af}nfxf kf]v/l bf]nvf ;+/If)fdf wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/dk/fsf] dxtj

af}nfxf kf]v/l bf]nvf ;+/If)fdf wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/dk/fsf] dxtj

cui6 @))* 8An' 8An' Pkm g]kfn åf/f k sflzt o; k sfzgsf] k"0f{ cyjf cf+lzs c+z k'gm k sfzg ug{' k/] zlif{s tyf k sfzsdf lglxt ;jf{lwsf/ clgjfo{ kdf pnn]v ug'{kg]{5. ;jf{lwsf/m 8An' 8An' Pkm g]kfn, @))*, af}nfxf kf]v/l ;+/If0fdf wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/dk/fsf] dxtj tof/ ug]{ M 8An' 8An' Pkm g]kfn sdn s'df/ ;fdkfë -/fo{_ tl:j/ M 8An' 8An' Pkm g]kfn sdn s'df/ ;fdkfë -/fo{_ ;Dkfbg M ds Afxfb'/ sfsl{ -/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jgohgt' ;+/If0f ljefu_ ejfgl z+s/ 8+uf]n -8An' 8An' Pkm g]kfn_ Disclaimer: This publication is solely based on the perceptions of the local indigenous people and does not necessarily reflect the opinions held by the WWF Nepal.

/fli6«o k ltlglwsf] ;Gb]z l;d;f/ kfl/l:ylts k 0ffnLsf] Ps dxtjk"0f{ c+u xf]. l;d;f/n] kfglsf] e08f/0f / :jr5ls/0f ug]{, :yflgo jfl;gbfx?nfo{ ljlegg k sf/sf >f]t pknaw u/fpg], ljlegg b'n{e jgohgt' Pj+ jg:kltnfo{ jf;:yfg k bfg ug]{ / wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s tyf ko{6lso :ynsf]?kdf ct'nlgo e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'g5. g]kfn cg]sf}+ dxtjk"0f{ l;d;f/sf] wgl /fi6«eptf klg c } ol l;d;f/x?sf] vf]h / dxtjsf] ljzn]if0f x'g affsl g} /x]sf] 5. t/fo{sf] sltko l;d;f/sf] ;j]{if0f tyf cg';gwfg eo{ b:tfj]hx? tof/ e};s]sf] 5, t/ kxf8l If]qdf cjl:yt w]/} h;f] l;d;f/x?sf] cj:yfaf/] xfdl cgle f 5f}+. oxl hfgsf/lsf] sldnfo{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ 8An' 8An' Pkm g]kfnsf] :jr5 hn ;Dkbf sfo{qmd cu ;/ epsf] 5. :jr5 hn ;Dkbf sfoqmdn] xfn prr lxdfnl If]qdf /x]sf l;d;f/x?sf] ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ qmd cuf8l a9fpsf] 5. o;} ;Gbe{df k :t't k'l:tsfn] k/dk/fut?kn] hljg ofkg ub}{ cfpsf cflbjf;l hghftlx?n] wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s / ;f+:s[lts cf:yf Pj+ ljzjf;sf cfwf/df tl If]qsf ;+/If0f tyf pkof]u u/]sf] lhjgt pbfx/0fx? k :t't u/]sf] 5. of] cg';gwfg cuf8l a9fpg k fljlws?kn] ;xof]u ul/lbg' epsf]df jg ljefu, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jgohgt' ;+/If0f ljefu / cfly{s ;xof]u ul/lbg' epsf]df 8An' 8An' Pkm g]b/nof08\; 8An' 8An' Pkm O{G6/g]zgn / 8An' 8An' Pkm o's] k lt 8An' 8An' Pkm g]kfn xflb{s s[t ftf ffkg ub{5. cgtodf o; lsl;dsf] ljj/0f ;+sng / ;f] sf] k sfzgaf6 cgo If]qsf l;d;f/x?sf] ;+/If0f, ;Daw{g / j'l dœff pkof]u ug{ ;3fp k' ofpg] 5 egg] d}n] ck]iff u/]sf] 5'. clgn dfggw/ /fli6«o k ltlglw 8An' 8An' Pkm g]kfn

ædgsfdgf dfo{n] O{R5fPsf] s'/f k'/f x'g] ls+djbgtl } af}nfx kf]v/ln] lrtfpsf] dgf]sf+iff k'/f ul/lbg] ljzjf; /x]5 Æ. prr ef}uf]lns cj:yfdf /x]sf] P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s lxd;f/ -lxdfnog ;Ld;f/_ h:t}m kf]v/l, tfn, tn}of, s'08 / df}lns k/dk/fn] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fdf k' ofpsf] of]ubfg af/] cg';gwfgsf If]qx? dwo] af}nfx kf]v/l Ps lyof]. sfo{of]hgf cg'?k af}nfx kf]v/laf/] hfgsf/l lng] bf}/fgdf bf]nvf lhnnfsf ;d'bfox?;+u 5nkmn ul/psf] lyof]. af}nfx kf]v/l cfndk' uf=lj=;= bf]nvf, uf}/lz+s/ lxdfnsf] pq/ klzrd If]qdf kb{5 egg] s'/f ;d'bfox?n] atfpg' epsf] lyof]. ;d'gb ;tx b]lv $,))) dl6/ egbf klg Hofbf prfo{ / ltaatsf ;Ldfgf;Dd km}lng k'u]sf] cfndk' uf=lj=;=df cflbd sfnb]lv a;f]af; ug] { yfdl ;d'bfox? a:bf/x]5g\. yfªdlåf/f æyfdlæ gfdfs/0f ul/psf] t/ cfˆgf] zflabs hft yfªdl epsf] yfdl ;d'bfox?sf] egfo{ /x]sf] 5. To;f] t dfs{ 6'lkg / :gfo{8/dofgn] klg yfªdl zabnfo{ k fl1s :t/df :yflkt tyf k rng Nofpg' epsf] tyo kfog5. bf]nvf dwodf~rn ljsfz If]q, hgsk'/ c~rnsf] lxdfnl lhnnf æbf]nvfæ. bf]nvf lhnnf cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, /fhg}lts tyf wfld{s?kn] k flrg sfndf g}

k Voft /x]sf] s'/f Oltxf;df cwoog ug{ kfog5. æbf]nvfsf] kl/ro lagfsf] g]kfnsf] Oltxf; n]vg k'/f xf'b}gæ :j= lz/f]dl0f afa' /fd cfrfo{. bf]nvf lhnnfsf] k'/fgf] gfd æceok'/æ /x]5. dnn / lnr5lj sfn k"j{ g} o; ceok'/ xf 'b} s'tl, ef]6 hfg] k/dk/f epsf] cwoog ug{ kfog5g\. ceok'/sf] gfd s;/l æbf]nvfæ /xg uof] egg] ljifodf ljlegg ls+jbgtlx? kfofbf]/x]5. cflbdsfn b]lv ef]6 of ltaat;+u l5d]sl epsf] x' Fbf ltaatl efiffdf bf]ú eg]sf] 9' Fuf nú eg]sf] dlgb/ / vfú eg]sf] 3/ cy{ nfubf] /x]5. k/fk"j{sfndf g} ceok'/df k ;:t 9' Fufn] lgld{t dlgb/ / 3/x? epsf] x'gfn] bf]nvf egg] gfdfs/0f epsf] egfo{ /x]5. jt{dfg cj:yfdf klg 9'Fuf df6f]n] agfpsf] 3/, dlgb/, kf6l / kf}jfx? b]vg kfog5. csf]{ ls+jblgt cg';f/ ef/t jif{af6 Ps ;dodf Ps of]ul d';ndfgx?sf] cfqmd0faf6 efu]/ uf}/lz+s/ lxdfnsf] u'kmfdf cfo{ tk:of ug{ yfn]5g\. o;/l of]ul cfo{ tk:of ul//x]sf] s'/f z+s/ -lzjhl_ eujfgn] yfxf kfpg' ep5. of]uln] cfˆgf] u'kmfdf a;l Wofg ul//x]sf] x'gfn] lzjhl -z+s/_ n] k ;Gg xf'b} pst of]ulnfo{ j/bfg lbg' ep5. z+s/ eujfgsf] j/bfg kfp/ ctogt} v'zl xf'b} of]uln] of] kljq If]qsf] e d0f u/l cfpg] dg;fon] pst u'kmfaf6 lx+8]5g\. p;n] b'o{ nfv kn6 3'd] klg plx 7fpFdf cfo{k'u]kl5 p;n] æbf] b'o{ / nv nfv cyjf bf]±nfvæ bf]nvf /fv]sf] egfo{ /x]5. wfld{s dfgotf, ;f+:s[lts ;+lxi0f'tfn] ubf{ o; uf}/lz+s/ lxdfn cf/f]x0fsf nflu cg'dlt 5}g\. k/fk"j{sfnsf] ceok'/ cfhsf] bf]nvfdf!$ ztfabl k"j{ ls/f+tlx?n] /fho rnfpsf] egg] tyo kfog5. ls/f+tl 5fk jl/kl/ pglx?sf] b/jf/ /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg5. c } klg s]lx eugfjz]ifx? kfog5g\ /].

o;/l P]ltxfl;s dxtj c+ufn]sf] bf]nvf lhnnf cfˆgf] cflbd sfnb]lv ljlegg hfthftlx?sf] ;f f ynf]sf]?kdf /x]sf] kfog5. h:t} M If]qL, tfdfª, a fdx0f, g]jf/, yfdl -yfªdl_, z]kf{, sfdl -blnt_, lh/]n, bdfo{ -blnt_, du/, ;fsl{ -blnt_, ;'g'jf/, u'?ª, of]ul, df L, e'h]n, ;'/]n / cgo. To;}u/L &!=&! k ltzt g]kfnl,!%=)# k ltzt tfdfª, &=@# k ltzt yfdl -yfªdl_, %=&# k ltzt z]kf{, @=!* k ltzt lh/]n,!=&% k ltzt g]jf/,!=)& k ltzt ;'g'jf/ / cgo @=%# k ltzt efiff af]ng] hftl, hghftl cflbjf;l /x]sf] tyof+s kfog5. bf]nvf lhnnf e/l lxgb' wdf{ndalx?sf] &!=)% k ltzt, af}4 @*=%( k ltzt / cgo wd{ dfgg]x?sf] )=#^ k ltzt b]lvg5. o;/l bf]nvf lhnnf ef}uf]lns, eflifs, hftlo, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s ljljwtfsf] wgl lhnnfx? dwo]s} Ps dfgg ;lsg5.

;Ld;f/ If]qx? M ;bfjxf/ cyjf jif{ e/l lxpf kl//xg] @=^$ k ltzt / #=@( k ltzt kfgl bf]nvf lhnnfdf kb{5. ltaatsf] ;Ldfgfdf ptklt eo{ prr lxd >[v+nfx? Kff/ u/l aug] tfdfsf]zl, ef]6]sf]zl h:tf gblx? cfˆgf ;xfos vf]nf -/f]njflnª, l;+u6l, bf]ntl, u'd', uf]kl, Wofª, cfw]/l, rgf{jtl, lvdtl_ x? :jr5 kfglsf ;Ld;f/ If]qx? x'g\. lxd kf]v/lx? cyf{t lxdfnog ;Ld;f/ If]qx? x'g\. ef]6]sf]zl glb sdd/df 8f]/L affwl v]nlg] kf}8lafhx?sf] nflu ljzjdf g} k Voft 5. ljzje/l o:tf!) j6f gblx? /x]sf] tyof+s kfog5. To:tf gblx? dwo] lxdgbl ef]6]sf]zl clt ;'Gb/ egl To:tf kf}8l kf/vlx? xhf/f+}sf] ;+Vofdf jif]{gl cfpg] u/]sf] s'/f :yfglo jfl;gbfx?n] atfp. ;+;f/ ;[li6 bftf eujfg æz+s/æ / hggl kfj{tl æuf}/læ sf] af;:yfg kljq lxdfn uf}/lz+s/ ljzjs} cg'kd lxd >[v+nf x'g\. x'gt cgo gfd gv'n]sf To:tf If]qx? t y'k } /x]sf] s'/f k ToIfbzL{ :yfglo af;lx? atfpf5g\. To:tf ljzj k Voft lxd;f/ If]qx? cgt//fli6«o dxtjsf]?kdf ;'rls[t ug'{ kg]{ b]lvg5. eujfgn] jf; u/]sf] ljzj rlr{t If]q epsf k d'v bf]nvfsf] kl/ro ljgfsf] g]kfnl Oltxf; vnnf] x'g5 egl Oltxf;sf/x? egg'x'g5. 1

2 lrq g+=!

lrq g+= @ lrq g+= # 3

bf]nvf lhnnfsf s]lx dxtjk"0f{ If]qx? uf}/lz+s/ lxdfn, R5f]/f]Nkf tfn, b'wkf]v/l, jf}nfx kf]v/l, z}n'ª 8fF8f, sfnl~rf]s, nfdf au/ / a]lbª ufpf cflb ef}uf]lns?kn] dxtjk"0f{ If]qx? Kfg{ cfpg] /x]5. To;} u/l lju' u'daf, sfnl~rf]s eujtl, eld]zj/ dlgb/ h:tf wfld{s ;f+:s[lts dxtjsf :ynx? bf]nvf lhnnfs} ;Dkbf /x]5g\. bf]nvf, /fª/fªynl cfˆgf] cflbdynf] egl yfdl hftlx? ljzjf; ubf{/x]5g\. cfndk', nflknfª, yfdlrfu', 6ªfkf -bf]nvf_, rf]stl, lk:s/ -l;gw'kfnrf]s_ / 89'jf -/fd]5fk_ yfdl hftlx?sf] hg3gtj Hofbf /x]sf] lhnnf / uf=lj=;=x? kbf]{/x]5. To;f] t cgo lhnnfx?df klg cfˆgf] j+zhx? 5l/P/ a;f]af; u/]sf] s'/f pglx? atfpfb5g\. cfdfsf] y/ 5f]/Ldf / afa'sf] y/ 5f]/fdf?kfGt/ x'g] ;f+:s[lts k/dk/f yfdl ;d'bfodf /x]5. k/dk/fut?kdf rlncfpsf] wd{, ;+:sf/, l/tl lytl / clwsf+z df}nls efiff af]ng] yfªdl hftlx? ljz]if u/l ls/fft hftlx?sf] Ps d'vo xffuf -j+zh_ epsf] ljzjf; ubf{ /x]5g\. ljqmd ;Djt\ @)%* ;fndf ul/psf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ yfdl efiff af]ng]x?sf] ;+Vof )=)* k ltzt b]lvg cfpf5. wd{ ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt / lxd;f/ af}nfx kf]v/l bf]nvf lhnnfdf clt /d0flo uf=lj=;=x? dwo] cfndk' uf=lj=;=klg Ps /x]5. l5d]sl /fi6«rlgsf ;Ldfgf;Dd km}lnpsf] cfndk' uf=lj=;= k fs[lts, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / ef}uf]lns dxtj If]q /x]5. k fs[lts tyf h}ljs ; f]tsf wgl cfndk' uf=lj=;= df (% k ltzt egbf Hofbf yfdl hftlsf] a;f]af; kfog5. pqm uf=lj=;= df Ps kl/jf/ v8\sf, @ # 3/ blnt / s]lx z]kf{ ;d'bfox? /x]sf] s'/f ;fd'lxs ; f]t gs;f df lrq0f ul/psf] 5. ef}uf]lns ;'Gb/tf, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf h}ljs dxtjsf lxdfnog l;d;f/ af}nfx kf]v/l cfndk' uf=lj=;=sf] pq/l If]qdf kg]{ epsf]n] pk/f]qm cwoogsf] nflu o; uf=lj=;= nfo{ 5flgPsf] lyof]. @)^$ ;fn efb dlxgfdf yfdl hftlx?sf] afx'no /x]sf] pst If]qdf af}nfx kf]v/lsf] wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts dxtj / h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f af/] ;fd'lxs 5nkmn ul/psf] lyof]. 4

{ 5nkmns} qmddf yfdl ;dfhsf k'/fgf] k':tfsf JolQmx?n] pxffx? klg ls/fft hftls} Ps xffuf -j+zh_ xf] /] egg] s'/f atfpg' eof]. ls/fft hftls} xf+uf -j+zh_ epsf] egg] To:tf] syg cyjf ;Totf s] /x]5 egl hfgg] lh1f;f /fvbf afa' afh]n] cfkm'x?nfo{ bgto syfsf]?kdf egllbg' epsf] df}lns sxfgl xf] egb} yfdl a[4x? egg'x'g5 æxfdl yfdl hftlx? klg ls/ffts} Ps xffuf -j+z_ xf} /]. xfdl ;fgf] 5Fbf afh]x?n] syfsf]?kdf xfdl s;/l ÆyfdL agg k'uof} egg] s'/f egg] ug'{x'gyof]. klxnfsf] egfo{ ;D b} yfdl a[4x? cufl8 egg'x'g5 æcflbd, 9' +u] cyjf 3'dGt] o'udf xfdl ls/fft hflt lyof}. 3'dGt] o'usf] cgtolt/ cfp/ cf cfšgf] If]q agfp/ a:g] ;+:sf/sf] ;[hgf epb]lv ljlegg hftl h:t} M yfªdl, ;'g'jf/, Æ/fO{, lnda' egl 5'l g upsf] xf]nf. cfˆgf] hft yfdl sf] ptklq af/] j[4 yfdlx? cfˆgf] k'vof{pnl bgto sxfgl o;/l ;'gfpg' x'g5 æk/fk'j{ sfndf ;Ktsf]zLsf] lsgf/ lsgf/ xf 'b} cfšgf] lbg rof{ latfpg] qmddf ls/fft hftlx? s]lx rfflx ;' +u'/sf] arrf af]sb} ;'gsf]zl / b'wsf]zlsf lsgf/ nfu]5g\ /]. Ps efo rfflx afv fsf kf7f bf] ofpb} ef]6]sf]zl k;]5g\. To; ;dodf cf; kf;df clt 3gf h+un epsf] / lx+; s h+unl hgfj/ /x]sf] s'/fx? xfd f k'vf{x?åf/f ;'Gg kfogyof]. 3gf h+un, lx+; s hgfj/sf afjh't klg xfd f k'vf{n] o; ef]6]sf]zl cf;kf;df cfšgf] a;f]af; agfp5 /]. ptf ;'gsf]zl, b'wsf]zlsf] lsgf/ xf 'b} upsfx?n] klg /d0flo, /fd f] pahgl x'g], kz'kfng klg /fd f] x'g], 3dfOnf] If]q kfp5g\. PskN6 pglx? ef]6]sf]zl lsgf/df /x]sf cfšgf PSn} ] efo{ e]6\g egl cfp5g\ /]. o:tf] 3gf h+un epsf] 7fpFdf a:g' /fd f] x'gg. PSn} a:g' c;n xf]og\. h+unl hgfj/ b]lv vt/f x'g\ ;S5, ptf g} hfpf egl xfd f k'vf{nfo{, ;'gsf]zl / b'wsf]zl tkm{af6 cfpsf j+zx?n] cg'/f]w u/]5g\ /]. hlt lh4l u/] klg xfd f k'vf{n] gdfg] kl5 o:tf] PsfGt 3gf h+un / lx+; s hgt'x? epsf] 7fpFdf ga;\ egbf gdfgg] ca o:tf] If]qdf /fd /L yfd]/ vfg' egl pglx? kms] {5g\ /]. To;/L pglx?n] 5f8]/ upsf] zab -yfd]/ vfg'_ af6 Æ xfd f k'vf{sf] hft yfdl /xg upsf] / xfdl yfdl epsf] k'vof} {nl sxfgl 5. xfd f k'vof}{nlx?n] egg' epsf] s'/f ;To x'g ;S5, lsgsl xfd f yfdl ;dfhdf afv f kfng] / wd{, sd{ ;+:sf/ cflbdf klg afv f r9fpg] k/dk/f 5. xfd f k'vf{n] k"j{ hfg] ls/fftl bfh' efo{x?;+u 5'l P/ cfpg] qmddf bf] ofp/ Nofpg' epsf] afv fs} ;Gtfg c };Dd x'g'k5{. xfd f] b]jl b]jtfnfo{ ltg} afv fsf af]sf anl r9fo{ k'hf cfhf ug]{ wfld{s k/dk/f 5. To;f] gu/] ufpf3/df /f]u km}ng], df};d /fd f] gx'g], kz'wg xfgl x'g] k'/fgf] rng epsf] x'gfn] klg xfdl yfdl ;dfhnfo{ afv f g} rflxg5. wd{, sd{, l/ltl/jfh dfgg s} nflu klg afv f kfng ug' k5{. To;f] t /fd f] epdf a]rg klg ;lsg5 egg' x'g5, yfdl a'9fkfsfx?. cfˆgf] hft 5

{ o;/l yfdl /xg upsf] k'vof}{nl egfo{ ;'gfpb} ;xeful j'4x? egg'x'g5 æxfd f k'vf{;+u} 5'l P/ b'wsf]zl / ;'gsf]zl lsgf/tkm{ upsf ls/fftlx?n] rflx a'rr] ;'+u'/ ;fydf lnp/ upsf lyp /]. To;}n] Æ x'g'k5{, pglx?sf] wd{, sd{df ;+ 'u'/ r9fpg] k rng 5. 3'dGt] o'ub]lv dfgj ljsf; xf'b} hffbf cfˆgf] hftlsf] gfdfs/0f x'g upsf] kfo{psf] 5. cflbd o'ub]lv dfgjlo Jojxf/df cfpsf kz', jg:klt / h+un cflbsf] pkof]u 3/kfn'jfsf]?kdf :yflkt ug]{ / s]lxnfo{ h+unl cj:yfdf g} ;+/If0f ug]{ k/dk/f /x]sf] x'g;sg] s'/f dfly pnn]lvt ls+jblgtåf/f a' g ;lsg5. yfdl a'9fkfsfx? cfˆgf] k'vf{x?n] syfsf]?kdf egl /fvg' epsf s'/fx? ;D b} egg'x'g5 æxfd f k'vf{x?sf egfo{ cg';f/ lhh'jfh] jf lkql k'vf{nfo{ of] ef]6]sf]zls} lsgf/ dg k/]5 /]. lsg eg] To; avt clt 3gf h+undf sgbd'n k ;:t kfog], ef]6]sf]zl nufotsf] vf]nf, vf]n;fx?sf lsgf/df kfog] :jflbnf] df5f, afv f nufot cgo kz'kfng ;xh x'g] /x]5. o;/l Æg} xfd f] yfdl ;dfhsf] ljsf; epsf] xf]. csf] { egfo{ cg';f/ cflbd sfndf cfˆgf k'vf{x? 3'dGt] lkm/gt] hljg ljtfpg] qmddf cfhsf] yfgsf]6df cfo{ a;f]af; ug{ yfn]5g\ /]. yfgsf]6sf] k'/fgf] gfd æyfdsf]6æ lyof] /]. kl5 pst zab cke i6 eo{ yfgsf]6 epsf] egfo{ /x]5. 3'dGt] hljg z}nl TofuL yfdsf]6df a;f]af; ug{ yfn]sf x'gfn] p;} 7fpFsf] gfdaf6 xfd f] hftl yfdl /xg upsf] s'/f Ps y/l yfdl j[4 ljzjf; ubf{ /x]5g\. yfdsf]6df a;f]af; /x]s} ;dodf zq'n] xfd f k'vf{x? dfly cfqmd0f u/]5g\. zq'åf/f k/fho epkl5 xfd f k'vf{x? sf7df8f}+, eqmk'/, ag]kf xf 'b} bf]nvfdf a;f]jf; u/]sf] egg] df}lns sxfgl klg yfdl ;dfhdf /x]5. sgbd'n vf]hb}, lzsf/ v]nb}, 3'dGt] lkm/gt] hljg z}nl abnb} bf]nvf lhnnf cfˆgf] k'vof}{nl ynf] x'g upsf yfdl hftlx? k/dk/fut wd{, ;+:s[lt dfgbf /x]5g\. cfh klg pglx? ;fbf -;/n_ hljg dgk/fpg], k s[lt;+u glhs ep/ a:g dg k/fpg] :jefj /x]sf] tyox? cfndk' uf=lj=;=df ul/psf] ;xefultfd'ns 5nkmn k i6 kf/]sf] 5. vf]nf, gfnf, jgh+unsf] 5]p 5fp 9'+ufsf] 5fgf] epsf] ;'Gb/ yfdl ufpf cfndk' uf=lj=;=sf] k fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf x'g\. #*$ 3/w'/L /!,&!& hg;+vof epsf] cfndk' uf=lj=;= df clwsf+z yfdl hftlsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] kfog5. pqm uf=lj=;= df #*$ 9'+u] 5fgf epsf] 3/ cwoog ug]{ qmddf yfxf eof]. :n]6sf] 5fPsf] ;'Gb/ b]lvg] ufpf 3/ r yfnl / 3 ]vf]nfsf] dfem xts]nf cfs[lt epsf] cfndk' uf=lj=;= g]kfns} prr u'0f:t/sf] :n]6 kfog] If]q dflgpsf] /x]5. 3/ 5fpgdf k of]u ul/g] :n]6 9' Fuf k/fk'j{sfnb]lv vfglaf6 lemsg] u/]sf] cfndk' lgjf;l pst bdktl atfpg' x'g5. :n]6 vfgl If]qdf k ltju{ lkm6sf]?= % kg]{ l;ªutl, r/lsf]6 x'fb} estk'/ sf7df8f}, kf]v/f cflb 7fpFdf klxnf b]lv g} k Voft epsf] atfpg' x'g5 lgh bdklt. o;/l k/fk'j{ sfnb]lv k fs[lts ; f]tx?;+u uxg ;DjGw /x]sf] yfdl hftlsf] lbgrof{ leq kg] k/dk/f /x]5. yfdl hftlx? k s[ltnfo{ wd{sf]?kdf k'hbf /x]5g\ egg] hfgsf/l af}nfx kf]v/l / yfdl wd{, ;+:s[lt / ;+/If0f ljifosf] cwoogn] b]vfpsf] 5. 6

x/]s Clif tk{0fl k"l0f{dfsf] ;dodf o; af}nfx kf]v/ldf wfld{s cf:yf, cff6]sf] sfo{ of]hgf, cfkm' / kl/jf/hgsf] ;' :jf:yo, cfo' j/bfg, wg ;Dklt dfug hfg] k/dk/f 5. To;} u/l ufo{, kz'kfng /fd f] xf];\ / v]tlkftlsf] nflu /fd f] df};dsf] ck]iff ub}{ goff ptklbt cgg, kmnkm"n, r9fpg n}hfg] k'/fgf] yfdl hftlx?sf] wfld{s tyf ;+:s[lt k/dk/f /x]5. cf cfˆgf] 3/sf] efsn cg';f/ wfdl, emfqml cyjf k'hf/lnfo{ /S;Lsf] sf]z]nl /fvl af}nfx kf]v/l uo{ lbg'kg]{ cg'/f]w ul/g] ;f+:s[lts k/dk/f /x]5. Clif tk{0fl k"l0f{dfsf] *!) lbg cl3 b]lv g} ;DalGwt 3/df cfo{ pst wd{ u'? -emfqml, k'hf/l, wfdl_ n] 3/d'nL;+u} lkql, 3/df b]jtfx?nfo{ r'nfdf af]nfo{ ljxfg ;ffemdf k'hf ug'{ kg]{ rng /x]5. v]taf/ldf ptkflbt goff cgg afnl kmnkm'nx?, lzlzdf /S;L, sff;sf] nf]x6fdf rf]vf] -d'vn]_ ;kmf wf/fsf] kfgl e/l cldn;f]sf] d'gf, sfpnf]sf] kft ;hfp/ r'nfsf] dflynnf] efudf /fvl ;DalGwt b]jl, b]jtf, as;fpg' kg]{ wfld{s k/dk/f /x]sf] s'/f yfdl a[4x?n] 5nkmn ug]{ s ddf atfpg' eof]. To;/L k'hf ug]{ qmddf z'?b]lv g} af}nfx kf]v/ldf hfg' kg]{ efsn u/]sf] x'gfn] xfdl To; tkm{ hfg] tof/l ub}{5f} egb} lkql, s'nb]jtf, 3/sf b]j b]jtf, 3/ 5]pdf /x]sf] b]jl cflbsf] klxnf cfˆgf] wfdl, emffqml efiffdf ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ s'/f yfdl k'hf/ln] egg'eof]. To;f] t wfdl, emffqml, k'hf/l cfkm} klg cfˆgf 9f]n]x? 3/df kl/jf/ ;b:ox?sf ;fydf j/bfg dfug cyjf ;dfhsf ;b:ox?nfo{ wfdl, emffqml ptfg'{ kg]{ 5 eg] af}nfx kf]v/l hfg] k/dk/f /x]5. wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts cf:yfsf] ynf] jf}nfx kf]v/l /xg'sf] ls+djbgtl klg yfdl ;dfhdf /x]5. $) jif{sf] uf]ug yfdl -k'hf/l_ pqm ls+dabgtl o;/l ;'gfpg'x'g5 7

Æ æ Æ cfˆgf] cu hx?n] a;fn]sf] l/tl lytl o;} u/l xfdl dfgb} 5f} egg'x'g5 lgh yfdl emffqml. æ 8 æcfhegbf w]/} jif{ cufl8 xfd f k'vf{x?sf] kfnfdf Ps wfdln] af}nfx kf]v/ldf /x]sf] dl0f lgsfng] ljrf/ u/]5g\ /]. ;bf em} 3/sf s'n b]jtfx?nfo{ k'sf/ u/l o:t} hg} k"l0f{dfsf] ;dodf ;fot kf/]/ To; wfdl cfšgl >LdtL / Ps hf]ul ;lxt hddf tlg hgf af}nfx kf]v/l up5g /]. hfg] qmddf wfdln] ;a} b]ptf, vf]nf gfnf cf]8f/;+u an dfub} jff; a:b} af}nfx kf]v/l k'u]5g\ /]. ejo lrgtf -wfdl_ a;]/ Ps cgh'nl ciftf dgt/ u/]/ cfšgl wd{ ktglnfo{ lbp/ o;f] eg]5g\ /]. d}n] ;a} b]p, b]jtf b]jl;+u an dful ;s]. ca o; kf]v/l leq uo{ d0fl lnp/ cfpg] 5'. ltdln] of] dgt/sf] ciftf xftdf lno{ /fvg' d dl0f lnp/ kf]v/ldf pqgf ;fy o; ciftfn] dnfo{ nfug] u/l xfgg'. o;n] nfuof] eg] d dl0f lnp/ cfpg] 5' gq dnfo{ o; af}nfx kf]v/ldf /x]sf] gfun] d]/f] rf]nf -Hofg_ p7fpg] 5. To;} kl5, cfšgf] >LdtL -wd{ktgl_ / hf]ulnfo{ kf]v/l aflx/ 5f8]/, wfdl dl0f lng egl kf]v/ldf k;]5. wfdl kf]v/l leq k;]sf] lgss} ;dokl5 dfq chësf] ;k{ sfwdf af]s]/ kf]v/lsf] ljrdf wfdl pqlp5. To;} ;dodf 8/ nfubf] uh]{sf] cfjfh lg:s]5. crddsf] cfjfh / ljzfn ;k{sf] 8/n] ubf{ cfšgl >LdtLn] ciftf xfgg} la;]{5. t'?gt} wfdlnfo{ ;k{n] a6f/]/ kf]v/l leq} nu]5. If0fe/df kf]v/l e/l /ut el/psf] b]v]kl5 hf]ul / >LdtL ToxfFaf6 efu]5g\. ufpf 3/df cfo{ pst 36gfsf] ljj/0f ;'gfpkl5 ufpfn]x? To; 7fpFdf up5g\. pglx?n] wfdlsf] d[t z/l/ -nf;_ kf]v/lsf] Pp6f s'gfdf t}/l /x]sf] b]v]5g\. wfdlsf] nf;nfo{ lgsfnl kf]v/lsf] lgsf; 5]pdf uf8]/ ufpfn]x? kms]{5g\. pqm wfdlsf] lrxfg3/ cfh ef]nl klg b]vg ;lsg5. p;} ;dob]lv wfdl, emffqmlx? Clif tk{0fl hg} k"l0f{dfsf] lbg af}nfx kf]v/l k'ug' kg]{ wfld{s k/dk/f k'vf{s} kfnfb]lv /x]sf] egg] ljzjf; ul/g5. yfdl emffqml cuf8l egg'x'g5 xfd f] wfdl, emffqml k/dk/fdf af}nfx kf]v/ldf d/0f epsf wfdlsf] d[t cftd cfpg] ub{5. p;nfo{ xfdl dfg, ;Ddfg ug]{ ub{5f}. af}nfx kf]v/ldf dg]{ pst wfdl o;} cfndk'sf yfdl epsf] kvof}{nl egfo{ 5. To;}n] k'vf{ wfdlsf] cftdnfo{ e]6g / wfld{s zlst ;DkGg af}nfx kf]v/l;+u wfdl ljbfsf nflu an, j/bfg dfug hfg] rng 5. emffqml uf]ug yfdl af}nfx kf]v/l cfkm'n] hfg]b]lv To:t} /x]sf] / zlstzfnl epsf] s'/f o;/l atfpg' x'g5 d}n] klg k'vf{ emffqmlx?;+u ;'g]sf] x'f. cfhsf] af}nfx kf]v/lsf] l;wf tn csf]{ 7"nf] kf]v/l lyof] /]. To; kf]v/lnfo{ alxgl / clxn]sf] af}nfx kf]v/lnfo{ lbbl egl wfld{s?kn] dfg;ddfg ug]{ k/dk/f lyof] /]. vf]o{ s] eg]/ xf] pglx? alrdf emu8f ep5. To;} qmddf af}nfx kf]v/l -lbbl_ n] cfkm' egbf tnlt/ /x]sf] kf]v/l -alxgl_ nfo{ nft

xfg]/ etsfo{ k7fp5 /]. pst kf]v/l -alxgl_ ets]/ -efubf_ hffbf Pp6f 7"nf] ;k{ -gfu_ lg:s]/ af}nfx kf]v/ldf k;]sf] egfo{ 5. pqm ;k{ -gfu_ cfh ef]nl klg af}nfx kf]v/ldf b]vg kfo{g5. wd{ dgn] lrtfp pqm ;k{ -gfu_ n] bz{g af}nfx kf]v/ldf lbg] ub{5. ets]/ upsf] kf]v/l If]qdf cfh ef]nl rf}/l tyf e]8f kfngsf] nflu uf]7 agfpsf] / xfdl af}nfx kf]v/l upsf] ;dodf ToxL a:g] ub{5f}. k'hf ug]{ ;d'xdf sf]xl g/fd f] wf/0ff epsf] JolQm ep cyjf /h:jnf epsf] dlxnf k'u]df kf]v/l afsnf] afbn nfug] / pdn]sf] Æh:t} afbn cfo{ /fvg] x'gfn] æaf}nfx kf]v/læ elgpsf] xf]nf. cfndk' % lgjf;l pxff emffqml uf]ug yfdl cfˆgf] afa', afh] / a/fh] b]lv g} wfdl, emffqml k yf ckgfpb} cfpsf] s'/f pxff;+usf] ljz]if 5nkmn sfo{df pxffn] atfpg' eof]. h f k/]sf] nfdf] 6'KkL kfng' epsf lgh emffqml yfdl ;dfhdf d'vo k'hf/lsf]?kdf lrglg' x'fbf] /x]5. k'vf{x?s} kfnfb]lv b]p, b]jtf, lkqlsf]?rl cg';f/ emffqml pql ;dfhsf] ;]jf ug'{ kg]{ wfld{s k rng /x]sf] s'/f pxffn] atfpg'eof]. emffqml ljbf;+u} uf]ug axfb'/ yfdl ljlegg h8la'6lsf] cf}ifwl tof/ u/l ufpfn]x?sf] :jf:yo pkrf/ klg ug'{ xf'bf]/x]5. o;/l 3/]n' cf}iflw agfpgdf k of]u x'g] jg:klt h+unl hgfj/x?sf] xf8, 5fnf, /f}, jl/kl/sf] h+un / cgo If]qx?af6 pknaw x'g] /x]5. s:t'/l d[usf] 5fnf, /f}, xf8 klg cf}iflw tof/ ubf{ rflxg] s'/f lgh emffqmln] atfpg' eof]. k'vof}{nl emffqml ljbfsf] la8f] ;DxfNg' epsf uf]ug axfb'/ yfdl ;dfhsf cu'jf x'g'x'fbf] /x]5. ufpf3/df cgo JolQmx? wfdl pqg] ep pxffn] wfld{s cyjf cfˆgf] emffqml ljbfn] ;xof]u ug'{ klg x'fbf] /x]5. To:tf] JolQmx? pxff sxff u'? yfkg cfpg] rng /x]5. pqm k yfn] xf]nf ;a}n] u'? egl ;Daf]wg ug]{ 9

;fdflhs tyf Jojxfl/s rng b]lvg5. s'n axfb'/ yfdlsf] 3/af6 o; ;fnsf] af}nfx kf]v/ldf wfld{s ofqf n}hfg] kssf epsf] /x]5. sl/a Ps xktf cl3b]lv pglx? ljxfg a]n'sf pst 3/df e]nf eo{ k'hf cfhf ub}{ x'g' xf'bf] /x]5. l5d]slx?n] ljo/sf] lzlzdf /S;L e/l vf]ofsf] ljsf]{ nufo{ sf];]nlsf]?kdf pk/f]qm 3/df Nofpg] k/dk/f /x]5. To;/L NofPsf] ;a} sf];]nlx?nfo{ r'nfsf] dflynnf] efudf ldnfp/ /fvg] /x]5. ufpf 3/sf a'9f a'9l, s]6f s]6l e]nf x'g] /dfonf] / ;fd'lxstf k/dk/f /x]sf] efg x'g] /x]5. af}nfx kf]v/ldf hfg] efsn ul/p cg';f/ /flvpsf] emffqml k'hf -lrgtf a:g]_ ul/psf] 3/df 3/wgL s'n axfb'/ yfdl klg wfdl ug'{ x'fbf] /x]5. emffqml uf]ug yfdl / s'n axfb'/ yfdl b'a}n] 3/df s'n b]jtf, cgg afnl /fvg] esf/l;+u ;DjlGwt b]jtf, nufot cgo b]j b]jlx?sf] ;Ddfg ub}{, af}nfx kf]v/l hfg] ;a}sf] gfd lnp/ /Iffsf] nflu pglx? -lkt[ b]j, b]jtf_ ;+u an dfug' kg]{ ;d'xsf Ps a[4n] atfp. slthgf el/of slthgf 9f]n] hfg] egg] s'/f cuf8l g} Joj:yf u/]sf] x'fbf] /x]5. af6f] lj;fpg] cyjf af; a:g] 7fpFdf cfjzos kg]{ /f8l kfvl, ;ftf] ;fdn, 3/]n' k]o -/S;L, hf8f_ kbfy{, kmnkm"n cflb cfˆg} ufpf 3/af6 nlu hfg'kg]{ /x]5. ælxdfnosf] ofqf ;lhnf] 5}gÆ cfjzos kg]{ ;a} s'/f n}hfg' k5{ egb} Ps yfdl a[4n] egg'eof]. k :yfg ug]{ ;dosf] ;fot emffqmln] atfp kl5 d'vo a'9\of}nl -yfdl efiffdf dfo{vfjf elgbf] /x]5._ ;a}nfo{ tof/ /x'g cf1f lbg'x'g] /x]5. ptf emffqmln] s'nb]jtf, lkt[x?nfo{ af]nfpb} ækmnfgf]sf] gfddf af}nfx kf]v/l n}hfg] efsn lyof] egg] /x]5. ca xfdl olt 9f]n], el/of / d'n3/sf u/l olt hgf hfg] tof/ eof}. xfdlnfo{ af6f]df lx+8\bf jf0f knf{, b'zdg nfunf, lj/fdl kg]{ h:tf ;d:ofaf6 /Iff ug{'xf]nf. xfdl gcfok'u'gh]n;dd o; 3/sf] x]/rfx Æof] r'nf, o; yfgykgf -cu]gfsf] 5]pdf /flvpsf] k'hfsf] ;fdfg_ sf] ;'/Iff klg ug'{ xf]nf. 10

o;/l emffqmln] kmnfs]sf] a]nf ;a} 9f]n]x?n] /fd f];+u 9\ofªu f] uhfn] ahfpb} ;} af]djf] ;} ;} egl emffqmlsf] nflu an dfug' kg]{ /x]5. km]/l emffqmln] cfˆgf] af]nlåf/f sgof s]6lnfo{ lbof] snz af]sfo{ af}nfx kf]v/l hfg] /x]5. af}nfx kf]v/l up/ cfo', j/bfg, wg, ;Dklt, kz' kifl, ;'v, zflgt dful Nofp5f}+ /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û egb} emffqml cfˆgf] 9\ofªu f] ahfpb} nufpsf] hfdf km/ km/ kfb}{ lkql, b]j b]jtfnfo{ as;fpg' kg]{ wfld{s ;+:sf/ /x]5. o;} ;dob]lv dlxnf, s]6f s]6l, a'9f a'9l :j/ ldnfp/ æsgof s]6lnfo{ Æ cuf8l nufo{, ;'gfsf] k'dkf xftdf lno{ af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ hfb} 5f} + ;] af]daf] ;} ;}. egl ult ufpfg r'nfaf6} z'? ug'{ kg]{ /x]5. sff;sf] nf]x6fdf cldn;f]sf d'gf, sfpnf]sf] kft, km'n cflbn] l;+uf/]sf] snfz -yfdl efiffdfm k'dkf egbf] /x]5_ nfo{ sgof s]6lnfo{ af]sfo{ lkt[ 3/af6 lgsfng' kg]{ rng /x]5. ;a}hgfn] :nf]s a4 tl/sfn] æaf}nfx kf]v/l s'g8nl dfo{ sgofs]6lnfo{ Æ;'gfsf] k'dkf, rffblsf] k'dkf af]sfo{ cfpfb} 5f}, /Iff u/! Ifdf u/! ;] af]daf], ;} ;}. ult ufpfg] k/dk/f epsf] kfoof]. sgof s]6lnfo{ clxnnf] k+lqmdf kf/l ;a} 9f]n]x? 9]ªu f] ahfpb} ;] af]daf] ;} ;}=== egb} ufpg] To;}u/L wfdl, emffqml, lkt[, b]j b]jtfx?sf] cf1f cg';f/ gfrb} kmnfsb} 3/sf] cffugdf cfok'ug' kg]{ x'bf]/x]5. cffugdf ;'s'n, u'gb L /f8l cf]5\ofp/ pglx?nfo{ ;u'g /flv ;Ddfg ug'{ kg]{ /x]5. cfugdf lj5\ofpsf] u'gb L jf ;'s'ndf cfo{ sgofs]6ln] lkt[ r'nfaf6 af]ls NofPsf] snfz -k'dkf_ nfo{ ;dfo{ /fvg' kg]{ / p;nfo{ s]gb dfgl wfdl, emffqml, 9f]n]x?n] kl/qmdf ug]{ k/dk/f /x]5. wfdl, emffqmlx?n] cfˆgf] d'gw'dåf/f ToxfF cfp/ klg s'n b]jtf, lkt[x?nfo{ as;fpb} aflx/lof b]jtf, b]jlnfo{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ wfld{s k/dk/f /x]5. 11

{ cffugdf cfo{ wfld{s sfo{ ug]{ qmd;+u} af}nfx kf]v/l hfg] a]nfsf] ;u'g /fvg' kg]{ rng /x]5. ;u'g /flvlbp kl5 wfdl emffqmln] cfˆgf] d'gw'dåf/f ;a} b]j b]jtfnfo{ as;fo{ ;s]kl5 9f]n]x?n] ;a}nfo{ k ;fbsf]?kdf af8\g] k/dk/f /x]5. emffqml k"0f{ axfb'/ yfdl egg'x'g5 æo;/l lkt[ b]jx?nfo{ cfšgf] k/dk/fn] af]nfpb} vfg lbp/ ;Ddfg u/l xfdln] cfšgf] cfª -s'd_ alnof] ;+u afwg'k5{, To; kl5 9f]n]x?sf] /Iff, pst ;d'xdf upsf ;a}hgfsf] /Iffsf] nflu an dful ;s]kl5 xfdl s'nb]jtf;+u ljbf x'g'k5{. To;} u/l af6f]df hfg] ;dodf jfo', vf]nf, xfjf, wtl{, b]jl, h:tf] b]j b]jtf ;Dks{df cfp5g\ pglx? ;a}nfo{ ;DxfNb} ;fy nufpb} an dfub} hfg'kg]{ x'g5. o;f] gu/] pglx? xfdl -wfdl emffqml_ ;+u l/;fpg ;S5, s'g} a]nfdf t xfdlnfo{ g} b'3{6gfdf kfg{ klg ;S5 emffqml k"0f{ axfb'/ yfdln] egg'eof]. $% hgfsf] nfjf n:s/sf] ;d'xdf d'vo 3/af6 9]ªu f] ahfpb}, wfdl emffqml gffrb} d'gw'd ufpb}, ;fgf] gfgl epsf cfdfx? cfšgf] gfglnfo{ sffw]df af]sb} kfglaf6 cfkm' / gfglnfo{ cf]tfpg' -lehgaf6 hf]ufpg'_ nfo{ 3'd cflb af]sb} hfg'kg] /x]5. el/ofx? 8f]sfdf af6f]df cfjzos kg]{ ;fdgx? af]s]/ n}hfg' kg]{. pk/f]qm af}nfx kf]v/l wd{ tyf ;f+:s[lts kbofqfdf upsf ;a} ;d'x ;b:ox?nfo{ hffbf / cfpfbf cfjzops kg]{ ;ftf] ;fdn n}hfg' kg]{ /x]5. 12 af6f]df kg] { cfkmgtx?n] cffugdf ;u'g /fvl wfdl, emffqml ;a}nfo{ ;Ddfg ug] { yfdl ;dfhsf k/dk/f /x]5. ;u'g /fvl :jfut ug]{ 3/ cffugdf sgof s]6ln] af]s]sf] snf;

-k'dkf_ /fvl b]j b]jtfx?nfo{ efsl, 3/kl/jf/nfO{ cflzif lbg'kg]{ /x]5. ;u'gnfo{ a'9\of}nl -dfovfjf_ n] emffqml wfdlnfo{ klxnf lbo{ c? 9f]n]x?nfO{ af8\g] rng /x]5. a'9\of}nl -dfovfjf_ s}n] yfdl egg'x'g5 o;/l yfdl, emffqmlnfo{ lnp/ lx8\g' s7lg x'g5 egb} o;f] egg'x'g5 ædfovfjfn] wfdl, emffqmlx?nfo{ s'g 7fpFdf ;u'g /flvlbg', s'g s'/fsf] ck'u, Hofbf epsf] 5 egg] s'/fsf] 1fg /fvg' kg]{ x'g5. wfdl, emffqml a:bf -k'hf ubf{_ slx st}af6 af0f cfp5 egg] s'/fsf] x]ssf /fvg' kg]{ x'g5. wfdl, Æ emffqmlx?nfo{ k'hf ub} { u/]sf] 7fpF ;xof]u ug' {, z'4 vfg]s'/f, lkpg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg] sfd dfovfjfn] ug' { kg] { x'g5. pxff egg'x'g5. af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ Û ;Tosf] b]j xf] b'b' Û sgof s]6lnfo{ cuf8l nufo{ ÛÛ ;'gsf] k'dk xftdf af]sfo{ Û wfdl, emffqml lnp/ cfpb}5f}+. /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ ;] af]daf] ;} ;}=====. cggsf] ;x dfug cfpb}5f}+ Û ;Dklt dfug cfpb}5f}+ Û 5f]/f / 5f]/L dfug cfpb}5f}+ Û cfo' dfug j/bfg dfug cfpb}5f}+. ;ftf] dfug cfpb}5f}+. k'vof{}nl b]ptfnfo{ e]6\g cfpb}5f}+. af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo Û /Iff u/ Û If]df u/ Û egb} efjk"0f{ noftds :j/n] ult ufpb} l5d]slx?n] /flvlbpsf] ;u'g -/S;L_ lnb} bf]jf6f], 7'nf] 9'+uf epsf] 7fpFdf ;u'g /fvl kfvf, kv]/fdf /x]sf] e't, k ]t, b]j b]jtfnfo{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ rng /x]5. 13

{ :j/ ldnfo{ ufpfb}, gfrb} lx8\g] qmddf cggafnl nufpsf] l8n -If]q_ df /f8lkfvl la5\ofp/ k'dkfnfo{ sgof s]6lsf] ;fydf /fvl wfdl, emffqml a;fo{ k'hf cfhf ug'{kg]{ / pglx?nfo{ ;u'gsf] Joj:yf dfovfafn] ug' {kg] /x]5. cgg jfnl /fd f] xf];\ egg] cflzif lb+b} /flvpsf] ;u'g To; jl/kl/ epsf] ;a} b]j b]jtf, b]jl, e't k ]t, d[tftd cflbnfo{ r9fpfb} emffqml, wfdlnfo{ v'jfp/ cuf8l a9\g dfovfjfn] emffqml, wfdl;+u ;Nnf lng] rng /x]5. kfvf kv]/f, v]taf/l, vf]nf vf]n;f kf/ u/l cfpg] qmddf b]j b]jptfx?;+u an dfug' k5{ egl dfovfjf -a'9\of}nl_ s}n] yfdl egg'x'g5. wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts dxtjsf] af}nfx kf]v/laf6 ptklt ep/ au]/ cfpsf] rgyfnl vf]nf lgd{n kfgl ;nnn==== au]sf] vf]nfsf] l8ndf /f8l lj5 \ofp/ ;'gsf] k'dkf sgofs]6lsf] ;fydf /fvl ufopsf] af}nfx kf]v/l nlift ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s ult pglx?n] JoQm u/]sf] efjgftds Jojxf/sf] cwoog ubf{ k fs[lts ;+/If0fdf clt ulx/f] ;DaGw b]lvg5. 5nkmn ug]{ qmddf Ps kbofqfs} a[4 ;xefuln] eg] ælxdfno If]q x' Fb} af}nfx kf]v/laf6 ptkgg eo{ cfpsf] of] vf]nf xfd f] yfdl ;dfhsf] lgldq wfld{s dxtjsf] 5. xfdl o; vf]nfdf cfo{ k'hf cfh ug]{ ub{5f}. o;sf Æ ljlegg vf]n;fx?;+uf e]6 xf 'b} ef]6]sf]zldf k'u]/ ld;lb} ;Ktsf]zL k'ub5. 14

5ª5ª au]sf] vf]nf b]vfpb} oxff t ld7f] df5f kfpg ;lsg5 egl pxffn] egg'eof]. xfdl slxn] sffxl k'hf cfhf ubf{ df5f kqmg o; vf]nfdf klg cfpg] ub{5f}. vf]nfnfo{ k'hf u/]/ dfq df5f kqmg] ug'{k5{ gq lj/fdl x'g] ljzjf; xfd f] ufpf 3/df 5. vf]nfsf] 5]pdf /flvpsf] ;u'g ;s]kl5 af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ sgofs]6lnfo{ cuf8l nufo{ ;'gsf] k'dkf lnp/ cfpfb} 5f} /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û ufpfb} pqm ofqf cuf8l a9\g] /x]5. w]/} a]/sf] psfnf] lx8fo{ kl5 Pp6f;Dd k/]sf] v]tl of]uo If]qdf /f8l lj5\ofo{ wfdl, emffqmlnfo{ dfovfjfn] ;u'g -/S;L_ /flvlbg'eof]. To;} 7fpFdf csf]{ wfdl, emffqml 6f]nL cfo{k'u]df Ps csf{df ;Ddfg ug'{ kg]{ k/dk/f /x]5. snz -k'dkf_ af]s]sl sgof s]6l cfo{ a;]sf] pqm ;u'gnfo{ s]gb ljgb' dfgl 9]u f] ahfpb} wfdl, emffqml ;a}n] kl/qmdf u/]/ ;u'g lbg] /x]5. e/lof, 9f]n] nufot ;a}hgfnfo{ vfhf v'jfpg] sfo{qmd klg To;} 7fpFdf ul/of]. jl/kl/ 3gf jg h+un, /d0flo b]lvg] pqm If]q, pglx?sf] jif]{gl lj;fpg] 7fpF x'g ;S5, w]/} j]/sf] ysfo{ d]6fo{;s] kl5 emffqmln] kmnfsg] sfd z'? eof]. ;d'xdf a;]/ cgo ofq'x? klg :j/ ldnfo{ af}nfx kf]v/lsf] ult ufpfb} x'g' x'gyof]. Tolts}df %) hgfsf] ;d'xdf Ps x'n wfdl, emffqml kxf8} ys{g] u/l 9\ofªu f] ahfpb} d'gw'd kmnfsb} cfok'u]. ToxL cfo{k'u]kl5 ;j{k yd klxnf cfo{ a;]sf emffqmlnfo{ 9\ofªu f] ahfpb} ;]jf 9f]s ug{'kg]{ k/dk/f /x]5. Ps cfk;df s'/fsfgl ub}{ lyp. kl5 cfo{k'ug]n] klxnf cfpsf] wfdl, emffqmlnfo{ a:g] 7fpFsf] nflu cg'/f]w ug'{ kg]{ /x]5. goff cfugt's wfdl emffqmlnfo{ ;u'g klxnf] ;d'xsf dfovfafn] /fvl lbg'eof]. kl5nnf ;d'xn] klg ;u'g /fvl 9\ofªu f] 15

{ 16 ahfpb} emffqml a:g yfn]. b'a} kifn] ;u'g lnp/ ToxfFaf6 ljbf eo{ hfg] qmddf ToxfF epsf e'd] b]jtf, l;d] b]j, b]jtfnfo{ ;Demfpg' kg]{, 9\ofªu f] ahfp/ as;fpg' kg]{ wfld{s k/dk/f /x]5. 5s]{ kfglsf] kjf{x gu/l b'j} kifsf] el/of, dlxnf a'9f a'9l, gfglsf] cfdfx? cfˆgf] gfglx?nfo{ sf]qmf]df af]sl 3'd, Knf:6Ls cf]8fpb} lx+8]. 9f]n]x? 9\ofªu f] ahfpb}, emffqmlx? kmnfsb} h+un} h+unsf] af6f] xf'b} psfnf] hfg' kg]{ /x]5. ;a}hgf af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û ;'gsf] k'dkf, rffblsf] k'dkf af]sfo{ sgo s]6lnfo{ cuf8l lxf8fo{ cfpb} 5f}+. ;] af]daf] ;] ;] egg] ult ufpfb} lx8\g' kg]{ rng /x]5. hfg'egbf cuf8l xfd f] tkm{af6 s]lx untl epdf Ifdf lbg' egl :yfglo b]j b]jtfx?nfo{ as;fpg' kg]{ rng /x]5. w]/} ;dosf] psfnf] h+unsf] af6f] lx8] kl5 Pp6f :n]6n] 5fPsf] 3/ cfok'uof]. Tof] clgtd 3/ /x]5. To; lbg Tolx 3/df af; a:g' kg]{ /x]5. b'j} ;d'xsf] u/l hddf!#% hgf hlt ;+Vofdf uopsf] kbofq'x? sf]r lnp/ a;lof]. lemdlemd kfgl kl//x]sf] n]sfnl h+unsf] af6f] kf/ ub}{ cfpfbf?vsf kqfaf6 v:g] h'sf / e'oaf6 v' fdf nfug] h'sfsf] jf:tf gu/l w'fjfsf] u'df{onf] efg;f sf]7fdf wfdl, emffqmlsf b]jtf yfg nufot 9f]n], bz{gfyl{x? ;Fu} al;of]. wfdl, emffqmlx? cf cfˆgf] b]jtf yfgdf aql afnl 9]ªu f] ahfpb} k'hf cfhf ug{ yfn]. pglx?n] cfˆgf] lkt[ b]j b]jtfx?nfo{ ToxfF cfok'u]sf] s'/f ;'gfpg' kg]{ /x]5. To;}u/L ToxfF jl/kl/ /x]sf h+unl b]jtf, e't k ]tnfo{ as;fpg' kg]{ / af}nfx kf]v/lnfo{ To; 7fpFdf cfok'u]sf] ljgtl ug'{ kg]{ x'g5 egl Ps yfdl -yfªdl_ a[4n] atfpg' eof]. w]/} ;do k'hf u/]kl5 lbof]df t]n ykb} cfˆgf] b]j b]jtf;+u ljbf lnp/ wfdl emffqmlx? b]jtf /flvpsf] 5]pdf kn6g' eof]. clwsf+z hfu d a;]. To;f] t k foh;f]n] e]8fsf] pmgaf6 cfˆg} ufpf 3/df a'g]sf] kfvl -yfdl efiffdf n's'gl_ sf]6 h:t} nufp/ af}nfx kf]v/l hfg] k/dk/f /x]5. pqm kfvln] pglx?nfo{ Gofgf] x'g] / kfglaf6 klg ;'/Iff /xg ;Sg] /x]5. ufpf3/sf] snf, df};d cg';f/sf] Jojxf/, 1fg, l;k, wd{, ;+:sf/ k':tf} + k':tfb]lv rnl cfpsf] rng k fs[lt ;+/If0f / lbuf] ;/n hljg z}nl kfog] /x]5. ljxfg ;a]/} p7]/ d'v w'p/ dfovfjfn] lbof]df t]n ykl lb+b} wfdl emffqmlnfo{ ljxfglsf] k'hf z'? ug{ cg'/f]w ug'{xf'bf] /x]5. wfdl, emffqmln] cfˆgf] d'v w'p/ b]jtfyfgdf cfo 9f]n]x?;+u k'hf cfhf ub} { cf cfˆgf] ljbfn] ug' { kg] ;Demfpg', as;fpg' kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;s]kl5 cgo an j/bfg dfug] ;d'xn] To;} u/l no ldnfp/ ult ufpfg] rng /x]5. af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ egb} noftds wfld{s efjk'0f{ ult ;fy ;fy} sgof s]6lnfo{ snz af]sfo{ wfdl, emffqml cfkm'n] nufpsf] hfdf km/km/ kfb}{ gfrg' kg]{ wfld{s k/dk/f /x]5. wfdl, emffqml gfrb} cf cfˆgf] lkt[ b]j b]jtfnfo{ ca hfg] a]nf eof] egb} /flvpsf] b]jtf yfgaf6 hfg] d"n 9f]sf tkm{ 3'Db} 9]ªu f] ahfpb} b]j b]jtfnfo{ ;]jf 9f]s ub} { cufl8 a8\g' kg]{ rng /x]5. ca hfpf egg] emffqmlsf] ;+s]t kfp kl5 9f]n]n] /flvpsf] b]j:yfg p7fpg] / sgof s]6l snz -k'dkf_ af]sl lj:tf/} cl3 a9\g' kg]{ /x]5.

wfdl emffqml cf cfˆgf] b]jtf kmnfsb} 9ofªu f] ahfpb} kl5 kl5 lg:sg] /x]5. To;sf] kl5 cgo noftds af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfosf] ult ufpfb} lg:sg' kg]{ wfld{s dfgotf /x]5. af; a;]sf] 7fpFaf6 lgsfnl NofOPsf] snz pst 3/sf] cffugdf 3/ wgln] /flv lbpsf] ;u'gdf cfo{ /flvg] k/dk/f x'fbf] /x]5. wfdl emffqml 9ofªu f] ahfpb} b]j b]jtf kmnfsb} k'hf ug'{ kg]{ /x]5. jf; / ;u'gsf] nflu v'lzofnlsf ;fy ;a}hgfn] ult ufp/ / gfr]/ wgojfb lbg] rng b]lvof]. wfdl, emffqmln] cfˆgf] d'gw'd cyjf emffqml k/dk/f cg';f/ pqm 3/ kl/jf/hgsf] ;'v zflgtsf] sfdgf ul/lbg]. jl/k/lsf] l;d], e"d] b]j b]jtfnfo{ af]nfo ;Daf]wg ub}{ 9ofªu f] ahfp/ ljbf x'g] k/dk/fn] ;frr} /f]rs tyf k s[lt;+u ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf] b]vfpf5. ToxfFaf6 ljbf ep/ s]lx ;do psfnf] lx+8] kl5 Pp6f 7"nf]?v cfok'uof] / ltyf{n'x? pqm?v tkm{ nfug' eof]. lqz'n r9fpg], kmnkm"n, ciftf, e]6l r9fpg], alq afng] / 9f]u ub}{ kl/qmdf ug]{ wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts dfgotf /x]5. To;/L?vsf] k'hf ug]{ p;sf] cfo' nfdf] xf];\ egb} cfˆgf] cfo'sf] dgf]sf+iff /fvb} cufl8 a9\g' kg]{ pglx?sf] wfld{s k yf /x]5. dfo{vfjf s}n] yfdln]?vtkm{ kms]{/ egg' eof] 17

æof]?v xfdl ;fg} 5Fbf b]lv b]v]sf] o:t} lyof]. d cfkm' a'9f] eo;s] t/ of]?v o:t} Æ b]v5'. cem;dd o;sf] pd]/ s;}n] klg atfpg ;s]sf] 5}g\. xfd f] k'vf{s} kfnfb]lv af}nfx kf]v/l hfg] ;a}n] o;}u/l o;?vsf] k'hf ug] { / cfo' j/bfg dfug] wfld{s k/dk/f /x]sf] 5 egl atfpg' eof].?v;+u ul/psf] pglx?sf] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts Jojxf/, g}lts dfgotf / efjgftds ;DaGwsf] ulx/f] cwoog cg';gwfg eo{ ;+/If0f lziffdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ cfhsf] cfjzostf b]lvg5. lxdfnl h+unsf] af6f] x'fb} kfvf kv]/f kf/ ub}{ hfg] qmddf e] fopsf] rf}tf/l h:tf lj;fpg] 7fpFx? klg kfog] /x]5. To:tf] 7fpFdf /f8l lj5\ofp/ sgof s]6lnfo{ snz /fvl wfdl emffqmlnfo{ ;u'g /flvlbg'kg]{ / wfdl emffqmln] klg jl/kl/ /x]sf] e't, k ]t, b]jtfx?nfo{ cg;fo{ kg;fo{ ug'{kg]{ k/dk/f /x]5. dfovfjfn] ;u'gsf]?kdf /flvpsf] /S;Lsf] lzlzaf6 vf]ofsf] ljsf] { vf]nl ;j{k yd?vsf] kftn] ;a} b]j b]jtfnfo{ egb} kg;fpg' kg]{ rng /x]5. To;kl5 pqm ;u'g -/S;L_ emffqmlnfo{ klxnf vfg -lkpg_ lbp/ affsl cgo 9f]n]x?nfO{ af8\g] ;fdflhs k/dk/f /x]sf] kfoof]. vfhfsf] cgo vfg]s'/fx? klg aff8lr'8l vfg] rng /x]5. ysfo d]6fpb} Ps cfk;df s'/fsfgl ub}{ vfpsf] b[zon] wfld{s jgef]hsf] efg x'gyof]. To;} 7fpFdf cfok'ug' epsf lrnªvf ^ lgjf;l ^@ jif{sf Ps blnt wgaxfb'/ g]kfnl;+u s'/fsfgls} qmddf pxffn] af}nfx kf]v/l / cfˆgf] hljgdf kfpsf] ;kmntf af/] sfqmf 6f]Sb} o;f] egg'eof] 18

æd ufpf3/df g} afa' afh]s} kfnfb]lv n'uf l;pg], ;gfo ahfpg] blnt x'f. klxnf dnfo{ ;fx } b'mv lyof]. ljx] u/]sf] w]/} jif{ ;Dd klg d]/f] >LdtLsf] sf]vaf6 ;Gtfg epg\. ufpfn]x?n] af}nfx kf]v/l up/ ;Gtfg dfug hfcf} eg]. xf]nf t lg egg] ljzjf; lnp/ af}nfx kf]v/l hfg] rfhf] kfhf] ldnfp. o:t} hg} k"l0f{dfsf] ;dodf d / d]/l >LdtL ep/ af}nfx kf]v/l cfof}+. af}nfx kf]v/l k'u]/ w"k alq afnl ;ffrf] ;To dgn] ;gfo -afhf_ ahfp/ d]/f] lrtfpsf] s'/f k'/f epdf tkfo{nfo{ b]vfpg lnp/ cfpg] 5' egb} Wofg u/]. dg dg} eujfgsf] Wofg ub}{ af}nfx kf]v/lnfo} 3'Db} kmgsf] df/] kl5 3/ k'u] klg w'k aql afln /fv]+. Ps aif{ kl5 t ue{ /x\of] / 5f]/f eof]. csf] { jif{ tfdfë emffqmlnfo{ u}lbg eg] / af}nfx kf]v/l b]vfpg Nofp5' egg] efsn lyof] / lnp/ cfp. To;kl5 clxn];dd Ps dfgf] vfg / Ps ;/f] nufpg k'u]s} 5. To; kl5 # jif{sf] km/s kf/l af}nfx kf]v/l hfg] ub{5'. o; kn6 eg] xfd } ufpfsf] Ps hgf wfdl u'kmf a:g cfpsf] 5 / p;nfo{ u'kmfaf6 lg:sbf ;gfo ahfo{ lbg' kg]{ epsf]n] d cfpsf] x'f. To; sfo{sf] nflu tfdfë emffqmlx? knnf]af6f] ep/ cfpfb} 5 egb} lgh blnt a[4n] atfp. af}nfx kf]v/ldf k'u]/ s;/l ;gfo{ jhfp/ ;Gtfg dfu]sf] lyp / ;To eof] ÆTo;sf] clego af}nfx kf]v/l k'u]/ ug]{ 5' kmf]6f] lvlrlbg' xf]nf egg'eof] / cl3 lx8\g' eof]. 19

20 ;dosf] Vofn /fvb} dfovfjfn] ofqf hf/l /fvg] ;+s]t ug'{ ep kl5 ;a} hgf ufpfb} 9\ofªu f] ahfpb} af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û egb} lxdfnl h+un lgufnf] 3f/L l5rf]nb} ;Nnf3f/L cfok'uof]. alr alrdf ysfo{ dfb}{ psfnf] lx+8] kl5 af6f]df ;f]emf] cunf] vda] 9'+uf] e] foof]. wfdl emffqmlx? ToxfF cfp/ pqm 9'+ufsf] km]bdf km"n kfgl w'kl ;Nnfsf] xffuf /fv]/ 9\ofªu f] ahfp/ k'hf ug{ z'? eof]. ToxfFaf6 lxf8]kl5 klxnf] kf]v/l cfok'uof]. ToxfF cfok'u] kl5 wfdl emffqml 9\ofªu f] ahfp/ pqm kf]v/lsf] gfd lnp/ ;Daf]wg ug{ yfng'eof]. To;f] u/l k'hf -wfdl, emffqml a;]sf]_ u/]sf] ;dodf hf] sf]lx klg cuf8l a:g' lx8\g' gx'g] wfld{s lgod /x]5. 9f]n]x? cfˆgf] 9\ofªu f] ahfpgdf tlnng lyp eg] cgo ;xefulx? af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û # kf]v/lsf] xfdl ltd f] z/0fdf 5f}, ;] af]daf] ;} ;} ;} egb} :nf]s k"0f{ tl/sfn] ult ufpfb} lyp. dfovfjfn] lj5\ofpsf] /f8ldf a:g] cg'/f]w u/]kl5 wfdl, emffqml / snz af]s]sf sgof s]6l a;]. kfgl kl//x]sf] x'gfn] 5ftf, Knf:6Ls 3'd cf]9\b} ;u'g vfp/ l;wofp kl5 csf]{ kf]v/l tkm{ nfluof].!% @) ldg]6sf] km/sdf kg]{ # kf]v/lsf] bf]; f] kf]v/l

cfok'uof] / To;} u/l pqm kf]v/lsf] klg k'hf ub}{ jl/k/l /x]sf] b]j b]jtfx?nfo{ ;DemfpFb}, kmnfsb} t]; f] kf]v/l tkm{ ofqf a9\of]. # kf]v/lsf] klxnfsf] kf]v/l cyjf dflynnf] If]qdf /x]sf] kf]v/ldf k'u]kl5 ;a} wfdl emffqmln] kf]v/lsf] Ps 5]pdf epsf] k'hf ug]{ 7fpFdf uo{ 9\ofªu f] ahfpb} kf]v/lnfo{ cfˆgf] wfdl, emffqml k/dk/faf6 af]nfpb} k'hf cfhf ug'{ kg]{ rng /x]5. 9f]n]x?sf] ;fydf wfdl, emffqmlx?n] pqm kf]v/lsf] kl/qmdf ub}{ To; 7fpFdf epsf] d[tftdfx?, e't, k ]t, jg b]ptf cflbsf] k'sf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f dfovfjfn] atfpg' eof]. w'kl, ;Nnf3f/L epsf] kxf8n] 5]s]sf] # kf]v/l dwo]sf] ;a}egbf dflynnf] kf]v/l ulx/f] / ef}uf]lns ;'Gb/tfn] k"0f{ epsf] b]lvg5. bf]; f] kf]v/l klg ulx/f] / jl/kl/ k fs[lts?kdf p7]sf] 8Ln -y'dsf_ n] 3]l/Psf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfdf b]lvg5. lrdn, nfnl u'/ff;, rffk, ;Nnf, w'kl h:tf j[if k fs[lts?kdf nx nxpsf ef}uf]lns ;'Gb/ If]q ;+/If0f / k fs[lts ;'Gb/tfsf] k jw{g ug'{ kg]{ cfjzostf b]lvg5. Tof] If]q jg:klt tyf jgohgt' ljljwtf klg w]/} wgl / dxtjk"0f{ /x]sf] s'/f Ps ;xefuln] atfpg' eof]. 21

pqm # kf]v/l wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Ddfg ;s]/ wfdl, emffqmlx?nfo{ v'jfp/ cuf8l lx8\g] sfd nuftf/ eof]. psfnf] cf]/fnf] eghofª x'fb} ;Nnfsf] 3f/LnfO{ TofuL gfªuf] r fg] kxf8sf] e]bdf /ftsf] af; a:g uoof]. hddf Pp6f uf]7 Knf:6Lsn] 5fPsf] /x]5. kfgl k/]sf] x'gfn] a:g gx'g] lxnf] / lr;f] uf]7df sf]rn drn u/l a:g] sfd eof]. lr;f] 7fpFsf] lk/f] w'jf, af}nfx kf]v/l /Iff u/, e'n ep, untl ep, Ifdf u/ egg] efjgf dgdf /fvl /ft s6fpg] sfd eof]. Pp6f s'gfdf wfdl, emffqml, sgof s]6l, b]jtfyfg, lbof], snz /fvg] sfd eof]. Tolx 5]pdf a;l wfdl emffqmln] b]jtfx?nfo{ af]nfpg], ;Demfpg] sfd eof]. /fte/ hfu d a;]/ ld/ld/] ljxfg p7]/ ;w+} em+} lr;f] kfgldf d'v ;kmf u/]/ wfdl, emffqmlx?n] 9\ofªu f] ahfpb} lbof]df t]n ykl lkt[ b]j b]jtf, To; kxf8 jl/k/l epsf] b]j b]jl, e"t k ]t, hn b]p -l;d]_ ;Dks{df cfpg] hlt ;a}nfo{ af]nfp/ ;Ddfg ug]{ an dfug] sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ /x]5. To;} u/l cgo ;xefulx? e]nf eo{ af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo, ;'gsf] k'dkf rffblsf] k'dkf lnp/ cfof} Û sgof s]6lnfo{ cuf8l nufo{ cfo' dfug, j/ dfug xfdl cfof}+ Û goff cgg, kmn lnp/ k'vf{sf] x+; e]6\g cfof}+ Û af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û ;] af]daf] ;} ;} ;}. kfgln]? b} ;fgf gfglx? lnp/ cfof} af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û b'mv la;fpg cfof} Û zflgt dfug cfof} Û 5f]/f 5}g, 5f]/L 5}g 5f]/f dfug cfof} Û ;Gtfg dfug cfof} Û af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û ;] af]daf] ;} ;} ;} Û ;'gsf] k'dkf, rffblsf] k'dkf lnp/ cfof}, sgof s]6lnfo{ cuf8l nufo{ xfdl cfof}, noftds / efjgftds?kdf JoSt ul/psf] ;f+:s[lts ult ;+u} emffqmlx?n] 9\ofªu f] ahfpb} kmgsf] dfb} { b]j b]jtfx?nfo{ kmnfsb} af6f] nfug] ;+s]t ug'{ x'g] /x]5. ;]tf hfdf, ;]t} km]6f, s'd / sdd/df nufo{psf]?b fifsf] dfnf, 3G6L, em\ofsl -;fgf] 306L_ wfld{s dxtj epsf] r/fx?sf] ;jf{ë -6fpsf] jf k'/f z/l/_ n] l;+uf/lpsf] wfdl, emffqml -af]daf]_ Ps xftdf 9\ofªu f] / csf]{ xftdf uhf lnp/ ahfpb} b]j b]jtf;+u s'/f ug'{ kg]{ /x]5. wfld{s ofqfdf lx8]sf] ofq'x?sf] cfo', ;ftf] x]g'{ kg]{, af}nfx kf]v/l;+u ;Dks{ ug'{ kg]{ /x]5. cgo wfdl, emffqmln] jf s'g} hgjf/n] -cgo wfdl, emffqml_ g/fd f] ljrf/ u/l jf0f k7fpg] x' Fbf ol ;a}sf] Vofn /fvg' kg]{ x'g5 egg' x'g5 ls pglx?s} cg'dltaf6 ;Gt'i6 x'g' kg]{ x'g5 22

æxfdl lx8\g' egbf cuf8l xfd f] Pl/of afwg' kg]{ x'g5. To;f] ug'{ kbf{ xfdl ;a} b]j b]jtf, ;a} b]j b]jtf xfd f] rf/}lt/ -jl/kl/_ /x]sf] x' Fbf s;}n] g/fd f] ljrf/n] jf0f k7fp klg vj/ lbg] x'g5g\. xfdl wfdl, emffqmln] ;a} b]j b]jtfx?s} cf1f cg';f/ lx8\g' kb{5. b]jl, l;d], e'd], lktftdf / af}nfx kf]v/lnfo{ ;xof]u dfug] wfld{s k/dk/f 5. To;/L Æ æ Æ To;kl5 kªtl kªtl eo{ ult ufpfb} 9]ªu f] ahfpb} af}nfx kf]v/l hfg] qmd cl3 a9\of]. dfovfafsf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ ;a}hgf lx8\g] tof/ eo;s]sf] cj:yf lyof], emffqmln] ;a}nfo{ ;Demfpb} egg'eof] b]p yfg egbf cuf8l sf]xl klg guo{ lbg' xf]nf. jf0f nfug ;S5. cfkm}n] ljrf/ k' ofpg' xf]nf. nueu b'o{ 306f hlt psfnf] lxf8] kl5 ef}uf]lns, k fs[lts ;'Gb/, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts dxtjsf] af}nfx kf]v/l prr lxdfnl If]q kj{tsf] yf]/} tn jl/kl/ s8f r fgsf] cf8df ndtgg ;'lt/x]sf] cj:yfdf emnss b]lvof]. gfªuf] kj{tsf] sfvdf /x]sf] af}nfx kf]v/l k fom h;f] afsnf] afbnn] 5f]kL/xg] xf'bf] /x]5. ;d'b ;tx b]lv of] kf]v/l $,$)) dl6/ prfo{sf] xf/fxf/ldf kb{5. #)) dl6/ ndafo{ / @)) dl6/ rf}8fo{ epsf] af}nfx kf]v/l lgss} ulx/f] epsf] cg'dfg /x]sf] kfog5. dgsfdgf dfo{n] OR5fPsf] s'/f k'/f x'g] ls+dabgtl em} af}nfx kf]v/ln] lrtfpsf] dgf]sf+iff k'/f ul/lbg] ljzjf; /x]5. ;dfhdf k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv rln cfpsf] rng dfgl NofPsf] k/dk/fn] ubf{ klg xf]nf k/}af6 xif{n] ljjf]w x' Fb} ufopsf] noftds ult, tfn ldnfo{ ahfopsf 9\ofªu f], hfdfsf] km]/f] 3'dfpb} wfdl emffqml gfr]sf] b[zo aofg ug{ g} ufx f] 5. af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ ;'gsf] k'dkf lno{ cfok'uof} Û rffblsf] k'dkf lnp/ cfof} Û sgof s]6l lnp/ cfof} Û /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ gfgl lnp/ cfo{k'uof}+, ;] af]daf] ;} ;} ;} af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û egb} kf]v/l tkm{ kms]{/ efjk"0f{ :j/df ufopsf] ultn] dgsf] leql efudf 5'g] /x]5. pst b[zon] ;ffrr} ;d'bfox?;+u To; If]q 5' fpg g} g;lsg] ;DaGw b]vfpf5. 23

cgo If]qaf6 cfok'u]sf wfdl, emffqmlx?;+u e]6 x'fbf Ps cfk;df lrgfhfgl ug]{ k/dk/f /x]5. af}nfx kf]v/ls} l8ndf hdsf e]6 epsf tfdfª wfdl, emffqml;+u 9\ofªu f] ahfpb} cf cfˆgf] wfdl, emffqml af]nln] s'/fsfgl ub}{ x'g'x'g5, yfdl wfdl, emffqmlx?. lrgfhfgl s} qmddf ;u'g /fvl b'a} tkm{sf] b]j b]jtf af]nfpg] k rng /x]5. /fd /L hfgg]sf] tkm{af6 cflzif lng] / ;]jf 9f]s ug'{ kg]{ wfld{s dfgotf /x]5. tfdfë wfdln] ljlegg /ªuL lj/ªul r/fsf] KjfFvn] ;hfpsf] km]6f cf]8\g' epsf] yfdl wfdl emffqmlaf6 pxffsf] ;d'xn] cflzif lno /fvg' epsf] 5. ptf yfdl wfdl, emffqmln] 9\ofªu f] ahfo{ cflzif lb+b} x'g'x'g5. pk/f]qm ;+:sf/n] wfdl, emffqml ldqtfsf] k/dk/f klg af}nfx kf]v/l l;d;f/ If]q;+u ulx/f] ;DaGw epsf] tyo af]w u/fp5. Ps cfk;df epsf] ldqjt Jojxf/ kl5 yfdl wfdl, emffqml Ps} ;fy kf]v/lsf] lgsf; tkm{ cuf8l a9\of]. 3/af6 goff cggsf]?kdf NofPsf] ds}sf] h'qf] kmnkm"n h:t}m sffqmf], gf;klt nufotsf cggkft, af}nfx kf]v/lsf] alrdf kg]{ u/l ˆofSg] wfld{s k/dk/f /x]5. Aff}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ ;'gsf] k'dkf lnp/ cfof}+. rffblsf] k'dkf lnp/ cfof} egb} ;fd'lxs ult ufpfb} wfdl emffqml 9\ofªu f] ahfpb} b]j b]jtfx?nfo{ af]nfpb} af}nfx kf]v/lsf] lgsf; leq k:g] wfld{s k/dk/f /x]5. kfgldf 8'a]/ w]/} ;do;dd an dfug] j/bfg dfug], lj/fdlx?sf] cfo', ;ftf] dflulbg], wg dfug], ;Dklt dfug], ;Gtfg dfug] rng /x]5. b'mv si6 ep zflgt xf];\ egl dfug, cfkm'n] ;fn e/l v]tl u/l pahfpsf] cgg kft kmnkm'n cflb lng'xf];\ egl egg] ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s dfgotf /x]5. lgsf;sf] k'hf ;s] kl5 kf]v/lsf] kl/qmdf ug'{ kg]{ /x]5. 9\ofªu f] ahfpb} lxdfn kj{t, 9'+uf, cf]8f/ df a:g] b]j b]jtf egb} ;a}nfo{ as;fpb} wfdl, emffqml gfrb} kf]v/l 3'Dg' kg]{ /x]5. kf]v/ldf k ToIf ;k{ -gfu_ b]lvg5 egb} lx8\b} x'g'x'gyof] Ps yfdl lrof Jofkf/L. csf{ Ps bz{gfyl{n] æd}n] b]v]æ kf]v/ln] bz{g lbg'ef] egl b'j} xft hf]8l ljgtl ub}{ x'g'x'gyof]. kf]v/l 3'Dg] qmddf lx8\b} hfbf Ps 5]pdf kfgl leq e'd/l v]ng] /x]5. ;fgf] 9'+ufsf] sfkleq aflx/ xf'b} km/ km/ afn'jf e'd/l kg]{ x/fpg], cgt 3'Dg] e]l6g], km]/l pqg] b[zo b]v]kl5 w'k r8fo{ cufl8 a9\g] sfo{ eof]. o;nfo{ kfgl pldnpsf] / kf]v/ln] u/]sf] Jojxf/ egl ljzjf; ug]{ rng /x]5. af}nfx kf]v/lsf] Ps 5]pdf le/fnf] k/]/ ;'t]sf] lrknf] lznf ep/ hfg' kg]{ Ps af6f] 5. ToxfFaf6 lrknof] eg] affrg / arfpg ;lsg] 24

pkfo 5}g lsg sl To; lznfsf] km]bdf kf]v/lsf] ulx/f] efu k5{. s]lx jif{ klxnf Ps hgf bz{gfyl{sf] d[to' To;} lznfaf6 lrkn]/ eof] egb} Ps yfdl a'9\of}nln] atfpg' eof]. pst lznfsf] csf]{ 5]pdf wg dfug], kz' dfug], wfdl ptfg]{, an j/bfg dfug] k'hf ug]{ 7fpF /x]5. k6'sf, ku/l cyjf 8f]/Ln] 9'+uf affw]/ xf]==xf]==xf== egb} tfgg' kg]{ hg ljzjf; /x]5. cfˆg} nflu cfkm'n] 9'+uf afw]/ To;f] ug'{kg]{ / wfdl emffqmln] kmnfsg' kg]{, an, wg, j/bfg, kz' cflb dflu lbg' kg]{ wfld{s k/dk/f /x]5. kmf]6f]df epsf] lgh yfdl wfdl an, j/bfg dfug af}nfx kf]v/l cfpg' epsf] /x]5. pxffnfo{ j/bfg, an dflulbgsf] nflu emffqml lnp/ cfpg' epsf] /x]5. klzrd tkm{ kms]{/ dha't tl/sfn] a;]sf] af}nfx kf]v/lsf] csf] { s'gfdf 7"nf] cunf] lznf prr :yfgdf a;]sf] 5. To; lznfnfo{ yfdl efiffdf b]jf elgbf]/x]5. yfdl wfdl emffqmln] pqm lznfnfo{ dxtjsf ;fy dfgdlgtf] u/l k'hf ug'{ kg]{ k'/fgf] jf wfdl, emffqml k/dk/f epsf] b]lvof]. b]jfdf sgof s]6lnfo{ snz af]sgnufo{ w]/} ;do;dd k'hf cfhf ug]{ k yf /x]5. To;} 7fpFdf ;a}hgfsf] cfo' x]g]{, ;ftf] x]g]{, lj/fdl ep zfgtl ug{, lkt[x?sf] cftdfx? ep af]nfpg] h:tf wfld{s sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ /x]5. of] sfo{ ;lsp kl5 af}nfx kf]v/ldf ul/g] sfo{ ;slpsf] x'g] /x]5. To; kl5 k'vf{ emffqmlsf] Rofg -sk'/_ epsf] s]xl k/ af}nfx kf]v/lsf] lgsf;sf] 5]pdf ;u'g /fv]/ wfdl, emffqml a:g] sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ k/dk/f /x]5. ToxfF k/fk"j{ sfndf d/]sf] k'vf{ wfdlsf] cftdnfo{ ;Ddfg u/]kl5 vfhf vfg] Joj:yf eof]. af}nfx kf]v/lsf] lgsf; lsgf/df dfovfjf yfdln] cfhb]lv d r'/f]6 vfgg egl k lt1f ug'{eof]. To;} ;dodf wgaxfb'/ g]kfnl cfpg' eo{ s;/l cfhegbf s]lx jif{ cl3 af}nfx kf]v/l cfo{ ;gfo{ ahfp/ ;Gtfg dfug' epsf] clego ug'{ eof]. o;/l g} ;gfo{ ahfo{ af}nfx kf]v/l;+u ;Gtfg kfpg] rfxgf efjk'0f{ JoSt u/]sf] lyp. kl5 5f]/f hlgdof]. af}nfx kf]v/l ;fift eujfg x'g'x'g5 pxffn] egg'eof]. :jf:yosf] nflu xfgl ug] { kbfy{af6 d'st x'gsf] nflu xf];\, ljgtl la;fpsf] s'/f ;'gl lbg], xf/ u'xf/ dfu] k/]sf] lk8f b'mv, zflgt x'g], lrtfpsf] s'/f k'/f ul/lbg] hg ljzjf;sf] nflu wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts dxtjsf] af}nfx kf]v/lnfo{ ;]jf 9f]s u/l prr lxdfnl uf]/]6f] r9\g] sfo{ hf/l /flvof]. ;'Gb/ prr lxdfnl jgohgt' / jg:klt k hftl ljljwtfsf] cjnf]sg ub} { b]p 9' +uf tkm{ bz{gfyl{x?sf] ofqf cl3 a9\of]. kxf8, kfvf, kv]/f, el/ h:tf ef}uf]lns If]qdf 9]ªu f] ahfpb} wfdl, emffqml gfrb} ;'l/nf] :j/df ult ufpfb} cl3 a9]sf ofq' ltaatsf s]lx efu xf'b} kms{g' kg] { /x]5. 25

26 ;'gsf] k'dkf lhtfo{ Nofof}+, rfflbsf] k'dkf lhtfo{ Nofof}. sgof s]6lnfo{ lhtfo{ Nofof}+. af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û egl ult ufpfb} kms{g' kg]{ k/dk/f /x]5. prr lxdfnl e]udf kflnpsf] e]8f kfng Joj;fo b]vfopsf] 5. /f8l kfvl tof/ ug{sf] nflu cfjzos kg]{ pmgsf] ptkfbg o;} e]8faf6 pknaw ul/g5. pmg afx]s b'w / l3psf] nflu klg e]8f kfng prr lxdfnl dxtjk"0f{ x'g] ub{5 elg Ps yfdl a[4n] egg'eof]. 7fpF 7fpFdf la;fpb} ofqf cl3 a9\b} uof]. l;d l;d k/]sf] kfgl;u} emkss ;ffem epsf]n] cf]8f/ -u'kmf_ sxff kfog5 ls egl gfª\uf] kxf8 lt/ af6f] 5f8]/ otfptl x]g]{ qmddf ;fgf] ;fgf] @ j6f cf]8f/ kfoof]. 9'+ufsf] sfkdf, 9'+uf dfly ;'Tg] sfd eof]. sf]lx stf a;]. bf]; f] lbg ;a]/} p7]/ af6f] k}nfpg] sfd eof] / ofqf km]/l b]p 9'+uf tkm{ nlift xf'b} cl3 a9\of]. b]p9'+uf hfg] qmddf wfld{s dfgotfsf ;fy agfopsf dfg]x?sf] 5]pdf cfo{ wfdl emffqmlx? gfrg], jl/kl/ /x]sf b]p b]jtfx?nfo{ an dfug' kg]{ xf'bf] /x]5. af}nfx kf]v/laf6 dfulnofpsf] j/ j/bfg, ;Dklt, wgsf] nidl -;x_ nfo{ ;xof]u k'ug] u/l an dfug' kg]{ /x]5. /f8l ljr5\ofo{ wfdl, emffqmlnfo{ ;u'g /fvl lbg'kg]{ rng kfoof]. no ldnfp/ af}nfx kf]v/lsf] ult ;d'xut?kdf ufpg] qmd hf/l /x]sf] kfoof]. To;/L wfdl, emffqmlnfo{ cg'/f]w ug'{x'bf] /x]5. u x bzf x]g]{qmddf 9\ofªu f]df /flvpsf] ciftf cfˆgf] u'? nfo{ b]vfpb} x'g'x'g5 wfdl. h;n] ciftf /fv]sf] xf] p;n] cfˆgf] wfld{s gfd -;d]t_ pd]/ atfpkl5, /flvpsf] ciftfåf/f s] s:tf] u x, bzf / efuo cyjf 36]sf] 36\gf x'g ;Sg] s'/fx? wfdl, emffqmlx?n] cfˆgf] u'? -b]jtf_ ;+u ;f]wl atfolbg] ug'{ xf'bf]/x]5. u x bzf g/fd f] b]lvpdf s] wfld{s sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 egl atfo{lbg] klg ug'{ xfbf] /x]5.

af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{sf] ;Demgf ub} { o'jf o'jtlx? k fs[lts ;f}gbo{n] k'0f{ v'nnf rf}/df gfrb} /dfo/x]sf] b[zon] af}nfx kf]v/lsf] ;f+:s[lts dxtj b]lvg5. prr lxdfnl If]qdf hffbf nfug] n]s / psfnf] cf]/fnf] lx+8fo{n] ylst epsf] gfgl sfvdf lnp/ ;"Gb/ k fs[lts b[zo lgofnb} yfdl dlxnf ple/xg' epsf] lyof]. ;fgf] gfgl sfqmfdf af]s]/ af}nfx kf]v/l hfg] k/dk/f /x]5. Ps cfk;df enfs';f/l ul//xg' epsf dlxnfx?. dfg] eghofªaf6 ;u'g vfo;s]kl5 b]p 9'+uf emg]{ qmd hf/l /Xof]. 3'dfp/f] af6f] t/ k fs[lts ;'Gb/tfn] el/k'0f{ b]p 9'+Uff If]q. jg:klt ljljwtf, jgohgt', lxdfnl e]udf kfog] kiflx?sf] af;:yfg /x]sf] pst If]q h}ljs ljljwtfsf] nflu clt dxtjsf] If]q /x]5. 3'dfp/f] af6f] x'fb} wfdl, emffqmlx? gfrb} ufpfb} b]p 9'+uf emg]{ /x]5. cg'kd ef}uf]lns If]qdf cjl:yt b]p 9'+uf wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts dxtj dffglbf] /x]5. Pdgsf] 9'+uf kxf8sf] l8ndf cl8p/ a;]sf] 5. dfovfjf yfdl pqm 9'+uf tkm{ kms]{/ egg'x'g5 27

æxfn;dd o;sf] ptkltsf] af/]df s;}nfo{ klg yfxf 5}g. xfdl ;fg} 5Fbf klg o:t} lyof]. crdd nfubf] cj:yfdf cl8p/ a;]sf] 5 of] b]p9'+uf. clnslt xlnng] xf] eg] x'q x'lqp/ kn6g ;Sg] b]lvg5 t/ cfh;dd ;Ton] ubf{ xf]nf h:tfsf] To:t} 5. xfdl yfdl wfdl, emffqml ;+:s[ltdf a8f] dxtj /fvg] o; b]p9'+uf af}nfx kf]v/l k'u]/ cfpg} kb{5. af}nfx kf]v/l ÆuP/ dful NofPsf] ;Dk"0f{ s'/f yfdl, emffqmlx?n] oxff cfp/ as;fpg] sfd ug'{kg]{ x'g5. æ oxff gcfo{ af}nfx kf]v/l uo{ u/]sf] wfld{s sfo{ k"/f gx'g] ljzjf; 5. wfdl, emffqmlx? oxff cfp/ cfkm'n] af}nfx kf]v/ldf uo{ u/]sf] sfd ;kmn xf];\ egl an dfug] k/dk/f /x]sf] s'/f dfovfjf s}n] yfdl atfpg'x'g5. To;} u/l wfdl, emffqml ljbfsf] nflu an j/bfg dfug] ug'{x'g5 o; b]p9'+uf cfp/. klxnfsf] s'/f ;Demb} s}n] yfdl egg'x'g5 klxnf o;}af6f] ep/ ef]6 uo{ g'g af]s]/ cfpg] rng lyof]. el/ofx?n] To;} ;dodf o; b]p9'+ufdf epsf] cf]8f/df l98f] ksfp/ vfp5 /]. vfo;s]kl5 ;kmf gu/l ;'t]5 /]. ;'t]s} ;dodf lg:sg] b'nf] 7"nf] 9'+ufsf] 9f]sf ToxfF epsf b]jtfx?n] nufo lbp5 /]. To;/L l98f] vfp/ ;'t]sf el/ofx? ToxL y'lgp/ d/]5 /]. To;kl5 cem;dd klg pst 9f]sf v'n]sf] 5}g.pgLx?sf] cftd o;} jl/kl/ /x]sf]n] wfdl emffqmln] pglx?nfo{ cfo{ ;Demfpg],;Ddfg ug]{ k/dk/f /x]sf] 5. esthgx?n] pst b]p9'+ufsf] leqfdf s;n] dflynnf] efu;dd l3p k' ofpg ;Sg] egl gf}gl l3p k\mofsg] k/dk/f /x]5. af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ uo{ ylst x'g epsf yfdl dlxnf ltyf{n' b]p9'+ufsf] /d0flo k fs[lts tyf ef}uf]lns cj:yf;fu cfˆgf] efjgf ;f6\b} x'g'x'g5. af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ /Iff u/ Û Ifdf u/ Û egb} :j/df :j/ ldnfpg' x'g] wfld{s ltyf{n' pxffx? n's'gl -kfvl_ k}/gdf x'g'x'g5. b]p 9'+ufdf ;ftf], cfo', jn dfug' kg]{ ep dfug] rng /x]5. b]p9'+ufsf] k"hf ;s]kl5 vfhf vfg] k/dk/f /x]5. Æ 28

s] o'jf, s] tgg]/l a'9f a'9l ;a}hgf pt;fx pdfusf ;fy af}nfx kf]v/l wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ofqf hfg], cfpg] k/dk/f k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv g} rn]sf] rng /x]5. wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf k/dk/fn] dxtjk'0f{ dflgpsf] b]p9'+ufsf] k'hf ;s]kl5, wfdl, emffqmlx? lju' xf'b} cfndk' cfok'ug] Wo]on] cl3 a9\of]. af6f]df /x]sf ;Ld;f/x?;+u ;DjlGwt vf]nf em/gf cflbdf a:b} wfdl, emffqml k'hf ub}{ 9\ofªu f] ahfpb} ult ufpfb} lju' cfok'uof]. emg]{ qmddf cfkmgtx?n] /fv]sf] ;u'g lnb} wfdl, emffqmlx? ;u'g vfo{ ;s]kl5 af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ k'ul cfof} egg] ult ufpfb} ;u'g /fvg] kl/jf/nfo{ cflzjf{b lbg' kg]{ rng k/dk/f /x]5. af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ cfo{k'uof} Û ;'gsf] k'dkf lhtfo{ Nofof} Û rfflbsf] k'dkf lhtfo{ Nofof} Û sgof s]6lnfo{ lhtfo{ Nofof} ;] af]daf] ;} ;} ;} egb} cfˆgf] lkt[ b]j b]jtfnfo{ af]nfpb} lkt[ 3/ cfok'u] kl5 cffugdf lj5\ofpsf /f9ldf a:b} wfdl, emffqmln] 3/df epsf lkt[x?nfo{ as;fpg' kg]{ wfld{s k/dk/f /x]sf] kfoof]. efjgftds?kdf ufopsf] pqm af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ k'lu cfof} egg] k/dk/fn] lkt[ cftdx?sf] ulx/f] ;DaGw epsf] b]vfp5. cffugdf /flvpsf] ;u'g vfpkl5 sgof s]6ln] lnpsf] -af]s]sf]_ snz -k'dkf_ b]jtf yfg lbof], 9\ofªu f] lno{ emffqml, wfdln] kmnfsb} gfrb}, 3'Db} ult ufpfb} leqfpg' kg]{ rng dfld{s lyof]. 3/ leq r'nf] / 5]pdf /flvpsf] b]ptf yfgdf ;a} snz lbof] /fvl wfdl, emffqmln] ;Dk'0f{ ;Demfpg', atfpg' kg]{ sfo{ yfngl ug'{ kg]{ k/dk/f /x]5. ;a} a[tfgt ;s]kl5 To;lbgsf] sfd ;lsg] /x]5. csf]{ lbg ljxfg} b]lv wfdl, emffqml a;l ;a} b]j b]jtf, s'n b]jtfnfo{ egl s'v'/fsf] kf]ylsf] anl r9fpg] wfld{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{s dfgotf /x]5. pst s'v'/fsf] sn]hf] / c08fsf] k ;fb agfo{ hf] h:sf] ;ftf] cfp5 pglx?nfo{ af]nfp/ emffqmln] cflzjf{b ;Fu} pqm ks'jf vfg lbg' x'fbf] /x]5. emffqml uug axfb'/ yfdl -u'?_ Ho"n] wfld{s k/dk/f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cwoog ug{ cfpsf] egl dnfo{ klg cflzjf{b / kfs'jf k ;fb lbg'eof]. k'hf ;s]kl5 ;a} 9f]n], emffqml, el/of cfkmgtx?nfo{ vfg lkg u/fpg' kg]{ k/dk/f /x]5. k'hf ;s]kl5 d'n 3/ cyjf h:sf] 3/af6 af}nfx kf]v/l hfg] sfo{ epsf] 5 k'hfdf sf];]nl lnp/ cfpg] 29

h}ljs ljljwtf / ;+/If0f M k fs[lts ef}uf]lns tyf wfld{s k/dk/fn] k"0f{ dflgpsf] bf]nvf lhnnf h}ljs ljljwtfn] klg wgl dfglpsf] lhnnf dwo] Ps kg{ cfpf5. pi0f ;bfjxf/ xfjf kfgldf x'g] jg:klt tyf jgohgt' b]lv zlt d?:ynlo kof{j/0fdf kfog] h}ljs ljljwtf o; lhnnfsf] k fs[lts ;Dkbf x'g\. cfkmgtx?nfo{ pglx?n] Nofpg'ePsf] lzlzdf /S;L / Pp6f ds}sf] 3f]uf cggsf] æ;xæ / k ;fbsf]?kdf lbg' kg]{, gcfp af]nfp/ ep klg lbg' kg]{ ;fdflhs k/dk/f /x]5. o;/l af}nfx kf]v/l uo{ k'/f ul/psf] efsn, dfulnofpsf] cggsf] ;x, j/ j/bfg b]p 9'+ufdf cfo{ dflu NofPsf] ;x ;a}nfo{ aff8\g] ;fdflhs k/dk/fn] pglx?sf] Ps cfk;df /x]sf] ulx/f] ;DaGw b]vfpfb5. o:tf] wfld{s ;+:sf/, ;dfhsf] ;befj, dfgotf, ef}uf]lns, h}ljs ;DaGw ;a} s'/f af}nfx kf]v/l;fu /x]sf] b]vfpfb5. ljgf af}nfx kf]v/l ;fdfhsf x/]s s'/f ck'/f] / cw'/f] /xg] kssf pglx?sf] egfo / efjgftds Jojxf/n] b]vfpf5. gª / df;'sf] ;DaGw epsf] l;d;f/ af}nfx kf]v/l / yfdl -yfªdl_ ;dfh k/dk/fut wd{sf] wgl 5 egg' /fd f] x'g5. n]sfnl t[i0fe'ld b]lv %,))) dl6/ egbf dfly prfo;dd km}lnpsf] cfndk' uf=lj=;= ctogt} lr;f] x'g] / 7f8f] r fgl el/x?df x'g] sfo{, em\of+fp, af:gfbf/ jg:klt ljljwtf b]lv sf]0f wf/]], af6'nf] x'g] vfnsf] jg:klt klg kfog5. o; uf=lj=;= df lrnfpg] 3f/L, s6';] h+un, ;Nnf3f/L cg]s k sf/sf u'/ff; / To:tf h+undf kfog] jgohgt', hl8a'6l, vf]nf, vf]n;ldf kfog] peor/, gjr/, hnr/ cflb To; uf=lj=; sf] h}ljs ljljwtf x'g\. cfndk' uf=lj=;= ; f]t gs;fdf /]vfªsg u/] cg';f/ pq/l If]qdf km}lnpsf] k fs[lts h+un h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6n] dxtjk'0f{ b]lvg5. cwoog ofqfsf] qmddf kfopsf ljlegg hftsf Rofpx? / nx nx k/]/ km'n]sf] h8la'6l cflbn] h}ljs ljljwtf / ;+/If0fsf] dxtj b]vfp5. # kf]v/l jl/kl/ kfog] u'/ff;sf] k hftl, ToxfF jl/kl/ kfog] ;'gfv/l, h+unl km'n / To; If]qdf cfl>t ep/ /x]sf] jgohgt' cflbsf] cwoog / ;+/If0f ug'{ cfjzos b]lvg5. To;} u/l af}nfx kf]v/l jl/kl/ kfpg] ax'd'no h8la'6l b]vfpb} s}n] yfdl egg'x'g5. ToxfF g} kfopsf] lxdfnl Rofp. 30

dfovfjf s}n] yfdl egg' x'g5 æo:tf] h8la'6l y'k } kfog5 egg'eof]. cfhegbf ^ & jif{ cl3;dd t ;]tf] kfgl xff; o; af}nfx kf]v/ldf v]nl /x]sf] b]lvgyof]. o; af}nfx kf]v/l / # kf]v/l jl/kl/ lzsf/ v]ng, sf6df/ ug{ jf anl r9fpg gx'g] wfld{s rng 5. b]p9'+uf jl/kl/ b]lvpsf hl8a'6l pqm :yfgdf jl/kl/ ljljw k hftl epsf jg:klt kfvf kv]/f kfog5. b]p9'+uf jl/kl/ klg lzsf/ v]ng, anl r9fpg gx'g] s'/f dfo{vfjf s}n] yfdln] atfpg' eof]. xfp 3/sf] 5]p 5fp kfgl eo/xg] If]qx?df?v /f]kl b]jl:yfg agfpg] yfdl ;d'bfosf] wfld{s k/dk/fn] ;+/If0fdf of]ubfg k' ofpsf] kfog5. ;fd'lxs 5nkmn s} qmddf ;xefulx?n] atfp cg';f/ To; If]qdf s:t'/ d[u, efn', r/l, af3, lrt'jf, AjfF;f], v/fof], sfnlh, do"/, 8fFkm], d'gfn, nf6f]sf]z]/f], x'rln kfog5. To;} u/l ufpf3/ glhs e} au]sf] vf]nfdf ld7f] df5f / kfxfsf k hftlx? klg kfog5 egg' eof]. 31

af}nfx kf]v/l;+u ;DalGwt wd{, ;+:s[lt / ;+/If0f af/] yfdl efiffdf ufo{psf] ult ælgsf] b]z]sf] cfkf cfdf. t]t] d'dl x'a'j'. gf;fogf]sf lbuf]/]. af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfosf] sf/l. ufosf] gfd] ;/g / s}n] yfdl cfndk' %, dfbn] 6f]n, bf]nvf. af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{, ;Tosf] b]jf xfb'ªf, b]z]dlsf] ljzjf; ;Tosf] b]jf yfgf lb, sf b]z]sf] ld kfnl sfo, cf6f of]ªb' h]bj] lrufkt] lkof], lbgifl{sf] lbe]/f], lrhofªfb' vfda] 32

lrufkt] lkof, gfªb]jf sf]o ;]jf ;]u] {d, lbg lbg} k'uf/ nf]ªg'b' 5f], k'0f] {P rnfob' sfhfqf] af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{ af:sfot] xf]b' tf]b]jf, gfªb]jf ;frl Ëf]tfgfn] 5]df nf]ª;] k/d]zj/ /Iff nf]ël;] k/d]zj/ tf]ªsf] b]jf bfgfo bljtl jl xf]b' ;]sl cfsl{ df]ljgal xf]b' s:t'/l dfo 5]df nf]ªtf]n] Ælrdf]t] gfxf] jg e/l jif{ lbgsf] lbkm]/ lgjflªb' a]/]ëj] af}nfx kf]v/l s'08nl dfo{. 33

34