Lesson 3 - North American Peoples What Makes a Culture Unique?
Early Native American groups of North America adapted to their environments Advanced cultures developed in parts of North America long before the Europeans arrived in the 1500s within what is now known as the United States Adena, Hopewell & Mississippian Located in Central and Eastern Regions of the present day US Hohokam In the Southwest region of the present day US (Arizona) Ancient Puebloans In the Southwest region of the present day US (4 corners of Utah, Colorado, Arizona & New Mexico Built earthen mounds called Earthworks - known as the Mound Builders Experts at maximizing the few sources of water through irrigation channels Built great stone dwellings called pueblos, cliff dwellings and a network of roads
Earthworks (Earthen Mounds) Many different forms of earthen mounds One famous example is in the shape of a serpent and others resemble the pyramids of the Maya and Aztec Some contained chambers and others were topped with temples The Mound builders were grouped into three groups -- Adena, Hopewell and Mississippian
Adena, Hopewell and Mississippian Cultures Adena Hopewell Mississippian Hunter Gatherers who lived in the Ohio River Valley Farmers and traders who built huge burial earthenworks in the shapes of birds, bears and snakes. Within these earthenworks have been discovered freshwater pearls, shells, cloth and copper which show their trade networks extended for hundreds of miles Built the largest known earthenworks complex in present day Illinois. The complex might have had 20,000 or more residents and was surrounded by farms and settlements. This complex, Cahokia, (Monks Mound) became the center of the Mississippian culture. It had a temple at the top
Native Americans Circa 1492 How Did Early Native Americans Adapt to Their Environment? As the Hohokam, Ancient Puebolan and Adena, Hopewell and Mississippian civilizations faded away, other Native American cultures arose to take their place Inuits settled in the frigid lands near the Arctic Ocean - they may have been the last migrants to come across the land bridge from Asia to North America
Inuits Built igloos which were low lying structures of snow blocks to protect them from the severe weather Inuits were skilled hunters and fishers They hunted whales, seals and walruses in small boats called kayaks On land they hunted caribous which are large deerlike animals They made warm, waterproof clothing from caribou skins ans seal skins and burned seal oil in lamps
Western Peoples Tlingit Haida Chinook Tlingit, Haida and Chinook tribes lived on the northwestern coast of North America in what is now Canada, Alaska, Washington and Oregon They depended on the forest and the sea for food and materials Forests provided wood for homes and canoes as well as tree bark for baskets and clothing The rivers and coastal waters were filled with salmon which they preserved by smoking over fires
Western Peoples Nez Perce Yakima The Nez Perce and Yakima depended on the land, fishing the rivers, hunting deer in forests and gathering roots and berries They lived in earthen houses in plateau region between the Cascade Mountains and the Rocky Mountains
Western Peoples Pomo Ute Shoshone In present day California, Native Americans fished for their food. The Pomo gathered acorns and pounded them into flour - the nomadic groups collected roots and seeds Between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains is the Great Basin region -- the soil there is too hard and rocky for farming The Ute and Shoshone had to travel in search of food The hunted and gathered small animals, pine nuts, juniper berries, roots and insects They made temporary shelters from branches and reeds
Southwestern Peoples These were the descendants of the Ancient Puebloans Hopi Acoma Zuni Farming was center to their cultures -- maize serving has their basic food source Homes built from dried mud bricks called adobe Used irrigation to grow beans, squash, melons, pumpkins and fruit Had a large trade network throughout the Southwest and into Mexico The Apache and Navajo were also in this region and were hunter gatherers - built square houses called hogans
Plains People The people of the Great Plains were nomadic with temporary villages lasting through a growing season or two Women planted maize, squash and beans while the men hunted antelope, deer and buffalo When they moved they would drag their homes (cone-shaped skin tents called tepees) behind them Buffalo was important to them and served many purposes - food, tools, weapons shelter and clothing The Native Americans of the Plains did not start using horses until the 1600s
Eastern People Algonquian Cherokee Iroquois Had formal law codes and formed federations which were agreements among different groups to join together Iroquois lived in present day New York state There were 5 Iroquois groups that oftens were at war with each other In 1500s they established the Great Peace alliance called the Iroquois League and established a Grand Council which was a group of leaders to settle disputes They were organized according to clans which were groups of related families The 5 nations became 6 in 1715 when the Tuscarora joined the league
Southeastern Peoples Creek Cherokee Chickasaw Farming was essential for these groups The Creek lived in loosely knit farming communities in what is now Georgia and Alabama They grew corn, squash, tobacco and other crops The Cherokee farmed in the mountains of what is now Georgia, Tennessee and the Carolinas The Chickasaw spread out across the Southeast, but most of their settlements were in present day Mississippi - they farmed the fertile river bottomlands
Change for Native Americans in the 1500s A new people with vastly different cultures and ways of life would arrive in the Americas -- THE EUROPEANS Their arrival would change the Native Americans world forever
Assignment & Homework Complete the Lesson 3 Review Questions on page 21 (#1-5) Write the Q&As in your binder HW - Vocabulary Builder Activity HW - Quiz Corrections