INTRODUCTION An important fruit of Tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Gives quick returns and produces fruits under tropical and subtropical conditions in less than a year but in northern India in about a year and a half. India ranks 4 th among papaya producers in the world.
Composition & Food value High nutritive and medicinal value. Moisture 89.6% Vitamin A 2020 IU Protein 0.5% Vitamin B 2 0.04mg Fat 0.1% Vitamin C 40mg CHO 9.5% Nicotinic acid 0.2mg Calcium 0.01% Riboflavin 0.25mg Phosphorus 0.01% Calorific value 40 /100g
USES Remedy for piles, liver, spleen, digestive disorders Unripe fruits used as vegetable Ripe fruits used for jam, jelly, ice cream flavors, Tuty fruity, crystallized fruits etc., Proteolytic enzyme papain used for meat tenderization, manufacturing of chewing gums and cosmetics, as drug for digestive ailments, degumming natural silk, to give shrunk resistance to wool and in food and beverage industries.
ORIGIN & DISTRIBUTION ORIGIN: Tropical America Introduced in India in the 16 th century. In India, area under papaya is 0.06 m ha with a production of 1.66 m tonnes. In H.P., papaya is grown in an area of 204 ha and production is 813 tonnes. Grown in Australia, Hawaii, Taiwan, Peru, Florida, Texas, California, South Africa, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India. In India, the important papaya growing states are Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Orissa, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.
BOTANY Botanical Name: Carica papaya Family: Caricaceae C. candarmarcensis ( Mountain Papaya) Small, single-stemmed, evergreen, quick growing plant. Trunk: Erect, unbranched with hollow soft wood. Leaves :Palm-like, large, deeply lobed with long petiole. Fruits: Spherical to oblong, fleshy berry with central cavity. Seeds: Numerous, black, attached to placenta in the cavity. Flesh: Edible, yellow, deep orange, pinkish or deep red. Immature fruits, on scratching yields white milky latex. Flowers: Borne singly (usually female & hermaphrodite) or in large clusters (male) in leaf axils.
Male Flower Female Flower
Varieties CO -1 Selection from Ranchi type Developed at TNAU CBE Dioecious type dwarf in stature Fruit is round with flattened base flesh orange yellow coloured TSS 13-14 o brix Yield 50-60 fruits/tree in 20 months CO- 2 Pure line Selection from a local type Developed at TNAU CBE Dioecious type commercial variety Fruit is large in size Flesh orange coloured TSS 13.5-14.5 o brix Dual purpose for both fruits and papain Yield 80-100 fruits/tree CO-2
Sun Rise Solo Bisexual flower Small fruits each weighing 1 kg Flesh is pinkish red coloured Sweet in taste CO- 3 Cross between CO-2 X Sun Rise Solo Developed at TNAU CBE Gyno-Dioecious type Flesh is red coloured Yield 90-120 fruits/tree Solo Papaya
CO -4 Cross between CO-1 X wasington Developed at TNAU CBE Dioecious, medium tall in stature Fruit is round with flattened base Yield 80-90 fruits/tree CO- 5 Selection from washington Developed at TNAU CBE Dioecious, commercial variety Highly suitable for papain extraction 50-60 g of wet latex per fruit Yield 70-80 fruits/tree CO-5
CO -6 CO- 7 Selection from giant Developed at TNAU CBE Dioecious Fruit is large in size 1.5 to 2.0 kg Dual purpose for both fruits and papain Yield 80-100 fruits/tree Multiple crossing with CO-3,Pusa Delicious and Coorg Honey Dew Developed at TNAU CBE Gyno-Dioecious Fruit medium size 1.5 to 2.0 kg Flesh is red coloured TSS 26.63 o brix and pleasant flavour Dual purpose for both fruits and papain Yield 100 fruits/tree
Coorg Honey Dew: Chance seedling of Honey Dew, Hermaphrodite, occasionally pistillate, dwarf, Oblong fruits Surya: Sunrise Solo X Pink Flesh Sweet; Gynodioecious hybrid. Wasinghton Pant- 1 Punjab Sweet
Pusa Delicious: Gynodioecious (pistillate & Hermaphrodite). Pusa Majesty: Gynodioecious Pusa Delicious Pusa Giant: Dioecious, Bears at 1 m height, Withstands strong wind & storm.
Pusa Dwarf: Dioecious, dwarf stature, Bears at 30 cm height, suitable for high density, kitchen garden. Pusa Dwarf Pusa Nanha: Extremely dwarf, Dioecious, mutant, suitable for high density, kitchen garden & pot cultivation. Pusa Nanha
Varieties For H.P. Wasinghton Coorg Honey Dew CO-2 Pusa Delicious Pusa Dwarf Pusa Nanha
Climate Thrives well in tropical climate. Requires warm and humid climate. Can be cultivated up to 1000 meters amsl. Summer temperature ranges 38-42 o C. Winter temperature not less than 10 o C. Wind speed not to exceed 80 km/hr. Low temperature and heavy rain fall reduce the fruit quality. Occurrence of low temperature and frost limits its cultivation in northern India.
Soil Wide range of soils provided with proper manuring, irrigation and drainage Calcareous, black and heavy soils are unfit ph 6.5 &7.0 Being shallow rooted plant, can be grown in about 45 cm deep soils. Avoid waterlogging.
Propagation 1. Seeds 2. Procured only from reliable sources 3. 200 g/acre or 500 g/ha 4. Seedling raised in poly bags or raised nursery beds. 5. 2 or 3 seeds sown in each bag 6. Seeds germinate readily in 10 to 20 days 7. Loose viability after 6-7 months 8. Seedling age 45 to 60 days 9. Seedling height 30 to 45 cm. 10. Best time for raising seedlings is from Mid June to End October. 11. In North India, seeds are sown from February to April.
Field preparation and planting Through preparation by repeated ploughing Pit size 45X45X45 cm Spacing: 2.5-3.0 m; 1.8X1.8 M ( CO1 & CO2) ; 1.25X 1.25 ( Pusa Nanha) Pits filled with top soil and FYM 3:1 ratio Seedling planted in centre of the pit Four seedlings per pit in dioecious cultivars Two seedlings per pit in hermaphrodite cultivars. Finally only one female per pit and one male for every 20 female retained in dioecious type. Normally male trees flower earlier than female. Best planting season : Beginning of monsoon.
Manuring Half kg. of NPK mixture (15:15:15) applied twice a year during February and August along with 20 Kg FYM. No fertlizer should be added in the year of planting.
Irrigation Regular water for its fruit developmrent and yield Irrigate at 7-10 days interval Water logging should be avoided Application of 10 liters of water /day and 13.5 g urea and 10.5 g MOP/week through fertigation improves yield.
Interculture Inter crops like cabbage, cauliflower, onion, tomato, cowpea, chillies, radish etc. can be grown during pre bearing stage. Keep papaya plots weed free. Two hand diggings one in the beginning of rainy season and other in Jan.- Feb.
Harvest and yield Climacteric fruit. Fruits should be harvested when colour changes from green to yellowish green. Fruits should be harvested individually with hand to avoid all possible injuries. First crop is harvested in 10-14 months after transplanting. In North India, fruits ripen during spring and summer; in hills, from Feb. to May. Yield: 100-150 fruits /tree ; 60-65 t/ha in Pusa Nanha
Packaging & Storage Packed in baskets for local market. For long distance, packed stem end down in single layer in wooden crates or CFB containers padded with cushion materials ( paper or straw or wood wool) at the bottom, sides and between fruits. Individual fruit should be wrapped in tissue paper or newspaper. Storage: 13-16 0 C temperature, 85-90% RH ; storage life expectancy is 1-3 weeks.
Papain Extraction Immature fruit contains a milky latex. Dried latex called Papain proteolytic enzyme 90-100 days mature but unripe fruits latex tapped by giving four longitudinal incisions at depth of 2 to 3 mm latex collected in aluminium trays intervals Fuits can be incised four times giving 3 or 4 cuts each time at four days Potassium meta bisulphite (350ppm) is added to the liquid latex and mixed well for extending the storage life and the enzyme activity. Drying is contd until it comes as flakes The dried papain is powered, sieved and stored in polythene bags or any other suitable containers. Yield: 200-250 Kg / ha (1 st year); 100-150 Kg (2 nd year) ; 50-75 Kg (3 rd year). Suitable Varieties: Co1, CO2, CO4, Coorg Honey Dew, Washington
Factors Influencing Papain Production 1. Fruit Size: High in oblong fruits. 2. Fruit Maturity: Unripe but fully mature fruits yield maximum. 3. Season: Highest in October. Low if the temperature below 10 0 C. 4. Cultivars: CO2, Washington- best yielder. 5. Effect of growth regulators: Ethrel @200ppm ; GA3 (100 or 200ppm) increase the latex production.
SEX EXPRESSION Papaya is a polygamous plant with various sex forms. Three sex forms commonly found i.e. pistillate, hermaphrodite and staminate. Pistillate form is stable and sex reversal is not affected by environmental factors. According to Storey (1958), 3 basic sex forms viz., staminate, pistillate and andromonoecious. Staminate and andromonoecious plants may be either phenotypically stable or ambivalent going through seasonal sex reversals during which they produce varying proportions of staminate, perfect and pistillate flowers.
Sex Forecast Before Flowering Dark seed colour- high proportion of female or hermaphrodite flowers. Dark brown seeds of medium size : pistillate flowers. Dark brown seeds of large size : hermaphrodite flowers. Auxin levels vary up to 60 days and GA levels similar in all 3 forms (Male plants-highest level and female lowest. Higher metabolic status in female plants ( higher level of RNA in roots, stems & higher histone levels in leaves & flowers.