof]{. xl/k ;fb vgfn k f/ldes afn ljsf; zfvfsf d'vo lziff ljefu, pklgb]{zs Pj+ k f/ldes afnljsf; zfvf k d'v klg x'g ;S5. pglx sf] tyof+s xfdl;fu 5}g. cg'bfg hfg] eggfn] s'g s'g ljifo / zlif{sdf cg'bfg hfg] u/]sf] 5 < ljefuaf6 hfg] cg'bfg eggfn] Tolt 7"nf] cg'bfg 5}g, nufgl sd 5 o:tf s]gb x df. ToxfF hfg] eg]sf] siff s]gb rnfpg], O{;L8L lzifssf]!# dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds, To;kl5 s]gb df /x]sf afnaflnsf zlif{sdf k ltafnaflnsf?= % ;osf] b/n] k/ rfo{n8 km08 hfg5. Tof] /sd s]gb sf] z}lifs ;fdu L, ef}lts ;fdu L Joj:yfkgsf] nflu hfg] u/]sf] 5. o;df b'o{yl/sf] cg'bfgafx]s c? hfg] u/]sf] 5}g. ljefucgtu{tsf afnljsf; s]gb x sf] cj:yf rflxf s:tf] 5 t < o;sf cj:yfx dwo], ef}lts cj:yf cfzfltt 5}g. lsgegbf Pp6f sf/0f t e"sdk xf]. e"sdkkl5!$ lhnnfdf ljbfnox df Iflt k'uof]. pglx sf] k"glg{df{0f gepsf] cj:yf, s'g} agb} u/]sf] cj:yf 5. ljbfnodf cfwfl/t afnljsf; s]gb x h;/l c? ljbfnosf siffsf]7f eltsp/ ;d:ofdf k/]sf] 5 Tof] ;d:ofdf afnljsf; s]gb x klg k/]sf 5g\. To;sf/0fn]!$ lhnnfdf /x]sf s]gb x sf] ;d:ofdf vf;} ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g. Tof]afx]s c? lhnnfx df klg k f/ldes afn ljsf; s]gb s} nflu ;fdfgotof c? siffsf]7fegbf km/s lsl;dsf] lgdf{0f clxn];dd epsf] 5}g. t/ afnljsf; s]gb x sf] cfkm\g} Go"gQd dfkb08 5. tfls of] c? siffx egbf o;sf] siffsf]7fsf] ;fo{h klg km/s vfnsf], ToxfF Joj:yfkg x'g'kg]{ ;fdu Lx klg km/s vfnsf] x'g'kg]{ Pp6f Go"gQd dfkb08 5. ToxL Go"gQd dfkb08cg';f/ sfod ug{ ;lspsf] 5}g. obfsbf goff ejg ag]sf, agb} u/]sfdf xfdln] ;dgjo u/]/ of] ;fo{hsf] agfpg';\ egg] afx]s, k'/fg} cj:yfdf ag]sf ejgdf v'n]sf s]gb x df Tof] dfkb08 nfu" epsf] cj:yf 5}g. t/ ca agb} u/]sf ejgx df xfdln] Go"gQd dfkb08cg';f/ u/fpg ceof; yfn]sf 5f}F. Go"gQd dfkb08sf] s'/f ul//xfbf w]/} s]gb x af6 Tof] dfkb08 k"/f gu/]sf] klg atfpg'eof], To;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f s]gb x jf afnaflnsfx k fyldstfdf gk/]/ xf] < k fyldstfdf gk/]sf] egf}f eg] 5f]6f] ;dodf tla lj:tf/ epsf] klg xf]. lsgeg] ;g\ @))) df h'g ljzj lziff ;Dd]ng eof], 8sf/df epsf] Tof] ;Dd]ngdf x:tfif/ ug]{ /fi6«g]kfn klg xf]. Tof] ;Dd]ngsf] klxnf] nio g} afnljsf; lyof]. To;k5fl8 g]kfnn] h'g g]zgn Knfg ckm PS;g agfof], Tof]kl5 k f/ldes afnljsf;n] tla tf kfpsf] xf]. lsgeg] Tof] a]nf em08} @* ;osf] xf/fxf/ldf /x]sf] afnljsf; s]gb x #) xhf/ k'ug'nfo{ k fyldstf glbpsf] egbf lj/f]wfefif x'g5. k fyldstfdf k/]sf] klg xf] t/ nufglsf] lx;fjn] xfdln] Tolt /fd f] nufgl ug{ g;s]sf] s'/f xf]. lsg < lsg eg] Psflt/ kfl/>lds sd 5 O{{l;8L lzifssf]. cem ;'?;'?df t :yfkgf vr{ klg Psxhf/, b'o{xhf/ klg lypg. To;n] xfd f] Go"gQd dfkb08df k/]sf ;fdu L lsgg, eg]sf] h:tf] siffsf]7f lgdf{0f ug{nfo{ ckof{kt g} lyof]. o;f] elg/xfbf lziff ljefu rflxf s] x]/]/ a:of] t < oxff Pp6f a'em\g} kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] k f/ldes afnljsf; PSnf] lziff dgqfnosf] bflotjsf] ljifo rflxf lypg, lsgeg] lxhf] klg :yfglo :jfoq zf;g P]g @)$* / lgodfjnl @)%^ / P]g cg';f/ cfkm\gf] If]qleq k"j{ k fylds siffsf] :yfkgf, cg'dlt lbg], ;~rfng ug{], Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhddf rflxf Tolta]nf klg :yfglo txs} lyof]. To;sf/0f nfdf] ;do;dd of] s]gb s:tf] /Xof] eg] o;sf] df]8n klg ToxL lyof] ls :yfglo txn] To;nfO{ k zf;lgs, ef}lts / cgo Joj:yfksLo kf6f] :yfglo txn] ug]{. k fljlws ;xof]u rflxf lziff dgqfnon] ug]{ egg] cjwf/0faf6 of] cfpsf] xf]. ;'?df ;d'bfodf cfof], To;df ;d'bfon] klg nufgl ug]{, otfaf6 hfg] t Pp6f gf]ldgn s'/f k7fpg] egg] lx;fan] cfof]. t/ sfof{gjogdf cfpg, lj8djgf g} ToxL eof]. To;}n] Tolta]nf ;Dk"0f{ lhdd]jf/l lziff dgqfno / ljefusf] klg lypg. Tof] jf:tjdf jx'kiflo / jx'if]qlo lyof]. :yfglo txn] klg Pp6f Joj:yfksLo kf6f] x]g'kyof]{, xfdln] k fljlws ;]jfsf] lx;fan] x]g'{kyof]{. k fljlws ;xotfsf] kf6f] eg]/ egbf s] x'gyof] egbf O{;L8L lzifsnfo{ tflnd lbg], lqmofsnfksf] l8hfog ug]{, kf7\oqmd agfpg], Go"gQd dfkb08x lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfd xfdln] lbg'kg]{ lyof]. t/ s] eof] eg] xfdln] lbpsf] Tof] gf]ldgn ;kf]6{sf] cfwf/df l3l;lk6l ub}{{ rnb} cfp. csf]{ lgsfoaf6 kfpg'kg]{ ;xof]usf] s'/fdf ;dgjo epg. Tof] ;d:ofn] ubf{ :yfglo txn] vfnl cg'dlt lbp, Tof] egbf k/ x]g{ lg EofPg. O{;L8LnfO{ lziff dgqfnon] cfkm\gf] 7fg]/ Jojxf/ t uof]{ t/ klg g lziff dgqfnosf], g :yfglo ljsf;lt/sf] egg] lsl;dn] rnof]. To;n] ubf{ sltko s'/f pt}af6 x]l/of] egg]df lziff dgqfno k'uof]. of] jf:tjdf jx'kiflo / jx'if]qlo lyof]. :yfglo txn] klg Pp6f Joj:yfksLo kf6f] x]g'kyof]{, xfdln] k fljlws ;]jfsf] lx;fan] x]g'{kyof]{. k fljlws ;xotfsf] kf6f] eg]/ egbf s] x'gyof] egbf O{;L8L lzifsnfo{ tflnd lbg], lqmofsnfksf] l8hfog ug]{, kf7\oqmd agfpg], Go"gQd dfkb08x lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfd xfdln] lbg'kg]{ lyof]. ptfaf6 O{;L8L eg]sf] t k9fpg] s'/f xf], pt} lziff dgqfnon] x]of]{ xf]nf, cg'dlt lbpkl5 sfd ;lsof] egg] s'/f p;n] a'em\of] xf]nf. of] alrsf] a'emfodf xfdln] ;femf wf/0ff agfp/ xfdl cl3 a9\g ;s]g5f}f. To; sf/0fn] O{;L8L g otfsf] g ptfsf] ep/ klg u'lh /x]sf] b]lvg5. lziff dgqfnon] o;nfo{ ; f]ts]gb x cgtu{t} /fvg] ceof; t eof]. Tolt ubf{ub}{ klg k fyldstfdf eg] ljbfno g} kl//x]sf] 5. o;sf] k efj clxn] b]lv/x]sf] 5 h:tf] tkfof{n] cg'ej ug'{epsf] 5 < dhhfn] epsf] 5. s;/l epsf] 5 eg] Go"gQd dfkb08 xfdln] @)^& ;fndf agfof}f. of] dfkb08sf] s'/f kfngf ug{ PSnf] lziff dgqfnosf] bflotjn] dfq k"/f x'g]jfnf lypg. Tof] ax'kiflo ;+ogq kl/rflnt ep/ dfq ;xhtfk"j{s sfd ;DkGg x'g]jfnf lyof]. ToxL s'/f k5fl8 kof]{. clxn] w]/} ;d'bfodf rn]sf s]gb x ;d'bfon] rnfpg ;s]g. To;n] ubf{ tl s]gb x e6fe6 ljbfnodf up/ uflep. ;d'bfon] rnfpg g;s]kl5 oxff rn]g s] ug]{ < ;d'bfon] ;kf]6{ klg u/]g, s] ug]{ egbf, agb ug'{sf] ;6\6f ljbfnodf NofpF egg] lx;fan] ljbfnodf uflep. To;n] ubf{ 10 11

cgtjf{tf{ /fd f] ceof; xfdln] rf/ jif{df O{;L8Ldf egf{ ug]{ xf], kffrdf siff! df egf{ u/fpg] xf]. Tof]eGbf sd pd]/sf s]6fs]6lx nfo{ klg k9fpg yflnpsf] 5, n]vfpg yflnpsf] 5, nf}/f] b]vfpg yflnpsf] 5 eg] Tof] b'ef{uo xf], To;f] x'g' x'gg. ;d'bfosf w]/} s]gb x ljbfnodf upsf 5g\. clxn] To;sf] k efjsf] kdf Pp6f ljbfnodf b'o{tlgj6f afnljsf; s]gb x k'uof]. csf]{, w]/} 7fpFsf s]gb x rng t rn]sf 5g\ t/ xfdln] ;f]r]sf] h:tf] l;sfosf] jftfj/0f, ;fdu L, k"jf{wf/ 5}g. Tof] gepkl5 kf7\oqmd sfof{gjog t :jefljs kdf lkmtnf] epsf] 5. ;x/lt/sf s]gb x df To;sf] k efj s] kof]{ eg] lghl ljbfnosf g;{/l s]hldf kg{ upsf] 5. xfdln] tflnd lbp/ k7fpsf lzifsx ToxfF w]/} l6s]gg\. lsgegbf xfd f] nufgl sd eof]. nufgl sd epsf]n] kfl/>lds vfhf vfg k'ug] klg 5}g. cj;/ kfpg] lalqss} ToxfFaf6 aflxl/of]. aflxl/g] lalqss} xfd f] tflnd v]/ uof]. tflnd glnpsf] dfg5] l5g]{ eof]. tflnd glnpsf dfg5] l5g]{ lalqss} O{;L8Lsf] cjwf/0ff g} dof]{. Tof] vfnsf] tflnd lnpsf dfg5]sf] xfo8«k cfp6 eof]. o;sf] k efj ;j{q kof]{. O{;L8Lsf] cjwf/0ffkl5 cleefjsx df cfpsf] kl/jt{g rflxf s] kfpg'eof] < cleefjsx df ldl>t vfnsf] kl/jt{g b]v]sf] 5' d}n]. Pp6f k f/ldes afnljsf; s]gb x df k7fpg'k5{ egg] r]tgf cfpsf] b]lvg5. ;x/df rflxf cem} g;{/l, s]hldf k9fpg'kg]{ s'/f / af]l8{ªdf nfg] s'/fnfo{ g} k fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5. t/ aflx/ hxff ;+:yfut ljbfnox sf] kx'fr k'u]sf] 5}g, ToxfF O{;L8Lx n] :s'n hfg'egbf cufl8sf s]6fs]6lx nfo{ wfg]sf] cj:yf 5. To:tf s]gb x df k7fpg'k5{ egg] cleefjsx klg a9]sf 5g\. cleefjsx sf] a'emfo klg b'o{tlg lsl;dsf] 5. :s'n hfg] a]nf epsf] 5}g, s]6fs]6lnfo{ 3/df 5f]8\bf x]g]{ dfg5] rflxg5, ca bfh' :s'n hfg5g\, :s'nd} O{;L8L 5 eg] ToxLF k7folbpfú egg] Pp6f a'emfo eof]. Tof] eg]sf] cfkm\gf] sfdsf] nflu k7fpg] a'emfo eof]. csf]{ a'emfo rflxf, ToxfF upkl5 clnslt af7f] x'g5, 6f7f] x'g5, csf]{ jif{ :s'n hfg ;Sg] lg x'g5, csf]{jif{b]lv siff Psdf klg ;/f;/ k9\5, To;}n] ToxLF k7folbpfmú egg] klg 5. Tof]afx]s sxlf lbjf vfhf sfo{qmd 5 eg] vfhf klg ToxLF vfg5, bfolbbl;fu klg hfg5, ;lhn} x'g5ú egg] csf]{ a'emfosf klg 5g\. a'emfo h'g ep klg sd;]sd k7fpg'k5{ egg] ;femf a'emfo rflxf ljsf; epsf] 5. ;x/ahf/lt/ dg6]zj/l v'n]sf 5g\, afnljsf;;fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf ljlegg s]gb jf :s'nx 5g\, pglx sf] sfo{qmd / ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmdalr leggtf s]xl 5 ls < clxn] 5\of;5\of:tL kdf ;x/ahf/ x df v'n]sf dg6]zj/lx xfdln] snkgf u/]sf] O{;L8LeGbf klg tnsf] pd]/sf s]6fs]6lx sf] nflu NofPsf] sfo{qmd xf]nf egg] d]/f] a'emfo xf]. dg6]zj/lx df t gr{/lª ug]{ xf] cyjf s]o/ ug]{ xf]. Tof] s]gb eg]sf] k9fpg] ynf] xf]og. xfdl k f/ldes afnljsf; s]gb df t k9fpg] s'/f ub}{gf}+ eg] Tof] egbf klg tnnf] pd]/sf, Tof]eGbf lg tnnf] lkf9lsf s]6fs]6lx nfo{ svu3, PaL;L8L k9fpg], n]vfpg] egg] s'/f t snkg} ug{ ;lsgg. dg6]zj/l eg]sf] Jo:t, sfdsfhl, 3/u[x:yL epsf dlxnf k'?ifx epsf] 7fpFdf cfkm\gf] s]6fs]6lnfo{ x]g]{ dfg5] gx'fbf, s]6fs]6lnfo{ 3/]n' jftfj/0fdf / c;fwo} d}qlk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf s]6fs]6l x'sf{pg] ynf] xf]. t/ a'emfo cln km/s b]lvpsf] 5. dg6]zj/l klg cfkm\g} tl/sfn] rln/x]sf] 5 egg'epsf] xf] < xf], dnfo{ nfu5, To;/L dg6]zj/l rng'x'gg. rn]sf] 5 eg] lgodg ug]{ lgsfon] To;nfO{ lgodg u/]sf] 5 egg] s'/fdf d cfzfdfq u5'{. lgodg ug]{ lgsfo eg]sf] ljz]if tm h;n] ;~rfngsf] cg'dlt lbof], ToxL g} xf] < lans'n ToxL xf]. xfdl dg6]zj/lnfo{ x]b}{gf}f. xfdln] x]g]{ eg]sf] ;fdfgotof k f/ldes afnljsf; s]gb, Tof] klg :s'n ;]S6/ 8]enKd]G6 Knfgcg';f/ xfdl cl3 uo/x]sf 5f}F. xfdln] rf/ jif{df O{;L8Ldf egf{ ug]{ xf], kffrdf siff! df egf{ u/fpg] xf]. Tof]eGbf sd pd]/sf s]6fs]6lx nfo{ klg k9fpg yflnpsf] 5, n]vfpg yflnpsf] 5, nf}/f] b]vfpg yflnpsf] 5 eg] Tof] b'ef{uo xf], To;f] x'g' x'gg. To;/L dg6]zj/l rnfpg] s'/f xf]og. dg6]zj/l eg]sf] To:tf] lso/ h'g p;n] 3/df klgh kfpg ;Qm}g. To;sf] nlfu dg6]zj/ldf k7fpg] xf]. Tof] a]nf s]6fs]6lnfo{ dfgl;s kdf, zf/ll/s kdf, ;+j]uftds kdf tof/ u/fpg] xf]. x'sf{pg] xf]. a9fpg] xf], To:tf] a]nfdf n]vfo k9fosf 807f ahf/]/ slnnf] dl:t:snfo{ k efj kfg]{ sfd ug'{ x'gg. lziff sfof{nos} cl3 dg6]zj/l vf]lnpsf x'g5g\, pglx lziff sfof{nocgtu{t gcfpfbf lj/f]wfefif b]lvpg / < d}n] of] lziffleq lsg x}g elg/x]sf] 5' eg] of] k7gkf7gsf] ;jfn xf]og. t/ cfd a'emfo{ t k9fpgs} nflu dg6]zj/ldf k7fpg'k5{ egg] 5 lg < Psbd unt. To;f]eP cleefjs lziff dxtjk"0f{ b]lvof] x}g /< b]lvof], cleefjsn] Tof] s'/f a'em\g h?/l 5. dg6]zj/l eg]sf t gr{/lª ug]{, lsol/ª ug]{ 7fpF xf]. d Jo:t epf, ToxL sf/0f d}n] s]6fs]6lnfo{ /fd /L x]g{ ;lsgf, 6fOddf vfhf v'jfpg ;lqmfg, v]nfpg ;lqmfg, dnfo{ km';{b epg. geofpkl5 a? s]xl k};f lt/]/ o:tf] ;fd'lxs 7fpFsf] vf]hl u5'{, hxff d}n]egbf a9l s]o/ x'g5 eg]/ g xf] cleefjsn] nfg] eg]sf] t. t/ Tof] ljr/f s]6fs]6l ToxfF nu]/ s]6fs]6lnfo{ PKkn, an, svu3 k9fp, lg/y{s k9fo u/ eg]/ nfg5 eg] Tof] t unt} xf]. Tof] ug]{ s'/} xf]og. *) k ltztegbf sd pkl:yt x'g] ljbfyl{nfo{ /ftf] sf8{, *) b]lv *( k ltzt pkl:yt x'g]nfo{ kx]nf] sf8{ / () b]lv!)) k ltzt pkl:yt x'g]nfo{ xl/of] sf8{ k bfg ug]{ ul/psf] 5 c5fd lhnnfsf ljbfnox df afnaflnsfnfo{ lgoldt u/fpg / pglx sf] l;sfo pknawl psf:g goff ceof; ;'? ul/psf] 5. Tof] xf], Kof6af]8{ / kmnf]ck sf8{. ljbfnodf ljbfyl{ egf{ eo;s]kl5 pglx nfo{ kmnf]ck sf8{sf] k of]u ul/g5. c5fdsf ljbfnodf afnaflnsf egf{ x'g] t/ lgoldt pkl:yt gx'g], ljbfyl{ l6sfp b/ sd x'g] cj:yf 5. o:tf] cj:yfdf ljbfyl{sf] l;sfo pknlaw tyf sfo{;dkfbgdf lgs} ;d:of b]lvg yfn]kl5 of] goff ceof; yflnpsf] xf]. ljbfnodf afnaflnsfsf] xflh/l clen]lvs/0f / pkl:ylt lgoldt agfpg b}lgs cfwf/df dlxgfsf] clgtd lbg Wofgfsif{0f kqú agfoof]. h'g /ftf] /Ësf] 5. To:t}, hfgsf/l kqú eg]/ kx]fnf] / wgojfb kqúsf?kdf xl/of] kq tof/ ul/psf 5g\. ol tlg} lsl;dsf sf8{x kqsf?kdf ljbfyl{sf cleefjssxff ljbfnoaf6 k7fpg] ul/g5. ;/:jtl cfwf/e"t ljbfno a'9fsf]6sf k c ;'/haxfb'/ ;fpb *) k ltztegbf sd pkl:yt x'g] ljbfyl{nfo{ /ftf] sf8{, *) b]lv *( k ltzt pkl:yt x'g]nfo{ kx]nf] sf8{ / () b]lv!)) k ltzt pkl:yt x'g]nfo{ xl/of] sf8{ k bfg ug]{ ul/psf] atfpf5g\. kmnf]ck sf8{sf] k of]un] ljbfnodf afnaflnsfsf] pkl:ylt b/ a9\b}} upsf] 5. To;}n] ljbfnon] cfˆg} nufgldf kmnf]ck sf8{ 5fKg] / ljt/0f ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf] 5Ú g]kfn /fli6«o dfljsf k c dgf]h /fjn ljbfyl{ xflh/lsf cfwf/df lgoldt Kof6 kmnf]ck sf8{ :s"n gk7fp /ftf], k7fp xl/of] *) k ltztegbf sd pkl:yt x'g] ljbfyl{nfo{ /ftf] sf8{, *) b]lv *( k ltzt pkl:yt x'g]nfo{ kx]nf] sf8{ / () b]lv!)) k ltzt pkl:yt x'g]nfo{ xl/of] sf8{ k bfg ug]{ ul/psf] 5 af]8{sf] k of]u ug]{ ul/g5. afnaflnsf tlg lbg;dd klg cg'kl:yt epdf ltgsf cleefjsnfo{ k cn] sf8{dfkm{t\ kmnf]ckú ug]{ u5{g\. of] qmddf cleefjs;fu lgs} cgtlqm{of x'g] u5{. of] lqmofsnfkn] ljbfnodf afnaflnsfsf] pkl:ylt b/df j[lå epsf] 7flgPsf] 5. ;fy}, l;sfo pknlawdf klg ;'wf/ epsf] sf8{ k of]ustf{x atfpf5g\. kmnf]ck sf8{sf] k of]un] ljbfnodf afnaflnsfsf] pkl:ylt b/ a9\b}} upsf] 5. To;}n] ljbfnon] cfˆg} nufgldf kmnf]ck sf8{ 5fKg] / ljt/0f ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf] 5,Ú g]kfn /fli6«o dfljsf k c dgf]h /fjn eg5g\. clxn] t cleefjsx cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfo{ 3/fo;L sfddf gnufp/ lgoldt ljbfno k7fo/x]sf 5g\Ú lqk'/f ;'Gb/L cfwf/e"t ljbfnosf k c ;/:jtl hf]zl o;sf] k of]uaf6 cleefjsx cfk;l?kdf 5nkmn ug]{, Ps csf]{nfo{ ;'emfj ;Nnfx k bfg ug]{ vfnsf c;n ceof;x x'g] u/]sf] pgsf] egfo 5. clxn] t cleefjsx cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfo{ 3/fo;L sfddf gnufp/ lgoldt ljbfno k7fo/x]sf 5g\Ú lqk'/f ;'Gb/L cfwf/e"t ljbfnosf k c ;/:jtl hf]zln] pt;fxl x'fb} elgg\. ;]e b lrn8«]g / jfs g]kfnsf] ;fem]bf/ldf ;~rflnt ;xofqf kl/of]hgfú dfkm{t\ ljbfnox n] o; k sf/sf] c;n ceof; z'? u/]sf x'g\. ;g\ @)!% b]lv c5fd lhnnfsf (^ j6f ljbfno / Ps ;o ;ftj6f afnljsf; siffdf kmnf]ck sf8{ k of]unufotsf z}lifs u'0f:t/sf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng eo/x]sf 5g\. clxn] lhnnfsf g]kfn /fli6«o dflj rfkmfdf08f}, sflnsf cfwf/ e"t ljbfno dnftlsf]6, >L lqk'/f;'gb/l cfwf/e"t ljbfno sfnfufpf, gjk eft cfwf/e"t ljbfno sfnfufpf, ggbf dflj sflnsf, 3'3'/sf]6 dflj 3'3'/sf]6, ;/:jtl cfwf/e"t ljbfno a'9fsf]6, rl08sf cfwf/e"t ljbfno kftnsf]6 u/l cf7j6f ljbfnon] cfˆg} nufglaf6 kmnf]ck sf8{ 5kfP/ k of]udf NofPsf 5g\. o:t}, c? cf7 ljbfnox n] klg 5fKg] tof/ldf /x]sf] hgfpsf 5g\. To;f] t, kmnf]ck sf8{ cfkm}+ 5fKgsf nflu kl/of]hgf sfo{ If]qsf (^ j6} ljbfnon] Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o u/fo;s]sf 5g\. ;a} ljbfnon] o;nfo{ cfˆgf] jflif{s of]hgfdf ;d]6]sf 5g\. 12 13

cleefjs lziff cleefjs lziff afnaflnsfnfo{ v]ng k ]l/t u/f}f zx/ ahf/df 3/ jl/kl/ tyf af6fdf klxn] h:tf] v]ng], s'b\g] v'nf 7fpF 5}g. w]/} h;f] ljbfnox df v]ns'bsf cj;/, To;sf nflu rflxg] 7fpF tyf v]ns'b;djlgw 1fg epsf lzifsx sf] sdl 5. o;} ul/ cleefjssf] rfxgf,?lr tyf ljbfnok ltsf] cfzf klg d]/f] gfglnfo{ hlt ;Sbf] rff8f] k9\g, n]vg tyf c+u ]hl km// af]ng ;Sg] agfob]ú egg] dfq x'g5. lktfdj/ g]pkfg] lzifs tflnd ljefu k d'v, O;LO;L @% #) jif{ cl3;dd g]kfnsf () k ltztegbf al9 dflg;x s[lif k]zfdf lyp. / o;}u/l w]/} h;f] zx/x df klg cfhegbf afnaflnsfx nfo{ pk mg], s'b\g] tyf v]ng] df}sf, ;do tyf :yfg kof{kt dfqfdf lyof]. To;sf/0fn] clxn]sf ao:s JolQmx n] cfkm" x'ls{b} ubf{ hfgl ghfgl, /x/n] jf s/n] w]/} zfl//ls s[ofsnfkdf ;xeful x'g] cj;/ kfp. zfl//ls ljsf;, lgogq0f, ;Gt'ng tyf cfjzos l;kx sf] ljsf; ug]{ h:tf df}sf kfp. ltg} JolQmx clxn] ao:s cleefjs jf tyf lzifs alg/xfbf cfkm"n] ;lhn} kfpsf] zfl//ls s[ofsnfkaf/] clxn]sf k':tfsf nflu Tolt ;r]t b]lvfb}gg\. afnaflnsfsf] zfl//ls s[ofsfnsf] nflu g t lgoldt cj;/ k bfg ul/psf] b]lvg5 g g} To;sf nflu jsfnt u/]sf]. ljz]ift zx/ahf/sf clxn]sf clwsf+z afnaflnsfx clwsf+z ;do 3/leq} ljtfpf5g\. pglx df]afon tyf l6el x]/]/ ;do sf6\5g\. pglx sf] zfl//ls s[ofsnfk Hofb} Go"g dfq b]lvg5. t/ xfdl ;a}nfo yfxf 5, Ps :j:yo dfgjsf] ljsf;sf nflu zfl//ls kdf tgb'?:t /xg', :j:yo afglsf] ljsf; ug'{ tyf ;lqmo lhjg tyf pko'qm zfl//ls tf}nsf] ;Gt'ng agfo /fvg' h?/l 5. olb ;fg}b]lv afnaflnsfnfo{ kof{kt tyf pko'qm zfl//ls s[ofsnfkdf ;xeful u/fpg ;s] lgdg kmfobfx x'g5g\. ;fg}b]lv afnaflnsfsf] d'6' tyf /StgnLx :j:yo kdf ljsf; x'fb} hfg5g\ h;n] kl5 cfokg{ ;Sg] d'6', Zjf;k Zjf; tyf dw'd]x h:tf /f]ux sf] hf]lvdnfo{ w]/} sd u5{. z/l/sf] tf}n tyf vfgf vfg] s'/fdf ;Gt'ng a9\5, zfl//ls lgogq0f sf] ljsf; x'g5, zfl//ls nrstf a9\g'sf ;fy} x8\8l tyf d+f;k]zl alnof] x'g], cftdljzjf; tyf ;sf/ftds ;f]rsf] ljsf; afnaflnsfdf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] cff6 tyf l;kx sf] ljsf; x'g5. k z:t v]ng] afnaflnsfsf] Wofg s]lgb t ug]{ Ifdtf /fd f] x'g5 ;fdflhs l;k tyf efjgfsf] ljsf; cfgtl/s zlqmsf] ljsf; cflb. xhf/ff} lsnf]ld6/sf] ofqf klg Ps kfonfaf6 ;'? x'g5, Pp6f :j:yo lhjgsf] z'?jft klg k"j{afnoj:yfdf g} x'g5. % ^ jif{;dddf afnaflnsfn] d'vo t z/l/ ;~rfng tyf lgogq0fsf tl/sf tyf 9fFrfx ljsf; ul/;sg' k5{. To;sf nflu 3/df / ljbfnodf of]hgf ul/ k z:t zfl//ls s[ofsnfk u/fog' dxtjk"0f{ 5. t/ la8djgf zx/ ahf/df 3/ jl/kl/ tyf af6fdf klxn] h:tf] v]ng], s'b\g] v'nf 7fpF 5}g. w]/} h;f] ljbfnox df v]ns'bsf cj;/, To;sf nflu rflxg] 7fpF tyf v]ns'b;djlgw 1fg epsf lzifsx sf] sdl 5. o;} ul/ cleefjssf] rfxgf,?lr tyf ljbfnok ltsf] cfzf klg d]/f] gfglnfo{ hlt ;Sbf] rff8f] k9\g, n]vg tyf c+u ]hl km// af]ng ;Sg] agfob]ú egg] dfq x'g5. t/ ljsf; eg]sf] rf}tkml{ x'g cfjzos 5. Toltdfq} gep/ clxn]sf] kl/jlt{t lhjgz}nldf ;fg}b]lv g} zfl//ls s[ofsnfkdf tflnd lbg], s'b\g], pk mg], r9\g], ˆofNg] ;dftg] cflb h:tf s[ofsnfkx u/fpfbf zfl//ls s[ofsnfkn] afnaflnsfsf] cftdljzjf; a9\g], :j:yo afglsf] ljsf;, tyf z/l/sf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf dfq gep/ afnaflnsfsf] af}l4s ljsf;df klg w]/} ;xfotf ub{5. o;sf nflu xfdl cleefjs tyf lzifsx n] afnljsf; tyf l;sfok ltsf] wf/0ff kl/jt{g ug'{k5{. Pp6f dfq lkn/n] c8]sf] 3/eGbf tlg rf/j6f lkn/n] ag]sf] 3/ alnof] x'g5. o;}ul/ afnssf] ljsf; klg k9fo, n]vfoegbf dfly p7]/ p;nfo{ eljiodf cfjzos kg]{ ljlegg Jofjxfl/s l;k, v]ns'b, ;fdflhs tyf dgf]/ghg h:tf s'/fx sf] df}sf lbp/ u/fpdf bluf] kdf x'g] ;+Defjgf x'g5. 3/df cleefjssf] st{ao afnaflnsfnfo{ aflx/, rf}/df tyf kfs{df nu]/, v]ng], pk mg], s'b\g], df}sf epdf?vdf r9\g] h:tf s[ofsnfk ug{ nufpg]. pglx ;Fu To:tf s[ofsnfkdf ;xeful x'g] tyf pglx nfo{ To;df tflnd lbg]. ljbfno tyf lzifsx sf] st{ao zfl//ls s[ofsnfknfo{ kf7\oqmdsf] clegg c+usf kdf ljsf; ug]{. afnaflnsfnfo{ b}lgs kdf sldtdf lzifssf] lgu/fgldf zfl//ls s[ofsnfk ug]{ df}sf k bfg ug]{ afnaflnsf;fu} v]ng] / /dfonf] ug]{ 7"nf / dx+uf Kn] :6]zgdf k};f / 7fpF vr{ ug'{egbf klg bf}8g, plk mg, em'l08g tyf r9\g ldng] lsl;dsf ;fwg, ;fdu L tyf 7fpF k bfg ug'{ afnljsf;sf nflu dxtjk"0f{ 5. pglx nfo{ k9\g n]vg l;sfpem}f ;fg}b]lv plk mg, s'b\g, ˆofFSg, ;dftg, an v]ng, an xfgg cflbs'/fsf] lgoldt kdf tflnd lbg' cfjzos 5. afnaflnsfsf] rf}tkml{ ljsf;sf] lgldt v]ns'bsf] dxtj / To;sf] kl/0ffdaf/] cleefjsnfo{ a'emfpg]. 14 15

ljrf/d~r afnaflnsfdfly lx+;f, b'jo{jxf/, zf]if0f epsf], hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf], afnclwsf/sf] pnnª\3g epsf] 5 eg] afn x]nknfogsf] k};f gnfug] kmf]g g+=!)(* -bz gf} cf7_ df va/ u/f}f. g]kfn ;/sf/ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfno ;"rgf ljefu g]kfnsf zx/l a:tlx df ;fgf ;fgf s]6fs]6lx sf nflu lk :s'nx v'ng] s d x\jfq} a9]sf] 5. v'n]/ agb x'g] s d klg p:t} 5. sltn] kfl/jfl/s Joj;fosf] k lbpsf 5g\ lk :s'nnfo{ eg] sltn] hfg]/ a'em]/ Jofj;flos kd} lk :s'nx vf]n]sf 5g\. h;n] h;/l hlxn] hxff vf]n] klg To;sf] k ToIf c;/ s]6fs]6lx nfo{ kg]{ s'/f s;}n] gsfg{ ;Sb}g. Rofp;/L a9]sf ol lk :s'nx ;a} cfkm}df /fd f] egg] xf]8df cl3 a9]sf 5g\. t/ logsf jf:tljs b'vfo lgs} sdnfo{ dfq yfxf xf]nf jf sltn] yfxf kfp klg yfxf gkfolbpsf xf]nfg\. arrfx nfo{ l;sfpg] x'sf{pg] clg cleefjssf] ;d[l4df ;xof]u ul//x]sf sof}f lk :s'nsf ;+rfnsx nfo{ ljlegg ;dodf cfnf]rgf ug]{x sf] sdl 5}g oxff. To;}n] g'jfuln] s]xl lk :s'n ;+rfnsx nfo{ ;f]w]sf] lyof] lk :s'n ;+rfngdf tkfo{+x n] ef]lu/xg' epsf ;d:ofx s] x'g\< ltgsf] ;dfwfg s;/l xf]nf<ú k fkt ljrf/ o; k6ssf] ljrf/d+rdf. k'ikf l/hfn l;6l dg6]zj/l cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}f lk :s'ndf d'vo b'o{ lsl;dsf ;d:ofx /x]sf 5g\. Pp6f lk :s'nnfo{ ga'em]sf]] cj:yf, lk :s'n ;~rfnsn] g} ga'em]sf] cj:yf 5. ToxfF tflnd k fkt lzifsx gepsf] kfpsf] 5'. lk :s'nsf gfglafa'x sf] dfgl;stf a'em]/ To; cg';f/sf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f u/]/ To;nfO{ ceof;df Nofpg kg]{ x'g5 clg dfq Tof] :s'n k of]uftds :s'n cyjf cy{k"0f{ :s'n x'g hfg5. d Pp6f 6]«g/ klg epsf] gftfn] tflnd lbg k'ubf tflnd lbo{;s]kl5 tflnddf ;xeful lzlifsfx n] egg'x'g5, æxfdl k9fpfbf k9fpfb} lbss eo{ ;Sof}F. xf]djs{ klg w]/} n]lvlbg' k5{ egg'x'g5. w]/} xf]djs{ k7fo{ lbg'xf];\ egg'x'g5. To;sf/0fn] ubf{ w]/} k9fpg' kg]{ x'g5, w]/} xf]djs{ k7fpgsf] nflu. Tof] w]]/} k9fpfbf / xf]djs{ u/fpg xfdlnfo{ ljlegg lqmofsnfk u/fpg] ;do g} k'ub}g.æ csf]{ eg]sf] cleefjsn] ga'em]sf] cj:yf 5. lk :s'ndf gfglx sf] hu a;fng], afgl a;fng] Pp6f cfwf/ xf] t/ of] ;dodf gfglafa'nfo{ k9\g, n]vgdf s]lgb t ug]{egbf klg gfglx sf] hljgsf] nflu cfjzos cfwf/e"t 1fg lbg'k5{. () k ltzt gfglx sf] JolQmTj ljsf; klg @ b]lv ^ jif{ leq x'g5. of] pd]/sf] gfglnfo{ lt :s'nx df Tof] vfnsf] ceof; u/fpg' kb{yof]. Tof]af6 w]/} :s'nx algrt eo/fv]sf 5g\. /ldnf v8\sf x]ld s OG6/g]zgn lk :s'n Odf8f]n, nlntk'/ lk :s'n ;~rfng ug{ 7"nf] r'gf}lt t arrfx g} x'g\. pglx sf] s;/l rf}tkml{ ljsf; ug]{ Tof] r'gf}ltsf] ljifo xf]. csf]{ eg]sf] arrfnfo{ :s'ndf xfln;s]kl5 cleefjssf] ck]iff s] x'g5 eg] arrf :s'n hfg] ljlqs} n]vg l;sf];, af]ng hfgf];\. cem} klg cleefjs k/dk/fut wf/0ffdf g} 5g\. xfdln] arrfx n] clxn] t' Gt} gep/ arrfn] v]nsf] dfwodaf6 pglx n] l;sf];\ egg] rfxg5f}f. ToxL ep/ cleefjssf] cfzf / xfd f] cfzf clnslt gldn]sf] xf]sl h:tf] nfu5. lk :s'nnfo{ /fd f] agfpg cleefjsnfo{ ;]ldgf/, js{zk u/]/ ljbfnodf s;/l k9fo{ x'g5, s'g dfwodaf6 k9fo x'g5 eg]/ ljlegg ;dodf af]nfp/ hfgsf/l u/fpg' kb{5. rgb df vql km]l/nof8 dg6]zj/l lk :s'n h8la'6l, sf7df8f}f lk :s'ndf k lt:kwf{ Psbd} w]/} 5. k lt:kwf{ w]/} eps} sf/0f goff lk :s'nnfo{ cleefjsn] rff8} ljzjf; ub}{gg\. lk :s'nnfo{ /fd f] agfpgsf]] nflu d'vot tflnd k fkt lzifs x'g'k of]. h;sf] dftxtdf :s'n ;~rfng ul/psf] 5 p ;Ifd x'g'k of], tflnd k fkt x'g'k of]. nufgl dfq u/]/ epg, cfkm"n] Joj:yfkg /fd f] ug{ ;Sg' k of]. To;kl5 arrfsf] ;'/Iff dxtjk"0f{ ljifo agb5. :s'n eg]kl5 k9fo{ lj:tf/} x'g] s'/f xf] :s'ndf k9fo{ t eoxfn5. t/ To;df cleefjsn] vf]hg] cltl/qm s'/f eg]sf] arrffd'vl jftfj/0f g} xf]. Tof] x'g'k of]. ljgf zdf{ km]l/h jn8{ Ol;8L dg6]zj/l :s'n, xfqljg, nlntk'/ d]/f] cg'ejdf ;xl k 0ffnLsf] cefj, cleefjssf] hfu?stfdf sdl 5. csf{] lzifsx sf] tflnd. :s'nsf] k 0ffnLcg';f/ lzifsf] tflnd ug{nfo{ / tflndk fkt lzifs kfpg ufx f] 5. lk :s'nnfo{ /fd f] agfpgsf] nflu arrfsf] nflu ;'xfpfbf] jftfj/0f, arrfx sf] nflu pko'qm lqmofsnfksf] of]hgf agfp/ pglx nfo{ z}lifs dh{ u of] eg] pts[i6 lk :s'n ag5. lx/f zfso lxnf/; dg6]zj/l lk :s'n P08 8] s]o/, nlntk'/ tflnd k fkt lzifs kfpg ufx f] 5. clxn] O;LO;L h:tf] ;+:yfx n] tflnd lbo/x]sf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ lzifsx nfo{ ;Ifd agfpfb5. t/ goff lkf9lsf] lzifsnfo{ l6sfpg ufx f] epsf] 5. klxn] klxn] cleefjsnfo{ ;Demfpg ufx f] x'gyof]. cfhef]ln cleefjsx sf] lgoldt a}7s ul/g] epsfn] cleefjsnfo{ ;Demfpg Tolt ;d:of /x]sf] 5}g. csf]{ eg]sf] lk :s'nx w]/} v'nb} 5g\. To;}n]] ubf{ slxn]sfxl goff goff :s'nx nfo{ clnslt k lt:kwf{ ug{ ufx f] x'g5 egg] nfu5. c:j:y k lt:kwf{ b]lvg5. lk :s'nnfo{ /fd f] agfpg ;Ifd, tflnd k fkt lzifssf] cefj 5. 16 17

ljrf/d~r ljrf/d~r 18 ljg' uf]9f/ yfkf eqmk'/ o'/f] ls8\;, ;Nnf3f/L, eqmk'/ lk :s'n ;~rfng ubf{ b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx! pko'qm :yfg / ef}lts k"jfwf/x sf] sdl @ lk :s"n dxëf] 5, lkmsf] t'ngfdf u'0f:tl/o lziff afnaflnsfx n] k fkt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ egg] clwsf+z cleefjsx sf] wf/0ff. # afnaflnsfsf] zfl/l/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;, af}l4s ljsf;, cg'zf;gsf] hu a;fpg] :yfg, tyf kl/jlt{t jftfj/0f;fu kl/lrt u/fpg] 7fpF eg]s} lk :s"n xf] egg] ljifodf clwsf+z cleefjsdf 1fg / r]tgfsf] sdl 5 h;n] ubf{ cg'dfg u/]cg';f/ afnaflnsfsf] pkl:ylt b]lvfb}g. $ ;a} lk :s'n, dg6]zj/ldf Ps} lsl;dsf] 6]lSgl;og, d]yf]8f]nf]hl / Dofg]hd]G6 l;:6dsf] cg'z/0f gu/l cf cfˆgf] lsl;dsf] kf7\oqmd / l;sfpg] k4lt epsf] x'fbf dg6]zj/l Ph's]zg l;:6ddflysf] dfgotfdf t'ngf ug{] k j[lqsf] ljsf; epsf] b]lvg5. ;dfwfgsf pkfox!= ef}lts k"jf{wf/x, hgzlqm, ; f]t / ;fwg, kf7\oqmd / Joj:yfklso ljifox df lglzrt dfkb08 tf]lsg' cfjzos 5. @ ljbfnox n] dg6]zj/l lziff ;j{;'ne pknaw u/fpg ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ kfg'{ kb{5. # ;do ;dodf dg6]zj/l z}lifs k 0ffnL af/]df ;]ldgf/, js{zk, ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf u/l ;a}nfo{ ;' ;"lrt ug{' kb{5. ls/0f uf];fo{ cd/hof]tl kmfp08]zg, sdnljgfos, eqmk'/ lk :s'n ;DalGw :ki6 ;/sf/l gllt, lgod tyf cg'udg gx'g', cleefjsx sf cfkm\gf arrf x/]s s'/fdf /fd f x'g\ ;a}n] pglx sf] tfl/km u?g\ egg] c;lldt O{R5f tyf cfsf+iff x'g', tflnd k fkt bif hgzlqmsf] cefj x'g', ljbfnosf] cfkm\g} nufgldf tflnd lbp/ lgvfl/psf sd{rf/l klg ljb]lzg], a}jflxs, kfl/jfl/s OTofbL sf/0fn] ljbfno 5f]8\g] kl/kf6l, lk :s'nalr c:j:y k lt:kwf{ x'g' clg lk :s"n kf7\oqmd tyf sfo{s ddf Ps ktf gx'g', cfkm}df Pp6f r'gf}tl xf] h'g x/]s lk :s'nn] ef]ub} cfpsf] 5. ;d:ofn] g} ;fdfwfg lnp/ cfpsf] x'g5 eg] efm} lo ;Dk"0f{ ;d:of tyf r'gf}ltsf ;fdfwfg klg xfdlleq} vf]hg cfjzos 5. ljbfno k zf;g clg ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx n] o;sf] lgldt cfjzos :ki6 gllt lgod sfof{gjo0f tyf cg'udg ug{ u/fpg ;DalGwt lgsfodf bjfj lbg pbf;lg gx'g], sd{rf/lnfo{ st{jolgi7, lgi7fjfg, udel/ / lhdd]af/ agfpg ljbfno k zf;gn] ;do ;dodf cleefjs lzifs e]nf, Joj;flos tyf Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu tflnd uf]i7lsf] cfof]hgf, k'g{tfhul sfo{s d, sfo{zfnf uf]i7l cflb ug'{sf ;fy} k efjsf/l Joj:yfkg ;DalGw sfo{s d ug'{ ckl/xfo{ cfjzostf b]lvg5. gfglx sf] dgf]efjgfsf ;fy;fy} cleefjsx sf rfxgfsf] plrt sb/ ul/ pxffx sf] lgldt cled'vls/0f sfo{s d, cleefjstj ;DjlGw tflnd tyf uf]i7l, ug{'kg]{ klg cfhsf] cfjzostf xf]. h;nfo{ xfdl ;a}n] l:jsfg{' k5{, Jojxf/df Nofpg' k5{. /d]z k ;fb l;6f}nf kflye/f Ps]8]dL, ;Nnf3f/L, eqmk'/ lxhf] cfh ;x/ ahf/sf k To]s unnldf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lziff lgodfjnl cg';f/sf l:js[tl k fkt / lagf l:js[lt ljljw gfdsf dg6]zj/l :s'nx ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\. o;/l lagf l:js[lt ;/sf/sf] lgod sfg"gnfo{ 6fpsfdf 6]s]/ ;~rfngdf /x]sf lk :s'nx g} jf:tljs lk :s'nsf ;d:of x'g\. cs]f{tkm{ Pp6f ljbfnodf kl9/x]sf gfglafa'x / ltgsf cleefjsx nfo{ ljlegg nf]e nfnr b]vfo{ ljbfno kl/jt{gsf] nflu bjfj lbg] csf]{ ljbfno klg ;d:ofsf] d'vo sf/s x'g\. ljlegg cfzjf;gx cleefjs ju{nfo{ b]vfp/ egf{ ub}{ t/ afnd}ql jftfj/0f ljbfnon] k bfg ug{ g;sg', tflnd k fkt / cg'ejl lzlifsfx /fvg g;sg' jf ljbfnodf l6sfpg g;sg', yf]/} k};fdf ;:tf lzifsx sf] vf]hl ub}{ lxf8\g] ljbfno csf{] ;d:of xf]. cem egg] xf] eg] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;a}egbf klxn] 1fgL / c;n dfg5] agg'kb{5 elg ;Demfpg'sf] ;6\6fdf 8fS6/, O{lGhlgo/ kfon6 agg' k5{ egl bafa lbg], /fd f 1fg u'gsf s'/f l;sfpg'sf] ;6\6f o' 6\o'j / km];a'sdf Jo:t /xg], 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] cuf8l ljlegg ckzab lgsfnb} em}emu8f ug]{, pglx sf] cuf8l hff8 /S;L r'/f]6 vfg] cleefjsx cfkm} klg ;d:ofsf] ; f]t x'g\. ;/nf s;njt lnl6n 6]«h;{ dg6]zj/l, l;kf8f]n, eqmk'/ ;d:ofx!= tflnd k fkt lzifssf] cefj @= cfwf/e"t dfkb08 gtf]lspsf] cj:yfdf au ]NtL vf]lnpsf lk :s'nx #= ljbfyl{sf] egf{sf] dfkb08 gtf]lspsf] $= 8] s]o/ ;]G6/ / lk :s'nalrsf] km/s g5'l6\6psf] %= w]/} nufgl ug}{ kg]{ afwotf ^= g;{/lb]lv o's]hl;ddsf lglzrt kf7\\oqmd gepsf] cj:yf &= lk :s'n :s'nsf] km/sdf cleefjs ;r]t gepsf] cj:yf ;dfwfg!= ;a} lk :s'nalr ;dgjo x'g' kg]{ @= ljbfnox n] siff! b]lvsf] cf}krfl/s lziff lbg] /! d'lgsf siffx lk :s'nn] rnfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ #= gfglx sf] egf{sf nflu Go'gtd pd]/ xbagbl tf]lsg' kg]{ k ]dfs'df/l a'9fyf]sl dxh{g ;+:yfks cnkmfj]6 lk :s'n P08 lsg8/ uf8]{g, ;ftbf]af6f] nlntk'/ kl5nnf] ;dodf s]xl /fd f lgtl lgodx cfpsf 5g\. t/ tl nfu' x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\. O{l;8L eg]sf] s] xf]< s;/l cuf8l a9fpg] egbf klg ljgf s'g} tof/l, ljz]if1x sf] cefjdf lgtl lgodx ag]sf 5g\. lgtl lgodx k i6 gepsf] sf/0f O{l;8L ;+rfns cndndf 5g\. cleefjsn] ljbfno;fu cgfjzos cfzfx /fvg] u/]sf] b]lvg5. cleefjsx clxn] h:tf] :s'n ep gl x'g5. kl5 Kn; 6' rflfx /fd f]df k9fpg' k5{ egg] dfgotf /fv5g\. * siff kf; u/]sf JolQmn] klg lk :s'n vf]n]/ a;]sf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ u'0f:t/df cf}fnf pl7/xg5. ;d:of xfdl cfkm}df klg 5. xfdl cfkm}nfo{ klg yfxf 5}g arrfsf] ljsf; s;/l x'g5. arrfn] slt;dd yfxf kfpf5. arrfnfo{ s;/l l6«6 ug'{k5{. w]/} h;f] lzifsx :s'nx df 7"nf] dfg5] ep/} arrfx ;Fu Jojxf/ u5{g\. arrf xf], pglx sf] pd]/ cg';f/ a'emfo s] xf], Tof] pd]/sf] arrfn] s] l;sg' kg]{ xf], Tof] pd]/df s] lqmofsnfk ug]{ xf] Tof] ;f]rb}gff}. ;d:ofx xfdl lzifsx df klg 5. xfdl /fd f] k lzlift 5}gf}F, w]/} 1fg 5}g, clg xfd f] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df arrfx ;Fu l6«6 u5f}{f. ;d:of tlg j6} kf6f]df 5. l;:6d, cleefjs / lzifs. agbgf xdfn sf]cl8{g]6/ ;s]nf :s'n, sf]6]zj/, nlntk'/ lk :s'n ;+rfng ug{ /fd f] 6Ld x'g' k of]. :s'nsf] /fd f] jftfj/0f x'g' kof]{, :s'n sxff vf]ng] s;/l vf]ng] Pp6f cjwf/0ff x'g'kof]{. lk :s'n ;~rfngdf vf;ul/ ;d:of eg]sf] arrffx ;+sng d} xf]. ljbfnos} ef}lts ;Dklt ep ;lhnf] x'g5 gep ;+rfng ubf{ ck7\of/f] g} x'g5. cleefjsnfo{ ljzjf; lbnfpg ufx f] x'g5. ld/f zfso :dfon lsg8/ uf8]{g k'nrf]s, nlntk'/ d}n] b]v]sf] r'gf}lt eg]sf] cleefjsn] pd]/ gk'u]sf] arrfnfo{ klg hah{:tl siff r9fpf5g\. To:tf] ubf{ arrfo{ klg ufx f] x'g5. arrfnfo{ k9fpg ufx f] egbf klg cleefjsnfo{ a'emfpg ufx f] 5. csf]{ b]vf k/]sf] ;d:of eg]sf] cleefjsx Jo:t epsf] sf/0fn] arrfnfo{ nfdf] ;do;dd 5f]8\g] 7fpF vf]h]sf] x'g5. x'g t cleefjssf] afwotf klg xf]nf. nfdf] ;do;ddf arrfnfo{ aflx/ 5f]8\bf pglx nfo{ dfgl;s kl8f x'g5. g]kfndf lk :s'n rn]sf] w]/} epsf] 5}g. klxn]sf] bffhf]df lgs} /fd f eo;s]sf 5g\. t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ cem} w]/} kifx afsl g} 5g\. cr{gf e08f/l ls8\; Kof/f8fOh, hltufn, ;fgf]l7dl lkmnf];f]kml ckm lk :s'n cg';f/ ljbfyl{sf] ;du ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ xf]. t/ oxff ljbfyl{nfo{ w]/} n]vfpg, k9fpg cleefjsaf6 bafa cfpf5. To;n] ubf{ lk :s'nsf] d'vo p2]zo k"/f x'g ufx f] x'g5. lk :s'nsf] sf];{df klg Ps ktf 5}g. s;}n] a9l t s;}n] sd k9folbg' epsf] 5. cleefjssf] r]tgfsf] sdln] ubf{ cleefjsnfo{ w]/} n]vg, k9\g l;sfpg] lk :s'n /fd f] / ljbfyl{sf] ;du ljsf;sf] nflu sfd ug]{ lk :s'n sd k efjsf/l nfug] u/]sf] 5. o;nfo{ /fd f] agfpg sdtldf Pp6f :s'nsf] Go'gtd dfkb08 x'g' k of]. dlg6l/ª ug]{ s'g} lgsfo eolbp cem /fd f] x'g5. cfef cjfn] ef;f/f :s'n, k"0f{rl08, nlntk'/ ;j{k yd lk :s'n eggfn] ;fgf gfglx 3/sf] jftfj/0f 5f8]/ :s'ndf cfpsf x'g5g\. pglx n] 3/sf] h:tf] jftfj/0f vf]h5g\. To;sf] nflu xfdln] ljbfnodf 3/fo;L jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{kg]{ r'gf}lt /x]sf] 5. Tof]eGbf dxtjk"0f{ eg]sf] ;Ifd / nugzln lzifs kfpg ufx f] 5. g]kfn ;/sf/n] lk :s'nsf] kf7\oqmddf TolQ Wofg lbpsf] b]lvfb}g. ;fdu L, kf7\oqmdb]lv ;a} s'/fsf] cg'udg eof] eg] cem /fd f] x'g5 h:tf] nfu5. 19

v]ns'b v]ndf vr{ a9\g' eg]sf] nufgl a9\g' xf] ljbfyl{sf] rf}tkml{ ljsf;df v]ns'bsf] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] u5{. ljbfnodf v]nfog v]nx t emg\ hljgs} nflu ultnf] hu agg] u5{g\. t;y{ k To]s ljbfyl{n] v]ns'bdf ;xefultf hgfpg' k5{ / k To]s ljbfnon] klg v]ns'bnfo{ cltl/qm s[ofsnfkdf dfq ;Lldt gug{ lziffsdl{x n] ;'emfpsf 5g\. h;/l Pp6f ljbfnosf] z}lifs pknawl Tof] ljbfnosf] u'0f:t/ dfkgsf] cfwf/ agb5 To;/L g} To; ljbfnosf] v]ns'b Joj:yfkg klg dxtjk"0f{ s8l xf]. v]nsf] dfwodaf6 l;sfo jftfj/0f cem dha't agfpg ;lsg] w]/}sf] cg'ej 5. t;y{ ljbfyl{ / ljbfnosf] ;du ljsf;sf nflu v]ns'b ckl/xfo{ agb} cfpsf] ;Gbe{df g'jfuln] ljlegg ljbfnosf] v]naf/] rrf{ ub}{ cfpsf] 5. ;f]xl s ddf o;k6s nlntk'/sf] ;'b]zf :s'nsf dw' nf]xgl;fu ToxfFsf] v]n jftfj/0faf/] s'/fsfgl u/]sf 5f}F. ljbfnodf xfn s] s:tf v]nx ;+rfngdf 5g\< km'6jn, af:s]6jn, 6]jn6]lg;, t]sjfgbf], Aof8ldG6g, l:jldª, sa8\8l, vf] vf], ;6{ k'6, nª hdk, xfo{ hdk / ;6{ tyf nª /];, lkmn8 / 6«ofssf cgo Oe]G6x cfof]hgf x'g] u/]sf 5g\. ljbfyl{sf] ;+nugtf r}f s:tf] 5 < xfd f] ljbfnodf sdtldf! ljbfyl{ Ps v]ndf ;xeful x'g} kg]{ Joj:yf 5. To;cg';f/ k To]s v]ndf $) b]lv %) hgfsf] xf/fxf/ldf ;xeful 5g\. k fylds, lgdg dfwolds / dfwolds txdf oxl cg'kftdf ljbfyl{sf] ;xefultf 5. Pyn]l6S;df ;a} ljbfyl{ clgjfo{ kdf ;xeful x'g5g\. v]ns'bsf] nflu ;do Joj:yfkg s;/l ug'{ epsf] 5 < xfd f] ljbfno @)$! ;fndf :yfkgf epsf] xf]. ToxLa]nfb]lv xfdln] v]ns'bnfo{ k fyldstfdf /fv]sf 5f}F. ljbfyl{x nfo{ v]nk lt cle?lr hufpfb} cfpsf 5f}F. ljbfyl{sf] rfk / v]nsf] k sf/ x]/l @)^^ ;fnb]lv eg] ;do tflnsf g} agfp/ lgoldt siff ceof;df nufpsf 5f}F. o;af6 ;a}n] v]ng] cj;/ kfpsf 5g\. ljbfyl{x?l6gd} xktfsf] b'ok6s v]ns'bdf ;xeful x'g5g\. cgo 6«]lgªx a]n'sf $ b]lv ^ ah];dd rnb5. k lzif0f r}f s;/l ug'{x'g5 < xfdln] v]ns'b lzifsdf ;'lgn dxh{g ljbfyl{n] k9\g'k5{ egg] Psf]xf]/f] a'emfo / Jojxf/ epsf] xfd f] h:tf] ;dfhdf ljbfyl{x nfo{ k9foafx]s ;do lgsfng} ;d:of 5. v]ns'bsf ljz]iftfx af/] k9]sf 5f}F, ;g]sf 5f}F. t/ To;df g t cfkm"nfo{ nufpg ;Sg] cj:yf ag]sf] 5 g g} cfkm\gf ;GtfgnfO{ lg:kmls L k7fpg]. o;sf nflu Tofu ug{ ;Sb}gf}F xfdl. dw' nf]xgl ;'b]zf :s'n x'g'x'g5. gfoh]l/og km'6jn v]nf8l pr] km'6jn sf]rsf] kdf, k j]z zfxl cltl/qm lqmofsnfk ;+of]hs, ljdn sfsl{ af:s]6jn sf]r, lgzf bgf{n t]sjfgbf] sf]r x'g'x'g5. To:t} 6]jn6]lg;, km'6jn, g]6 an nufotsf] sf]lrª klg u/fpg] u/]sf 5f}F. ljbfyl{x sdtldf sltj6f;dd v]nx df ;xeful agg kfpf5g\< sdtldf Ps v]n, Ps ljbfyl{ tyf OR5f, Ifdtf / k bz{gsf] cfwf/df ljbfyl{x ;a} v]ndf ;xeful x'g kfpf5g\. v]nx ;+rfng ubf{ s] s] s'/fdf Wofg k' ofpg' kbf]{ /x]5 < k To]s v]n v]nfpfbf xfdln] afnaflnsfsf] pd]/ ;d"x, tf}n, prfo{, lnëcg';f/ ljlegg ;d"x agfpg] u/]sf 5f}F. o;df k z:t ;fdu L, k fylds pkrf/sf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}F. ;'/Iff ;w}f k fyldstfdf k5{. v]nsf] dfwodaf6 ljbfyl{sf] cftdljzjf;, ;fd"lxs efjgf ljsf; ug]{ s'/fdf xfdl ;w}f rgfvf] /xg5f}f. k To]s ljbfyl{nfo{ cg'zfl;t ep/ v]ng xfdl ;w}f k ]l/t ul//xg5f}f. ol ljlegg v]nx sf] ;+rfngsf nflu cfly{s Joj:yfkg s;/l ug'{x'g5< ljbfyl{af6 v]ns'bsf nflu Go"g z'ns cfjlws kdf ;+sng ug]{ u/]sf] 5. t/ of] HofFb} sd 5. :jlldªsf nflu cgt/ f{li6«o :jlldª Snj nlug] epsfn] To;sf] z'ns lng] u/]sf 5f}F. v]ns'bdf /fd f] ug{ 7"n} /sd vr{g' k5{. t/ afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{ epsf]n] vr{df u'gf;f] ug{'x'fb}g. of] Pp6f ljbfnosf] bflotj xf] eg]/ lng'k5{. v]n ;fdu Lx sxffaf6 Nofpg] ug'{epsf] 5< xfdln] b]zdf pknaw ;fdu Lx Go'/f]8, afg]zj/ / nugv]naf6 / pknaw gepdf ljb]zdf c8{/ u/l klg lng] u/]sf 5f}F. ltgsf] clwstd k of]usf nflu s'g} lglzrt lgodx agfopsf] 5 ls< xfdln] ljbfyl{nfo{ g} lhdd]jf/ agfpsf 5f}F. lzifssf] cg'dlt, ljbfyl{sf] lhdd]jf/l / :s'nsf] lgu/fgldf ol ;fdu Lx sf] k of]u x'g5. ;'b]zfn] xfn;dd kfpsf v]n pknawlx s] s] x'g\< xfdln] lj/]gb lzn8 lhnnfdf, If]qLo, /fli6«o:t/df /fli6«klt /lgª, nufot y'k } k'/:sf/, lzn8, k df0fkqx lht]sf 5f}F. cgt/ljbfno k ltof]lutfx df ;xeflutf hgfpg] u/]sf 5f}F. sf7df8f} pktosfdf cfof]hgf x'g] ljbfno :t/sf k ltof]lutfx df k foh;f]df xfd f] ljbfnonfo{ cfdgq0f x'g] ub{5. tl k ltof]lutf / sltko d}qlk"0f{ v]ndf klg xfdl ;xeful x'g5f}f. /fli6«o tyf cgt/fli6«o k ltof]lutfx df ;xeful eo{ d]8n lht]sf 5g\. cgt/fli6«o Vofltk fkt v]nf8l cfozf zfso xfd } ljbfyl{ x'g\. s'g} yk v]nfpg] of]hgfdf x'g'x'g5 t< ca xfdln] cfr{/l, 3f]8r9L v]n ykg uo/x]sf 5f}F. ls s]6 / elnjn klg ykb}5f}f. ljbfnonfo{ v]ns'bdf cl3 a9fpg Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g egg] ;'lgg5< tkfo{+sf] cg'ej rflxf s] 5< v]ns'bk lt ;dfh, /fi6«sf] vf;} rf;f] a9]sf] 5}g. ljbfyl{n] k9\g'k5{ egg] Psf]xf]/f] a'emfo / Jojxf/ epsf] xfd f] h:tf] ;dfhdf ljbfyl{x nfo{ k9foafx]s ;do lgsfng} ;d:of 5. v]ns'bsf ljz]iftfx af/] k9]sf 5f}F, ;g]sf 5f}F. t/ To;df g t cfkm"nfo{ nufpg ;Sg] cj:yf ag]sf] 5 g g} cfkm\gf ;GtfgnfO{ lg:kmls L k7fpg]. o;sf nflu Tofu ug{ ;Sb}gf}F xfdl. v]nnfo{ cltl/qm sfo{snfksf] >]0fLdf /fv]sf 5f}F. s;}n] klg o;nfo{ ctofjzos sfo{snfk eg]/ l:jsf/]sf 5}gf}F. v]ndf x'g] AoonfO{ vr{ dfgb5f}f, nufgl dflg/x]sf 5}gf}F. o;sf] kl/0ffd of] xfd f] k fyldstfdf k/]g. k"jf{wf/sf] klg ;d:of 5. u fp08 geps} sf/0f km'6jn h:tf] nf]slk o v]n km'6;ndf ;Lldt xf'b}5. y'k } r'gf}tl kf] 5g\. 20 21

Nxf];f/ tlg lsl;dsf 5g\. td' Nxf];f/, ;f]gdf Nxf];f/ / UofNkf] Nxf];f/. td' Nxf];f/ td' -u'?ª_ hfltn] dgfpg] u5{g\ eg] ;f]gfd Nxf];f/ tfdfª ;d'bfo / UofNkf] Nxf];f/ lxdfnl cflbjf;l hghfltn] dgfpg] u5{g\. gfd, ltly / ldlt km/s ep klg Nxf];f/sf] cy{ / kl/efiff eg]sf] Pp6} 5. u'?ª, tfdfª / lxdfnl hghfltn] o;nfo{ dxfg\ rf8 tyf goff jif{sf kdf dgfpg] u5{g\. Nxf];f/ eg]sf] goff jif{ xf]. o; jif{sf] td' -u'?ª_ Nxf];f/ klg glhlsfb} 5. td' ;+jtcg';f/ k To]s k';!% df td' Nxf];f/ dgfog5. u'?ª ;d'bfonfo{ hgfpg] csf]{ gfd td' xf]. td' Nxf];f/n] u'?ª ;d'bfosf] leq]kfqf]df goff ;Djt\ ;'? epsf] ;Í]t u5{. k frlg td' Kof] zf:qsf cg';f/ td' Nxf];f/sf lbg td'x sf k yd dxfk'?ifsf] ptklq epsf] dflgg5. Nxf];f/sf lbgb]lv goff jif{ cyf{t\ goff Nxf] -ju{sf]_ yfngl x'g]u/]sf] hgljzjf; /lxcfpsf] 5. h;cg';f/ ljlegg!@ j6f hgfj/sf] gfdaf6!@ j6f ju{ lgwf{/0f ul/psf] x'g5. td' -u'?ª_ hfltn] td' Nxf];f/nfO{ goff jif{sf kdf cfˆgf] df}lns kj{sf] kdf dgfpfb} cfpsf 5g\. td' Nxf];f/ kj{ ;"o{sf] ls/0f;fu ;DalGwt 5. u'?ª afx'no /x]sf] ndh'ª, uf]/vf, tgx'f, :ofª\hf, dgfª, sf:slnufot lhnnfdf ;"o{sf] tfk klxn] cfpg] epsfn] k';!% df of] kj{ dgfpg] ul/psf] xf]. o;kl5 qmdzm tfdfª / z]kf{ hfltsf] a;f]af; epsf If]qdf ;"o{sf] tfk cfpg] 22 ;+:s[ltsf s'/f Nxf];f/ sxff dgfpg] < td' Nxf];f/ kj{ ;"o{sf] ls/0f;fu ;DalGwt 5. u'?ª afx'no /x]sf] ndh'ª, uf]/vf, tgx'f, :ofª\hf, dgfª, sf:slnufot lhnnfdf ;"o{sf] tfk klxn] cfpg] epsfn] k';!% df of] kj{ dgfpg] ul/psf] xf]. epsfn] df3 / kmfu'gdf of] kj{ dgfog] ljzjf; ul/g5. k';!% sf] /ft ;a}egbf nfdf] x'g] / To;kl5sf /ft 36\b} hfg] x'gfn] klg o; kj{sf] dxtj emg\ a9]sf] atfog5. o; kj{sf cj;/df ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ljbf g} lbg] u/]sf] 5. ljz]iftm a'l4i6 ;d"bfon] j8f] pt;fx / rfvsf;fy dgfpg] o; kj{af/] ljlegg k':ts clg Pltxfl;s b:tfj]hsf cg';f/ eujfg j'4sf] o; k[yjldf epsf] cfudg cufj} dgfo{g] ul/psf] k df0f e]l6psf 5g\. a'4sf] cfudg cufj} klg o; ;d"bfosf JolQmx clg d'votm ltaat cyjf ef]6sf dfg5]x n] ;'ulgwt cu/alq / w"k afn]/ eujfgsf] cr{gf ub]{ dwo lxpfbdf of] kj{ clg pkf;gf ug]{ u/]sf] ltaatl d"nsf ljlegg k':ts / zf]wx df pnn]lvt 5g\. td' ;d'bfosf af/]df n]lvpsf k':ts clg zf]wx sfcg';f/ td'sf k'vf{x 5}7f} ztfabldf ltaataf6 g]kfn cfp/ d'votof prr lxdfnl / prr kxf8l e]udf a:g] ;d"bfosf?kdf lrlgg5g\. klxn] af]g cyf{t\ zfdflghd wd{ cjndjg u/]sf ol k flrg ;d"bfosf] ;g\ @))& df epsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ clxn] clwsf+z ;+Vofdf af}l4i6 / s]xl lqm:rlog clg lxgb"x /x]sf] tyofí 5. ;+:sf/, ;Eotf clg lxgb" / jf}4 ;+:sf/sf] cg'kd ;DdL>0f of] ;d'bfodf kfo{g5. d'votof Nxf];f/sf] jf:tjls dgfpg] rng / pd+u!% lbg;dd /xg] ub{5. goff jif{sf] z'?sf!% lbgx xiff]{nnf; clg pt;fxsf;fy ljtfpdf ;Dk"0f{ jif{g} pt;fxk"0f{ / ;'vb Aoltt x'g] dfgotf /x]sf] 5. goff jif{ k f/de x'g] ljlqs} cyf{t /ftl!@ ah] g} td' ;d"bfox h+un of ;fj{hlgs :yndf up/ cfuf] afn]/, wg'ifsff8 v]n]/ jif{sf] ljbfo{ u/]/ goff jif{sf] z'?jft ug]{ ub{5g\. klzrdtkm{ xfg]sf] wg'sff8n] upsf] ÚNxf]Ú cyf{t jif{sf] ljbfo{ clg k"j{tkm{ xfg]sf] wg'sff8n] ef]lnkn6 To;} lbzfaf6 pbfpg] goff jif{ cyf{t\ ÚNxf]Ú sf] :jfut ug]{ rng Nxf];f/sf] /f}gs td'x sf] 3/ 3/df b]lvg'kg]{ xf] t/ lj8dagf, sf7df8f}fsf] 6'Fl8v]ndf b]lvg] u/]sf] 5. Nxf];f/ 3/ 3/df cfkmgthg;fu e]63f6 u/l dgfpg'kg]{df ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltdf ljs[lt k}bf ub}{ 6F'l8v]ndf dgfpg'n] Nxf];f/sf] cl:ttj / dxtj g} ;Í6df kb}{ upsf] 5. 5. ljxfgkv g/fd f] Nxf] cyf{t\ jif{x nfo{ cfpg glbg hgt/ affwg] / h+unsf]?vdf affwg] rng 5. Nxf];f/sf] /f}gs td'x sf] 3/ 3/df b]lvg'kg]{ xf] t/ lj8dagf, sf7df8f}fsf] 6'Fl8v]ndf b]lvg] u/]sf] 5. Nxf];f/ 3/ 3/df cfkmgthg;fu e]63f6 u/l Entirely English Medium School Regular games and sports opporunities 7 different hobby clubs twice a week 6 school days a week (i.e. Sunday to Friday) Transportation service HD Android CC camera in different classes Managed And Run By Experienced, Trained And Expert Hands High qualified and experieced University teachers in secondary level ;'ljwf» xf]:6]nsf] ;'ljwf» Jojl:yt k':tsfno» lj1fg k of]uzfnfsf] Jo:yf» e"sdk/lxt ljbfno ejg» oftfoft ;'ljwf» zfgt jftfj/0f ;fy} dg6]:j/l lzif0f k4lt ;+:s[ltsf s'/f dgfpg'kg]{df ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltdf ljs[lt k}bf ub}{ 6F'l8v]ndf dgfpg'n] Nxf];f/sf] cl:ttj / dxtj g} ;Í6df kb}{ upsf] 5. o;tkm{ lhdd]jf/ lgsfo;d]t ;hu agg ;s]sf 5}gg\. ;Dk"0f{ u'?ªnfo{ Pstfa4 ug]{ ;+:yfsf] kdf lrlgfb} cfpsf] td' Xo'nf 5f]h\ lwf u'?ª /fli6«o kl/ifb\n] cem o;sf] g]t[tj ub}{ ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt hu]gf{ ug{'sf] ; f cfˆg} cu'jfodf Nxf];f/nfO{ 6F'l8v]ndf dgfpg] ub}{ cfpsf] 5. Tolt dfq xf]og, kl5nnf] ;do cgo cflbjf;l hghfltn] klg td' Nxf];f/sf] l;sf] ub}{ cfˆgf] df}lns rf8nfo{ 6'Fl8v]ndf k bz{g ug{ yfn]sf 5g\. tfdfªx sf] ;f]gfd Nxf];f/, ls/fftx sf] pfwf}nl pef}nl, du/x sf] e'd] kj{x nfo{ 6'Fl8v]ndf dfgb} cfpg yfn]sf 5g\. o;n] ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] lvnnl p8fo/x]sf] hfgsf/x Trained, experieced and dedicated teachers in junior classes Personal attention and individual guidance to all students Well furnished bright, airy and spacious classroom with necessary teaching materials Healthy environment with high degree of discipline Different extra-curricular activities faciliated to the children of all standards A wide range of facilities and many more outreach activities appropriate for all classes Ps 3/ Ps /f];d /f];d O+lUn; af]l8{ª :s'n -P;=8L= ;]s]g8/l :s'n_ kf08'ahf/, eqmk'/, ;Dks{M (*$(!&^$(^, (*%!!&^$(^ E-mail: info@rosamschool.com URL: www. rosamschool.com atfpf5g\. o'jfk':tfnufot lhdd]jf/ JolQmn] ;f]rg] a]nf cfpsf] pglx sf] 7DofO 5. rf8kj{sf gfddf 6'Fl8v]ndf :6nsf] Jofkf/ ug]{b]lv e]nf ep/ cfˆgf] df}lns kj{ dgfpg] gfddf ;]n/f]6l ksfpg' / df]8g{ú ultdf sdd/ dsf{pg] sfdaf6 ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ gx'g] ;+:s[ltsdl{x atfpf5g\. o:tf] k sf/sf] sfo{n] ubf{ u'?ª ;+:s[lt / kf];fsdfly ;f]xl ;d'bfosf a'emss8n] g} JoªUo k xf/ ul//x]sf] 7fG5g\ pglx. To;dfly kj{sf] gfddf ;a}nfo{ e]nf u/fo{ /fhgllts efif0f x'fb} cfpg'n] kj{sf] dd{ g} 36\b} u/]sf]df w/}n] lrgtf JoSt ul//x]sf 5g\. 3/df dgfpg' kg]{ kj{ 6'Fl8v]ndf dgfpfb}df ;+:s[lt ghf]lug] egb} ;j{q rf;f] a9\b} u/]sf] b]lvg5. 23

ljrf/ ljrf/ lziff ;j{;fwf/0fsf] Ifdtfleqsf] ljifo agfpg' :yfglo txsf] bflotj dw'k ;fb /]UdL lziff ;lrj d ev{/dfq} lziff dgqfnodf HjfOg u/]sf] x'f. b'o{xktfhlt dfq eof], To;n] ubf{ w]/} s'/fx a'em\g affsl g} 5. tyflk xfdl oxff ;a}n] b]v]s}, ef]u]s} hfg]s} s'/f xf], ls ljutsf bzsx df hals xfdlx n] /fhgllts kdf Pp6f kl/jt{gnfo{ cftd;ft uof}{f. @)$^ )$& ;fnaf6 lgb{nlo k~rfotl Joj:yfaf6 xfdl 6«flGh;g x'fb} ubf{ lziff If]qdf xfdln] 7"nf] km8\sf] dfof}{f. lziffdf kx'fr a9fpg] s'/f, Tolta]nfsf] ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] nufglsf] &) k ltztegbf a9l u fdl0f If]qdf ug]{ glltn] klg u fdl0f If]qdf ljbfnox vf]ng] Pp6f km8\sf] Tof] lyof]. bf]; f], lziffnufotsf h'g ;fdflhs If]qx x'g\, ToxfF klg ;/sf/sf] bflotj t x'fb} xf]. lghl If]qnfO{ ToxfF klg cfdgq0f ug]{. To;n] ubf{ klg lghl If]qsf ljbfnox klg k z:t} v'n]. To;n] lziff If]qdf kx'fr a9fpg] / u'0f:t/lotf clej[l4 ug]{ lbzfdf klg of]ubfg k'of{of]. tyflk of] x'fbfx'fb} klg Pp6f cfd dfgotf s] 5 eg] lziff, :jf:yoh:tf If]qx, h'g /fhosf] bflotjleqsf s'/fx x'g\,ltglx nfo{ k"/fk"/ lghl If]qsf] xftdf k'of{pg' x'fb}g. To;n] ubf{ cg]s lsl;dsf a]lyltx lgdtofpf5. Xofe / Xofeg6aLrdf Pp6f b"/l k}bf u5{, Tof] b"/l sd ug'{ /fhosf] bflotj xf]. To;n] ubf{ /fhon] g} nufgl a9fpg'k5{ egg] csf]{ dfgotf 5Fb}5. ha xfdln] lghl If]qnfO{ a9fof}+, ;/sf/l If]qdf klg ljbfno v'ng] qmdt a9\b} uof]. o;f] ubf{ kx'frdf lj:tf/ eof] t/ u'0f:t/df Pp6f k Zgjfrs lrxg rflxf /x]sf] xf]. Tof] xfdln] dxz'; u/]sf] s'/f xf], ljz]iftm ;/sf/l If]qsf ljbfnox df rflxf u'0f:t/ ;b}j SjO;g]an /Xof]. oblk ljbfnox sf] /fd f] ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ;/sf/l ljbfnod} lyof], lzifsx tflnd k fkt lyp. cgo k of]uzfnfsf s'/fx, ;/;fdfgsf s'/fx df lghl If]qsf ljbfnox egbf ;/sf/l If]qsf ljbfnox caan x'fbfx'fb} klg u'0f:t/df xfdln] ;'wf/ Nofpg g;s]sf] xf] ls < egg] cj:yf b]vfkof]{. Tof] Pp6f /fhgllts kl/jt{gn] z}lifs If]qdf NofPsf] kl/jt{g lyof] h:tf] dnfo{ nfu5. clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df cfok'ubf v]l/ clxn] km]l/ csf]{ Pp6f km8\sf] dfg]{ lx;fadf 5f}F. /fhgllts lx;fan] of] P]ltxfl;s / cfd"n kl/jt{g t x'fb} xf], To;n] xfd f /fhgllts, ;fdflhs hljgsf y'k } If]qx df Pp6f cfoflds kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5. lxhf] xfdl Pp6f Psn jf o'lg6/l af]8{ ckm ue{g]g;df lyof}+ /, clxn] xfdl s] df uof}f eg] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uof}f / Tof] ;;+/rgdf uo;s]kl5 z}lifs If]qdf klg y'k} kl/jt{gsf cfofdx b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\. lxhf];dd lziff If]qsf] Joj:yfkg, lgodgsf s'/fx df Pp6f s]gb Lo zf;g k 0ffnLsf] bflotj lhdd]jf/l, clwsf/sf] kdf xfdln] c+ulsf/ u/]sf lyof}+. ca Tof] rflxf Pp6f /]lhd l;km\6 eg]h;/l ljbdfg Joj:yfdf g} cfd"n kl/jt{gnfo{ xfdln] cftd;ft ub}{ uo/x]sf 5f}F. xfdln] elg/xg' kb}{g, /fhojoj:yfsf] s'/f ubf{ xfdln] tlg txsf] /fho Joj:yf uof}{f, Pp6f rflxf s]gb Lo zf;g k 0ffnL, k fb]lzs tx / :yfglo tx. Tof] s'/f ub}{ hffbf lziff If]qdf klg clwsf/sf] lgif]k0f ub}{ uof}f. h:tf] egf}f, s]gb Lo txdf ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rl % df ljzjljbfno eg]sf] 5. ljzjljbfnosf dfkb08, lgodgsf s'/f, s]gb Lo k':tsfnosf s'/fx df of] Joj:yf 5. To;}u/L k b]zsf] ;Gbe{df cg';"rl ^ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o;df k b]z ljzjljbfnosf s'/fx, prr lziffsf s'/fx, k':tsfno / ;+u xfno;fu ;DalGwt s'/fx k b]zsf] sfo{if]qleq ol oblk ljbfnox sf] /fd f] ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ;/sf/l ljbfnod} lyof], lzifsx tflnd k fkt lyp. cgo k of]uzfnfsf s'/fx, ;/;fdfgsf s'/fx df lghl If]qsf ljbfnox egbf ;/sf/l If]qsf ljbfnox caan x'fbfx'fb} klg u'0f:t/df xfdln] ;'wf/ Nofpg g;s]sf] xf] ls < egg] cj:yf b]vfkof]{. s'/fx pnn]v epsf] kfog5. cg';"rl *, clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df ;a}egbf dxtjk"0f{ cg';"lr xf]. of] eg]sf] :yfglo txsf] sfo{;"rl xf]. of] sfo{;"rldf cfwf/e"t / dfwolds lziffaf/] pnn]v epsf] 5. cfwf/e"t / dfwolds lziff M xfdln] Psb]lv * ;Dd cfwf/e"t siff eg]/ uof}{f / ( b]lv!@ ;DdnfO{ dfwolds lziff eg]/ egof}f. To;sf] ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg, lgodg, lgogq0fnufotsf s'/fx :yfglo txdf hfg] s'/fx pnn]v 5. To;}u/L cg';"rl ( eg]sf] ;+3, k b]z / :yfglo txsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rl xf]. lziff To;df klg ;dfj]z 5. egbfv]l/ s;n] ug]{ t egg] ;DaGwdf clnslt cndnsf] ljifo 5. lziffs} s'/f ubf{ xfdl;fu :yfglo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g klg nfu" e};s]sf] 5, To;n] rflxf lziff If]qsf ljlegg If]qx :yfglo txn] ;~rfng, lgodg / Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'/fx pnn]v u/]sf] 5. h:tf] To;df kffrdf lziffsf] If]qdf ljlegg s'/fx pnn]v epsf] 5. Ol;8Lsf s'/f, ;fwf/0f, k fljlws lziff, v'nf a}slnks lziff, ljz]if lziff nufotsf o;;dagwl glltsf s'/f, sfg"g lgdf{0fsf s'/fx, :yfglo of]hgf th'{df / sfof{gjogsf ljifox, ljbfno lziff Joj:yfkgsf s'/fx, z}lifs Joj:yfkgsf s'/fx, k/liff ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf s'/fx, 5fqj[;lQ, kf7\ok':ts, k':tsfnosf s'/fx, z}lifs u'0f:t/df ;'wf/sf s'/fx ol ;a} :yfglo txdf hfg] ;"rldf 5g\. clxn] :yfglo txn] axg ug'{kg]{ bflotj / lhdd]jf/l lziffsf] If]qdf ctogt uxg 5, o;n] lziffdf kx'fr lj:tf/ ug]{, lziffdf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug]{ l;nl;ndf y'k } r'gf}ltx nfo{ klg lgdtofpsf] 5. ;fy;fy} hxff r'gf}tl xgg5g\, ToxfF rflxf cj;/x klg x'g5g\. tl r'gf}ltx sf] ;fdgf ub}{, cj;/x nfo{ DoflS;dfOh ug]{ / lziffdf cfd hgtfdf kx'fr a9fpg'k5{. lziff dfq eg]/ epg ca, u'0f:t/lo lziffdf cfd hgtfsf] kx'fr clej[l4 ug]{ / Tof] rflxf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] Ifdtfleqsf] ljifo agfpg] l;nl;nfdf :yfglo txx n] bflotj / lhdd]jf/l lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpsf] 5. elg/xg' kb}{g xfdl ;+qmd0fsfnaf6 u'lh /x]sf 5f}F. lsgeg] lxhf] Pp6f l:ylt ljbdfg lyof], cfh xfdl cs}{ k 0ffnLdf l;km\6 x'fb}5f}f, kfgtl/t x'fb}5f}f. Tof] cj:yfdf sgkm\o'hgx cfpg' :jefljs} klg xf]. oxff k/liffsf s'/fx 5g\, ljbfno ;~rfngsf s'/fx 5g\. k/liff ;~rfng s;n] ug]{ egbf :yfglo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]gn] k/liffsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg :yfglo txsf] lhdd]jf/l eg]sf] 5 t/ clxn]sf] cj:yfdf Tof] ;a} lhdd]jf/l :yfglo txn] axg ug{ ;S5 ls ;Qm}g < xfdln] hlt;'s} egg] xf] eg] klg ;/sf/ltkm{s} s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] klg xfdln] ;a} :yfglo txdf lziffsf sd{rf/l v6fpg cem} klg affsl g} 5. h]hlt 7fpFdf k7fpsf 5f}F, ToxfF klg kof{kt sd{rf/lx 5}gg\. clxn] ;Dd #(! :yfglo txdf dfq} lziffsf sd{rf/l k7fpg ;s]sf 5f}F. affsldf sd{rf/lx k7fpg ;s]sf 5}gf}+. sd{rf/l k7fpg ;s]sf 5}gf}+ eg]/ k/liff glnosg /fvg t epg. k7fp klg clxn] klg ckm\7\of/f] 5, s;/l ;~rfng ug]{ egg] ljifodf lgjf{lrt ep/ cfpsf hgk ltgllwdf klg hfgsf/l 5}g, of] ;DaGwL hfgsf/ JolQmx r'lgp/ cfpsf klg x}gg\. o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdl cyf{t\ lgjf{lrt lgsfox / xfdl g]kfn ;/sf/, lziff dgqfno,ljefu, If]lqo lziff lgb]{zgfno, lhnnf lziff sfof{no a;]/ Pp6f ;dgjo u/]/ af6f] lgsfng' kg]{ x'g ;S5. clxn] ev{/ klg ljbfno ;~rfng cg'dltsf] s'/f cfpsf] 5. cg'dlt lbg] s'/fdf :yfglo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]gn] :yfglo txnfo{ ;'ldkof] tyflk Tof] x'fbfx'fb} klg ToxfFaf6 TTsfn ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5 ls 5}g < dnfo{ nfu5 5}g. 5}g eg] s] ug]{ t < ljbfno ;~rfngsf] cg'dlt g} /f]sg] s'/f t epg. ToxfF :yfglo tx / g]kfn ;/sf/ / cgtu{tsf lgsfox a;]/ ;dgjoftds lx;fan] af6f] klxnofpf / cl3 a9f}+. ah]6sf s'/fx 5g\, k/liff ;~rfngsf s'/fx 5g\, P]gn] :yfglo txnfo{ ;'ldkof], ah]6 lziff dgqfno / cgtu{tsf lgsfox df 5. ToxfF klg slxf g slxf xfdf]{gfoh]zg, sf]cl8{g]zgsf] cfjzostf 5. s;/l ug]{ t egbfv]l/ s;/l Pp6f ;dgjotftds kn] cufl8 a9\g ;S5f}F < Pp6f sgkm\n]ls6ª lx;fan] xf]og ls sf]cl8{g]l6ª lx;fan] cufl8 a9\g'k5{. /f}tx6df Pp6f ;d:of cfof], ;'?df :yfglo txdf tna k7fpfbfv]l/ ;ft;o $# sf] lx;fadf cfof], ToxL cgtu{t ;DalGwt lhnnfsf tt\tt\ :yfglo lgsfodf epsf ljbfnox sf nflu tna eqf xfdln] ljlgof]hg u/]/ k7fof}+. kl5 :yfglo txsf] ;+Vof a9\of] clxn] ;ft;o %# eof]. tna ;ft;o $# sf] lx;fan] uof], ;ft;o %# kl5 ljbfnox sf] Doflkª ubf{ yk epsf ljbfnox :jefljs kdf kg]{ g} ep. ToxfF tna eqf k'u]g. lzifsx n] cwofkg ul//x]sf 5g\, tna eqf gkfpg] l:ylt x'g' :jefljs xf], rflxof] eg]/ dfu k :t't ug'{. tna eqf cs]{ :yfglo lgsfodf uo;sof], ljbfno cs}{ :yfglo txleq kg{ uof]. ToxfFsf lzifsx n] tna kfpg ;s]gg\. :yfglo txdf ev{/ hgk ltgllw lgjf{lrt ep/ cfpsf 5g\, hf]z hffu/ 5. sltko cj:yfdf sd{rf/lx xflh/ x'g gkfpsf] cj:yf klg 5. Tof] x'g' epg. lsgeg] xfdl ;a}sf] ;femf nio, p2]zo / k flkt eg]sf] s] xf] eg] ;a} gful/sx nfo{ u'0f:t/lo lziffdf kx'fr k'of{pg] xf]. ;a}sf] p2]zo ToxL xf]. xfdl s'g} a]un} p2]zo lnp/ cl3 a9]sf 5}gf}+ t/ sltko :yfglo 24 25

txdf Tof] cj:yf, Tof] l:ylt lg b]lvpsf] 5. xfd\f sd{rf/lx n] ToxfF uo;s]kl5 a:g gkfpg], sfd gkfpg] l:ylt klg b]lvpsf] 5. sltko :yfglo txn] ltdlx sf ;a} ; f]t;fwg b]pm, sd{rf/l kl5 lnfb} u/f}+nf eg]sf] klg b]lvg5. ejg, uf8lsf] x:tfgt/0fsf] k lqmof t cl3 al9 g} hfg5. of] a9]kl5 /fhos} dftxtsf x'g5g\. Tof] x:tfgt/0f gx'fbfsf] cj:yf ;DaGwdf /f}tx6s} csf]{ b[itfgt lbpfm. :yfglo tx lgjf{lrt ep/ cfp, sfof{no /fvg] 7fpF epg, ljbfno vfnl u/]/, :yfglo tx a;]. ljbfyl{x aflx/ a:g'kg]{ afwotf eof]. o:tf] l:ylt klg cfpsf] 5. o:tf] l:ylt cfpg lbg' epg, lsgeg] Tof] ljbfyl{ eg]sf] ef]lnsf xfd f] k':tf x'g\. ltglx n] cfh u'0f:t/lo lziff kfpg ;s]gg\ eg] ef]lnsf] xfd f] k':tf hf]lvddf k5{. Tof] tyonfo{ dgg u/]/ xfdl ;a} Pp6} ;femf p2]zo, nio lnp/ cl3 a9]sf 5f}F. lziffdf u'0f:t/lotf clej[l4 u/l u'0f:t/lo lziff lbpf, xfd f afnaflnsfn] ;dod} kf7\ok':ts kfpmg\. u'0f:t/lo lzifsaf6 lziff kfpg\, lzifsx cfcfkm\gf] bflotj / lhdd]jf/lk lt akmfbf/ ag"g\. ToxL g} xfd f] p2]zo xf]. o; l;nl;ndf cem} klg w]/} s'/fx df ;dgjotftds lx;fan] hfg'k5{. h:tf] k/liffs} s'/fdf :yfglo txn] lng] eg]sf] 5. To;sf] nflu y'k } k fljlws kif 5. k/liffsf] :t/lotf, Ps ktf s;/l ug]{ < To;sf] dfgotfsf] s'/fx klg xf]nfg\. bfr'{nfsf] clk ufpfkflnsf / eqmk'/sf] gu/kflnsfn] lbpsf] k df0fkq Pp6} Sjfln6Lsf] x'g5. Tof] cf7 siffsf] xf] eg], Pp6} vfnsf lzifsn], ToxL kf7\oqmd cg';f/ k9fpsf] xf] eg] t To;n] ;dfg kdf dfgotf kfpg'kof]{. xf], Tof] P;'/]G; s;n] / s;/l ug]{ egg] k Zg dxtjk"0f{ 5. ToxfF Pp6f /]u'n]6/l e"ldsfdf g]]kfn ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf s]xl x'g ;S5 ls < xf], k/liff ;~rfng / bflotjsf] lhdd]jf/l :yfglo txsf] xf]. xfdl ;/sf/l sd{rf/ldf klg dgf]j}1flgs ;d:of 5. lxhf];dd cfkm"n] OGhf]o ul//x]sf] clwsf/ ;s];dd 5f]8\g gk/]x'gyof] egg]. Tof] cfd dfgjlo :jefj xf], Tof] xfdldf 5 t/ ;+ljwfgn], P]gn], sfg"gn] lglb{:t ul/;s]kl5 Tof] clwsf/ d}n] g} sfod /fv5', k/liff d}n] g} ;~rfng u5'{ eg]/ egg ;Sg] l:ylt ca ;fob 5}g. To;n] ubf{ k/liff ;~rfngsf] lhdd]jf/lnfo{ :yfglo txdf 5f]l8lbpmF. ca xfd f] e"ldsf s] x'g5 eg] Tof] :yfglo txnfo{ s;/l ;xhls/0f ug{ ;lsg5 < / Tof] k/liffdf u'0f:t/lotf, z'4tf, dof{bf sfod ug{ ;lsg5 / lglj{3\g tl/sfn] k/liff ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg5 < xfdln], xfd f ;Gtfgx n] kfpsf] k df0fkq cgt/f{li6«o ahf/df hffbf klg Tof] ;]n]an x'g ;S5. Tof] Sjfln6L P;'/]G;tkm{ xfdl kmf]s; u/f}f. gls xfdl k/liff ;~rfngsf] lhdd]jf/l xfd } lhdd]jf/lsf] s'/f xf], lt s'/fx gu/f}f. eqmk'/df lziff ljefuåf/f cfof]lht Ps sfo{qmddf JoQm ljrf/. 26 l/kf]6{ cab]lv lzifssf] of]uotf lkpr8l / kmi6 l8lehg Û sd;]sd klg k yd >]0fLdf pql0f{ pdd]bjf/n] dfq} lzifs agg kfpg] gllt clvtof/ ul/g' kb{5. o;/l 5gf}6 epsf lzifsnfo{ k To]s @ @ jif{df @ xktfsf] /]lh8]+l;on tflnd pknaw u/fog' kb{5. To:tf] tflnddf efu glng] lzifsnfo{ kbf]ggtlaf6} al~rt ul/g' kb{5. /x]sf] lziff zf:q ;+sfo vf/]h u/l cgo ;+sfosf :gftsnfo{ ;d]t lzifs agfpg] af6f] v'nnf ug{ ljzjljbfnodf k :tfj ul/psf] 5. prr lziffdf k9fpg rfxg] gj k j]zl lzifssf] Go"gtd of]uotf lkpr8l / sd;]sd klg k yd >]0fLdf pql0f{ pdd]bjf/n] dfq} lzifs agg kfpg] gllt clvtof/ ug{ ;'emfj lbo{psf] 5. ;fj{hlgs lziffsf kifdf lqmofzln # ;o #@ ;+:yfsf tkm{af6 lziffsf nflu /fli6«o cleofg g]kfn Pgl;O{ g]kfnsf] cu'jfo{df prr:t/lo /fli6«o lziff cfof]unfo{ a'emfopsf] ;'emfjdf pqm k :tfj ul/psf] xf]. ljzjljbfnon] k bfg ub}{ cfpsf] # jif]{ / rf/ jif]{ lap8 sfo{qmd vf/]h u/l dfgljsl, lj1fg, Joj:yfkgh:tf :gftsnfo{ @ jif]{ tflndsf] Joj:yf u/]/ dfq} lzifs agg kfpg] k fjwfg /fvg' kb{5 h'g ljzjsf clwsf+z d'n'sdf k rngdf 5Ú pqm ;'emfjdf elgpsf] 5. lzifs of]uotf k/lif0f lzif{sdf goff lgo'qm x'g] lzifsn] dfq} x}g k'/fgf lzifsn] klg cfkm" ck8]6 epsf] s'/f ;'lglzrt u/fpg ;Sg'kg]{ s'/f pnn]v 5. o;sf] nflu cwofkg cg'dlt kqnfo{ lnlvt k/liffdf dfq} ;Lldt g/fvl siff lzif0f;d]t u/fp/ k/lif0f ug]{ gllt h?/l 5Ú ;'emfjdf elgpsf] 5, Úk To]s % jif{df To;sf] gjls/0fsf nflu /fhon] tof/ kf/]sf] :t/ls[t k/liffdf Go"gtd c+s Nofpg} kg]{ u/l sfg"g agfpg' kb{5.ú ljbfno lziff lzif{sdf ljbfno lziffsf] nflu lziff zf:qsf] l8u L dfq} ;j]{;jf{ agg] xfnsf] kl/l:yltnfo{ u'0f:t/tkm{ n}hfg lzifs of]uotf :tf/ls[t k/liffú lgdf{0f u/l To;df pql0f{ epdf dfq} cwofkg cg'dlt kqsf] k/liffdf a:g kfpg] u/l lgod ;+zf]wg ug{ k :tfj ul/psf] 5. lzifssf] of]uotf k/lif0f lzifs ;]jf cfof]u dfkm{t ug{ / @) jif{ ;]jf u/]sf t/ pd]/sf] xb affsl g} epsf lzifsnfo{ ultnf] cfly{s Kofs]h ;lxt clgjfo{ cjsf;sf] k fjwfg /fvg ;'emfj lbopsf] 5. prr lziffdf klg gj k j]zlnfo{ Go"gtd of]uotf lkpr8l tf]sl /fli6«o of]uotf k/liffúdf v/f] pqg} kg]{ clg dfq ljzjljbfno ;]jf cfof]usf] k/liffdf ;fd]n x'g kfpg] u/l u'0f:t/ lgogq0f ug{ ;'emfj lbopsf] 5. lkpr8l gu/]sf t/ prr lziffdf cwofkg ul//x]sfsf] xsdf pglx nfo{ ;;Ddfg labf ug]{ kl/kf6l z'? ul/g' kb{5. c:yfol jf s/f/ k fwofks lgo'lqm agb ul/g' cfjzos 5. s'g} ckjfbdf lgo'qm ug{'k/] klg ;f] k/liff pql0f{ u/]sf]n] dfq} cfj]bg lbg kfpg] u/l gllt agfog' kb{5ú ;'emfjdf elgpsf] 5Ú prr lziffdf klg k To]s % jif{df ck8]6]8 k/liffúdf Go"gtd c+s Nofpg} kg]{ afwosf/l Joj:yf nfu" ug{' kb{5. @) jif{ ;]jf u/]sf t/ pd]/sf] xb affsl g} epsf k fwofksnfo{ ultnf] cfly{s Kofs]h ;lxt clgjfo{ cjsf;sf] k fjwfg /flvg' pko'qm x'g5.ú lzifs pt;flxt / clek ]l/t gep;dd kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ck]lift l;sfo pknlaw xft kfg{ g;lsg] :d/0f ub}{ ;'emfjdf /fd f] sfd ug]{ lzifsnfo{ k f]t;fxg / sdhf]/ lzifsnfo{ labfo{ ug]{ k/dk/f a;fng elgpsf] 5. sd;]sd klg k yd >]0fLdf pql0f{ pdd]bjf/n] dfq} lzifs agg kfpg] gllt clvtof/ ul/g' kb{5. o;/l 5gf}6 epsf lzifsnfo{ k To]s @ @ jif{df @ xktfsf] /]lh8]+l;on tflnd pknaw u/fog' kb{5. To:tf] tflnddf efu glng] lzifsnfo{ kbf]ggtlaf6} al~rt ul/g' kb{5. o; k sf/ caan lzifs k 0ffnLdf leqfpg ;lsg5ú ;'emfjdf elgpsf] 5, ÚlzIf0f k]zfnfo{ dof{lbt agfpg / ;dfhdf k ltli7t agfpg ;f]xl l/kf]6{ txdf cgoq sfd ug]{ lzifssf] t'ngfdf ljbfno / sn]hdf k9fpg] lzifssf] kfl/>lds Ps tx dflysf] agfog' kb{5.ú P]gn] tf]s]adf]lhd cfˆgf] of]uotf k bz{g u/]sf / cg'ej ;d]t xf;ln ul/;s]sf lzifssf] kbf]ggtl ;dod} ug{ ;'emfj lbb}+ a9ldf ^ ^ dlxgfdf vfnl sf]6fdf lzifs ;]jf cfof]usf] lj1fkg ug{ k :tfj ul/psf] 5. ljzjljbfnodf klg k j]z of]uotf dfly elgpem} lkpr8l clgjfo{ ug]{ / pglx nfo{ klg k To]s @ @ jif{df k'gmtfhul lzif0f sfo{zfnfsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;'emfj lbopsf] 5. ljbfno lziffdf h:t} o:tf] tflnddf efu glng] lzifsnfo{ kbf]ggtlaf6 algrt ul/g' kb{5. ;fy} k To]s ^ ^ dlxgfdf ljzjljbfno ;]jf cfof]u jf 5gf}6 ;ldltn] lj1fkg u/l vfnl kbdf of]uo lzifssf] 5gf}6 x'g'kb{5 ;'emfjdf elgpsf] 5, c:yfol / s/f/ lzifssf] axfnldf lgogq0f ul/g' pko'qm x'g5. s'g} klg z}lifs ;+:yfsf] k d'v kbdf lgo'lqm ubf{ of]uo JolQm alr k lt:kwf{ u/fp/ dfq ug]{ k/dk/f a;fng klg ;'emfj lbopsf] 5. ;+:yf k d'vsf] e"ldsf z}lifs / k zf;g b'a} x'g] epsf]n] o;sf] nflu 5' } kb ;[hgf u/l ;f] kbsf] nflu lzifs ;]jf cfof]udfkm{t ljbfno lziffdf k wfgfwofkssf] k/liff ljsf; u/l nfu" ug{' pqd x'g5ú ;'emfjdf elgpsf] 5, To:t} prr lziffsf] xsdf klg SofDk; k d'v, ;xfos SofDk; k d'v, ljefulo k d'v, 8Lg, k/liff lgogqs, cg';gwfg yk hfgsf/lsf] nflu M gf]l6;af]8{ g+=!^!* )&))&!!!!! df 8fon u/l ;'Gg ;Sg' x'g]5. pnn]lvt dxz'n b/df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgodfg';f/ nfug] s/ ;dfj]z ul/psf] 5}g. s]g sf lgb]{zs, dxfzfvf k d'v / ;dfg :t/sf cgo kbx df kf/bzl{ k lt:kwf{ u/fpg ljzjljbfno ;]jf cfof]u jf 5gf}6 ;ldltdfkm{t k/liff ljsf; u/l lnlvt / cgtjf{tf{af6 5gf}6 ul/g' kb{5. cyjf ljzjljbfno cg'bfg cfof]unfo{ :jfoq prr lziff cfof]usf] kdf ljsf; u/l ;f] ;+:yfdfkm{t o:tf] sfo{ ug{ u/fpg ;lsg5.ú dg6]zj/lnufot k f/ldes afn lziff ;+rfng ug]{ ;+rfns / siff ;+rfng ug]{ ;xhstf{ b'a}y/ln] g]kfn ;/sf/n] tof/ kf/]sf] afn dgf]lj1fg Pk6LRo"8 6]:6df Go"gtd pknlaw xfl;n u/]s} x'g'kg]{ ;'emfj lbo{psf] 5. o:tf] 6]:6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] lj1sf] k/fdz{df ljsf; ug]{ atfpsf] 5. of] k/liff lzifs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 ;+rfng ug]{ k :tfj 5. g]kfnsf] lziffnfo{ :t/lo agfpg prr:t/lo /fli6«o lziff cfof]udf k :t't ul/psf] gful/s ;dfhsf] ;"Id k ltj]bg lzif{sdf tof/ pqm b:tfa]h lziffljb\ k f=8f dgk ;fb jfun]n] tof/ kf/]sf x'g\. jfun]n] k :t't u/]sf] pqm ;'emfj Pg;LO{sf cwoif s'df/ e /fo{n] lziff dgqfnosf ;x;lrj tyf cfof]usf ;b:o ;lrj 8f= xl/k ;fb nd;fnnfo{ a'emfpsf lyp. ljlegg ;+:yfsf] ;'emfj Pp6} cfjfhdf cfpsf]n] of] ;sf/ftds epsf] egb} nd;fnn] pqm ;'emfj cfof]usf] ;DklQ epsf] atfp. pqm ;'emfjdf k f/ldes afn ljsf;b]lv, ljbfno, prr lziff, lzifs, kf7\oqmd nufot lziff ;DalGw ;Dk"0f{ kifdf lj:t[t ;'emfj lbopsf] 5. ;fy} stf/, ;fpbl c/]laof, o"=p=o=, ax/fog / s'a]tdf kmf]g ubf{ ca dfq?=!@ k lt ldg]6. 27

lzifssf s'/f lzifssf s'/f xl/x/ ltldln;gf k5fl8 w]/} ;do cl3b]lv Pp6f k'r5/ efiffsf em'lg8g] u/]sf] 5, Tof] xf] lj1fg. cyf{t\ efiffsf] 1fgsf nflu lj1fg rflxg] eof]. efiff dflg;sf] :j:km't{ clejolst lyof] ;'?df. kl5 dflg;n] o;nfo{ ;/n agfpg] lgx'fdf hl6n agfpfb} nuof]. efiffdfly /fhgllt klg x'g yfnof]. efiffsf lgodx ag],k4ltx ag]. vf]h,cwoog / cg';gwfgx slt ep slt. t/ klg of] e"d08nls/0f of ljzjjofkls/0fsf] rfk / /fkdf k/]/ slt efiff lkl;p. slt eg] km}lnp. k fom k To]s d'n'sdf Pp6f g Pp6f d"n efiff x'g5. d"n efiffn] ;Dks{ efiffsf] sfd u5{. g]kfndf af]lng]!@# dwo] g]kfnl efiffn] ;+ljwfgdf /fi6«efiffsf] bhf{ kfpsf] 5. o;n] ;Dks{ efiffsf kdf klg sfd ub}{ cfpsf] 5. ;fob o;} tyonfo{ x[boª\ud u/]/ xf]nf g]kfnlnfo{ ljbfnox df clgjfo{ ljifosf kdf cwofkg u/fofb} cfpsf] 5. p;f] t ;ft ;d'b kfl/sf] efiff cª\u ]hlnfo{ klg clgjfo{ ul/psf] 5. Psy/L dflg;x g]kfnl efiffn] c? dft[efiffdfly cltqmd0f u of] egg] 7fG5g\. csf{y/l eg] g]kfnl efiff cfkm}f cª\u ]hlnufotsf alnof efiffsf] r]k'jfdf kg{ yfn]sf] lrgtf u5{g\. arrfn] c cf O O{ egbf P la l; l8 klxnf l;sbf xfdl v';l klg x'g5f}f. cfkm\gf] efiff lau g'sf k5fl8 ;w}f c? dfq} bf]ifl x'g5g\ egg] x'fb}g. xfd } 9ª\un] slxn]sflxf s'/f] lalu Psf] x'g ;S5. o; cfn]vsf] p2]zo s'g efiffn] s'g efiffdfly slt cltqmd0f u of] eg]/ v'6\ofpg' x'fb} xf]og. siffdf g]kfnl efiff lzif0f ubf{sf ck7]]/f / ;xhtf s]s] 5g\ eg]/ ;fdfgo rrf{ ug'{ of JolStut cg'e"lt kf]vg' dfq} xf]. g]kfnl efiff lzif0fsf EjfFªx efiff cfkm}fdf /l;nf] ljifo xf]. efiff lzif0f ubf{ w]/} /dfonf] x'g5. efiff dfq} gep/ cgo ljifo lzif0f ubf{ klg siffdf /dfonf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ h?/l x'g5. ca g]kfnl efiff g]kfndf dfq} ;Lldt 5}g. ax'dft[efifl ljbfyl{ Pp6f siffdf w]/} dft[efifl ljbfyl{ x'g ;S5g\. o:tf] cj:yfdf lzifsnfo{ g]kfnl efiff lzif0f ubf{ w]/} r'gf}ltx sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'g ;S5. t/ hxff r'gf}ltx x'g5g\ ToxfF l;sg] cj;/ klg w]/} x'g5g\. o:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnl dft[efifl / cgo dft[efiflnfo{ lzifsn] Pp6} sf]0faf6 x]g'{ x'fb}g of x]g{ ldnb}g. cgo dft[efifl ljbfyl{nfo{ k f]t;fxg x'g] lsl;dn] k9fpg' k5{. h:tf] ls g]jf/l dft[efifl ljbfyl{n] 6Ú nfo{ tú / tú nfo{ 6Ú sf] prrf/0f ug{ ;S5. To:t} u/l 7Ú nfo{ yú / yú nfo{ 7Ú sf] prrf/0f ug{ ;S5. tfdfª efiff af]ng]n] dú nfo{ d'ú / tfú nfo{ t'ú sf] prrf/0f ug{ ;S5. o;nfo{ ljbfyl{sf] sdhf]/l xf]og ls g]kfnl ;dfhsf] ;'Gb/tfsf kdf lng ;Sg' k5{. ;fgf ltgf n]vfo / prrf/0f lau Fb}df efiffdf klx/f] hfg]jfnf 5}g. d"n s'/f t clejolst xf]. efiffsf] klxnf] p2]zo efj clejost ug{ l;sfpg' xf]. g]kfnl efiffdf xfd f cgo efiffsf njh / ld7f; ldl;fbf clejolstdf cem ld7f; ylkg5 egg] s'/f d}n] cg'e"t u/]sf] 5'. sltko lj4fg\nfo{ o:tf s'/fn] g]kfnl efiffdf Ejfª k5{ egg] efg k/]sf] x'g ;S5. d]/f] ljrf/df o:tf s'/fn] a? g]kfnl efiffdf kg{ nfu]sf] EjfªnfO{ k'g]{ sfd u5{. j0f{sf] asas / lxhh]sf] xnf] g]kfnl efiffdf j0f{x ykg] / 36fpg] v]n x'g yfn]sf 5g\. Psfy/L lj4fgx eg5g\ z, if / ; lsg rflxof] < ; n] sfd rnfp eoxfn5. C lsg rflxof] < l/ n] sfd ul/xfn5. 0f lsg rflxof] g n] sfd rnfp eoxfn5. ` klg rflxgg, g n] sfd rnfp eoxfn5. x«:j bl3{ lsg rflxof] < ;a}nfo{ Pp6} tl/sfn] n]v] eoxfn5. efiffnfo{ ;/n agfpg' k5{ /]. d]/f ljrf/df efiff s;}n] lgod nufp/ ;/n agfpg] s'/f xf]og, of] cfkm}f ;/n ag5. h;/l gbln] cfkm\gf] af6f] cfkm} agfpf5, efiffn] klg cfkm\gf] dfu{ cfkm}f to ul/xfn5. siffdf k9fpg] lzifsn] egbf aflx/ a;]/ jsjs ug{]n] g]kfnl efiff l;sg / l;sfpg ufx«f] eof] egg' pb]s nfubf] s'/f xf]. ufx«} /x]5 eg] klg ljbfyl{n] untl ub}{ l;sb} u5{. j0f{sf] asas / lxhh]sf] xnf]n] a]nf a]nfdf g]kfnl efiffsf] h/f] vf]tng] k of; x'g] u/]sf] 5. o:tf s'/fn] s]xl ;do lzifs / ljbfyl{nfo{ cndndf kfg]{ u/]sf 5g\. h:tf] ls clxn] eo/fv]sf] 5. lzifsn] hfgof] eg] o:tf s'/f klg efiff l;sfosf v'/fs agg ;S5g\. o:tf s'/fsf 5nkmnn] siff /dfonf] agg ;S5. oflgqs kf7\oqmd g]kfnl efiff / ;flxtosf clwsf+z kf7\oqmd oflgqs 6fOksf 5g\. ltgn] ;'g h;/l tf}n]/ kf7x sf] lgwf{/0f u5{g\. h:tf] ls oltj6f sljtf, oltj6f syf / nf]ssyf, oltj6f hljgl, oltj6f lgagw / oltj6f lr7l, lgj]bg. ljifoj:t'sf] uxgtf, dgf]/~hg, ;xhtf / xflb{stfnfo{ uf]nl dfb]{pm. a;, otf ptfaf6 tfgt'g kf/]/ sf]6f k'/fpm sf]6f. lstfaleq epsf o:tf ;Lldttfn] siffx oflgqs / lg/; agg k'u5g\. lzifsn] cfkm}f /fd f syf, sljtf, hljgl / JolStut cg'e"lt ;ª\sng u/]/ ;'gfpfbf efiff l;sfosf] clej[l4 x'g5. d}n] b]v]sf] 5' d]/f sltko lzifs ;fylx Pp6} lstfa kmnfs]/ jif{ ljtfpf5g\ eg] sltko ;fylx goff goff ;fdu L ;ª\sng u/]/ cfkm" klg l;s5g\ / ljbfyl{nfo{ klg l;sfpf5g\. Jofs/0fsf] agwg sltko lzifsnfo{ nfubf] xf] ljbfyl{nfo{ Jofs/0f /6\6' dfg{ nufpkl5 ltgn] efiff /fd /L l;sg ;S5g\. jf:tjdf ljbfyl{nfo{ Jofs/0f k9fpg] s'/} xf]og. Jofs/0fsf] k9fon] efiff l;sfosf] ultnfo{ lwdf agfpf5. efiffnfo{ ;'gfo, af]nfo, k9fo / n]vfosf ultljlwdf a9legbf a9l k of]u ubf{ Jofs/0f :jq l;s]sf x'g5g\. :jtgq /rgf / l;h{gftds n]vgsf ceof; ubf{ ljbfyl{x n] :j:km't{ kdf Jofs/0f l;ls/x]sf x'g5g\. h;/l dflg;sf] kl5kl5 p;sf] 5fof cfpf5 To;}u/L eflifs clejolstsf] kl5kl5 pst efiffsf] Jofs/0f cfpf5. k'/ftgkgyl lzifs sltko lzifsx df k/dk/fjfbl ;f]r xfjl epsf] kfog5. cfkm"n] hfg]sf] dfq} 7Ls / cfkm"n] u/]sf] dfq} ;xl egg] wf/0ffn] uffh]sf] kfog5. k7g zabl;t kf7g klg cfpsf] x'g5. lzif0f zabl;t l;sfo klg cfpsf] x'g5. cª\u ]hldf eg5g\ lg l6lrª nlg{ªú. xfd f] xsdf lzif0frflxf w]/} epsf] t/ l;sfo sd epsf w]/} pbfx/0f kfog5g\. g]kfnl efiff lzif0fdf klg of] ;d:of 5. lzifsn] lbpsf] lbo} ug]{, ljbfyl{n] lng g;sg]. of] t Psf]xf]/f] /f]6l ksfph:tf] eof]. ljbfyl{af6 klg lzifsn] w]/} s'/f lng ;S5. cfkm\gf] clejolst snfdf lgvf/tf Nofpg ;S5. t/ sltko lzifsnfo{ o:tf s'/fk lt ljzjf; g} x'fb}g. k To]s jif{sf goff siffdf goff goff ;f]r epsf goff o'usf ljbfyl{x cfo/x]sf x'g ;S5g\. ltgsf] ;f]rsf] sb/ ug'{k5{. ltgn] b]vfpg] snkgfzlntfn] efiffsf] e08f/ eg{ d2t u5{. ljbfyl{af6 d}n] klg l;sg ;S5' egg] ;f]r /fvof] eg] cfkm"nfo{ w]/} kmfobf xf'bf] /x]5. of] d]/f] JolStut cg'ej klg xf]. / k'5f/df efiff cfkm}fdf /l;nf] ljifo xf]. efiff lzif0f ubf{ w]/} /dfonf] x'g5. efiff dfq} gep/ cgo ljifo lzif0f ubf{ klg siffdf /dfonf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ h?/l x'g5. ca g]kfnl efiff g]kfndf dfq} ;Lldt 5}g. of] ljzjsf s'gf s'gfdf km}nfbf] qmddf 5. j/k/ s] eo/x]sf] 5, xfdl s;/l uo/x]sf 5f}F, ljbfyl{n] xfdlnfo{ s;/l lno/x]sf] 5, o:tf s'/fdf lzifsn] a]nf a]nfdf ljrf/ ug'{k5{. d}n] cg'e"t u/]sf] csf]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] lzifsn] w]/} egbf w]/} lstfa k9\g' k5{. cfkm" gk9\g] lzifsn] ljbfyl{nfo{ k9 egg ;'xfpgg. cfkm" goff goff lstfa gk9\g] / ljbfyl{nfo{ klg kf7\ok':ts afx]ssf] k':ts k9\g k ]l/t gug]{ lzifs vt/gfs x'g5g\. ltgn] hfgl ghfgl efiffdf EjfFª kfl//x]sf x'g5g\. lzifsn] af]n]/ dfq} x'gg. ljbfyl{nfo{ ;'Gg klg ;Sg' k5{. ha lzifs ;'Gg 5f]8]/ af]ng dfq} /x/ u5{ d]/f] ljrf/df efiffdf EjfFª kg]{ ljljw sf/0f dwo] of] klg Ps xf]. 28 29

:s'n ;flxto :s'n ;flxto Adarsha Janapremi-dedicated to Academic Excellence Patriotism rf]6 k'u5 xfdlnfo{ Adarsha Janapremi English Secondary School, located at Kaushaltar, is a silver jubilee celebrated and reputed co-educational English medium school serving the Nepalese academia since 2046 B.S. Founded and managed by experienced and academically devoted educationists and professionals. Adarsha Janapremi English Secondary School has set a milestone of holistic education to develop overall abilities of its students. Besides, this school has adopted and embraced with globally recognized teaching methodologies emphasizing on "Learning by doing". It has also emphasized and practiced practical approaches as well as participatory approaches of learning to educate its students practically and empirically with active involvement in pair and peer activities. For over 28 years, Adarsha Janapremi English Secondary School has been committed to providing students with essential, research-based education. Over the years, our institution has grown into a strong, vibrant forum, providing high quality professional development opportunities for thousands of students. Our initiative to explore new frontiers has led to promising and dynamic academic programs in the district. AJESS has built a strong academic tradition and applied an innovative analytic teaching method that promotes a well-rounded student while excelling the student's gifts and talents. Mediocrity is not acceptable for any student. AJESS will challenge the students to work on their weakness and explore, excel and become masters of their strengths. Adarsha Janapremi possesses academically sound environment. It has also enhanced its academic excellence through its dedicated, experienced and trained faculties and sophisticated infrastructures. This school nurtures more than 1600 students under its umbrella educationg them from PlayGroup to Bachelor's Level in different streams. Adarsha Janapremi has been providing quality education in true sense introducing wise and fruitful use of modern technologies into the classrooms. It makes its technology through laboratories and audiovisual classes. Adarsha Janapremi, a vibrant, modern and supportive school, has also been providing the opportunity to people from all backgrounds and regions. It has a lively environment for study. Alongside its learning resources, students will find a range of social and cultural opportunities at this school, which make a concrete difference in their life, not only to their own life but also to the world around them. Janapremi moulds the raw into the desired frame to sketch the beautiful world of the days to come. ljlkg Gof}kfg] siff * km'6jn P d]/f ;fyl P d]/f efo km'6jn v]nf}g xf/]/ s] ef] lht]/ s] ef] ;fyl / efodf lgw{ss eo{ vf]n]/ 5ftL v]nf}g dhfdf ceof; u/l dha't l6d tof/ u/f}nf lnu / gscfp6 Dofrdf v]nl ;anfo{ lhtf}fnf sk / l;n8 sffwdf af]sl xif{n] km'n]/ lxk\ lxk\ x'/] s/fpfb} ;a} pk m]/ gfrf}fnf Roman Karki Class 7 Patriotism is love of one's own country. It's a noble virtue that inspires one to sacrifice anything for the welfare of nation. A true patriot values the motherland like in proverb " Mother and Motherland are even greater than Heaven. We are here only because our motherhood is here. We need to be aware of blind patriotism. That can cause war. World War II began with Hitler's boastful patriotism. War generally generate from similar statement. Humanism should always be kept above patriotism. A bigoted patriotism is likely to make a man unjust, unfair and in accurate of other people. For mahatma Gandi, patriotism is good but it must not suppress the feeling of universal love for all Humanity. Patriotism should be full of love and responsibility and free from boastfulness. A historic warrior Amar Singh Thapa, the martyrs Dasharath chand and the national figures are some of the patriots. A true patriot is immortal even after his or her physical death. They are pride of nation. One with no feeling of patriotism may fail to serve his or her country even when she is in urgent need. Patriotism doesnot tie in the feeling that our country is the best. We must love our country, but at the same time we must respect others. Tahesin Khatoon class 2 clgzf cfrfo{ siff!) g t cfof] dnfo{ cf} ;L g k"0f]{ g ltxf/ 3/ 5f8L cfoof], ;8s hljg, ;bfsf] k'sf/ vft] / dfug], sjf8l kfoof], u'dof] cfˆgf] gfd af cfdf wl/ k/fo ep, kfopg s]xl dfg laxfg} p7l sfddf hfg5' gup nfu5 ef]s l;;fn] sf6\5, s's'/n] 6f]S5, nfub5 kfkl /f]u cfsfzsf] 5fgf], wtl{sf] cf]5\ofg xftsf] l;/fgl s's'/n] em}f Gofgf] ;kgf x]b}{, x' bf] 5 laxfgl cfkmgt egg] 5}g Sj} oxff of] 7"nf] ;x/ :s'n k9\g], 7"nf] agg], dfq} ef] /x/ cfdfnfo{ egb]pm, afafnfo{ egb]pm, egb]pm c nfo{ vft] / dfug], sjf8legbf rf]6 k'u5 xfdlnfo{ Sujan Raj Giri class 8 30 31

l/kf]6{ l/kf]6{ b'o{ bzssf lziffdgqlm b]z agb}g eg]/ lziffljgf ;a}n] eg5g\. bnx n] lgjf{rgsf ;dodf lziff, :jf:yosf ljifo clgjfo{ p7fpf5g\. t/ lht]/ ;/sf/df upkl5 s'g bnn] slt sfd u5{g\ egg] ;du n]vfhf]vf epsf] 5}g. ;du df d'n'ssf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs If]qdf h'g :t/df ljsf; epsf] 5, To;af6 hgtf ;Gt'i6 5}gg\. o;alrdf ;aegbf a9l ;Qfsf] g]t[tj ug]{ / cy{ tyf lziff dgqfno ;DxfNg] lhdd]jf/l klg ToxL bnn] kfpsf] 5. t/ ;f] bnn] o:tf dgqfnonfo{ cfkm"n] hgtfsf alrdf u/]sf jfrf k"/f ug]{egbf klg cfˆgf] /fhgllts :jfy{ k"lt{ ug]{ u/l k of]u u/]sf ljlegg pbfx/0f 5g\. Pdfn]af6 @)$^ sf] /fhgllts kl/jt{gotf vf;u/l @)%@ otf cfwf bh{gn] lziffdgqlsf] lhdd]jf/l ;Dxfn]sf 5g\. /fhgllts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f nfdf] ;do ;/sf/ l6sg g;sg' / ;f]r]sf of]hgf k"0f{ kdf sfof{gjog ug{ g;sg' ol ;/sf/sf afwotf /x] klg g]kfnsf] lziff If]qdf ;Demg nfos s]xl sfdx? epsf 5g\ egg ;lsg5. o;alrdf Pdfn]sf tkm{af6 df]bgfy k l>t, b]jl cf]emf, k blk g]kfn, dfwj kf}8]n, 8f=d+unl;l4 dfggw/ / u+ufnfn t'nfw/n] s]z/dxnsf] Tof] s';l{af6 d'n'ssf] lziffsf] g]t[tj u/]. sf+u ];sf] kfnfdf lziffdgql epsf uf]ljgb/fh hf]zln] @)%@ ;fndf lzifs lj1fkgdf s;n] s] u/] < u/]sf] clgoldttfn] sl/a Ps bzs;dd lziff If]q gsf/ftds kdf k efljt eo/xof] eg] Pdfn]af6 dgql epsf u+ufnfn t'nfw/n] lzifs Joj:yfkgsf nflu sfg"g kl/j{tgsf nflu u/]sf k of;sf] z[+vnfaf6 clxn] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] r/0fdf k'u]sf] egg] atfog5. df]bgfy k l>t dgql x'fbf lziffdf ;+:s[lt klg hf]l8psf] lyof] eg] cgo s]xl sfnv08df o;;fu v]ns'b klg hf]l8psf] lyof]. vf]h cg';gwfg c:tjo:t lzifs Joj:yfkgaf/] bl3{sfnlg ;dfwfgsf] ;"q lgsfnb} c:yfol lzifs;fusf] ;xdlt sfof{gjog / To;cg';f/ lziff P]gdf ;+zf]wgsf] ljw]os pgsf] kfnfdf dlgqkl/ifb\;dd k'u]sf] lyof]. z}lifs ljs[lt lj;+ult x6fpg /fli6«o z}lifs cg'udg, ;'k/lj]if0f / d"nof+sg ;ldlt pgs} kfnfdf agof]. / ;flxto ;+:s[ltdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg] k l>tsf] kfnfdf k fljlws / Jofj;flos lziffsf wf/nfo{ k fyldstf lbg cf/de epsf] lyof]. pgl To;nfO{ hgpkof]ul lziff egg] uy]{. k blk g]kfn lziffdgql x'fbf ;a}sf nflu lziffsf] ;x; fabl nio k"/f u/fpg ljbfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{ dxtjk"0f{ lg0f{o epsf] lyof]. xfn To;s} lg/gt/tfn] ljbfno If]q ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rflnt 5. g]kfnsf kfnfd} ;/sf/l ljbfno ;~rfngsf] lhdd]jf/l ;d'bfodf x:tfgt/0f ug]{ lg0f{o epsf] lyof]. sfg"gtm sf+u ];sf lziffdgql cfdf]bk ;fb pkfwofosf] kfnfdf lziff P]g -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_ @)%* df To:tf] k fjwfg ep klg sfof{gjogdf kl5 dfq cfpsf] xf]. ;d'bfodf ljbfno x:tfgt/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd s]jn ljzj a}+ssf] dfq Ph]G8f epsf] egb} /fhgllts bn / Pdfn];lxt lzifs ;d'bfon] lj/f]w u/] klg ;fd'bflos ljbfnonfo{ yk lhdd]jf/ agfpg of] gllt 7Ls /x]sf] c8fg g]kfnsf] lyof]. cfˆgf] sfo{sfnsf] ;dliff ub}{ g]kfn eg5g\, k fljlws lziffnfo{ yk lj:tf/ ug]{ k l>tsfnsf tl ;kgfdf s]xl d]x]gt ul/of] t/ ;f]r]hlt lj:tf/ epg, of] xfd f] k fyldstfsf] ljifo xf].ú ;fdflhs If]qdWo] ;aegbf a9l /fhosf] nufgl epsf] lziff If]qdf s'n ah]6sf] @) k ltzt nufgl x'g'kg]{ cgt/f{li6«o dfgotf 5. u+ufnfn t'nfw/ lziffdgql x'fbf of] bzss} a9l lziff ah]6 -!& k lzt_ ljlgof]hg epsf] lyof]. pgs} kfnfdf @)^* h]7!! df dlgqk/ifb\af6 ljbfno zflgt If]qsf kdf 3f]if0ff x'g' / lgb]{lzsf sfof{gjgdf cfpg' csf{] pknlaw agof]. ;z:q o'4sfnb]lv afnaflnsf / ljbfno k ToIf / ck ToIf kdf lx+;fsf] l;sf/ ag]/ q:t epsf lyp. To;nfO{ sfg"gm /f]sg pqm lg0f{o P]ltxfl;s agof]. ljbfnosf a;df kx]+nf] /ª nufpg], agb x8tfnsf qmddf ljbfno agb ug{ gkfog], ljbfnodf /fhgllts x:tif]k / ultljlw gug]{ tyf e]befj Pj+ zf]if0f gug]{, ljbfno zflgt If]qsf] cfofdnfo{ kl5 cfp/ ;a} bnsf zlif{ g]tfn] k lta4tfsf] ljifo agfp / ljbfno :t/df cfrf/;+lxtfsf] k rf/ x'g yfnof]. c:tjo:t lzifs Joj:yfkgaf/] bl3{sfnlg ;dfwfgsf] ;"q lgsfnb} c:yfol lzifs;fusf] ;xdlt sfof{gjog / To;cg';f/ lziff P]gdf ;+zf]wgsf] ljw]os pgsf] kfnfdf dlgqkl/ifb\;dd k'u]sf] lyof]. z}lifs ljs[lt lj;+ult x6fpg /fli6«o z}lifs cg'udg, ;'k/lj]if0f / d"nof+sg ;ldlt pgs} kfnfdf agof]. pgn] z}lifs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu k wfgdgql emngfy vgfnaf6 pb\3fl6t u/l /fli6«o ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf u/]sf lyp. ljbfno txsf] kf7\ok':tssf] cefj / o;df x'g] clgoldttf /f]sg k"j{;lrj ho/fd lu/lsf] g]t[tjdf Ps prr:t/lo 5fglag ;ldlt u7g u/l To;sf] k ltj]bg klg ;f]xl sfo{sfndf nfu" eof]. ljzjljbfnosf pks'nkltx sf] lgo'lqmdf /fhgllts k efj /f]sg g;s] klg bnlo efuag8fnfo{ lj/f]w ug{ / cfˆgf] lg0f{o nfu" ug{ t'nfw/ ;Ifd epsf] dflgg5. ttsfnlg ;/sf/sf k jqmf /x]sf sf/0f klg ;~rf/d}ql ep/ sfd u/]sf t'nfw/ eg5g\, lzifs Joj:yfkgsf nflu w]/} d]xgt u/]f, lgisif{df k' ofpg kfopg t/ dnfo{ d]/f ;a} sfdk lt s'g} kzrfqfk 5}g.Ú b]jl cf]emf lziffdgql x'fbf klg lzifs Joj:yfkgsf nflu k of; epsf lyp. pgn] cfgbf]ng/t ljbfyl{ ;+u7g;fu -sltko e"ldut ;d]t_ jftf{ / ;xdltsf nflu klg lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyp. u}/bnlo ;/sf/ elgp klg Pdfn]lgs6 k"j{;lrj dfwj kf}8]nsf] kfnfdf ;fd'bflos ljbfnodf c+u ]hl dfwodaf6 k7gkf7g x'g'kg]{ gllt NofP/ lghl ljbfnok ltsf] cfsif{0fsf] Ps sf/0fnfo{ ;fd'bflos ljbfnodf tfgg] k of; u/]sf lyp. d+unl;l4 dfggw/sf] kfnfdf aflx/ rrf{df cfpg] w]/} sfd gep klg glltut / k fl1s ;'wf/sf ;fy} lziffdf ;~rf/ /0fgLlt sfof{gjogh:tf ;'wf/ epsf lyp. prr dfwolds ljbfno ;+3 -lx;fg_ sf cwoif /d]z l;njfn eg5g\, ;fd'bflos ljbfnosf /fd f / lghl ljbfnosf /fd f l;sfo Pscsf{df k lt:kwl{x df l;sg] k 0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{'k5{. /fhon] dflj;dd lgmz'nssf] k lta4tf k"/f ug{ ef}r/ k 0ffnL sfof{gjog ug{ pko{'qm x'g5.ú lziffdgql uf]ljgb/fh hf]zlsf] z}lifs clgoldttfn] rrf{ kfph:t} lrqn]vf ofbjsf] sfo{sfn klg ljjfbd'qm epg. a9l ljb]z 3'Dg] / gftfuf]tf / k efjsf cfwf/df lgo'lqm ug]{ tyf lziff P]g ;+zf]wg u/fpg g;sg] dgqlsf kdf ofbjnfo{ lrq0f ul/psf] 5. lziffdgql cfdf]bk ;fb pkfwofon] lziff P]g -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_ u/fpsf] pknlawnfo{ la;{g ldnb}g. t/fo{ dw]; nf]stflgqs kf6l{sf lziffdgql /fdrg s'zjfx t /fxt lzifs sf]6f k s/0fdf dgqlaf6 alxu{dg g} x'g'k/]sf] lyof]. dw];l hgflwsf/ kmf]/daf6 lziffdgql ag]sl /]0f' ofbjsf] z}lifs ljifo a' g]d} ;d:of b]lvpsf] lyof] eg] ;/n /fhgllts dflgg] dfcf]jfbl s]g sf blgfgfy zdf{n] ljbfno txdf g]kfnl efiffsf] j0f{ljgof;af/] cnf]slk o lg0f{o u/]sf] ljifo tltf] kif /Xof]. To;df zdf{n] kl5 kzrfqfk klg u/]sf 5g\. o;cl3sf dfcf]jfbl s]g sf lziffdgql lul//fhdl0f kf]v/]nn] lziff P]g -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ u/fpg' ;sf/ftds ep klg cfˆgf!* a'fb] sfo{of]hgf k"/f ug{ g;sl pgsf] sfo{sfn ;lsof]. o;alrdf sf+u ];sf ljdn]g lglw, ch{'g/l;+x s];l, tdnf]kfsf ;j]{g gfy z'sn / /fli6«o k hftgq kf6l{sf xl/axfb'/ yfkfsf lziffdgqlsf sfo{sfn pknlawsf lx;fan] ;fdfgo g} /x]. 32 33

;dfrf/ ;dfrf/ KofA;g ln8/ SofDk @)&$ ;DkGg eqmk'/ KofA;gsf] cg';gwfg tyf ljsf; ;ldltåf/f d+l;/ $ / % ut] gu/sf]6sf] xf]6n sg6«l lennfdf KofA;g ln8/ SofDk @)&$Ú ;DkGg u/]sf] 5. ;f] SofDkdf ;+l3otfdf lghl lziff, JolQmut tyf Jofj;flos hljgsf] tfnd]nnufotsf ^ j6f ;qdf () hgf ljbfno ;+rfnsx ;xeful lyp. ;+3Lotfdf lghl lziffú ljifodf lziff dgqfnosf ;x;lrj 8f= xl/ nd;fnsf] sfo{kq dfly KofA;gsf dxf;lrj /fh]gb afflgofn] l6kk0fl u/]sf lyp eg] lziff dgqfno / eqmk'/ lhnnfsf k d'vx n] cfcfˆgf ljrf/ /fv]sf lyp. Uffos lzlz/ of]ulsf] ;ffullts sfo{qmd / 8f= /fh' clwsf/lsf] k ]/0ffbfoL sfo{qmd ;a}n]?rfpsf lyp. sfo{qmddf ljb]zl lziff Joj:yfaf/] klg rrf{ epsf] atfopsf] 5. ljgfosdf k'/ftfltjs tyf k/dk/fut j:t'x sf] k bz{gl eqmk'/ dwok'/ l7dll:yt ljgfos lziff lgs]tg :s'nsf sl/a!)) hgf ljbfyl{x n] cf cfˆgf 3/df epsf k'/fgf, k/dk/fut afhfufhf, e]ife'iff tyf k'/ftfltjs ;fdfgx ;+sng u/l k bz{g u/]sf lyp. dfbn, e':of, 5\ofnL, ofnl, aff;'/l h:tf k/dk/fut afhfx, n'ufx df bf}/f, ;'?jfn, sf]6, rf]nl, 6f]kL, k5\of}/l, nf]kf]gd'v tyf k'/ftfltjs j:t'x h:t} dfgf, kfyl, 6'sL aql, 8fnf], 7]sL, v's'/l, hfftf], rvf{, srf}/f, s;f}/l, lrdtf, cf]dv/f, s?jf, yfn, 9sL, ;'s'gbf, l;ssf, tfnrf, ;'s]{y}nl, z+v, Unf]an kf7zfnfdf t]; f] lyp6/ zf] ;DkGg eqmk'/ sf}zn6f/, l:yt Unf]an kf7zfnf :s'nn] cfˆgf] ljbfnosf] t]; f] lyp6/ zf]sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5. cgfdgu/l:yt d08nf lyp6/df siff! b]lv * ;Ddsf ljbfyl{x n] 5' f 5' } b'o{j6f gf6sdf clego u/]sf lyp. siff! b]lv % ;Ddsf ljbfyl{x n] æcg]stfdf PstfÆ / siff ^ b]lv * ;Ddsf ljbfyl{x n] ædfg5]sf] a'l4æ zlif{ssf] gf6s k :t't u/]/ bz{sx nfo{ dgf]/~hg u/fpsf lyp. ljbfyl{x sf] cgtgllxt k ltefnfo{ k ikm'6g u/fpg] p2]zo /fv]/ x/]s jif{ ljbfnon] gf6\o k bz{gl u/]sf] ljbfnosl x'ssf cflb tyf wfld{s k':ts / u Gyx k bz{gldf /flvpsf lyp. ljbfnosf sl/a %)) ljbfyl{x n] ;f] k bz{gl cjnf]sg u/]sf lyp. k wfgfwofks lbnf zfson] atfog\. gf6s k bz{glaf6 p7]sf] /sdaf6 ljbfnon] ;fdflhs If]qdf vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] 5. snfsf/ tyf / /ªusdL{ a'l4 tdfª / k lbks'df/ rf}w/ln] gf6ssf] af/]df rrf{ ub}{ Unf]an kf7zfnfn] clego If]qdf v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf] k z+zf u/].!( kbs NofP/ pts[i6 bf]; f] :yfg xfl;n sf7df8f} sf]l/ofsf] lhg5g zx/df cfof]lht k yd jn8{ o'y dfz{n cf6{;\ df:6/lzkdf g]kfnn] bf]; f] :yfg xfl;n u/]sf] 5.!) d'n'ssf v]nf8l ;xeful ;f] k ltof]lutfdf g]kfnn] # :j0f{, ^ /ht /!) sf:o kbs ;lxt!( kbs NofP/ bf]; f] :yfg xfl;n ug{ ;kmn epsf] xf]. gf]e]da/ ^ df ;DkGg epsf] v]ndf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 ljlegg tf}n ;d"xaf6 $! v]nf8lx n] ;xefultf hgfpsf lyp. cfof]lht v]ndf %% s]hlsf] ;d"xaf6 ;lzg df]qmfg, %) s]hl ;d"xaf6 cl:dtf v8\sf / &) s]hl ;d"xaf6 lbk]g af]u6ln] :j0f{ kbs lhtg ;kmn epsf lyp. g]kfn of]ªd'bf] ;+3sf cwoif df]xgs'df/ sfsl{, jl/i7 pkfwoif hgfh{g 9'ªu]nsf] g]t[tjdf ;xeful g]kfnl v]nf8lx n] ljlegg ( tf}n ;d"xdf efu lnpsf lyp. g'jful ldl8of k f=ln= ;Nnf3f/L, eqmk'/!&, kmf]g g+= )! ^^!@^$),^^!(#($ df]= (*%!@!()(* uf]n8]g u]6df xfn;dds} ljzfn P;So";L xa ;Dd]ng eqmk'/ dxfsfnl:yfg cjl:yt uf]n8]g u]6 O+lUn; ;]s]g8/l :s'ndf eqmk'/ lhnnf :t/lo ljbfyl{ u'0flo rqm, P;So";L xa ;Dd]ng ejotfsf ;fy ;DkGg epsf] 5. sfo{qmddf eqmk'/ / nlntk'/sf u/l s'n!( ljbfnoaf6 $% j6f ;s{nx sf] k ltlglwtj ub}{ $)) egbf a9þl ljbfyl{x ;xeful ep. sfo{qmddf k d'v cltly ;'lgn k hfkltn] P;So";Lsf] dwodaf6 l;lh{t ;xsfo{, l;h{gzlntf / j}1flgstfsf] k z+;f ub}{ xflh/l hjfkmdf UNof8:6f]gnfO{ bf]xf]/f] ;kmntf eqmk'/ dwok'/ lyldl:yt UNof8:6f]g Ps]8]dLn] lhnnfjofkl xflh/l hjfkmdf bf]xf]/f] ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] 5. goff lyld eqmk'/df /x]sf] jfns'df/l ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] o'jf pk;ldltn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lhnnfjofkl xflh/l hjfkm k ltof]lutf @)&$ df UNof8:6f]g Ps]8]dLsf] xflh/l hjfkm l6dsf /]lnz el;+s / ;dl/ sfsl{sf] l6d -la_ affsl @! l6dnfo{ kl5 kfb}{ k yd x'g ;kmn P;=P;=sn]hsf]!! cf}+ sn]hú lbj; ;DkGg eqmk'/ dwok'/ l7dl $, goff l7dll:yt P;=P;=sn]hsf]!! cf}+ sn]h lbj; d+l;/ @ ut] zlgaf/ ;Dkg epsf] 5. dwok'/ l7dlsf d]o/ dbg;'gb/ >]i7n] sn]hn] ;du lziff ljsf;df k'of{pfb} cfpsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ub}{ eljiodf :gftssf]q/ / k fljlws lziff tkm{sf siffx ;~rfngdf Nofpg'kg]{df hf]8 lbp. ;f]xl cj;/df :gftstx ptl0f{ ljbfyl{nfo{ labfo tyf ;xof]ulnfo{ ;Ddfg ub}{ lxdf+z' a/fnnfo{ jif{ ljbfyl{ú 3f]lift ul/psf] lyof]. o;n] ;du lziffsf] ;fy;fy} eqmk'/nfo{ 1fglj1fgsf] s]g agfpg] cleofgdf eof]. To;}u/L UNof8:6f]g Ps]8]dLs} csf]{ l6d -P_ jg:klt / r/fr'?+ulaf/] ljbfyl{nfo{ hfgsf/l eqmk'/ Pe/]:6 eqmk'/ :s'n ldjf5]+sf ;fgf ljbfyl{nfo{ jg:klt / r/fr'?+ulaf/] Jojxfl/s / :ynut hfgsf/l lbg ;'o{ljgfos / u'08'sf] h+undf ;KtfxJofkL cjnf]sg e d0fdf nlupsf] 5. ljbfnosl ;+:yfks sdnfb]jl cdfto /fhe08f/lsf] g]t[tjdf ljbfnosf Kn]u 'kb]lv siff # ;Ddsf $ ;o %) ljbfyl{nfo{ kfn}kfnf] h+un lziffsf nflu nlupsf] xf]. ljbfyl{x nfo{ jg:klt, hljhgt', ls/f km6\of+u f / r/fr'?+ulsf ;fy} k f[slts hljgrqm -Osf]l;:6d_ af/] :ynut hfgsf/l u/fopsf] lyof]. ;fy} ljbfyl{nfo{ dxtjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg] s'/fdf ljzjf; JoQm u/]. pgn] ljlegg afwf / r'gf}tlsf afjh"b ;a} txsf] lziffdf eqmk'/n] cu 0fL :yfg cf]u6\g ;kmn epsf] atfp. g]kfndf P;So";Lsf k 0f]tf k fwofks lbg]z rfkfufo{+n] P;So";Ln] c?;fusf] ;xsfo{ / cfkm}+;fusf] k lt:kwf{nfo{ hf]8þ lbg] atfp. ;Dd]ngdf s]; :68L, Kofgn l8:szg, :sf]/ bl Sjfln6L uf]n, PdPd6LSo"kL cjf8{, zfog c fg :6]h / Do"/n k]+l6+u ;lxt ^ j6f ljlegg sfo{qmd ;dfj]z ul/psf] lyof]. sf ;'a0f{ v8\sf / ;'hf{ >]i7 k ltof]lutfdf bf]; f] x'g ;kmn ep. ;xsf/lsf cwoif lzjs[i0f >]i7sf] ;efklttjdf cfof]lht k ltof]lutfdf ;'k Ld Ps]8]dL sd]/f]6f/ / ;}lgs cfjf;lo dflj ;Nnf3f/L qmdzm t]; f] / ;fgtjgf x'g ;kmn ep. ljhol ljbfno tyf ljbfyl{x nfo{ d]8n, 6«kmL / k df0fkq k bfg ub}{ ;+:yfsf cwoif >]i7n] ;do ;dodf ;+:yfn] cfof]hgf ug]{ o:tf sfo{qmdn] ljbfyl{ju{sf] rf}tkml{ ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ atfp. h+undf 8f]/Ldf lxf8\g l;sfpg'sf ;fy} gfrufg ;d]t u/fopsf] lyof]. Pe/]:6 eqmk'/ :s'nn] x/]s jif{ ;fgf siffsf ljbfyl{nfo{ h+un lqmofsnfk cgtu{t h+undf nu]/ To:tf] Jojxfl/s 1fg lbg] u/]sf] 5. 34 35

;dfrf/ ;dfrf/ jfulzj/l dfljsf] %( cf}+ / jfulzj/l sn]hsf]!) cf}+ jflif{sf]t;jsf] cj;/df g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6l{sf cwoif gf/fo0fdfg ljh's5]f-/f]lxt_n] ljbfno:t/af6} /fd f] /fhgllt l;sfpg'kg]{ atfp. pgn] ul/j hgtfsf] kx'fr x'g] /fd f] d]l8sn sn]h;lxtsf] ljzjljbfno :yfkgfsf nflu ;+3if{ ul//x]sf] klg atfp. ;efkltsf] cf;gaf6 af]nb} ljbfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cwoif /ljgb HofVjn] goff k':tfnfo{ b]z / hgtfk lt 36 jfulzj/lsf] jflif{sf]t;j ;DkGg km]sf sk 6«fOa ]s/df sl/o/ ljhol, uf]n8]g a8 bf]; f] 6«fOa ]s/df uf]n8]g a8 :s'nnfo{ $ # uf]nn] k/flht ub}{ k]k;lsf]nfl:yt sl/o/ laln8ª OG6/g]zgn Ps]8]dLn] km]sf sk km'6ansf] pkflw xft kf/]sf] 5. k]k;lsf]nfl:yt km'6an u fp08df epsf] kmfogn v]ndf sl/o/n] uf]n8]g a8nfo{ k]gfn6l ;'6cfp6df :taw kf/]sf] xf]. lgwfl{ t ;dodf uf]n8]g a8sf ljho yfkfdu/ / sl/o/sf ;lag sf]o/fnfn] uf]n u/]sf lyp. lgwf{l/t ;dodf b'j} 6f]nLaLr!! uf]n epkl5 k]gfn6ldf lhdd]jf/ agfpfb} nfg'kg]{ / gu/nfo{ ;kmf ;'Gb/ agfpg x/]s ljbfnon] Pp6f ;fj{hlgs :yfg, ;Dkbf jf glhssf] kf]v/l ;/;kmfo cleofg ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ atfp. sfo{qmddf k"j{ k frfo{ df]xgk ;fb k hfkltn] ljbfno / sn]hsf] ef}lts ljsf; Pj+ u'0f:t/lo lziffsf] nflu ;a}sf] Wofg cfjzos /xg] ;'emfp. cltly, ljz]if cltly Pj+ k d'v cltlyaf6 ljbfyl{x nfo{ lhnnf lziff 5fqj[lQ, l;l4axfb'/ 5fqj[lQ, gf/fo0fl 5fqj[lQ / lzifs sd{rf/l 5fqj[lQ k bfg ug'{sf ;fy} cltl/qm lqmofsnfk tyf siffut k yd, l4tlo / t[tlonfo{ k'/:s[t ul/psf] lyof]. sn]hsf pts[i6 ljbfyl{ tyf pts[i6 lzifs sd{rf/lnfo{ ;d]t ;Ddfg u/]sf] pqm sfo{qmddf cgt/ ljbfno sljtf, syf, lgagw k ltof]lutfsf ljh]tf klg k'/:s[t epsf lyp. cfo cg{ cfof]hgf cgtu{t sfjodf nf]s e]ife'iff k bz{gl sf7df8f}. ;+;f/sf! ;o $) d'n'sdf km}lnpsf] cgnfog lziff cfof]hgf OG6/g]zgn Ph's]zgn l/;f];{ g]6js{ cfo cg{ cfof]hgf cgtu{t g]kfndf /x]sf] Ps ;b:o ljbfno sfjo :s'n goff afg]zj/dsf siff % b]lv & ;Ddsf (! hgf ljbfyl{x n] cleefjsx ;fd" e]ife'iff k bz{g u/]sf 5g\. g]kfnsf ljlegg hfthflt, ;d'bfo, wd{ ;+:s[lt / k/dk/f dfgg] g]kfnlx n] rf8kj{ / /Lltl/jfhdf k of]u x'g] @$ y/lsf k/dk/fut e]ife'iff nufp/ ljbfyl{x of{dkdf lxf8]sf] lzlifsf ;hgf bfxfnn] atfog\. nlupsf] lyof]. km]o/ P8's]zgn sldkl66;{ Pzf]l;Pzg ljbfnosf gj/fh af:sf]6fn]! ;o $) d'n'ssf % xhf/ lzifs, tyf #) xhf/ ljbfno cfj4 /x]sf] cfo cg{ cfof]hgfdf ljsf; / o'jf g]t[tjnufot z}lifs tyf ;f+:s[lts cfbfgk bfg ul/g5. ljbfnodf cfof]lht sfo{qmdsf] t:jl/;lxtsf] k ltj]bg cfo cg{ cfof]hgfdf k7fpkl5 ;a} ;b:o d'n'ssf km]sfn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] k ltof]lutfdf pktosfsf @) ljbfno ;xeful lyp. k ltof]lutfdf xfonl lqmol6esf lg/h sfsl{ a9l :sf]/ ug]{ v]nf8l r'lgp. pgn] k ltof]lutf cjlwe/ & uf]n u/]sf lyp. To:t} 8]G; OG6/g]zgn l6dn] km]o/ Kn], a]:6 l8km]08/ sl/o/ ljln8ª OG6/g]zgn Ps]8]dLsf cfsfz zfx r'lgp. To:t} a]:6 Kn]o/df uf]n8]g a8sf pd]z vql, a]:6 uf]nlsk/df PsnAo lziff ;bgsf?k]z a/fo{nl r'lgp. k ltof]lutfdf ljhol l6d tyf v]nf8lnfo{ KofA;g s]g Lo ;lrj cf/al s6\jfnn] k'/:s[t ug{'epsf] lyof]. lzifs / ljbfyl{jlr k'u]/ l;sfosf] cfbfgk bfg x'g] atfpf5g\. k]k;lsf]nfl:yt g]s;;\ OG6/g]zgn Ps]8]dLn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] bf]; f] pktosfaofkl km'6an k ltof]lutf sf}:t'e Ps]8]dL k]k;lsf]nfn] lht]sf] 5. k ltof]lutfdf nf]on6l Ps]8]dLn] km]o/ Kn]sf] pkflw xft kf/]sf] 5. To:t} a]i6 ld8lkmn8/df nf]on6lsf ;hn nfdf, a]i6 Kn]o/df a]i6 u' k lehgsf ;'/]Gb du/ftl, a]i6 :6«fOs/df sf]6b]jl klans :s'nsf ;d f6 ;'g'jf/, a]i6 uf]nlsk/df a]i6 u' k lehgsf ;Gb]z du/ / a]i6 l8km]g;df sf}:t'e Ps]8]dLsf /fhg tfdfª 3f]lift ep. ljh]tf l6d / v]nf8lx nfo{ g]s;;\ sk km'6an ;DkGg, pkfwl sf}:t'enfo{ cfof]hs g]s;;\ OG6/g]zgn Ps]8]dLsf Pd=8L Pj+ cf/al s6\jfnn] k'/:s[t u/]sf lyp. k ltof]lutfdf pktosfsf!^ ljbfno ;xeful lyp. k ltof]lutfsf kmfogn v]n x]g{ k"j{k wfgdgql dfwjs'df/ g]kfn klg k]k;lsf]nfl:yt km'6an u fp08 k'u]sf /f];ddf v]ns'b sfo{qmd ;DkGg kf08'ahf/l:yt /f];d O+lUnz af]l8{ª :s'nn] ;KtfxJofkL v]ns'b sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5. ljbfnodf /x]sf ;bgx alrsf] k lt:k wf{df sl/a @% lsl;dsf v]nx ;dfj]z ul/psf] lyof]. ljbfyl{x sf] tx / Ifdtfcg';f/ v]n 5'6\ofO{ ;fg} siffb]lvsf ljbfyl{x alr k lt:kwf{ u/fopsf] lyof]. jst[tjsnf, xflh/lhjfkm, Spelling Contest, Carram Board, a'l4rfn cflb klg ;f] sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z lyp. o'/f] ls8\;sf ljbfyl{sf] :jf:yo k/lif0f eqmk'/. o'/f] ls8\; ;Nnf3f/L eqmk'/sf s]6fs]6lsf] ljbfnod} :jf:yo hffr ;DkGg epsf] 5. eqmk'/ c:ktfnsf jl/i7 jfn/f]u ljz]if1 8f=ls/0f zfson] tl s]6fs]6lsf] :jf:yo hffr u/]sf] ljbfnosl ;+:yfks ljg' uf]bf/ yfkfn] atfog\. 3/df df]jfon / 6]lnlehgdf a9l em'lddg] s]6fs]6lnfo{ ;fg}df cffvf;dagwl ;d:ofx b]lvg] x'gfn] To;af6 hf]lug ljb'tlo pks/0fsf] sd k of]u ug{ ljbfyl{x nfo{ ;'emfopsf] ljbfnosf k jgw lgb{]zs gj/fh sfkm\n]n] atfp. lyp. pgn] v]nf8lx sf] v]n sf}znsf] k z+;f u/]. a]lanf]g / ef/tsf] ljbfnoalr ;DaGw hf]l8of] sf7df8f} + a]lanf]g g]zgn ;]s]08/l :s'n zflgtgu/df Pkf]nf] g]zgn kljns :s'n a}+unf]/ ef/tsf lzifs k ltlglwn] ToxfFsf] cwofkg t/lsf, siffsf]7f, ljbfnosf] jftfj/0f / cltl/qm s[ofsnfkaf/] cwoog u/]sf 5g\. Pkf]nf] :s'nsl lzlifsf /Tgf l;gw'/ tyf a+}unf]/s} csf{] ljbfno nidl g6/fhg ljbf lgs]tgsf l;lgo/ afnfhl /fhf uf]kfn a]lanf]g g]zgn :s'n k'u]sf lyp. pglx n] ;f]xl cj;/df ef/tsf] snf ;+:s[lt / lzif0fljlwaf/] rrf{ u/]sf lyp. OG6/g]zgn :s'n cjf8{ lhtg ;kmn g]kfnsf] ljbfnon] g]kfns} u fdl0f e]usf] s'g} Pp6f ljbfnosf] ;fy} blif0f PlzofnL d'n'ssf] s'g}klg Pp6f ljbfnoalr ;fem]bf/ ;DjGw /fvg'k5{. ;f]xl cg' k a]lanf]g g]zgn :s'nn] Pkf]nf] g]zgn kljns :s'n a}+unf]/;fu bf}to ;DjGw ljsf; u/]sf] xf]. a]lanf]g :s'nn] cfufdl bf]; f] cjlwsf] nflu klg la l6; sfplg;n;fu ;f] k'/:sf/ k flktsf nflu ljbfyl{, ljbfno, cwofkg;fu ;DjlGwt ljlegg cfof]hgfx ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5. 37

;dfrf/ t]; f] dwok'/ lyld gu/kflnsf sk UNof8:6f]gnfO{ dwok'/ lyld ldn/f]8 * af]8] eqmk'/l:yt UNof8:6f]g Ps]8]dLn] dwok'/ o'y Pzf]l;o;g u f3/ eqmk'/åf/f cfof]lht t]; f] dwok'/ lyld gu/kflnsf sk @)&$ sf] 6«kmL xft kf/]sf] 5. d+l;/!) ut]b]lv!( ut];dd dwok'/ o'y Pzf]l;o;gsf] km'6an u fpg8df cfof]lht k ltof]lutfdf dwok'/ lyldsf!^ j6f, eqmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf]! j6f / sf7df8f}+sf]! ul/ hddf!* j6f lzifs nfo{;]g; gljs/0f ug{ ;'emfj, kf; dfs{ *) Û eqmk'/. lzifs x'g cfjzos cwofkg cg'dltkq -nfo{;]g;_ Ps k6s lnpkl5 hljge/nfo{ x'g] k4tldf ;'wf/ u/l x/]s kffr kffr aif{df gljs/0fsf] Aoj:yf ug{ lziffljb\x n] ;'emfj lbpsf 5g\. o;}u/l %) c+s NofP kf; x'g] Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g u/l *) c+s tf]sg / ljifout cwofkg cg'dltkq hf/l ug{ klg pglx sf] ;'emfj 5. cwofkg cg'dltkqsf af/]df lzifs ;]jf cfof]un] u/]sf] cgt/lqmofdf lziffljb\ x n] o:tf] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf x'g\. lzifs x'g rfxg] JolQm s:tf] ptkfbg ug]{ egg] af/]df ljzjljbfno txaf6} Wofg lbg' kg]{ lziffljb\ k f=8f dgk ;fb jfun]n] atfp. x'g t xfdln] g} sfd uof}{f t/ ljzjljbfnosf] lziff zf:q sdhf]/ x'fbf ultnf lzifs ptkfbg x'g ;s]gg\. lzifs ptkfbg ug]{ ljzjljbfnolo lziff tkm{ cfnf]rgf ub}{ pgn] eg] Ú>f]taf6} x]g{ h?/l 5.Ú lzifs x'gnfo{ kmi6 l8lehg Nofpg] ljbfyl{ vf]hg' kg]{ ;'emfj lbb} pgn] ;+3Lotf;+u} ablnfbf] ;+/rgfdf cwofkg cg'dltkq ljt/0fnfo{ klg km/s tl/sfn] x]g{ ;'emfj lbp. h'g k b]zn] cg'dltkq lbg5 ;f]xl k b]zdf dfq cwofkg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ / olb lzifs csf{] k b]zdf cwofkg ug{ rfxg5 eg] k'gm cwofkg cg'dltkq lng' kg]{ Joj:yf ug{ klg pgn] ;'emfj lbp. lzifs eg]sf] g}ltstf / lgi7f;fu hf]l8psf] k]zf epsfn] of] s'/f a'emfpg g;ls~h]n cg'dlt kqsf nflu hlt g} hffr lnp klg s]xl kl/jt{g gx'g] lziffljb\ 8f= dlgaxfb'/ lji6n] atfp. lzifs k]zfs} af/]df ;Dk"0f{ kdf k'g{;+/rgf ug{' kg]{ cj:yf 5Ú pgn] eg]. o:t} csf{ lziffljb\ k f=8f= ljbfgfy sf]o/fnfn] lng rfxg]nfo{ PseGbf a9l ljifodf klg cwofkg cg'dltkq lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ug{ ;'emfj lbp. lzifs x'g rfxg] x/]s JolQmn] ;a} egbf klxnf cfkm"n] cffkm}+nfo{ hffrg], p;nfo{ ;fyln] hffrg] / cgtodf ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgfn] hffr]/ dfq} cwofkg cg'dlt kq pknaw u/fpg' k5{ú pgn] eg]. lziff ;lrj dw'k ;fb /]UdLn] lj1x af6 k fkt ;'emfjsf cfwf/df g} dgqfno cl3 a9\g] k ltj4tf JoQm u/]. lziffljb\ 8f= jfnrg n'o{6]n cfof]usf cwoif tfgf uf}td, lziff dgqfnosf ;x;lrj 8f= x/lk ;fb nd;fn, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]g sf lgb]{zs s[i0f sfk L, lzifs ;]jf cfof]usf k zf;slo clws[t 8f= t'n;lk ;fb yklnof, lzifssf k ltlglw nufotn] lzifs nfo{;]g; / o;nfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg] af/]df wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf lyp. cfof]un] clxn] ;Dd & nfv ^% hgfnfo{ nfo{;]g; lbpsf] 5. o; dwo] @)^! ;fn b]lv @)^& ;fn ;Dd k fylds txsf! nfv (* xhf/ * ;o #), )^! b]lv )&@ ljbfnosf] ;xeflutf lyof]. kmfogn v]ndf h]lgy Ps]8]dL u f3/nfo{ 6«fOa] s/df $ / @ sf] lht lgsfnb} UNof8:6f]g Ps]8]dL RoflDkog ag]sf] xf]. UNof8:6f]g Ps]8]dLn] gub rfnl; xhf/;lxt 6«kmL, d]8n, k df0fkq k fkt u/]sf] lyof]. k ltof]lutfdf h]lgy Ps]8]dLsf /f]bg u'?ª a]:6 ld8lkmn8/, cfbz{ df=ljsf e'jg u'?ª a]:6 l8km]g;, lxdr'nl Ps]8]dLsf ;ljg k/fh'nl a]:6 :6«fOs/, UNof8:6f]g Ps]8]dLsf k'hg xf]gf a]:6 uf]nlsk/, / UNof8:6f]g Ps]8dLs} cg'k >]i7 a]:6 Kn]o/ ckm b 6'gf{d]G6 agg ;kmn ep. kmfogn v]nsf] Dofg ckm b Dofrsf] pkfwl klg UNof8:6f]g Ps]8]dLsf uf]nlsk/ k'hg xf]gfn] xft kf/]. ;Dd lgdfljdf # nfv ^% xhf/ @ ;o &% / ;f]xl cjlwdf dflj txdf! nfv #% xhf/ ( ;o ^) hgfnfo{ nfo{;]g; lbpsf] 5. prr dfljsf @@ xhf/ ( ;o *^ hgfnfo{ nfo{;]g; lbpsf] cfof]un] hgfpsf] 5. )^* ;fn otf k flj txdf nfo{;]g;sf] k/liff epsf] 5}g. lhnnfjofkl xflh/lhjfkm k ltof]lutfdf km'na fo6 bf]; f] kljq xn];lwfd art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf lnld6]8åf/f cfof]lht lhnnfaofkl cgt/ ljbfno:t/lo xflh/lhjfkm k ltof]lutfdf km'na fo6 :s'nn] låtlo :yfg xfl;n u/]sf] 5. l;lepd :s'ndf epsf] pqm sfo{qmddf km'na fo6af6 k ltlglwtj u/]/ upsf ljbfyl{åo /lzsf cfrfo{ / lxdf~rn Gof}kfg]sf] 6f]nLn] pqm :yfg xfl;n ug{ ;kmn epsf] lzifs /ljg 9sfnn] atfp. 38 39

d]/f] km];g kf]v/fdf hlgdp/ sf7df8f}fdf x'ls{psl lnl8of nfdf nfe]g8/ lk :s'n lsg8/uf8]{g, nlntk'/sl ;+:yfks x'g\. $ jif{cl3 :yfkgf epsf] ;f] lsg8/uf8]{gdf xfn c;l hgf ljbfyl{x 5g\. cfkm\ gf] ldlxg]t / nugsf sf/0f :yfkgfsf] 5f]6f] ;dod} nfe]g8/ cleefjsx dfem kl/lrt ag] sf] pgsf] 7DofO 5. ;+:yfut ljsf; / lj:tf/df lbg/ft nflu k/] sl pgl nfe]g8/ cfkm}df Pp6f a fg8 alg;s]sf] atfpfl5g\. x]bf{ ;/n b] lvg] pgn] ;fg} pd]/b]lv cfkm\gf] cnu klxrfgsf nflu ;+3if{ ul//x] sl l5g\. kmn:j?k nfe]g8/ :yfkgfkl5 pgsf] hljgsf] 7"nf] wf] sf] k"/f epsf] pgl atfpfl5g\. afsl hljg o;}sf] pgglt k ultdf ljtfpg] atfpg] pg} lnl8ofsf] km];gsf] rrf{ g'jfulsf] o; c+sdf. ;/ntf g} d]/f] klxrfg d ;fg}b]lv 6d Ajfo h:tf] ep/ x's]{sf]. dnfo{ lhg;, n]8/sf n'uf clg sge;{ h'qfx nufpg dg nfu5. cln /km PG8 6km g} dg k5{. t/ dg k/]klg of] klx/gdf lgs} sd dfq e]l6g5' cr]n. d]/f] sfd / sfdk ltsf] lhdd]jf/laf]wn] dnfo{ affw]sf] 5. d km s / :s6{x nufpf5'. s'tf{ / ;f8l vf;} nufofb}g. To;}n] ;+sngdf klg vf;} 5}g. d uxgfdf Tolt ;f}lvg 5'Og. d]/f] d':sfg xf] h;n] dnfo{ ;'Gb/ b]lvg d2t ul//x]sf] 5. To; cy{df d]/f] d':sfg g} d]/f] dxtjk"0f{ uxgf xf]. h'g sfod ug]{ sf]lz; d]/f] ;w}f /xg5. d ;sf/ftds 5'. d s'g} klg s'/fsf] ;'?jft gsf/ftds ep/ ulb{gf. d]/f] Wofg /fd f] nufpmf, vfpfm egg]df x'fb}g. d ;/n hljg lhpgd} /dfpf5'. xfokmfo hljgz}nl d]/f] /x/ xf]og. d]/f] sfd g} d]/f] /x/ / d]/f] /f]hfo xf]. o;}df cem /fd f] s;/l ug{ ;S5'< egg]df Wofg lbg5'. t/ h;/l xfokmfo b]lvg ;+3if{ ug'{k5{ ;/n alg/xg klg Ps vfnsf] ;+3if{ ug'{kbf]{ /x]5. d]/f] ;Dk"0f{ lbg oxl :s'ndf ljt5. sfo{qmdx df hfg kg]{a]nf afx]s afsl ;do :s'nd} latfpf5'. lgs} ;fgf] pd]/sf gfglx klg xfdl;fu x'g'x'g5. cleefjsx n] h'g ljzjf; / e/f];f u/]/ tl ;fgf gfgl xfdlnfo{ 5f]8\g'x'G5, To;df clnslt klg tndfly gxf];\, To;sf nflu d]/f] 1fg / d}n] lnpsf] tflndn] k'ub}g. d]/f] k ToIf pkl:ylt klg dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. d]/f] cfkm\gf] ;f}fbo{sf] s'/f ubf{ d cfkm\gf] skfnk lt eg] cln a9l ;+j]bgzln 5'. skfn Jojl:yt epsf] a]nf d]/f] cftdljzjf; cem a9]sf] h:tf] nfu5. dnfo{ :6«]6 skfn ;'xfpf5 eg5g\. jif{df @ rf]l6 skfn :6«]6 kf5'{. To;}n] skfn kftnf] klg epsf] 5. To;sf] pkrf/sf] nflu t]n d;fh ul//xg5'. d lgs} km';{bdf /x]sf] a]nf 6]jn 6]lg; v]n5'. of] v]n d}n] ;fg} pd]/b]lv v]ng yfn]sl x'f. ljbfyl{ hljgdf lgs} ;lqmo lypf. clxn] @ 5f]/Lsf] cfdf eo;s]kl5 klg d]/f] ;lqmotf sfod} 5. d v'zl 5'. d]/f] /f]n df]8n eg]/ vf;} sf]xl 5}g. t/ d klxn]b]lv cgt//fli6«o kqklqsfx x]y]{f. ltgsf kmf]6f]df b]lvg] h:tf sk8fx nufpg dg kyof]{. To;}af6 k efljt epsl x'f h:tf] nfu5. cr]n d d]/l h]7l 5f]/Ldf cfkm\gf] afnosfn b]v5'. pgsf] klx/g x]bf{ dnfo{ plxn] cfkm"n] nufpsf] n'ufx sf] ;Demgf cfpf5. pgsf] km];g lgs} km/s nfu5. d}n] hljgdf lgs} ;'vb\ knx ef]u]sl 5'. b'v klg plqs} em]n]sl 5'. d c?sf b'v ;xh} a'em\g ;S5' h:tf] nfu5. s;}nfo{ unt egg'k"j{ To;sf] k[i7e"ld /fd /L s]nfpf5'. d ;'Gg ;S5'. ;'Gg] w}o{ /fv5'. To;}n] d]/f cfkmgt / ;fylefox n] s]xl b'v kbf{ dnfo{ ;DemG5g\ egg] nfu5. d]/f] ljz]iftf oxl xf] ;fob. lziffsf] ax; u/f}f. z}lifs ultljlwnfo{ a9fjf lbcf}f. z}lifs JolQmTjsf s'/f ;'gf}f. lzifs, ljbfyl{ / cleefjssf clejolqm k9f}f. Please log on to www.nuwagi.com for educational news and views. g'jful dfl;s ;w} k9f} xfdlnfo{ tkfof{sf] ;xofql agg] cj;/ lbg'xf];\. ;dfrf/, hfgsf/l, n]v tyf z}lifs ;fdu Lx ;Dk ]if0f ug{ lgdg 7]ufgfdf ;Dks{ ug'{xf];\. g'jful ldl8of k f= ln= kmf]gm )! ^^!@^$), ^^!(#($ Email: nuwagimonthly@gmail.com 40

d=if]=x'=lg= b=g+=m!# )&# &$