Famil: Covolvulaceae Taxo: Ipomoea batatas Som: Covolvulus batatas L. [ Ipomoea batatas va Ipomoea apiculata M. Martes & Galeotti [ Commo Name: sweet potato 'Uala kuumara Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: L(Hawai'i) Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 2 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 Prit Date: 11/3/2011 Ipomoea batatas (Covolvulaceae) Page 1 of 8
411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: L(Hawai'i) WRA Score 2 Prit Date: 11/3/2011 Ipomoea batatas (Covolvulaceae) Page 2 of 8
Supportig Data: 101 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 102 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 103 1992. Stoe, C.P./Smith, C.W./Tuiso, J.T. (eds.). Alie Plat Ivasios i Native Ecosstems of Hawai`i: Maagemet ad Research. Cooperative Natioal Park Resources Studies Uit, Uiversit of Hawaii, Maoa, Hoolulu, HI 103 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 201 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 202 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Is the species highl domesticated? Yes] "Earl Hawaiias recogized about 230 cultivars of sweet potatoes, however, all but about 24 have bee lost." [Has the species become aturalized where grow? Yes] "Patropical, but of America origi, widel cultivated; i Hawaii a Polesia itroductio, escapig cultivatio ad persistig ear abadoed homesites ad dumps, probabl o all of the ihabited mai islads, but documeted ol from Kauai, Oahu, ad Hawaii." [Does the species have weed races? No evidece from the Hawaiia Islads, despite a log histor of cultivatio] [Does the species have weed races? Possibl, but o evidece from the Hawaiia Islads] [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] "Patropical, but of America origi, widel cultivated;" [Qualit of climate match data? 2-high] "Patropical, but of America origi, widel cultivated;" 203 1983. Duke, J.A.. Hadbook of Eerg Crops - Ipomoea batatas. [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "Well-adapted to tropical ad subtropical climates, sweet potato will grow successfull over a wide http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/duke_eerg rage of climatic coditios where the average frost-free growig seaso is at /ipomoea_batatas.html least 5 moths. Freedom of frost is ot eough. Das ad ights must be fairl warm." 203 1991. Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiesis Nova - A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophtes Ol). Volume 5. Natioal Tropical Botaical Garde, Lawai, HI 204 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 205 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 301 1988. Webb, C. J./Skes, W.R./Garock-Joes, P.J.. Flora of New Zealad, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophtes, gmosperms, dicotledos. Bota Divisio, DSIR, Christchurch, New Zealad http://floraseries.ladcareresearch.co.z 301 1991. Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiesis Nova - A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophtes Ol). Volume 5. Natioal Tropical Botaical Garde, Lawai, HI 301 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 301 2001. Te, A.. Ivasive plat problems ad requiremets for weed risk assessmet i the Galapagos Islads. Pp. 153-175 i Groves, R.H. et al. (eds.) Weed risk assessmet. Csiro Publishig, Colligwood, Australia [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] " cultivated at elevatios from ear sea level to about 800 m, ad sometimes aturalized (up to 1,050 m.) ear cultivated areas, alog roadsides, ad i thickets alog rivers ad streams " [elevatio distributio ma exceed 1000 m] [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Patropical, but of America origi, widel cultivated;" [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Patropical, but of America origi, widel cultivated;" [Naturalized beod ative rage? Questioabl aturalized i NZ] "A occasioal escape from cultivatio." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] " cultivated at elevatios from ear sea level to about 800 m, ad sometimes aturalized (up to 1,050 m.) ear cultivated areas, alog roadsides, ad i thickets alog rivers ad streams " [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Patropical, but of America origi, widel cultivated; i Hawaii a Polesia itroductio, escapig cultivatio ad persistig ear abadoed home sites ad dumps, probabl o all of the ihabited mai islads, but documeted ol from Kauai, Oahu, ad Hawaii." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Table 3. Naturalized species, which are either log-established ad still rare, or which appear to have itegrated ito the atural ecosstem while causig less obvious damage tha those i Tables 1 ad 2. Some of these ma be damagig aggressives i other parts of the world, ad all require moitorig. Some ma be better placed i Table 2." [Icludes I. batatas] Prit Date: 11/3/2011 Ipomoea batatas (Covolvulaceae) Page 3 of 8
301 2003. Oppeheimer, H.L.. New plat records from Maui ad Hawai i Couties. Bishop Museum Occasioal Papers. 73: 3-30. 302 1965. Neal, M.C. I Gardes of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 302 1992. Stoe, C.P./Smith, C.W./Tuiso, J.T. (eds.). Alie Plat Ivasios i Native Ecosstems of Hawai`i: Maagemet ad Research. Cooperative Natioal Park Resources Studies Uit, Uiversit of Hawaii, Maoa, Hoolulu, HI 302 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 303 1965. Neal, M.C. I Gardes of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 303 1992. Stoe, C.P./Smith, C.W./Tuiso, J.T. (eds.). Alie Plat Ivasios i Native Ecosstems of Hawai`i: Maagemet ad Research. Cooperative Natioal Park Resources Studies Uit, Uiversit of Hawaii, Maoa, Hoolulu, HI 303 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 303 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Ipomoea batatas [Olie Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/ipomoea_batata s/ 304 1992. Stoe, C.P./Smith, C.W./Tuiso, J.T. (eds.). Alie Plat Ivasios i Native Ecosstems of Hawai`i: Maagemet ad Research. Cooperative Natioal Park Resources Studies Uit, Uiversit of Hawaii, Maoa, Hoolulu, HI 304 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 304 2001. Te, A.. Ivasive plat problems ad requiremets for weed risk assessmet i the Galapagos Islads. Pp. 153-175 i Groves, R.H. et al. (eds.) Weed risk assessmet. Csiro Publishig, Colligwood, Australia 305 2003. Weber, E.. Ivasive Plat Species of the World. A Referece Guide to Evirometal Weeds. CABI Publishig, Walligford, UK 401 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Sweet potato escapes cultivatio ad persists ear abadoed homesites ad dumps, probabl o all the mai islads but documeted ol from Kaua i, O ahu, ad Hawai I (Wager et al. 1990: 555). These sites are cosistet with collectios from West Maui. The Alaeloa site was recetl (August 2001) bulldozed durig costructio of a residetial subdivisio. Ipomoea batatas was also oted to occur o Midwa Atoll (Wager et al., 1999: 1873); however, this species was ot icluded i Bruegma (1999: 1 2). Material examied: MAUI: West Maui, Lahaia Dist, Hoolua Stream, ear the itake, 244 m, 23 Jul 1998, Oppeheimer H79806 (BISH); Alaeloa, N of Ka öpala Gulch, 24 m, i dumpsite, 21 Ja 2001, Oppeheimer H10130." [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] "It is said to have bee cultivated i Hawaii sice A.D. 1000, havig arrived with the taro, probabl from Tahiti." [Log histor of cultivatio with o evidece of weed impacts] [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] No evidece from the Hawaiia Islads [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] No evidece from the Hawaiia Islads [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] "It is said to have bee cultivated i Hawaii sice A.D. 1000, havig arrived with the taro, probabl from Tahiti." [Log histor of cultivatio with o evidece of weed impacts] [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece from the Hawaiia Islads [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece i Hawaii [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Potetiall i other regios of the world] [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece from the Hawaiia Islads [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece i Hawaii [Evirometal weed? No] "Table 3. Naturalized species, which are either logestablished ad still rare, or which appear to have itegrated ito the atural ecosstem while causig less obvious damage tha those i Tables 1 ad 2. Some of these ma be damagig aggressives i other parts of the world, ad all require moitorig. Some ma be better placed i Table 2." [Icludes I. batatas] [Cogeeric weed? Yes] "Ipomoea cairica ivasive because its trailig ad climbig stems ca completel smother ative shrubs ad trees, impedig their growth ad prevetig their regeeratio." [Ipomoea aquatica ad I. idica also regarded as ivasive b this book] [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Vies; stems erect, procumbet, or occasioall twiig, ofte rootig at the odes, usuall somewhat succulet but sometimes sleder ad herbaceous, up to 4 m or more log, but ofte shorter i cultivars, glabrous or pubescet, from a tuberous root." Prit Date: 11/3/2011 Ipomoea batatas (Covolvulaceae) Page 4 of 8
402 1991. Harriso, Jr., H.F./Peterso, J.K.. Evidece That Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Is Allelopathic to Yellow Nutsedge (Cperus esculetus). Weed Sciece. 39(2): 308-312. 403 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 404 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 405 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 406 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 407 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 408 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 409 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 409 2011. Plats For A Future Database. Ipomoea batatas. http://www.pfaf.org/user/plat.aspx?latiname=i pomoea+batatas [Allelopathic? Yes] "Abstract. I field studies, 'Regal' sweet potato greatl reduced ellow utsedge growth whe the two species were grow together usig stadard cultural practices. At the ed of the growig seaso, ellow utsedge shoot dr weight per m2 i plots where the two species were plated together was less tha 10% of shoot weight i plots where utsedge was grow aloe. Presece of ellow utsedge did ot markedl affect sweet potato growth. Whe grow together i a greehouse experimet desiged to miimize the competitive effects of sweet potato o ellow utsedge, ellow utsedge growth was reduced more tha 50% b sweet potato 8 ad 12 weeks after platig. The most polar fractio of seriall extracted sweet potato periderm tissue was highl ihibitor to ellow utsedge root growth. These results idicate that sweet potato iterferece with ellow utsedge uder field coditios is partiall due to allelopath." [Parasitic? No] "Vies; stems erect, procumbet, or occasioall twiig, ofte rootig at the odes, usuall somewhat succulet but sometimes sleder ad herbaceous, up to 4 m or more log, but ofte shorter i cultivars, glabrous or pubescet, from a tuberous root." [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] "The vies ad leaves were used as pig food, or if old, as paddig uder floor mats. The tubers also were used as bait for opelu (mackerel scad) or to fatte hogs." [Toxic to aimals? No] "The vies ad leaves were used as pig food, or if old, as paddig uder floor mats. The tubers also were used as bait for opelu (mackerel scad) or to fatte hogs." [No evidece] [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Possibl] "Pests iclude sweet-potato weevils, stem borers, ad spider mites, which ca be cotrolled with applicatios of approved pesticides. Root-kot ematodes ca be troublesome if sweetpotatoes are repeatedl plated i the same plot; pre-treatmet of the soil with a ematicide cotrols them." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] "The sweet potato was of great value to the Hawaiias. The stem tips, oug leaves, ad tubers were eate, or the tuber was mashed, mixed with water, ad fermeted to make a sweet potato beer. Various parts of the plat were used mediciall, ad a lei of the vie, exudig its milk sap, was wor b ursig mothers to isure a good flow of milk." [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] "Vies; stems erect, procumbet, or occasioall twiig, ofte rootig at the odes, usuall somewhat succulet but sometimes sleder ad herbaceous, " [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? No] "Full su ad a regular waterig schedule are recommeded " [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? No] "It caot grow i the shade." 410 1983. Duke, J.A.. Hadbook of Eerg Crops - Ipomoea batatas. [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad)? Yes] "Soils rated good for sweet potatoes iclude moderatel http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/duke_eerg deep, ver friable fie sad loams, sad loams, or loam fie sads. Soils must /ipomoea_batatas.html be well-draied. Subsoils of cla are satisfactor uless the are tight ad stick. Some friable, well-draied loams ad silt loams are highl productive. Excellet soils have surface laers more tha 30 cm i depth, those from 15 30 cm are cosidered good. Slopes should be getle, with little tedec to become eroded. If soils are too deep, tubers grow too deep for harvestig machies. " 411 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 412 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? Yes] "Vies; stems erect, procumbet, or occasioall twiig, " [Forms dese thickets? No] "...i Hawaii a Polesia itroductio, escapig cultivatio ad persistig ear abadoed home sites ad dumps, probabl o all of the ihabited mai islads, but documeted ol from Kauai, Oahu, ad Hawaii." [No evidece i Hawaii] Prit Date: 11/3/2011 Ipomoea batatas (Covolvulaceae) Page 5 of 8
501 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 502 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 503 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 504 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 601 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 602 1988. Webb, C. J./Skes, W.R./Garock-Joes, P.J.. Flora of New Zealad, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophtes, gmosperms, dicotledos. Bota Divisio, DSIR, Christchurch, New Zealad http://floraseries.ladcareresearch.co.z 602 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 603 1957. Tig, Y.C./Kehr, A.E./Miller, J.C.. A Ctological Stud of the Sweet Potato Plat Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam. ad its Related Species. The America Naturalist. 91(858): 197-203. 604 1982. Stuck, J.M./Beckma, R.L.. Polliatio Biolog, Self-Icompatibilit, ad Sterilit i Ipomoea padurata (L.) G. F. W. Meer (Covolvulaceae). America Joural of Bota. 69(6): 1022-1031. 605 1981. Real, L.A.. Nectar Availabilit ad Bee- Foragig o Ipomoea (Covolvulaceae). Biotropica. 13(2): 64-69. 606 2009. Lebot, V.. Tropical root ad tuber crops: cassava, sweet potato, ams ad aroids. CABI, Walligford, UK 607 2009. Lebot, V.. Tropical root ad tuber crops: cassava, sweet potato, ams ad aroids. CABI, Walligford, UK [Aquatic? No] Terrestrial [Grass? No] Covolvulaceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] "Vies; stems erect, procumbet, or occasioall twiig, ofte rootig at the odes, usuall somewhat succulet but sometimes sleder ad herbaceous, up to 4 m or more log, but ofte shorter i cultivars, glabrous or pubescet, from a tuberous root." [Covolvulaceae] [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? Yes] "Vies; stems erect, procumbet, or occasioall twiig, ofte rootig at the odes, usuall somewhat succulet but sometimes sleder ad herbaceous, up to 4 m or more log, but ofte shorter i cultivars, glabrous or pubescet, from a tuberous root." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? Probabl o] "Patropical, but of America origi, widel cultivated;" [Produces viable seed? Apparetl ot i New Zealad] "Capsule ot see Kuumara does ot flower freel i N.Z., but ca be easil recogised b the presece of tubers." [Produces viable seed? Possibl] "Flowers are ot (or ol rarel) produced i some cultivars, ad seed productios i likewise erratic." [Hbridizes aturall? No] "Despite the ma polliatios made i two directios, ol i the cross Ipomoea batatas x I. pes-caprae, did there seem to be a stimulatio of the ovules of the sweet potato plat. Two o viable seeds were harvested from this cross. However, o true iterspecific hbrid F1 plats ivolvig the sweet potato as oe paret were obtaied from a combiatios amog the crosses." [Self-compatible or apomictic? No] "Previous studies of sweet potato, I. batatas (Marti, 1965a, b, 1967; Marti ad Ortiz, 1966), ad other species of Ipomoea (Marti, 1968, 1970; Williams ad Cope, 1967) have demostrated geetic selficompatibilit i the geus. I each istace, the failure of polle germiatio followig self-polliatio was cited as evidece for sporophtic selficompatibilit." [Requires specialist polliators? No] "The relatioship betwee ectar schedulig ad availabilit ad the patters of a polliatig guild's foragig o two species of co-occurrig morig glor was ivestigated i disturbed habitats of the lower motae rai forests at Moteverde, Costa Rica. Ipomoea idica ad Ipomoea batatas partitio polliatig resources, presumabl accordig to togue legth, with log togued bees visitig I. idica. Bees visitig 1. batatas show staggered visitatio times with larger bees visitig i the earl morig whe ectar is most available ad smaller bees visitig i the late morig ad afteroo whe ectar availabilit is at its miimum. The larger bee species of the earl morig retur i the late afteroo after ectar availabilit has i creased from its earl afteroo low. Sice o aggressio was observed betwee bee species, small bees ma be pre- veted from foragig i the earl morig b cold temperatures. The larger bees probabl do ot forage whe there is ver little ectar available. I. idica shows o such patter. Due to the deeper effective corolla of I. idica, ectar ma be iaccessible to most bees i the habitat, cosequetl, o patter should be expected. However, lack of a patter ma also be the result of this plat's recet itroductio to the area." [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Yes] "The log, thig stems that creep o the surface produce roots where odes make cotact with the soil." [Miimum geerative time (ears)? Ukow. Geerall propagated vegetativel] "I. batatas is a vie-like pereial herb, treated as a aual whe cultivated." Prit Date: 11/3/2011 Ipomoea batatas (Covolvulaceae) Page 6 of 8
701 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 702 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 703 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 704 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 705 1991. Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiesis Nova - A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophtes Ol). Volume 5. Natioal Tropical Botaical Garde, Lawai, HI 705 2009. Lebot, V.. Tropical root ad tuber crops: cassava, sweet potato, ams ad aroids. CABI, Walligford, UK 706 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 707 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 708 1965. Neal, M.C. I Gardes of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 801 1988. Webb, C. J./Skes, W.R./Garock-Joes, P.J.. Flora of New Zealad, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophtes, gmosperms, dicotledos. Bota Divisio, DSIR, Christchurch, New Zealad http://floraseries.ladcareresearch.co.z 801 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. 802 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? Yes] "...i Hawaii a Polesia itroductio, escapig cultivatio ad persistig ear abadoed homesites ad dumps, probabl o all of the ihabited mai islads, " [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Patropical, but of America origi, widel cultivated;" [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] "Capsules rarel formed, brow, ovoid, sparsel pubescet, becomig glabrate. Seeds 0-1(-4), orbicular, glabrous or with wigs of short hairs." [No evidece] [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "Capsules rarel formed, brow, ovoid, sparsel pubescet, becomig glabrate. Seeds 0-1(-4), orbicular, glabrous or with wigs of short hairs." [No evidece that plat is dispersed b wid, despite wigs of short hairs] [Propagules water dispersed? Possibl] " cultivated at elevatios from ear sea level to about 800 m, ad sometimes aturalized (up to 1,050 m.) ear cultivated areas, alog roadsides, ad i thickets alog rivers ad streams " [Distributio suggests possibl water dispersal of tubers or stem fragmets] [Propagules water dispersed? Yes. If idehiscet capsules of the wild tpe are produced, which is rare or abset i the Hawaiia Islads] "Livig populatios of I. batatas var. apiculata have bee described i the state of Veracruz, Mexico. This botaical variet is distiguished from I. batatas b idehiscet capsules. Iterestigl, these authors maitai that the idehiscet character is importat for seed dispersal. The capsules have bee floated i water for several das without opeig ad sikig. Apparetl, their seeds are still viable after beig i salt water for a week." [Propagules bird dispersed? No] "Capsules rarel formed, brow, ovoid, sparsel pubescet, becomig glabrate. Seeds 0-1(-4), orbicular, glabrous or with wigs of short hairs." [Not flesh-fruited] [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] "Capsules rarel formed, brow, ovoid, sparsel pubescet, becomig glabrate. Seeds 0-1(-4), orbicular, glabrous or with wigs of short hairs." [No evidece that short hairs allow for exteral attachmet] [Propagules survive passage through the gut? No] "Besides the use of tubers as food for huma beigs, horses, mules, ad hogs, the tops are fed to stock ad are cooked ad eate as grees." [No evidece of iteral propagule dispersal i the Hawaiia Islads] [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "Capsule ot see." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "Capsules rarel formed, brow, ovoid, sparsel pubescet, becomig glabrate." [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Probabl ot i Hawaii] "Flowers are ot (or ol rarel) produced i some cultivars, ad seed productios i likewise erratic." 803 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio o herbicide efficac or chemical cotrol i the Hawaiia Islads 804 1997. Sihachakr, D./Haıcour, R./Cavalcate Alves, J.M./Umboh, I./Nzoghe, D./Servaes, A./Ducreux, G.. Plat regeeratio i sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L., Covolvulaceae). Euphtica. 96: 143 152. [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "Cuttigs of stem fragmets, 20 50 cm log ad havig 3 5 odes, are traditioall plated i famil farms, while tuber roots bearig umerous advetitious buds are used as cloal propagatio for commercial productio. I additio, isolated leaf cuttigs ca easil be rooted, produce tubers ad regeerate shoots at the petiole ed (Sihachakr et al., 1982)." Prit Date: 11/3/2011 Ipomoea batatas (Covolvulaceae) Page 7 of 8
805 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Probabl No] "Pests iclude sweet-potato weevils, stem borers, ad spider mites, which ca be cotrolled with applicatios of approved pesticides. Root-kot ematodes ca be troublesome if sweet-potatoes are repeatedl plated i the same plot; pre-treatmet of the soil with a ematicide cotrols them." [Pests of I. batatas, but probabl o specific agets preset] Prit Date: 11/3/2011 Ipomoea batatas (Covolvulaceae) Page 8 of 8