Hygrophoraceae
Hygrophoraceae -basidia in most cases more than 5 times as long as width - waxy thick gills -white smooth spores
Hygrophoraceae Hygrophorus - Medium to large-sized tricholomatoid with decurrent gills, trama divergent, with often slimy veil, ectomycorrhizal Hygrocybe - medium to small-sized mycenoid, trama regular to irregular, saprotroph, often bright coloured Camarophyllus - medium-sized omphaloid, trama regular, saprotroph, subdued colors
Hygrophorus bakerensis - almond smell Photo from Mykoweb Mike Wood
Hygrophorus hypothejus Photo from Mykoweb Mike Wood
Hygrophorus subalpinus Photo from Mykoweb Mike Wood
Hygrophoraceae Hygrophorus - Medium to large-sized tricholomatoid with decurrent gills, trama divergent, with often slimy veil, ectomycorrhizal Hygrocybe - medium to small-sized mycenoid, trama regular to irregular, saprotroph, often bright coloured Camarophyllus - medium-sized omphaloid, trama regular, saprotroph, subdued colors
Hygrocybe punicea - one of several bright scarlet species Photo from Mykoweb: Mike Wood
Hygrocybe flavescens Photo John Lennie
Hygrocybe singeri - stains black when handled Photo from Mykoweb: Mike Wood
Hygrocybe calyptriformis
Hygrocybe psittacina
Hygrophoraceae Hygrophorus - Medium to large-sized tricholomatoid with decurrent gills, trama divergent, with often slimy veil, ectomycorrhizal Hygrocybe - medium to small-sized mycenoid, trama regular to irregular, saprotroph, often bright coloured Camarophyllus - medium-sized omphaloid, trama regular, saprotroph, subdued colors
Camarophyllus pratensis
Camarophyllus russocoriaceus - smells of cedar Photo from Mykoweb Mike Wood
Russulaceae
Characteristics of the family Russulaceae amyloid ornamented spores "heteromerous" trama (sphaerocysts present) laticifer hyphae (that stain dark with sulphovanilla and form the cystidia) All species are mycorrhizal
Diagram of gill trama of Russula showning sphaerocysts
Sphaerocysts in pileus trama of Lactarius
Sulfovanillia stained cystidia picture from class
Russula Latex absent Sphaerocysts usually present in gill trama and pileus trama Lactarius Latex present Sphaerocysts usually absent in gill trama but present in pileus trama
Tree from Miller et al. 2001showing that Lactarius is derived once or maybe twice within Russula
Russula characters used to separate species Taste Spore color Smell Color Bruising Reaction to Fe salts Spore ornamentation Cuticle structure Lamellae spacing and forking
Russula compactae gr. Large whitish mushrooms Often staining black or red Russula albonigra Russula dissimulans Russula brevipes
Russula emetica gr White spores Hot acric taste Mostly medium to small species Russula cremoricolor Russula fragilis
Foetens group All with distinctive smells Mushroom some shade of brown Russula laurocerasi Russula fragrantissima
Russula xerompelina Stains green with Fe Smells like shrimp
Russula rosea Red cap and red on the stipe, mild taste
Lactarius characters used to separate species taste Color of latex (fresh and changing) Color of mushroom Smell Spore ornamentation Pileopellis structure Lamellae spacing and forking
L. rubrolacteus L deliciosus Photo from Mykoweb Mike Wood
Lactarius xanthogalatus Photo from Mykoweb Mike Wood
Tree from Miller et al. 2001. showing that Lactarius Hypogeous and gasteroid taxa are derived multiple times from within Russula and Lactarius
Steps in the evolution from a mushroom to a false-truffle initial mutation arrests sporocarp development resulting in secotioid or a gasteroid form. Loss of selection for spore discharge follows - resulting in changes in basidia and spore shape Selection for hypogeous fruiting (below ground) Selection for animal dispersal (odors, flavor?)
Macowanites Basically a distorted Russulas
From www.natruffling.org
From www.natruffling.org
From www.natruffling.org
Leucogaster from www.natruffling.org
Members of the order Russulales Polypores: Bondarzewia, Heterobasidion Hydnoid (toothed) fungi: Auriscalpium, Hericium Other gilled fungi: Lentinellus Resupinate genera: Peniophora, Gleocystidiellum
Tree based on 25S rrna gene sequences The order has contains diverse and convergent morphologies Larsson and Larsson 2003 Peniophora (resupinate) Gloeocystidiellum (resupinate) Russula and Lactarius Stereum -polypore-like Auriscalpum (a tooth fungus) Hericium (a tooth fungus) Heterobasidium and Bondarzewia (polypores)
Bondarzewia
Albatrellus flettii a mycorrhizal polypore in the Russulales
Hericium erinaceus - a wood decay fungus in the Russulales
Peniophora and Gloeocystidiellum resupinate wood decay fungi in the Russulales Photos from Fungi of Switzerland vol 2