Arthropod Pest Management in Strawberries Joe Kovach Ohio State University IPM Program Wooster, OH ipm.osu.edu
Acknowledgements Celeste Welty Ohio State Greg Loeb Cornell Univ. Rebecca Loughner Cornell Univ. Rufus Issacs Michigan State Frank Zalom Univ. Calif. Richard Cowles Univ. Conn. John Tolmen - OMAFRA
http://ipm.osu.edu
IPM Methods" Monitoring - scouting, thresholds" Forecasting models to predict pest develop." Cultural Control - resistant varieties, hoeing " Biological Control - predators, antagonist" Chemical Control - pesticides, pheromone"
NY Strawberry Pesticide Use! * (Herb., Fung., Insect.)! lbs. form. /A 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 87 88 90 94 98 * NYIPM, USDA NASS
Outline Strawberry bud weevil clipper Tarnished plant bug Mites Cyclamen mites Two sponed spider mites Sap beetles Slugs Root weevils SpiNle bug Japanese beetle SpoNed wing Drosphalia
Strawberry bud weevil"
How large is this edge effect? How many rows should be sprayed or planted?
Clipper OviposiRon PaNerns 1992 39 33 57 51 45 39 33 27 21 15 9 meters 1992! 27 r 21 o w 15 s 9 3 3 57 1993 51 45 39 33 27 21 15 meters 9 39 33 27 21 15 9 3 3 r o w s 1994! 1994 39 1993! Moves about 8-10 m/yr! 57 51 45 39 33 27 meters 21 15 9 33 r 27 o 21 w 15 s 9 3 3
Mean distance from western edge (>5 cb/m)! 45! 40! 35! 30! 25! 20! 15! 10! 5! Mean 1992! Mean 1994! Mean 1993! 0! 11! 13! 15! 17! 19! 21! 23! 25! 27! 29! 31! 33! 35! 37! 39! 41! 43! 45! 47! 49! 51! 53! Distance from southern edge of field (m)! 1994! 1993! 1992!
Field Validations! 9 growers in Central NY participated!! Woods! Sprayed! Unsprayed!
CLIPPER EDGE EFFECT! T O T A L! C B! 20! 18! 16! 14! 12! 10! 8! 6! 4! 2! 0! Spray! No Spray! 3" 6" 9" 12" 15" 18" Distance from Border (m)!
What is the threshold for! clippers in strawberry?!!! Is it a pest?!
Clipper Threshold on Earliglow 1993! 1994! cb/m! 0! 5! 10! 15! 20! 25! ber/m! 228! 208! 214! 182! 222! 221! g/ber! 6.5! 5.9! 6.0! 6.7! 5.5! 5.8! ber/m! 42! 56! 40! 45! 55! 54! g/ber! 9.7! 8.1! 8.8! 8.0! 9.1! 10.1! no significant difference between means (P<0.05)!
Strawberry Flower Order 3 " 2 3 " # Berries! 1 - Primary! 2 - Secondary! 4 - Tertiary 3 " 2 3 " 1
Secondary Bud Weight! Berry! weight (g)! 15! 10! 5! 0! Control! Remove! Prim.! Remove! Tert.!
Index of Compensation (bud removal)! Variety! Index! Seneca!!44! Mohawk!!25! Mira!!!25! Jewel!!20! Lateglow!!14! Primetime!!12! Idea!!!12! Earliglow!! 9! Delmarvel!! 8! Cavendish!! 8! Honeoye!! 5! Northeaster! 0! Index = % increase in!!size of 2 & 3!!compared to!!control!
Strawberry bud weevil" Is it a pest? On Honeoye, yes Seneca, no RecommendaRon: Plant compensarng varieres near the woods and and non- compensators in the middle
Tarnished Plant Bug"
TPB Resistance (untreated damage)! Strong! Slight! (< 30%)! (30-40%)! Chambly! Veestar! Oka! Canoga! Cavendish! Annapolis! Honeoye! Redcoat! Jewel! Glooscap! Sparkle! Catskill! Seneca! Little! (> 40%)! Settler! Blomidon! Guardian! Gov. Simcoe! Allstar! Midway! Raritan! Earliglow! Lateglow! None! (> 50%)! Scott! Surecrop! Kent! Redchief! Conrwallis! Mic Mac!
TPB Resistance! Cultivar!!!Parent! Honeoye!!Holiday!! Jewel!!!Holiday Seneca!!!Holiday Chambly!!Honeoye! Oka!!!!Honeoye! Cavendish!!! Sparkle! Northeaster (?)!Holiday!
TPB Biology nymphs 5 instars!! 1st two instars have high mortality!!lack of food, shelter, too hot, too dry!! Can disperse 15-20 meters!
TPB Density" 60 50 % fruit damage" 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 nymphs/cluster"
TPB Sequential Sampling! # clusters" with nymphs" 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 # clusters"
Cyclamen Mites
MONITORING & THESHOLDS When? - spring! Where? -unfolded leaves! How many? -> 25 leaves (15x lens)! Threshold? -10 per leaf???!
Two sponed spider mites Heavy infestaron suck chlorophyll out of leaves, silken webbing dry weather inc. popularon excess Nitrogen
Presence/Absence Sampling # leaflet infested Untreated/100 # leaflet infested Treated/100 Mites/ leaflet 40 40 1 50 50 2 60 80 5 70 90 10 80 95 20 Trifolate leaf Mite sampling 1) Early in Season < 5 mites/leaflet 2) Later in season when harvest starts < 15-20 /leaflet 3) Pick medium age leaflet (not shiny leaves, dull green leaves) 4) May want to sample to edge of field with most potential of mites 5) Sample every week
Mite Predators 1) Determine if you have any 2) Try not to kill them with excess pesticide use
Sap Beetles Strawberry sap beetle Picnic beetle
SSB damage Adults and larvae feed on fruit Prefer over-ripe fruit on the ground Will damage marketable fruit Can cause closure of fields to picking
Strawberry sap beetle Stelidota geminata (Say) 3 d 11 d 7 d egg (soil) larva (fruit) pupa (soil) adult (fruit/ soil)
Field colonization 4 to 6 trap lines in each of 5 fields Traps at edge of wooded area and 3 distances into field Traps changed every 3 d (April 15 to June 22, 2003) Adult SSB counted 0 m 27.6 m 40.8 m
10 8 A Wooded edge B Strawberry field 60 50 Wooded edge Strawberry field 6 4 40 30 20 Mean SSB per trap 2 0 130 140 150 160 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 May 18 June 10 June 10 June 23 Julian date 10 0 Julian date
SUMMARY Management -Broad-spectrum insecticides not effective -Prompt renovation not effective -Potential of cultivar resistance limited -Sanitation important but difficult to implement" Ecology -SSB & residue from other fruit crops -SSB overwinters outside of strawberry fields -SSB colonizes strawberry as fruit ripens" Use of SSB pheromone
Root weevil
ROOT WEEVILS APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT ADULT! PRE-REPRO. ADULT! REPRODUCTIVE EGG LARVA-YR 1 Overwintering stage LARVA-YR 2 PUPA
PIT FALL TRAP FOR ADULT WEEVILS Chemical Control" " Target: adults " " Timing: preovipositional period" -two wks to month after adult feeding observed" -evening sprays may work better" " Coverage: get into canopy and on soil (drop nozzles)"
ADULT FEEDING CHOICE TESTS (FROM COWLES 2004) Resistant vs Honeoye! Similar vs Honeoye! Susceptible vs Honeoye! Delmarval! Allstar! Latestar! Idea Cavendish! Tristar! Lester Kent! Marmolada! Primetime Jewel! Seneca
CULTURAL PRACTICES Rotation out of strawberries for 1 or 2 years! Isolate new plantings from infested sites (> 500 meters)! Exclusion barriers!!
Exclusion barrier for root weevils (from J. Tolman et al., OMAFRA)
SpiNle bug frothy masses of plant juice for nymph protecron Management 1) SpiNlebugs rarely need treated
Slugs, Beer, and Damage! 11,000 cups/a $ 577/A
Slug Damage!! Treatment Total % Damage! No Cup 16.5 a!! Cups (trap out) 16.4 a! (11,000 cups/acre - $577/A)!! means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05, LSD)!
Small Fruit Insects Japanese beetles 1 generaron, Mid to late June adults emerge feed on a number of crops Management: 1) InsecRcides 2) Resistant culrvars
Japanese Beetle Traps 2 bait types Mimics scent of virgin female Sweet smelling food type of lures U of Kentucky research Traps attract more beetles than catch (40-50%) Traps are not recommend for control
Japanese Beetle (July-Aug) 2006, 2007 2006 2007 Crop No. JB % JB % Rasp 30,146 52 109,292 39 Peach 22,789 38 11,047 4 Soy 1,851 3 108,239 38 Straw 1,652 3 20,232 7 Blue 1,486 3 32,115 11 Apple 488 1 2,801 1 Tomato 0 0 110 0
Year No. JB 2005 15,000 2006 60,000 2007 283,000 2008 441,000 2009 162,000 2010 7,200 2011 100 Trt High Tunnel (3-4%) No HT (96-97%) Japanese Beetle (July-Aug)
Japanese Beetle Raspberry (JB/5ft/date) Trt 2006 2007 MR 10.4 a 35.0 b CB 11.7 ab 29.8 c RB 13.3 bc 43.6 a SR 15.3 c 37.8 b Cultivar 2006 2007 Royalty 3.1 a 15.5 a Carol 12.0 b 36.4 b Prelude 22.9 c 57.7 c Royalty Prelude
Japanese Beetle Blueberry (JB/5ft/date) Trt 2007 MR 10.0 a CB 9.9 a RB 11.1 a SR 13.6 a Cultivar 2007 Duke 14.7 a Bluecrop 13.9 b Elliot 4.9 b
A new pest: Spotted Wing Drosophila Celeste Welty Extension Entomologist Ohio State University February 2012
CERIS; Published 12/06/2011
Spotted wing Drosophila Looks like common vinegar flies on overripe, fallen, decaying fruit But the new species attacks healthy ripening fruit
Spotted wing Drosophila Hosts Early: cherries Mid: raspberries, blueberries Late: grapes Also peaches, plums, strawberries, blackberries, tomatoes, kiwi, pears, apples
Spotted wing Drosophila: Damage Photo by Bev Gerdeman, Washington State Univ. Egg laying & larval feeding Starts as tiny scar on skin of fruit Skin collapses in 2-3 days; molds
Spotted wing Drosophila: Damage in raspberry Photo by Ed Show Photo by Hannah Burrack, NCSU
Spotted wing Drosophila: larva Photo by Hannah Burrack, NCSU
Spotted wing Drosophila: Life cycle Larvae feed inside fruit for 5-7 days 350 eggs per female fly Many generations per year
Management of SWD Sanitation Strongly recommended! Destroy leftover fruit Easier said than done Do every 2 days 1 option: Bury culls deep
Monitoring S.W.D. Improved trap Same bait (vinegar) Red color Smaller opening Fewer non-targets! Made by Contech (B.C., Canada) Available via Great Lakes IPM, $9.45 for 2 traps