Working Paper No. 248

ISSN No. 2454 1427 CDE November 2016 CREATING LONG PANELS USING CENSUS DATA: 1961-2001 Hemanshu Kumar Email: hemanshu@econdse.org Department of Economics Delhi School of Economics Rohini Somanathan Email: rohini@econdse.org Department of Economics Delhi School of Economics Working Paper No. 248 http://www.cdedse.org/pdf/work248.pdf CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DELHI SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS DELHI 110007

Creating Long Panels using Census Data: 1961-2001 Hemanshu Kumar Rohini Somanathan November 2016 Abstract Indian data are mostly published at the state or level. Multi-year analyses of these data are made difficult by the many changes in state and boundaries that have occurred since the first comprehensive census of independent India in 1961. Between 1961 and 2001, the number of states and union territories in India increased from 26 to 35, and the number of s increased from 339 to 593. There were several changes in both names and boundaries. We document these changes and use them to construct regions of amalgamated s with constant boundaries. There are 232 such regions for the entire period 1961-2001. These can be used to construct panel data sets that cover this forty-year period. Contact information: Both authors are at the Delhi School of Economics (hemanshu@econdse.org, rohini@econdse.org). We are very grateful to Kritika Goel and Mahima Vasishth for research assistance. 1

1 Introduction Official data in India are mostly published at two levels: the state, and below it, the. Multi-year analyses of these data are made difficult by the many changes in state and boundaries that have occurred since the first comprehensive census of independent India in 1961. Between 1961 and 2001, the number of states and union territories in India increased from 26 to 35, and the number of s increased from 339 to 593. There were changes in both names and boundaries. We document these changes and use them to construct regions of amalgamated s with constant boundaries. There are 232 such regions for the entire period 1961-2001. These can form the basis of multi-year panels of Indian data. The Indian federal structure consists of states, which have elected governments, and centrally administered union territories. Early changes in state boundaries after Independence aimed at creating coherent linguistic and cultural units within a federal structure. More recent changes have resulted from a combination of identity-based mass movements within existing states and political responses to them at strategic stages during electoral cycles. District changes occurred initially to absorb the many princely states and later as a means to expand government as populations grew. Many excellent accounts of these changes are available (Tillin, 2013; Chandra, 2007). We restrict ourselves here to their practical implications for users of Indian data. In previous work published in Kumar and Somanathan (2009), we documented level boundary changes between 1971 and 2001. Here we build upon this work in three ways: we extend the ambit of analysis back by another decade. Second, we include changes in state names and boundaries since many of these took place during 1961-71. Finally, we create collections of amalgamated s which can be used for panel data analysis over the forty year period and display these on a map. As before, we use information from the volumes on the General Tables (Part II-A), published in the Census of India rounds from 1961 through 2001. In particular, Appendix 1 to Table A-1 and the Appendix to Table A-2 in the General Tables contain information on the area and population of each state and as per its current boundaries, as well as the population in the previous census adjusted to current boundaries. The footnotes to the Appendix to Table A-2 specify the individual transfers between affected states and s, along with details of the government notification that effected the transfer. The next section details changes in state names and boundaries. The following section focuses on the s, which we divide into three sets: those with unchanged boundaries, clean partitions of existing s, and all the rest. We end with a map of the 232 regions that can be used to create panels of data that have been published at the level. 2 The States At the end of colonial rue in 1947, India inherited a map of administrative divisions that had been shaped by the military, political or administrative exigencies or conveniences 2

of the moment... with small regard to the natural affinities or wishes of the people. (Government of India, 1918, p. 28, para 39) When the Constitution was adopted in 1950, the roughly 560 former princely states had been integrated with the rest of the country and all states were arranged in one of four categories, A through D with varying degrees of autonomy from the federal government. 1 The States Reorganization Act of 1956 altered state boundaries for greater linguistic coherence and created the state map that was in place at the time of the 1961 census. The four-fold division of states was replaced by a two-fold classification of states and union territories. Three types of changes affected state boundaries after 1961. First, new states were created from the partitioning of existing states. This occurred mainly in the first and last of the four decades we consider. Second, some union territories received state status and some states changed names. Finally, there were small territorial transfers across existing states. Several states and union territories witnessed no such changes between 1961 and 2001: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Pondicherry, Rajasthan, and West Bengal. We discuss the rest below and summarize the changes in Table 1. 2.1 New states In the sixties and early seventies, new states were created in north and north-east India. This was part of the move to reorganize states into a new federal structure after Independence. The Punjab Reorganization Act, 1966 led to the creation of the state of Haryana and a union territory of Chandigarh. A part of Punjab was also merged with the union territory of Himachal Pradesh to form the state of Himachal Pradesh. 2 Meghalaya was created from portions of Assam in 1969. 3 The North-Eastern Areas (Reorganization) Act of 1971 modified the boundaries of Meghalaya and also created the union territory of Mizoram on 21 January 1972 out of the Mizo hills area of Assam. 4 In our tables, we follow the census convention of treating Mizoram as a separate entity only from the Census of 1981, while Meghalaya is treated as a state starting with the Census of 1971. In the eighties, the union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu in western India was partitioned into the state of Goa and the union territory of Daman and Diu. 5 There were major changes in 2000, when three new states were created. Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh in November 2000, 6 the hill s of Uttar Pradesh became Uttaranchal, 7 and southern Bihar became Jharkhand. 8 2.2 Changes in nomenclature and status Once the southern states had been reorganised along linguistic lines, their names were changed to reflect their linguistic identity. The state of Madras was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968 and Mysore was renamed Karnataka in 1973. 9 3

The union territory of Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands was changed to Lakshadweep, also in 1973. 10 At the time of the Census of 1961, the North East Frontier Agency was administered directly by the President of India through the Governor of Assam. The North-Eastern Areas (Reorganization) Act, 1971 this region became the union territory of Arunachal Pradesh in 1972. It is listed as such in the Census 1971 volumes. Arunachal Pradesh as well as Mizoram acquired statehood in February 1987. 11 Several other changes of status also occurred in the 1960s and early 1970s in the northeastern parts of the country. The former princely states of Manipur and Tripura had become union territories under the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, and acquired full statehood in January 1972. 12 They are treated as states starting from the census of 1971. Nagaland became a state in December 1963. 13 It was treated as a union territory in the census of 1961, and as a state from 1971 onwards. Sikkim became a full state of the Indian union according to the Constitution (Thirtysixth Amendment) Act, 1975. Its census however was being conducted by India in previous waves as well. It is counted as a union territory in the census of 1961, and as a state thereafter. (Government of India, 1975, pp. 40 41) The union territory of Delhi was renamed as the National Capital Territory of Delhi by the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991. Unlike other union territories however, it has a legislative assembly and therefore an intermediate status. It continues to be listed as a union territory in Census documents. 2.3 Small inter-state territorial transfers There are a few instances of minor alterations to state boundaries, usually made to correct for geographical anomalies. In two cases, boundaries that earlier fluctuated with changes in the course of rivers, were sought to be made permanent. The Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1968 fixed boundaries affected by changes in the flow of the Ganga and Ghagra rivers. 14 Similarly, the Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1979 fixed state boundaries affected by changes in the course of the river Yamuna. 15 Both these boundary adjustments affected tiny fractions of the state populations. A third instance involved a small uninhabited area measuring just 0.03 sq. km. that was transfered from Mysore state to Andhra Pradesh in 1968. 16 This area had been overlooked earlier, when enclaves of the erstwhile native states were merged into their neighboring provinces by the Provinces and States (Absorption of Enclaves) Order of 1950. 3 District boundaries Tables 2 through 4 summarize the way jurisdictions were altered between 1961 and 2001. We focus our discussion on changes in the 1961-71 decade since later years have been covered in our earlier paper. 4

In contrast to the many changes in state boundaries described above, few boundaries were altered between 1961 and 1971. As Table 2 shows, India consisted of 339 s at the time of Census 1961, 17 a number that increased by just 5 per cent to 356 in 1971. The boundaries of over three-quarters of the 1961 s remained unchanged over this decade (Table 3). Madhya Pradesh was the only large state that had no boundary changes. Most of the changes in boundaries were concentrated in areas that were affected by the reorganization of states. As discussed in Kumar and Somanathan (2009), we create units for a panel data set by amalgamating s into composite regions with no inter-regional transfers. These are generated by placing each parent the same region as all its child s. This is very straightforward in cases where new s have been created by partitioning existing ones. For instance, Dharmapuri was created in 1965 from four taluks of the Salem of Tamil Nadu (then called Madras state). In this case, the boundaries of Salem 1961 represent a region wth consistent boundaries between 1961 and 1971. A more complex case is that of Ramanathapuram, also in Tamil Nadu. Two villages of this were transfered to Madurai July 1961. To create a geographical unit with consistent boundaries, for use in a panel from 1961 to 1971, we combine the s of Ramanathapuram and Madurai into a single region. Table 5 summarizes the number of consistent regions obtained in this manner, between a given census year and 2001. For the 1961-2001 period, there are a total of 232 such regions that span the entire country. We list these regions in Table 6 and depict them on a map in Figure 1, along with the boundaries of the component s as per Census 2001. When constructing these regions, we account for all inter- transfers that involve inhabited regions, however small. Some of these transfers, such as the one between Ramanathapuram and Madurai above, are easily overlooked when using coarser methods such as the examination of administrative maps. This approach results in some regions that are much larger than those derived from these visual methods. For example, the largest region with consistent boundaries between 1961 and 2001 is an amalgamation of 52 Census 2001 s. These cut across the boundaries of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, and Uttar Pradesh. If we ignore transfers that involved less than 5 per cent of the population of the parent, this same geographical area would instead be divided into 10 regions with consistent boundaries between 1961 and 2001, and the number of such regions for the whole country would rise to 290. 4 Conclusion In this paper, we built upon previous work in Kumar and Somanathan (2009) to track and state-level boundary changes from the Census of 1961 till 2001. Our findings are encouraging for those interested in constructing long panels of -level data. In particular, while there were a large number of changes in the boundaries of the Indian states in the 1960s and early 1970s, the administrative boundaries of s were relatively undisturbed in this period. Our analysis uses detailed information on inter- population transfers available 5

in census documents. We use a strict definition for boundary changes: a s jurisdiction is considered to be unchanged if there was no transfer of any inhabited area across its boundaries. The underlying data permits a more flexible approach: we may wish to ignore boundary changes involving small transfers. To enable researchers to construct regions as per their requirements, we provide detailed information on changes in Tables 7-9. Table 7 lists s that remained unchanged over the entire forty year period. Table 8 lists s that were partitioned over this period, including the population fraction of the parent that went to each child. Table 9a - 9d provide details on the remaining s. For each intercensal decade, we provide the population of the parent, the population share of the parent that went to each child, and the population share of each parent in a child. At the time of writing, the General Tables on which our analysis relies, have not been published for the Census of 2011. We hope to incorporate these changes once these are available. Notes 1. The former British provinces became Part A states under the new constitution. Part B states were a result of integration of princely states, and had a Raj Pramukh who was the former ruler of a princely state. The ten Part C states were often erstwhile Chief Commissioner s provinces, and were administered centrally. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands were the sole area under Part D. (Sharma, 1995, p. 68) 2. This was done following the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970. 3. The Assam Reorganization (Meghalaya) Act 1969. 4. See Government of India (1975, pp. 39 40). 5. By the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganization Act, 1987. 6. By the Madhya Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2000. 7. This was under the Uttar Pradesh Reorganization Act of November 2000. The name of the state was subsequently changed to Uttarakhand by the Uttaranchal (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006 (No. 52 of 2006). Census 2001 documents refer to the state as Uttaranchal, so we follow this convention. 8. By the Bihar Reorganization Act, 2000. (Government of India, 2005, pp. 148, 151 & 161) 9. By the Madras State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1968 and the Mysore State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1973 respectively. 10. By the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands (Alteration of Name) Act, 1973 (Government of India, 1975, p. 41). 11. By the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986 (No. 69 of 1986) and the State of Mizoram Act, 1986 (No. 34 of 1986), respectively. 6

12. By the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganization) Act, 1971. 13. As notified by the Nagaland (Transitional Provision) Regulation, 1961. 14. The Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1968 led to the transfer of 99 villages from the of Shahabad in Bihar to Ballia in Uttar Pradesh, while 44 villages were transferred from Ballia to the s of Shahabad and Saran in Bihar. The net change involved a population transfer of 8,153 persons from Bihar to Uttar Pradesh, which comprised less than 0.02% of either state s population. (Government of India, 1975, p. 136). 15. In 1983, vide Government Notification No. GSR-702E, there was a transfer involving 18 villages with a population of 490 persons and an area of 27.19 sq. km, from Faridabad of Haryana to Ghaziabad and Bulandshahr s of Uttar Pradesh. (Government of India, 1994, p. 157) 16. This area was transfered from Kolar of Mysore state to Anantapur of Andhra Pradesh, as a result of the Andhra Pradesh and Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act, 1968. 17. This count excludes Sikkim, which became a part of the country only in 1975. References Chandra, Kanchan (2007) Why ethnic parties succeed: Patronage and ethnic head counts in India (Cambridge University Press) Government of India (1918) Report on Indian Constitutional Reforms (Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India) (1975) Census of India 1971: Part II-A (i): General Tables Series 1 (New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India) (1994) Census of India 1991: Part II-A (i): General Tables Series 1 (New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India) (2005) General Tables: India, States and Union Territories, Part-I Census of India 2001 (New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India). Product No. 00-130-2001-Cen-Book Kumar, Hemanshu, and Rohini Somanathan (2009) Mapping Indian s across census years, 1971-2001. Economic and Political Weekly 44(41), 69 73 Sharma, Suman (1995) State boundary changes in India: Constitutional provisions and consequences (New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications) Tillin, Louise (2013) Remapping India: New states and their political origins (New Delhi: Oxford University Press) 7

Table 1: Changes in state boundaries, nomenclature and status Census 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Assam Assam Assam Mizoram Meghalaya Bihar Bihar a Bihar Jharkhand Delhi NCT of Delhi b Goa, Daman and Diu Goa Daman and Diu Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Madras Tamil Nadu Manipur Manipur Mysore Karnataka Nagaland Nagaland North East Frontier Agency c Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Punjab Punjab Haryana Haryana d Chandigarh Sikkim e Sikkim Tripura Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh a Uttar Pradesh d Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal Union territories are in italics. a See note 14. b The National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi is endowed with a legislative assembly, but does not have the status of a full state. c The North East Frontier Agency was administered directly by the President of India through the Governor of Assam. d See note 15. e While the census of Sikkim was conducted by India in 1961 and 1971, it became a full state of the Indian union only by the Census of 1981.

Table 2: Number of s in each census year Number of s Census 2001 State/UT 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Andaman & Nicobar Is. 1 1 2 2 2 Andhra Pradesh 20 21 23 23 23 Arunachal Pradesh 5 5 9 11 13 Assam a 11 10 10 23 23 Bihar 17 17 31 42 37 Chandigarh 1 1 1 1 Chhattisgarh 16 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1 1 1 1 1 Daman & Diu 2 2 Delhi 1 1 1 1 9 Goa 3 3 3 2 2 Gujarat 17 19 19 19 25 Haryana 7 12 16 19 Himachal Pradesh 6 10 12 12 12 Jammu & Kashmir a 9 10 14 14 14 Jharkhand 18 Karnataka 19 19 19 20 27 Kerala 9 10 12 14 14 Lakshadweep 1 1 1 1 1 Madhya Pradesh 43 43 45 45 45 Maharashtra 26 26 26 30 35 Manipur 1 5 6 8 9 Meghalaya 2 5 5 7 Mizoram 3 3 8 Nagaland 3 3 7 7 8 Orissa 13 13 13 13 30 Pondicherry 4 4 4 4 4 Punjab 19 11 12 12 17 Rajasthan 26 26 26 27 32 Sikkim b 1 4 4 4 4 Tamil Nadu 13 14 16 21 30 Tripura 1 3 3 3 4 Uttar Pradesh 54 54 56 63 70 Uttaranchal 13 West Bengal 16 16 16 17 18 India b 339 356 412 466 593 a The Census did not cover Assam in 1981 and Jammu and Kashmir in 1991 due to political unrest. b Sikkim was added to the Union of India in 1975. Census documents allow us to track boundary changes in Sikkim till 1961. However, the India totals for s exclude Sikkim in 1961 and 1971. 9

Table 3: Summary of intercensal boundary changes This table lists the number of s that remained unchanged or were clean partitions of s covered in the previous census year. The residual category is Other. 1961-71 1971-81 1981-91 State/UT Unchanged Partitions Other Unchanged Partitions Other Unchanged Partitions Other Andaman & Nicobar Is. 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 Andhra Pradesh 10 0 11 16 2 5 19 0 4 Arunachal Pradesh 3 0 2 1 4 4 5 4 2 Assam 8 2 0 8 2 0 2 7 14 Bihar 11 0 6 7 24 0 24 18 0 Chandigarh 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Daman & Diu 2 0 0 Delhi 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Goa 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 Gujarat 13 2 4 19 0 0 19 0 0 Haryana 3 0 4 1 2 9 1 0 15 Himachal Pradesh 6 0 4 5 3 4 10 0 2 Jammu & Kashmir 2 2 6 3 4 7 14 0 0 Karnataka 17 0 2 19 0 0 16 2 2 Kerala 2 0 8 4 0 8 6 2 6 Lakshadweep 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Madhya Pradesh 43 0 0 40 2 3 45 0 0 Maharashtra 24 0 2 26 0 0 16 2 12 Manipur 0 5 0 2 0 4 3 0 5 Meghalaya 2 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 Mizoram 0 3 0 3 0 0 Nagaland 3 0 0 0 7 0 1 0 6 Orissa 8 0 5 13 0 0 13 0 0 Pondicherry 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 Punjab 1 0 10 4 0 8 7 0 5 Rajasthan 24 0 2 18 0 8 21 2 4 Sikkim 0 4 0 2 0 2 4 0 0 Tamil Nadu 8 2 4 9 2 5 12 9 0 Tripura 0 3 0 1 0 2 1 0 2 Uttar Pradesh 43 0 11 49 2 5 41 8 14 West Bengal 13 0 3 14 0 2 14 0 3 India 255 20 85 272 64 76 314 56 96 Note: 1. For each intercensal decade, s are listed as per the jurisdictions in the ending year. 2. The summary of intercensal boundary changes between 1991 and 2001 can be obtained from Table 4. 10

Table 4: Summary of boundary changes between various census years and 2001 1961 1971 1981 1991 Census 2001 State/UT Unchanged Partitions Other Unchanged Partitions Other Unchanged Partitions Other Unchanged Partitions Other Total 2001 s Andaman & Nicobar Is. 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 Andhra Pradesh 8 0 15 14 0 9 19 0 4 21 0 2 23 Arunachal Pradesh 0 7 6 0 7 6 4 6 3 9 4 0 13 Assam 0 9 14 2 7 14 2 7 14 21 0 2 23 Bihar 0 19 18 0 29 8 15 16 6 22 10 5 37 Chandigarh 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 Chhattisgarh 0 10 6 0 10 6 1 10 5 1 10 5 16 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 Daman & Diu 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 Delhi 0 9 0 0 9 0 0 9 0 0 9 0 9 Goa 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 Gujarat 5 5 15 7 4 14 7 4 14 7 4 14 25 Haryana 0 0 19 0 0 19 1 0 18 4 2 13 19 Himachal Pradesh 3 0 9 4 3 5 10 0 2 12 0 0 12 Jammu & Kashmir 0 4 10 3 4 7 14 0 0 14 0 0 14 Jharkhand 0 12 6 0 12 6 0 15 3 8 7 3 18 Karnataka 8 8 11 8 13 6 8 13 6 12 11 4 27 Kerala 1 0 13 1 0 13 6 2 6 12 0 2 14 Lakshadweep 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 Madhya Pradesh 27 12 6 27 12 6 29 14 2 29 14 2 45 Maharashtra 11 8 16 12 10 13 12 10 13 25 10 0 35 Manipur 0 0 9 1 0 8 3 0 6 7 2 0 9 Meghalaya 0 3 4 0 3 4 2 2 3 2 2 3 7 Mizoram 0 8 0 0 8 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 8 Nagaland 0 0 8 0 0 8 1 0 7 6 2 0 8 Orissa 3 12 15 3 27 0 3 27 0 3 27 0 30 Pondicherry 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 Punjab 1 0 16 1 0 16 1 2 14 1 2 14 17 Rajasthan 14 4 14 14 4 14 18 6 8 22 6 4 32 Sikkim 0 0 4 2 0 2 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 Tamil Nadu 2 11 17 3 13 14 7 20 3 13 15 2 30 Tripura 0 0 4 0 0 4 1 0 3 1 0 3 4 Uttar Pradesh 14 18 38 15 25 30 17 25 28 28 21 21 70 Uttaranchal 2 0 11 2 0 11 2 2 9 3 2 8 13 West Bengal 9 2 7 11 2 5 13 2 3 16 2 0 18 India 116 165 312 139 206 248 212 201 180 317 169 107 593

Figure 1: Regions with consistent boundaries between 1961 and 2001 12

Table 5: The number of consistent regions between each Census Year and 2001 For each state, this table counts the number of regions with unchanged boundaries that can be used for panels between 2001 and each earlier census year. Number of Regions Census 2001 State/UT 1961 1971 1981 1991 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1 1 2 2 Andhra Pradesh 12 18 21 22 Arunachal Pradesh 4 4 8 11 Assam 5 6 7 22 Bihar c 8 10 23 28 Chandigarh b 1 1 1 1 Chhattisgarh 5 5 6 6 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1 1 1 1 Daman & Diu 2 2 2 2 Delhi 1 1 1 1 Goa 1 1 1 2 Gujarat 10 12 12 12 Haryana be 1 1 3 6 Himachal Pradesh b 4 7 11 12 Jammu & Kashmir 4 7 14 14 Jharkhand 5 5 6 12 Karnataka 15 16 16 18 Kerala 2 4 8 13 Lakshadweep 1 1 1 1 Madhya Pradesh 35 35 37 37 Maharashtra 19 20 20 30 Manipur 1 2 4 8 Meghalaya 2 2 4 4 Mizoram 1 1 3 3 Nagaland 2 2 4 7 Orissa 10 13 13 13 Pondicherry 4 4 4 4 Punjab b 2 2 3 3 Rajasthan 20 20 23 26 Sikkim 1 3 4 4 Tamil Nadu 10 12 16 20 Tripura 1 1 2 2 Uttar Pradesh abcd 31 35 37 45 Uttaranchal a 4 4 5 5 West Bengal 12 14 15 17 India 232 271 336 414 a In 1961, 1971, and 1981 one composite region cuts across Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh. b In 1961, one composite region cuts across Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. c In 1961, one composite region cuts across Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. d In 1971 and 1981, one composite region cuts across the state boundaries of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. 13

Table 6: Consistent Regions Census 1961 State/UT 1961 region 1971 region 1981 region 1991 region 2001 Census 2001 State/UT Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam Srikakulam Srikakulam Srikakulam Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh North East Frontier Agency Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram Vizianagaram Vizianagaram Vishakhapatanam Visakhapatanam Visakhapatnam East Godavari East Godavari East Godavari East Godavari East Godavari West Godavari West Godavari West Godavari West Godavari West Godavari Krishna Krishna Krishna Krishna Krishna Chittoor Guntur Guntur Guntur Guntur Guntur Ongole (Prakasam) Prakasam Prakasam Prakasam Kurnool Chittoor Nellore Nellore Nellore Nalgonda Nellore Chittoor Chittoor Chittoor Nellore Kurnool Kurnool Kurnool Kurnool Nalgonda Nalgonda Nalgonda Nalgonda Anantapur Anantapur Anantapuram Anantapur Cuddapah Cuddapah Cuddapah Cuddapah Cuddapah Anantapur Mahbubnagar Mahbubnagar Mahbubnagar Mahbubnagar Mahbubnagar Hyderabad Hyderabad Hyderabad Rangareddi Rangareddi Medak Rangareddy Hyderabad Hyderabad Nizamabad Medak Medak Medak Medak Nizamabad Nizamabad Nizamabad Nizamabad Adilabad Adilabad Adilabad Adilabad Adilabad Karimnagar Karimnagar Karimnagar Karimnagar Karimnagar Warangal Warangal Warangal Warangal Warangal Khammam Khammam Khammam Khammam Khammam Kameng Kameng West Kameng Tawang Tawang Arunachal Pradesh West Kameng West Kameng East Kameng East Kameng East Kameng Siang Siang Lower Subansiri Lower Subansiri Papum Pare Subansiri Subansiri Lower Subansiri Upper Subansiri Upper Subansiri Upper Subansiri East Siang West Siang West Siang West Siang East Siang East Siang Upper Siang Lohit Lohit Dibang Valley Dibang Valley Dibang Valley Lohit Lohit Lohit Tirap Tirap Tirap Changlang Changlang Assam Goalpara Goalpara Goalpara Dhubri Kokrajhar Assam Kamrup Kamrup Kamrup Kokrajhar Dhubri Tirap Tirap Nowgong Nowgong Nowgong Bongaigaon Bongaigaon Goalpara Barpeta Nalbari Kamrup Marigaon Nagaon Goalpara Barpeta Nalbari Kamrup Marigaon Nagaon Darrang Darrang Darrang Darrang Darrang 14

Table 6: (Contd.) Consistent Regions Census 1961 State/UT 1961 region 1971 region 1981 region 1991 region 2001 Census 2001 State/UT Sibsagar Sibsagar Sibsagar Sonitpur Sonitpur Golaghat Jorhat Sibsagar Golaghat Jorhat Sibsagar Lakhimpur Lakhimpur Lakhimpur Lakhimpur Lakhimpur Dhemaji Dhemaji Dibrugarh Dibrugarh Dibrugarh Tinsukia Tinsukia Cachar Cachar Cachar Karimganj Karimganj Hailakandi Cachar Hailakandi Cachar Garo Hills Garo Hills East Garo Hills East Garo Hills East Garo Hills Meghalaya United Khasi & Jaintia Hills United Mikir & North Cachar Hill United Khasi & Jaintia Hills West Garo Hills West Garo Hills West Garo Hills South Garo Hills Jaintia Hills Jaintia Hills Jaintia Hills East Khasi Hills East Khasi Hills West Khasi Hills West Khasi Hills West Khasi Hills Ri Bhoi East Khasi Hills Mikir Hills Mikir Hills Karbi Anglong Karbi Anglong Assam North Cachar Hills North Cachar Hills North Cachar Hills North Cachar Hills Mizo Hills Mizo Aizawl Aizawl Mamit Mizoram Kolasib Aizawl Champhai Serchhip Lunglei Lunglei Lunglei Chhimtuipui Chhimtuipui Lawngtlai Saiha Bihar Monghyr Monghyr Patna Patna Patna Bihar Patna Patna Munger Munger Munger Saharsa Nalanda Nalanda Lakhisarai Sheikhpura Nalanda Jamui Khagaria Khagaria Begusarai Begusarai Begusarai Saharsa Saharsa Saharsa Supaul Saharsa Madhepura Madhepura Gaya Gaya Nawada Nawada Nawada Gaya Jehanabad Jehanabad Gaya Gaya Aurangabad Aurangabad Aurangabad Uttar Pradesh Azamgarh Shahabad Rohtas Rohtas Kaimur (Bhabua) Ballia Rohtas Bara Banki Bhojpur Bhojpur Bhojpur Basti Buxar Faizabad Saran Saran Saran Saran Saran Siwan Siwan Siwan Shahabad Gopalganj Gopalganj Gopalganj 15

Table 6: (Contd.) Consistent Regions Census 1961 State/UT 1961 region 1971 region 1981 region 1991 region 2001 Census 2001 State/UT Bihar Champaran Champaran Paschim Champaran Goa, Daman & Diu Azamgarh Azamgarh Azamgarh Barabanki Uttar Pradesh Ballia Ballia Barabanki Faizabad Bara Banki Bara Banki Faizabad Ambedkar Nagar Faizabad Faizabad Azamgarh Mau Ballia Mau Ballia Basti Basti Basti Siddharthnagar Siddharth Nagar Basti Sant Kabir Nagar Pashchim Champaran Pashchim Champaran Purba Champaran Purba Champaran Purba Champaran Muzaffarpur Muzaffarpur Sitamarhi Sitamarhi Sheohar Sitamarhi Muzaffarpur Muzaffarpur Muzaffarpur Vaishali Vaishali Vaishali Darbhanga Darbhanga Samastipur Samastipur Samastipur Darbhanga Darbhanga Darbhanga Madhubani Madhubani Madhubani Bhagalpur Bhagalpur Bhagalpur Bhagalpur Bhagalpur Banka Purnea Purnea Purnia Purnia Purnia Araria Kishanganj Araria Kishanganj Katihar Katihar Katihar Santal Parganas Santal Parganas Santhal Pargana Godda Godda Jharkhand Sahibganj Dumka Deoghar Sahibganj Pakaur Dumka Deoghar Palamau Palamau Palamu Palamu Garhwa Palamu Dhanbad Dhanbad Dhanbad Dhanbad Giridih Hazaribagh Hazaribagh Giridih Giridih Dhanbad Bokaro Hazaribagh Hazaribag Chatra Hazaribagh Kodarma Ranchi Ranchi Ranchi Lohardaga Lohardaga Gumla Ranchi Gumla Ranchi Singhbhum Singhbhum Singhbhum Purbi Singhbhum Purbi Singhbhum Pashchimi Singhbhum Pashchimi Singhbhum Goa Goa Goa North Goa North Goa Goa South Goa South Goa Daman Daman Daman Daman Daman Daman & Diu Diu Diu Diu Diu Diu Gujarat Jamnagar Jamnagar Jamnagar Jamnagar Jamnagar Gujarat Rajkot Rajkot Rajkot Rajkot Rajkot Ahmedabad Surendranagar Surendranagar Surendranagar Surendranagar Bihar 16

Table 6: (Contd.) Consistent Regions Census 1961 State/UT Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh 1961 region 1971 region 1981 region 1991 region 2001 Census 2001 State/UT Banaskantha Ahmadabad Ahmadabad Ahmadabad Banas Kantha Kaira Banas Kantha Banas Kantha Banas Kantha Patan Mehsana Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Mahesana Surendranagar Kheda (Kaira) Kheda Kheda Gandhinagar Mehsana Mahesana Mahasana Ahmadabad Anand Kheda Amreli Amreli Amreli Amreli Porbandar Bhavnagar Bhavnagar Bhavnagar Bhavnagar Junagadh Junagadh Junagadh Junagadh Junagadh Amreli Bhavnagar Kutch Kutch Kachh Kachchh Kachchh Sabarkantha Sabar Kantha Sabar Kantha Sabar Kantha Sabar Kantha Panchmahals Panch Mahals Panch Mahals Panch Mahals Panch Mahals Dohad Baroda Bharuch (Broach) Bharuch Bharuch Vadodara Broach Vadodara (Baroda) Vadodara Vadodara Narmada Bharuch Surat Surat Surat Surat Surat Dangs Valsad (Bulsar) Valsad Valsad Navsari Valsad The Dangs (Dangs) The Dangs The Dangs The Dangs Ambala Ambala Ambala Ambala Panchkula Haryana Amritsar Bulandshahr Bhiwani Ambala Bhatinda Gurgaon Hisar Bhiwani Yamunanagar Bulandshahr Hisar Jind Hisar Kurukshetra Chamba Jind Karnal Jind Kaithal Ferozepur Karnal Kurukshetra Kaithal Karnal Gurdaspur Mahendragarh Mahendragarh Karnal Panipat Gurgaon Meerut Rohtak Kurukshetra Sonipat Hissar Rohtak Sonipat Panipat Jind Hoshiarpur Rewari Fatehabad Jullundur Rohtak Hisar Kangra Sonipat Bhiwani Karnal Yamunanagar Rohtak Lahaul & Spiti Jhajjar Ludhiana Rewari Mahasu Mahendragarh Mahendragarh Mahendragarh Bulandshahr Faridabad Faridabad Meerut Faridabad Gurgaon Gurgaon Moradabad Ghaziabad Bulandshahr Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh Patiala Gurgaon Ghaziabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Rohtak Bulandshahar Sangrur Sirsa Sirsa Sirsa Haryana Simla Meerut Meerut Meerut Uttar Pradesh Sirmaur Baghpat Chamba Chamba Chamba Chamba Himachal Pradesh Lahul & Spiti Lahul & Spiti Lahul & Spiti Lahul & Spiti Kangra Kangra Kangra Kangra Hamirpur Hamirpur Hamirpur Una Una Una Kulu Kullu Kullu Kullu Mahasu Shimla Shimla Shimla 17

Table 6: (Contd.) Consistent Regions Census 1961 State/UT 1961 region 1971 region 1981 region 1991 region 2001 Census 2001 State/UT Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Simla Sirmaur Solan Solan Sirmaur Solan Sirmaur Sirmaur Amritsar Amritsar Amritsar Gurdaspur Punjab Bhatinda Faridkot Faridkot Amritsar Firozpur Firozpur Firozpur Jalandhar Gurdaspur Gurdaspur Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur Hoshiarpur Hoshiarpur Hoshiarpur Nawanshahr Jullundur Jalandhar Jalandhar Rupnagar Ludhiana Ludhiana Ludhiana Fatehgarh Sahib Patiala Patiala Patiala Ludhiana Ropar Rupnagar Rupnagar Moga Sangrur Sangrur Sangrur Firozpur Muktsar Faridkot Sangrur Patiala Bathinda Bathinda Bathinda Mansa Moradabad Moradabad Moradabad Moradabad Uttar Pradesh Jyotiba Phule Nagar Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh Mandi Mandi Mandi Mandi Mandi Himachal Pradesh Bilaspur Bilaspur Bilaspur Bilaspur Bilaspur Kinnaur Kinnaur Kinnaur Kinnaur Kinnaur Anantnag Anantnag Anantnag (Kashmir South) Anantnag Anantnag Jammu & Kashmir Baramulla Pulwama Pulwama Pulwama Srinagar Baramula Srinagar Srinagar Srinagar Srinagar Badgam Badgam Badgam Baramula (Kashmir North) Baramula Baramula Kupwara Kupwara Kupwara Ladakh Ladakh Kargil Kargil Kargil Ladakh (Leh) Leh (Ladakh) Leh (Ladakh) Doda Doda Doda Doda Doda Jammu Jammu Udhampur Udhampur Udhampur Kathua Kathua Kathua Kathua Kathua Udhampur Udhampur Jammu Jammu Jammu Poonch Rajauri Rajauri Rajauri Rajauri Punch Punch Punch Punch Mysore Bangalore Bangalore Bangalore Bangalore Bangalore Karnataka Bangalore Rural Tumkur Tumkur Tumkur Tumkur Tumkur Bangalore Rural Bellary Bellary Bellary Bellary Bellary Chitradurga Chitradurga Chitradurga Chitradurga Chitradurga Shimoga Shimoga Shimoga Shimoga Davanagere Shimoga Kolar Kolar Kolar Kolar Kolar Mysore Mysore Mysore Mysore Mysore Chamarajanagar South Kanara South Kanara Dakshin Kannad Dakshin Kannad Udupi Dakshina Kannada Coorg Coorg Kodagu Kodagu Kodagu 18

Table 6: (Contd.) Consistent Regions Census 1961 State/UT 1961 region 1971 region 1981 region 1991 region 2001 Census 2001 State/UT Hassan Hassan Hassan Hassan Hassan Chikmagalur Chikmagalur Chikmagalur Chikmagalur Chikmagalur Mandya Mandya Mandya Mandya Mandya Balgaum Belgaum Belgaum Belgaum Belgaum North Kanara North Kanara Uttar Kannad Uttar Kannad Uttara Kannada Bijapur Bijapur Bijapur Bijapur Bagalkot Bijapur Dharwar Dharwar Dharwad Dharwad Gadag Raichur Dharwad Haveri Raichur Raichur Raichur Raichur Koppal Gulbarga Gulbarga Gulbarga Gulbarga Gulbarga Bidar Bidar Bidar Bidar Bidar Kerala Alleppey Cannanore Cannanore Kasaragod Kasaragod Kerala Cannanore Kozhikode Kannur Kannur Ernakulam Wayanad Wayanad Wayanad Kottayam Kozhikode Kozhikode Kozhikode Kozhikode Mallapuram Malappuram Malappuram Malappuram Palghat Palghat Palghat Palakkad Palakkad Quilon Alleppey Alleppey Thrissur Thrissur Trichur Ernakulam Ernakulam Ernakulam Ernakulam Kottayam Idukki Idukki Idukki Quilon Quilon Alappuzha Alappuzha Trichur Trichur Pathanamthitta Pathanamthitta Kollam Kollam Kottayam Kottayam Kottayam Trivandrum Trivandrum Trivandrum Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Madhya Pradesh Morena Morena Morena Morena Sheopur Madhya Pradesh Morena Bhind Bhind Bhind Bhind Bhind Datia Datia Datia Datia Gwalior Gwalior Gwalior Gwalior Gwalior Datia Shivpuri Shivpuri Shivpuri Shivpuri Shivpuri Guna Guna Guna Guna Guna Tikamgarh Tikamgarh Tikamgarh Tikamgarh Tikamgarh Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Panna Panna Panna Panna Panna Satna Satna Satna Satna Satna Rewa Rewa Rewa Rewa Rewa Shahdol Shahdol Shahdol Shahdol Umaria Shahdol Sidhi Sidhi Sidhi Sidhi Sidhi Mandsaur Mandsaur Mandsaur Mandsaur Neemuch Mandsaur Ratlam Ratlam Ratlam Ratlam Ratlam Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Ujjain Jhabua Jhabua Jhabua Jhabua Jhabua Dhar Dhar Dhar Dhar Dhar 19

Table 6: (Contd.) Consistent Regions Census 1961 State/UT 1961 region 1971 region 1981 region 1991 region 2001 Census 2001 State/UT Indore Indore Indore Indore Indore Dewas Dewas Dewas Dewas Dewas West Nimar East Nimar Khargone (West Nimar) Khandwa (East Nimar) West Nimar West Nimar West Nimar Barwani East Nimar East Nimar East Nimar Shajapur Shajapur Shajapur Shajapur Shajapur Rajgarh Rajgarh Rajgarh Rajgarh Rajgarh Vidisha Vidisha Vidisha Vidisha Vidisha Hoshangabad Hoshangabad Bhopal Bhopal Bhopal Sehore Sehore Sehore Sehore Sehore Hoshangabad Hoshangabad Harda Hoshangabad Raisen Raisen Raisen Raisen Raisen Betul Betul Betul Betul Betul Sagar Sagar Sagar Sagar Sagar Damoh Damoh Damoh Damoh Damoh Jabalpur Jabalpur Jabalpur Jabalpur Katni Jabalpur Narsimhapur Narsimhapur Narsimhapur Narsimhapur Narsimhapur Mandla Mandla Mandla Mandla Dindori Mandla Chhindwara Chhindwara Chhindwara Chhindwara Chhindwara Seoni Seoni Seoni Seoni Seoni Balaghat Balaghat Balaghat Balaghat Balaghat Surguja Surguja Surguja Sarguja Koriya Chhattisgarh Surguja Bilaspur Bilaspur Bilaspur Bilaspur Korba Durg Durg Raj Nandgaon Rajnandgaon Janjgir - Champa Bilaspur Kawardha Rajnandgaon Durg Durg Durg Raigarh Raigarh Raigarh Raigarh Jashpur Raigarh Raipur Raipur Raipur Raipur Raipur Mahasamund Dhamtari Bastar Bastar Bastar Bastar Kanker Bastar Dantewada Maharashtra Greater Bombay Greater Bombay Greater Bombay Greater Bombay Mumbai (Suburban) Mumbai Thana Thana Thane Thane Thane Kolaba Kolaba Raigarh Raigarh Raigarh Kolhapur Kolhapur Kolhapur Ratnagiri Ratnagiri Ratnagiri Ratnagiri Ratnagiri Sindhudurg Sindhudurg Kolhapur Kolhapur Nasik Nasik Nashik Nashik Nashik Dhulia Dhulia Dhule Dhule Nandurbar Dhule Maharashtra 20

Table 6: (Contd.) Consistent Regions Census 1961 State/UT 1961 region 1971 region 1981 region 1991 region 2001 Census 2001 State/UT Jalgaon Jalgaon Jalgaon Jalgaon Jalgaon Ahmadnagar Ahmednagar Ahmadnagar Ahmednagar Ahmadnagar Aurangabad Aurangabad Aurangabad Aurangabad Aurangabad Parbhani Parbhani Parbhani Jalna Jalna Parbhani Hingoli Parbhani Poona Poona Pune Pune Pune Satara Satara Satara Satara Satara Bhir Bhir Bid Sangli Sangli Osmanabad Osmanabad Osmanabad Solapur Solapur Sangli Sangli Sangli Bid Bid Sholapur Sholapur Solapur Osmanabad Osmanabad Latur Latur Nanded Nanded Nanded Nanded Nanded Buldhana Buldhana Buldana Buldana Buldana Akola Akola Akola Akola Akola Washim Amravati Amravati Amravati Amravati Amravati Yeotmal Yeotmal Yavatmal Yavatmal Yavatmal Wardha Wardha Wardha Wardha Wardha Bhandara Nagpur Nagpur Nagpur Nagpur Nagpur Bhandara Bhandara Bhandara Bhandara Gondiya Chanda Chandrapur Chandrapur Chandrapur Chandrapur Gadchiroli Gadchiroli Manipur Manipur Manipur Central Manipur Central Senapati Senapati Manipur Manipur North Manipur North Churachandpur Churachandpur Manipur South Manipur South Thoubal Thoubal Manipur West Bishnupur Bishnupur Imphal Imphal West Imphal East Manipur West Tamenglong Tamenglong Tengnoupal Chandel Chandel Manipur East Manipur East Ukhrul Ukhrul Nagaland Kohima Kohima Kohima Kohima Dimapur Nagaland Mokokchung Mokokchung Zunheboto Kohima Zunheboto Phek Phek Phek Zunheboto Mokokchung Wokha Wokha Wokha Mokokchung Mokokchung Tuensang Tuensang Mon Tuensang Tuensang Tuensang Mon Mon Orissa Kalahandi Kalahandi Kalahandi Kalahandi Nuapada Orissa Koraput Kalahandi Koraput Koraput Koraput Rayagada Nabarangapur Koraput Malkangiri Sambalpur Sambalpur Sambalpur Sambalpur Bargarh Jharsuguda 21

Table 6: (Contd.) Consistent Regions Census 1961 State/UT 1961 region 1971 region 1981 region 1991 region 2001 Census 2001 State/UT Sambalpur Debagarh Bolangir Bolangir Balangir Balangir Sonapur Balangir Baudh-Khondmals Baudh Khondmals Phulabani Phulbani Kandhamal Baudh Ganjam Ganjam Ganjam Ganjam Ganjam Gajapati Sundargarh Sundargarh Sundargarh Sundargarh Sundargarh Cuttack Cuttack Cuttack Cuttack Kendrapara Dhenkanal Jagatsinghapur Puri Cuttack Jajapur Dhenkanal Dhenkanal Dhenkanal Dhenkanal Anugul Puri Puri Puri Nayagarh Khordha Puri Keonjhar Keonjhar Kendujhar Kendujhar Kendujhar Mayurbhanj Mayurbhanj Mayurbhanj Mayurbhanj Mayurbhanj Balasore Balasore Baleshwar Baleshwar Baleshwar Bhadrak Punjab Kapurthala Kapurthala Kapurthala Kapurthala Kapurthala Punjab Rajasthan Ganganagar Ganganagar Ganganagar Ganganagar Ganganagar Rajasthan Hanumangarh Bikaner Bikaner Bikaner Bikaner Bikaner Churu Churu Churu Churu Churu Jhunjhunu Jhunjhunu Jhunjhunun Jhunjhunu Jhunjhunun Alwar Alwar Alwar Alwar Alwar Jaipur Jaipur Jaipur Jaipur Karauli Sawai Madhopur Sawai Madhopur Sawai Madhopur Sawai Madhopur Sawai Madhopur Dausa Jaipur Bharatpur Bharatpur Bharatpur Bharatpur Bharatpur Dholpur Dhaulpur Sikar Sikar Sikar Sikar Sikar Ajmer Ajmer Ajmer Ajmer Ajmer Tonk Tonk Tonk Tonk Tonk Jaisalmer Jaisalmer Jaisalmer Jaisalmer Jaisalmer Jodhpur Jodhpur Jodhpur Jodhpur Jodhpur Nagaur Nagaur Nagaur Nagaur Nagaur Pali Pali Pali Pali Pali Barmer Barmer Barmer Barmer Barmer Jalor Jalor Jalor Jalaur Jalor Sirohi Sirohi Sirohi Sirohi Sirohi Bhilwara Bhilwara Bhilwara Bhilwara Bhilwara Chitorgarh Chittaurgarh Udaipur Udaipur Rajsamand Udaipur Udaipur Udaipur Chittaurgarh Chittorgarh Chittaurgarh Dungarpur Dungarpur Dungarpur Dungarpur Dungarpur Banswara Banswara Banswara Banswara Banswara Bundi Bundi Bundi Bundi Bundi 22

Table 6: (Contd.) Consistent Regions Census 1961 State/UT 1961 region 1971 region 1981 region 1991 region 2001 Census 2001 State/UT Jhalawar Jhalawar Kota Kota Kota Kota Kota Baran Jhalawar Jhalawar Jhalawar Sikkim Sikkim Mangan North North North Sikkim Gangtok East East East Gyalshing South South South Namchi West West West Madras Chingleput Chingleput Madras Madras Chennai Tamil Nadu Madras Madras Chengalpattu Chengalpattu- MGR North Arcot North Arcot North Arcot North Arcot-Ambedkar Tiruvannamalai- Sambuvara. Thiruvallur Kancheepuram Vellore Tiruvannamalai South Arcot South Arcot South Arcot South Arcot Viluppuram Cuddalore Salem Dharmapuri Dharmapuri Dharmapuri Dharmapuri Salem Salem Salem Salem Namakkal Coimbatore Coimbatore Periyar Periyar Erode Coimbatore Coimbatore Coimbatore Nilgiri Nilgiris Nilgiri Nilgiri The Nilgiris Madurai Madurai Madurai Dindigul Anna Dindigul Ramanathapuram Madurai Madurai Theni Ramanathapuram Ramanathapuram Pasumpon M. Thevar Ramanathapuram Kamarajar Sivaganga Ramanathapuram Virudhunagar Thanjavur Thanjavur Tiruchchirappalli Tiruchirapalli Karur Tiruchirapalli Tiruchirapalli Tiruchirappalli Perambalur Ariyalur Thanjavur Thanjavur Nagapattinam Thiruvarur Thanjavur Pudukkottai Puddukkottai Pudukkottai Tirunelveli Tirunelveli Tirunelveli Chidambaranar Thoothukkudi Tirunelveli- Kattabomman Tirunelveli Kanyakumari Kanyakumari Kanniyakumari Kanniyakumari Kanniyakumari Tripura Tripura North Tripura West Tripura West Tripura West Tripura Tripura South Tripura North Tripura North Tripura South Tripura West Tripura South Tripura South Tripura Dhalai North Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttar Kashi Uttar Kashi Uttar Kashi Uttarkashi Uttarkashi Uttaranchal Almora Almora Chamoli Chamoli Chamoli Chamoli Chamoli Garhwal Garhwal Rudraprayag Garhwal Garhwal Naini Tal Nainital Tehri Garhwal Naini Tal Naini Tal Pithoragarh Pithoragarh Garhwal Pithoragarh Pithoragarh Tehri Garhwal Tehri Garhwal Pithoragarh Tehri Garhwal Tehri Garhwal Champawat Nainital Udham Singh Nagar 23

Table 6: (Contd.) Consistent Regions Census 1961 State/UT 1961 region 1971 region 1981 region 1991 region 2001 Census 2001 State/UT Almora Almora Bageshwar Almora Bijnor Bijnor Bijnor Bijnor Bijnor Uttar Pradesh Muzaffarnagar Muzaffarnagar Muzaffarnagar Saharanpur Saharanpur Saharanpur Saharanpur Saharanpur Hardwar Hardwar Uttaranchal Budaun Budaun Budaun Budaun Budaun Rampur Rampur Rampur Rampur Rampur Bareilly Bareilly Bareilly Bareilly Bareilly Pilibhit Pilibhit Pilibhit Pilibhit Pilibhit Muzaffarnagar Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh Shahjahanpur Shahjahanpur Shahjahanpur Shahjehanpur Shahjahanpur Dehra Dun Dehra Dun Dehra Dun Dehradun Dehradun Uttaranchal Aligarh Aligarh Aligarh Aligarh Aligarh Uttar Pradesh Mathura Mathura Mathura Mathura Hathras Mathura Agra Agra Agra Agra Agra Etawah Etawah Etawah Firozabad Firozabad Mainpuri Mainpuri Mainpuri Etawah Mainpuri Mainpuri Etawah Auraiya Etah Etah Etah Etah Etah Farrukhabad Farrukhabad Farrukhabad Farrukhabad Farrukhabad Kannauj Kanpur Kanpur Kanpur Kanpur Dehat Kanpur Dehat Unnao Kanpur Nagar Kanpur Nagar Unnao Unnao Unnao Unnao Fatehpur Fatehpur Fatehpur Fatehpur Rae Bareli Rae Bareli Rae Bareli Rae Bareli Rae Bareli Fatehpur Sultanpur Sultanpur Sultanpur Sultanpur Sultanpur Allahabad Allahabad Allahabad Allahabad Kaushambi Allahabad Jhansi Jhansi Jhansi Jhansi Jhansi Lalitpur Lalitpur Lalitpur Jalaun Jalaun Jalaun Jalaun Jalaun Hamirpur Hamirpur Hamirpur Hamirpur Hamirpur Mahoba Banda Banda Banda Banda Banda Chitrakoot Kheri Kheri Kheri Kheri Kheri Sitapur Sitapur Sitapur Sitapur Sitapur Hardoi Hardoi Hardoi Hardoi Hardoi Lucknow Lucknow Lucknow Lucknow Lucknow Bahraich Bahraich Bahraich Bahraich Bahraich Shrawasti Gonda Gonda Gonda Gonda Balrampur Gonda Pratapgarh Pratapgarh Pratapgarh Pratapgarh Pratapgarh Gorakhpur Gorakhpur Gorakhpur Maharajganj Mahrajganj Gorakhpur Gorakhpur Deoria Deoria Deoria Deoria Kushinagar Deoria Jaunpur Jaunpur Jaunpur Jaunpur Jaunpur 24

Table 6: (Contd.) Consistent Regions Census 1961 State/UT 1961 region 1971 region 1981 region 1991 region 2001 Census 2001 State/UT Ghazipur Ghazipur Ghazipur Ghazipur Ghazipur Mirzapur Varanasi Varanasi Varanasi Chandauli Varanasi Varanasi Sant Ravidas Nagar Bhadohi Mirzapur Mirzapur Mirzapur Mirzapur Sonbhadra Sonbhadra West Bengal Darjeeling Darjeeling Darjiling Darjiling Darjiling West Bengal Andaman & Nicobar Islands Dadra & Nagar Haveli Jalpaiguri Jalpaiguri Jalpaiguri Jalpaiguri Jalpaiguri Cooch Behar Cooch Behar Koch Bihar Koch Bihar Koch Bihar West Dinajpur West Dinajpur West Dinajpur West Dinajpur Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Malda Malda Maldah Maldah Maldah Burdwan Murshidabad Murshidabad Murshidabad Murshidabad Hooghly Nadia Nadia Nadia Nadia Murshidabad Hooghly Hugli Hugli Hugli Nadia Burdwan Barddhaman Barddhaman Barddhaman 24-Parganas Calcutta Calcutta North 24 Paraganas Calcutta Twenty Four Parganas Twenty Four Parganas South 24 Paraganas Calcutta North Twenty Four Parganas South Twenty Four Parganas Kolkata Howrah Howrah Haora Howrah Haora Birbhum Birbhum Birbhum Birbhum Birbhum Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Midnapore Midnapore Medinipur Medinipur Medinipur Purulia Purulia Puruliya Puruliya Puruliya Andaman & Nicobar Islands Dadra & Nagar Haveli Andaman & Nicobar Islands Dadra & Nagar Haveli Andaman Andamans Andamans Andaman & Nicobar Islands Nicobar Nicobars Nicobars Dadra & Nagar Haveli Dadra & Nagar Haveli Dadra & Nagar Haveli Dadra & Nagar Haveli Delhi Delhi Delhi Delhi Delhi North West Delhi North North East East New Delhi Central West South West South Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands Laccadive Laccadive Lakshadweep Lakshadweep Lakshadweep Lakshadweep Pondicherry Pondicherry Pondicherry Pondicherry Pondicherry Pondicherry Pondicherry Karaikal Karaikal Karaikal Karaikal Karaikal Mahe Mahe Mahe Mane Mahe Yanam Yanam Yanam Yanam Yanam... Concluded 25

Table 7: Districts with boundaries unchanged between 1961 and 2001 State Andhra Pradesh Dadra & Nagar Haveli Daman & Diu Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Pondicherry Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal West Bengal District Adilabad, East Godavari, Karimnagar, Khammam, Krishna, Mahbubnagar, Warangal, West Godavari Dadra & Nagar Haveli Daman, Diu Jamnagar, Kachchh, Rajkot, Sabar Kantha, The Dangs Bilaspur, Kinnaur, Mandi Bidar, Chikmagalur, Gulbarga, Hassan, Kodagu, Kolar, Mandya, Tumkur Thiruvananthapuram Lakshadweep Balaghat, Betul, Bhind, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Dewas, Dhar, East Nimar, Guna, Indore, Jhabua, Narsimhapur, Panna, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar, Satna, Seoni, Shajapur, Shivpuri, Sidhi, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Vidisha Amravati, Buldana, Jalgaon, Nanded, Nashik, Pune, Raigarh, Satara, Thane, Wardha, Yavatmal Kendujhar, Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh Karaikal, Mahe, Pondicherry, Yanam Kapurthala Ajmer, Banswara, Barmer, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Churu, Dungarpur, Jalor, Jhunjhunun, Nagaur, Pali, Sikar, Sirohi, Tonk Kanniyakumari, The Nilgiris Bareilly, Budaun, Etah, Ghazipur, Hardoi, Jalaun, Jaunpur, Kheri, Lucknow, Pilibhit, Pratapgarh, Rampur, Shahjahanpur, Sitapur Dehradun a, Uttarkashi Bankura, Birbhum, Darjiling, Haora, Jalpaiguri, Koch Bihar, Maldah, Medinipur, Puruliya Note: Districts are listed according to the state they were part of in 2001. a One village with an area of 1 sq. km. and unknown population was transferred from Tehri Garhwal to Dehradun between 1971 and 1981. 26

Table 8: Census 2001 s that are partitions of 1961 s State/UT 1961 1961 1971 1981 in 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 1991 Andaman & Nicobar Is. Andaman & Nicobar Is. 63,548 Andaman & Nicobar Is. 100.00 Andaman 81.18 Andamans 100.00 Andamans 100.00 Nicobar 18.82 Nicobars 100.00 Nicobars 100.00 Arunachal Pradesh Kameng 69,913 Kameng 100.00 East Kameng 41.56 East Kameng 100.00 East Kameng 100.00 West Kameng 58.44 Tawang 34.34 Tawang 100.00 West Kameng 65.66 West Kameng 100.00 Lohit 36,050 Lohit 100.00 Dibang Valley 24.23 Dibang Valley 100.00 Dibang Valley 100.00 Lohit 75.77 Lohit 100.00 Lohit 100.00 Tirap 59,591 Tirap 100.00 Tirap 100.00 Changlang 48.36 Changlang 100.00 Tirap 51.64 Tirap 100.00 Assam Cachar 1,378,476 Cachar 100.00 Cachar 100.00 Cachar 48.07 Cachar 100.00 Hailakandi 17.96 Hailakandi 100.00 Karimganj 33.98 Karimganj 100.00 Lakhimpur 1,563,842 Lakhimpur 100.00 Dibrugarh 0.33 Dibrugarh 53.62 Dibrugarh 100.00 Tinsukia 46.38 Tinsukia 100.00 Lakhimpur 99.67 Dhemaji 32.43 Dhemaji 100.00 Lakhimpur 67.57 Lakhimpur 100.00 United Mikir And North Cachar Hill 279,726 Mikir Hills 80.58 Mikir Hills 100.00 Karbi Anglong 100.00 Karbi Anglong 100.00 North Cachar Hills 19.42 North Cachar Hills 100.00 North Cachar Hills 100.00 North Cachar Hills 100.00 Bihar Bhagalpur 1,711,136 Bhagalpur 100.00 Bhagalpur 100.00 Bhagalpur 100.00 Banka 40.36 Bhagalpur 59.64 Champaran 3,006,211 Champaran 100.00 Paschim Champaran 44.79 Pashchim Champaran 100.00 Pashchim Champaran 100.00 27