Taxo: Willughbeia agustifolia Family: Apocyaceae Commo Name(s): kubal madu pitabu serapit Syoym(s): Acylocladus rufesces (Dyer ex Hook.f.) Kutze Chilocarpus brachyathus Pierre Urularia rufesces (Dyer ex Hook.f.) Picho Vahea agustifolia Miq. Willughbeia agustifolia var. gracilior Markgr. Willughbeia apiculata Miq. Willughbeia elmeri Merr. Willughbeia rufesces Dyer ex Hook.f. Willughbeiopsis rufesces (Dyer ex Hook.f.) Rauschert Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved Ed Date: 8 Mar 2016 WRA Score: -1.0 Desigatio: L Ratig: Low Risk Keywords: Tropical, Liaa, Uarmed, Edible Fruit, Zoochorous Optio Aswer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? 103 Does the species have weedy races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primarily wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2-high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2-high) (See Appedix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (evirometal versatility) y=1, =0 204 205 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? y=1, =0 y=-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beyod ative rage y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameity/disturbace weed =0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed =0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs y=1, =0 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, =0 High y Page 1 of 12
Optio Aswer 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals y=1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals y=1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas y=1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosystems y=1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life cycle 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit y=1, =0 y 412 Forms dese thickets y=1, =0 501 Aquatic y=5, =0 502 Grass y=1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig woody plat y=1, =0 504 601 Geophyte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat y=1, =0 y=1, =0 602 Produces viable seed y=1, =-1 y 603 Hybridizes aturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist polliators y=-1, =0 606 Reproductio by vegetative fragmetatio y=1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (years) 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed uitetioally (plats growig i heavily trafficked areas) y=1, =-1 702 Propagules dispersed itetioally by people y=1, =-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce cotamiat y=1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal y=1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed by other aimals (exterally) y=1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, =-1 y 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 yr) 803 Well cotrolled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire 805 Effective atural eemies preset locally (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) Page 2 of 12
Supportig Data: 101 Is the species highly domesticated? of domesticatio 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? WRA Specialist. 2016. Persoal Commuicatio NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? WRA Specialist. 2016. Persoal Commuicatio NA 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primarily wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" High "Distributio - Souther Thailad, Malay Peisula, Boreo, Sumatra, Bum, Nicobar Islads." 202 Quality of climate match data High 203 Broad climate suitability (evirometal versatility) Sushie Seeds. 2016. Willughbeia agustifolia. http://www.sushie-seeds.de/. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] "Strictly a tropical species. It occurs wild i mixed dipterocarp forests ad riverie forests i Boreo." "Zoe: 11" Page 3 of 12
204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates y "The species is idigeous to Nicobar Islad to Malesia. It is commoly foud wild i Boreo (Bruei, Sarawak, Sabah ad Idoesia Kalimata)." 205 Does the species have a history of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? WRA Specialist. 2016. Persoal Commuicatio "Strictly a tropical species. It occurs wild i mixed dipterocarp forests ad riverie forests i Boreo" of widespread cultivatio outside ative rage 301 Naturalized beyod ative rage Radall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia Wager, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorece, D.H. 2016. Flora of the Hawaiia Islads. Smithsoia Istitutio, Washigto, D.C. http://botay.si.edu/pacificisladbiodiversity/hawaiiaflo ra/idex.htm. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] 302 Garde/ameity/disturbace weed Radall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed Radall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 304 Evirometal weed Radall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia Page 4 of 12
305 Cogeeric weed Radall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs [] "Woody climber to 60 m. Brachlets glabrous, very rarely miutely puberulet; leticillate. Leaves', petiole 0.4-1.7 cm log; blade elliptic, ovate or oblog, apex obtuse to acumiate, base rouded to cueate; 1.5-4.2 x as log as wide, 2.6-14.3 x 0.9-4.4 cm; subcoriaceaous to thickly coriaceous; glabrous; 9-24 pairs of lateral erves at 60-85, reachig margi or aastomosig shortly before it, tertiary veatio of 1, rarely to 3, itercalcated veis ad the with further reticulate veatio or almost obscure." 402 Allelopathic WRA Specialist. 2016. Persoal Commuicatio Ukow 403 Parasitic "Woody climber to 60 m." [Apocyaceae. ] 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals Matsuda, I., Tuuga, A., & Higashi, S. (2009). The feedig ecology ad activity budget of proboscis mokeys. America Joural of Primatology, 71(6), 478-492 "TABLE III. Food Items ad Parts of Each Item Cosumed by Focal Mokeys of BE-Group From May 2005 to May 2006" [Willughbeia agustifolia leaves are cosumed] Page 5 of 12
405 Toxic to aimals Matsuda, I. 2008. Feedig ad Ragig Behaviors of Proboscis Mokey Nasalis larvatus i Sabah, Malaysia. PhD Dissertatio. Hokkaido Uiversity, Hokkaido, Japa Quattrocchi, U. 2012. CRC World Dictioary of Medicial ad Poisoous Plats: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoyms, Syoyms, ad Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL Wagstaff, D.J. 2008. Iteratioal poisoous plats checklist: a evidece-based referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL "Table 6 Food items ad parts of each item cosumed by focal members of BE-Group from May 2005 to May 2006" [. Leaves cosumed] 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges Sushie Seeds. 2016. Willughbeia agustifolia. http://www.sushie-seeds.de/. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] "Pests: Spider mites > especially uder glass" 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas Useful Tropical Plats Database. 2016. Willughbeia agustifolia. http://tropical.thefers.ifo/viewtropical.php? id=willughbeia+agustifolia. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] Quattrocchi, U. 2012. CRC World Dictioary of Medicial ad Poisoous Plats: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoyms, Syoyms, ad Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL Wagstaff, D.J. 2008. Iteratioal poisoous plats checklist: a evidece-based referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL "Kow Hazards: Noe kow" [] "The mucilagious pulp of the ripe fruit is eate. The orage pulp of kubal madu variety is sweet ad has excellet flavour like to that of orage sherbet." 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosystems [ that members of this geus occur i fire proe ecosystems or cotribute to icreased fire risk] "Strictly a tropical species. It occurs wild i mixed dipterocarp forests ad riverie forests i Boreo." Page 6 of 12
409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life cycle Sushie Seeds. 2016. Willughbeia agustifolia. http://www.sushie-seeds.de/. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] "Locatios: su-semi-shade" 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) NParks Flora&FauaWeb. 2013. Willughbeia edulis. https://florafauaweb.parks.gov.sg/special-pages/platdetail.aspx?id=1534. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] "Plat & Rootzoe Preferece/Tolerace : Moist Soils, Well-Draied Soils, Fertile Loamy Soils" [Ukow for W. agustifolia, but may have soil prefereces similar to related taxo] 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit y "Woody climber to 60 m." 412 Forms dese thickets [Climbig & potetially smotherig habit] "A pereial, evergree woody climber with braches bearig tedrils formed from modified ifloresceces. Leaves are opposite, distichous o short petioles, lamia ovate-laceolate, apex acute to acumiate, base obtuse ovate, coriaceous ad peierve with a distict midrib" 501 Aquatic [Terrestrial] "Strictly a tropical species. It occurs wild i mixed dipterocarp forests ad riverie forests i Boreo." 502 Grass USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network, 2016. Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. http://www.ars-gri.gov/pgs/idex.html. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] "Family: Apocyaceae Subfamily: Rauvolfioideae Tribe: Willughbeieae" 503 Nitroge fixig woody plat "A pereial, evergree woody climber with braches bearig tedrils formed from modified ifloresceces." [Apocyaceae. No evidece] Page 7 of 12
504 Geophyte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) "Woody climber to 60 m." 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat "Distributio - Souther Thailad, Malay Peisula, Boreo, Sumatra, Bum, Nicobar Islads." [] "Strictly a tropical species. It occurs wild i mixed dipterocarp forests ad riverie forests i Boreo." [] 602 Produces viable seed y Useful Tropical Plats Database. 2016. Willughbeia agustifolia. http://tropical.thefers.ifo/viewtropical.php? id=willughbeia+agustifolia. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] "Fruit spherical; 1.9-9.9 cm diameter; pale gree, yellow, orage or reddish. Seed 1.2-2.4 x 0.6-1.4 x 0.6-1.1 cm." "Propagatio. Seed" 603 Hybridizes aturally Ukow. No hybrids documeted 604 Self-compatible or apomictic [Ukow. Perfect flowers] "Flowers are petamerous, yellowishwhite ad actiimorphic; calyx deeply divided with ovate-oblog lobes; corolla lobes i bud overlappig to the left formig a coe or cylider of erect lobes; corolla tube cylidrical, iflated ad short, stames iserted i tube with ovate athers; ovary sigle, glabrous, uilocular, with 2 parietal placetas." 605 Requires specialist polliators Page 8 of 12
NParks Flora&FauaWeb. 2013. Willughbeia edulis. https://florafauaweb.parks.gov.sg/special-pages/platdetail.aspx?id=1534. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] "Iflorescece axillary, rarely up to 3 i oe leaf axil; axis shorter or as log as subtedig petiole, to 1.7 cm log; axes glabrous; 5-19 flowers per iflorescece; pedicel 0.8-3.7 mm log. Sepals ovate, apex obtuse to acumiate; 0.9-1.8 mm log, lobes 0.5-1 x 0.4-0.7 mm, 1-2.5 x as log as wide; glabrous, ciliate. Corolla white or greeish; tube iflated, 1.2-3 mm log, outside ad iside glabrous; lobes oblog or elliptic, 1.7-4.5 mm log, glabrous. Stames iserted at 0.6-1.7 mm from base, 0.40-0.63 of tube legth; filamets 0.3-0.6 mm log; athers 1.3-1.8 x as log as wide, 0.4-0.9 x 0.3-0.5 mm, ovate to elliptic. Ovary 0.5-0.8 mm log; style 0.3-0.5 mm log, ot impressed o ovary; stigma 0.1-0.2 mm log; stigmoid apex 0.1-0.2 mm log." "Its flowers are isect-polliated." [Related taxo] 606 Reproductio by vegetative fragmetatio Useful Tropical Plats Database. 2016. Willughbeia agustifolia. http://tropical.thefers.ifo/viewtropical.php? id=willughbeia+agustifolia. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] Trade Wids Fruit/ 2016. Pitabu - Willughbeia agustifolia. http://www.tradewidsfruit.com/cotet/pitabu.htm. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] "Propagatio. Seed" "Propagatio: By seeds" 607 Miimum geerative time (years) NParks Flora&FauaWeb. 2013. Willughbeia edulis. https://florafauaweb.parks.gov.sg/special-pages/platdetail.aspx?id=1534. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] [Ukow. Iformatio for related taxo provided] "Plat Growth Rate : Moderate" 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed uitetioally (plats growig i heavily trafficked areas) "Fruit spherical; 1.9-9.9 cm diameter; pale gree, yellow, orage or reddish. Seed 1.2-2.4 x 0.6-1.4 x 0.6-1.1 cm." [Fruits & seeds relatively large & lack meas of exteral attachmet] 702 Propagules dispersed itetioally by people y Fruit Lover's Seed Co. 2016. Tropical Fruit Seed List. http://www.fruitlovers.com/seedlistusa.html. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] [Commercially available at times] 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce cotamiat Page 9 of 12
"Fruit spherical; 1.9-9.9 cm diameter; pale gree, yellow, orage or reddish. Seed 1.2-2.4 x 0.6-1.4 x 0.6-1.1 cm." [Ulikely. Fruits & seeds relatively large] 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal "Fruit spherical; 1.9-9.9 cm diameter; pale gree, yellow, orage or reddish. Seed 1.2-2.4 x 0.6-1.4 x 0.6-1.1 cm." [Not adapted for wid dispersal] 705 Propagules water dispersed "It occurs wild i mixed dipterocarp forests ad riverie forests i Boreo." [Buoyacy of fruit ukow. Possible if growig i riparia areas] 706 Propagules bird dispersed [Possibly. Fleshy-fruited, but fruit & seeds relatively large] "Fruit spherical; 1.9-9.9 cm diameter; pale gree, yellow, orage or reddish. Seed 1.2-2.4 x 0.6-1.4 x 0.6-1.1 cm." 707 Propagules dispersed by other aimals (exterally) "Fruit spherical; 1.9-9.9 cm diameter; pale gree, yellow, orage or reddish. Seed 1.2-2.4 x 0.6-1.4 x 0.6-1.1 cm." [Fruits & seeds lack meas of exteral attachmet. I ative rage, may be carried exterally by primates before cosumptio of pulp] 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y "Fruit spherical; 1.9-9.9 cm diameter; pale gree, yellow, orage or reddish. Seed 1.2-2.4 x 0.6-1.4 x 0.6-1.1 cm." [Presumably yes. Could be dispersed by feral pigs i the Hawaiia Islads] 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) "Fruit spherical; 1.9-9.9 cm diameter; pale gree, yellow, orage or reddish. Seed 1.2-2.4 x 0.6-1.4 x 0.6-1.1 cm." [Ukow. Fruits & seeds relatively large] Page 10 of 12
802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 yr) Royal Botaic Gardes Kew. (2016) Seed Iformatio Database (SID). Versio 7.1. http://data.kew.org/sid/. [Accessed 8 Mar 2016] [Ukow] "Storage Behaviour: No data available for species or geus. Of 182 kow taxa of family APOCYNACEAE, 95.60% Orthodox(p/?), 1.65% Recalcitrat(?), 2.75% Ucertai 803 Well cotrolled by herbicides WRA Specialist. 2016. Persoal Commuicatio Ukow. No iformatio o herbicide efficacy or chemical cotrol of this species 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire WRA Specialist. 2016. Persoal Commuicatio Ukow 805 Effective atural eemies preset locally (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) WRA Specialist. 2016. Persoal Commuicatio Ukow Page 11 of 12
Summary of Risk Traits: High Risk / Udesirable Traits Thrives i tropical climates Climbig, & potetially smotherig, growth habit Reproduces by seed Seeds dispersed by mammals & itetioally by people Limited ecological iformatio reduces accuracy of risk predictio Low Risk Traits No reports of ivasiveess or aturalizatio, but o evidece of widespread itroductio outside ative rage Uarmed (o spies, thors or burrs) Edible fruit Medicial uses Fruit relatively large & ulikely to be accidetally dispersed Page 12 of 12