Managing Trunk Diseases of Grapevine Kendra Baumgartner Chris Wallis United States Department of Agriculture Dario Cantu Mark Lubell David Doll Themis Michailides Philippe Rolshausen University of California Jonathan Kaplan California State University Mizuho Nita Virginia Tech
GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES Eutypa dieback Esca Phomopsis dieback Botryosphaeria dieback
GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES Phaeomoniella chlamydospora Eutypa lata Phaeoacremonium minimum Neofusicoccum parvum Diplodia seriata Diaporthe ampelina Lasiodiplodia theobromae
Rain induces spore release and dispersal. Cold temperatures delay wound healing.
Eutypa dieback Esca Phomopsis dieback Botryosphaeria dieback
EUTYPA DIEBACK Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
EUTYPA DIEBACK Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
ESCA (AKA MEASLES) Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
Botryosphaeria dieback Eutypa dieback Phomopsis dieback Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
DISEASE INCIDENCE INCREASES WITH VINEYARD AGE 100 80 60 Preventative practices 75% of vines are symptomatic 40 20 20% of vines are symptomatic Post-infection practices 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Years From Duthie et al. 1991 (Colombard vineyards ranging from 5 to 34 years)
Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis
Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis
SCENARIO 1 YOUNG VINEYARD (3 TO 5-YRS-OLD) DISEASE INCIDENCE IS LOW TO NON-EXISTENT
Delayed Pruning PREVENTATIVE PRACTICES Double Pruning Protectants December January February March 1 st pass in December, 2 nd pass in March Topsin, Rally, B-Lock, Vitiseal
Petzold et al. 1981. Pruning wound susceptibility to Eutypa dieback. High spores December Low spores No spores Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
February High spores Low spores Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst. No spores
March
December February March VINEYARD ACREAGE IN CALIFORNIA ~900K ACRES HIGH COST OF PRUNING FEWER SKILLED LABORERS IN MARCH ALTERNATIVES TO DELAYED PRUNING: DOUBLE PRUNING PRUNING-WOUND PROTECTANTS
PREVENTATIVE PRACTICES Pruning-wound protectants -Topsin M (thiophanate-methyl) -Rally (myclobutanil) -B-lock (boron) -Vitiseal *Apply before rain, which induces spore production/dispersal.
$40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $10,000 $0 -$10,000 -$20,000 -$30,000 -$40,000 -$50,000 CUMULATIVE NET RETURNS WITH TOPSIN (50% disease control efficacy) Healthy Vineyard Infected Vineyard Year 3 Year 5 Year 10 $50,000 0 5 10 15 20 25 Vineyard Age $42,282 $12,784 $5,787 -$19,624 -$39,662
LAST YEAR THAT ANNUAL NET RETURNS ARE POSITIVE (out of 25 years total) Delayed Pruning Double Pruning Topsin 25% effective Year 3 19 19 18 Year 5 14 14 13 Year 10 12 12 12 50% effective Year 3 25 25 25 Year 5 19 19 18 Year 10 14 14 13 75% effective Year 3 25 25 25 Year 5 20 21 19 Year 10 14 14 14
SCENARIO 2 MATURE VINEYARD (10-YRS-OLD) DISEASE INCIDENCE IS LOW (20%) SYMPTOMATIC VINES POST-INFECTION PRACTICES ENTIRE VINEYARD PREVENTATIVE PRACTICES
POST-INFECTION PRACTICES Vine surgery Sanitation Replanting Retrain cordon Retrain trunk Cut out infected spurs and cordons Replant rows or Sections of vineyard
Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis
Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis
1. Basal buds push into new shoots at base of trunk 2. Trunk sucker is trained up trellis system 3. Old vine kept in place for 1-2 yrs. OR 1. Old vine cut at base 2. Basal buds push into new shoots at base of trunk 3. Trunk sucker is trained up trellis system Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis
Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis
Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis
Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.
SCENARIO 3 MATURE VINEYARD (15-YRS-OLD) DISEASE INCIDENCE IS HIGH (75%) ALL VINES RETRAIN TRUNK AND/OR REPLANT ROWS
POST-INFECTION PRACTICES Vine surgery Sanitation Replanting Retrain cordon Retrain trunk Cut out infected spurs and cordons Replant rows or Sections of vineyard
Delayed Pruning PREVENTATIVE PRACTICES Double Pruning Protectants December January February March 1 st pass in December, 2 nd pass in March Topsin, Rally, B-Lock, Vitiseal
Specialty Crop Research Initiative USDA, National Institute of Food & Agriculture American Vineyard Foundation California Table Grape Commission treeandvinetrunkdiseases.org