DO THIS SHEET LAST, AFTER HAVING READ CHAPTER 1. START WITH THE CHAPTER 1 READING GUIDE QUESTION PACKET 1. Where did the human species originate?

Name: Chapter 1 Reading Guide ADDENDUM Part 1: From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 Million to 1000 B.C.E.: Origins DO THIS SHEET LAST, AFTER HAVING READ CHAPTER 1. START WITH THE CHAPTER 1 READING GUIDE QUESTION PACKET 1. Where did the human species originate? 2. How long ago did agriculture (farming) begin? 3. What effect did farming have on the size of population groups? 4. What technology improved agricultural production? 5. What did 4 of the 5 first civilizations have in common? TRIGGERS FOR CHANGE 6. What happened 10,000 years ago around the Black Sea area that led to the development of farming? 7. Who probably figured out how to farm first? Why? 8. What type of metal was used first to make tools? THE BIG CHANGES 9. How did agriculture impact birth rates? 10. Can you figure out why a farming family would want more children? 11. How did farming change the type of settlements people used? 12. In hunting and gathering societies everyone must participate in providing food. In a farming society not everyone needs to farm. Why? (HINT: look up the word surplus ) 13. The author, Dr. Stearns, states that farming led to unprecedented (means never before seen ) levels of SOCIAL INEQUALITY. What do you think social inequality means? 14. How could the development of agriculture lead to inequality between men and women? (HINT: remember the answer to # 9 above? If women are pregnant more often and unable to help provide food, who becomes more important to the farming family?) 15. Another disadvantage of farming besides inequality resulted from people living closer together in larger groups. What was it? (HINT: it will happen to you more often during the school year than during the summer break) 16. As cities developed, what TWO things were exchanged in them? 17. Who are the upper-class groups? 18. What did early civilizations build often associated with religion? Can you think of a famous example? CONTINUITY

19. The root word of continuity is continue or, what stayed the same. This section explains that as some societies focused on farming (seen as feminine) more and hunting (masculine) less, men sought a way to continue and prove their masculinity ( manhood ). How did they do this? IMPACT ON DAILY LIFE: CHILDREN 20. All farming societies stressed the authority of who over what? Why? THE TIMELINE 21. At the top of pages 4 & 5 there is a timeline. Examine the timeline and determine what came first, agriculture or domestication (taming) of animals. 22. What animal was domesticated first? 23. Look at 4000 B.C.E. What technologies develop around this time and where? THE 2 nd TIMELINE 24. On page 8 there is another timeline. Look at 600,000 B.C.E. What type of technology does man develop? 25. What is the last continent to be peopled by humans? (HINT: 25,000 BCE) 26. What technology develops in China in 8000 BCE? 27. What crop is grown in Mesoamerica (Central America) in 5000 BCE? 28. When and where does the 1 st use of iron metallurgy develop? NOW DO TO THE MAIN PACKET AND THEN COME BACK AND ANSWER THESE LAST TWO CONTACTS & THEIR LIMITS 29. Early civilizations had four broad features in common. What are they? 30. The point of this section is to explain how isolated each civilization was from the others. However, there were 3 rare types of contact. Identify each: a. b. c.

Name: Due Date: Chapter 1 Reading Guide From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations C L Locate the following places on the map using an atlas or maps in your chapter (easier if you Google these): I ve done C & L for you. A. Egypt H. Euphrates River B. Mesopotamia I. Indus River C. Persia J. Ganges River D. India K. Huanghe (Yellow) River E. China L. Yangtze River F. Nile River M. Mediterranean Sea G. Tigris River N. Indian Ocean INTRODUCTION (P. 7-13) 1. What does Neolithic mean? 2. What did Neolithic man know how to do? 3. What did fire allow early humans to do? 4. Where did early humans first evolve? 5. When did humans develop the ability to speak? (Careful! You have to add the number you see to the one at the top of the page.) HUMAN LIFE IN THE ERA OF HUNTERS AND GATHERERS (P. 7) 6. List several disadvantages of humans: 7. What do thumbs allow humans to do? 8. Why is being an omnivore better than being just a carnivore or herbivore?

HUMAN LIFE BEFORE AGRICULTURE (P. 7-9) 9. What period of time preceded (came before) the Neolithic period? 10. When did the Old Stone Age end? 11. What did humans know how to do during the Paleolithic period? LATE PALEOLITHIC DEVELOPMENTS (P. 8-10) 12. There are different types of monkeys and apes today but only one type of human, Homo sapiens sapiens. What happened to the early types of humans that we have skeletons of? 13. What did people do to get food during the Paleolithic period? 14. Why did human groups WANT to have small populations? 15. How did women reduce their chances of getting pregnant in order to keep their populations low? 16. Who had more power during the Paleolithic age, men or women? (I could be trying to trick you here.) 17. What was the greatest achievement of Paleolithic people? 18. Pay careful attention to the footnote at the bottom of page 9. Instead of B.C. (as in 300 B.C.) or A.D. (as in 2010 A.D.) your textbook uses what for B.C. and what for A.D.? Give both the abbreviation and the full meaning. You must know this for the AP exam. In AP this is? In AP this is? 19. What does Mesolithic mean? 20. What caused the food supply to increase for Mesolithic peoples? 21. When the food supply increased what also increased? 22. What was the final stone age? THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION 23. What moved the human species towards more complex social and cultural patterns? 24. This invention/discovery also led to an increase in what else? 25. What are the 2 reasons for deliberate planting?

26. Where did farming originally begin? 27. What is the Neolithic revolution? 28. What are the positive and negatives that go with sedentary (staying in one place not moving around) agriculture? Positives Negatives 29. In Central Asia, people resisted becoming farmers. Why did they do this and how did they make a living? 30. These nomads (people who move around) from Central Asia would play what role in world history? [This is VERY important to remember for your AP exam. It will come up again and again during the school year.] 31. Examine the map on p. 12 or the one above. The following food crops are VERY important. They re high in carbs (energy) and easy to produce in large amounts. a. Where did maize (corn) come from? b. Where did rice originate? c. Where did wheat start? (North Africa is one place. What s the other?) d. Where did potatoes come from? 32. How did agriculture spur specialization? 33. What kind of innovation was very helpful to agriculture?

CIVILIZATION 34. The earliest civilizations formed in what 4 areas? (Don t skip section main point bullets!) 35. Why did agriculture lead to communities rather than scattered farms? 36. When large villages like Catal Huyuk started to rule over smaller surrounding communities a need was created for what two aspects of civilization? 37. A 5 th area of civilization arose later where? 38. Of those 5 areas, which 3 had some connection and which 2 were isolated from the rest? Write the 3 that had some connection inside the larger bubble and write the 2 that were isolated in the 2 smaller bubbles. 39. What advantages do cities provide civilizations? 40. What was the first system of writing called and what did it look like? 41. Why did civilizations develop writing? 42. When did writing become widespread? 43. Why is history mostly about civilizations? 44. How did people who lived in civilizations see those who did not live in civilizations? 45. What does barbarian mean and where does the word come from? 46. List several negative aspects of civilizations: 47. In general, where were the first civilizations located? Why? INDIVIDUAL CIVILIZATIONS welcome to PERSIA! It stands for Political, Economic, Religious, Social, Intellectual, & Area (as in geography)

Here are some guiding questions to help you understand what each component of PERSIA is about. Use these when you get stuck and aren t sure what you should take notes on. Political Who is in charge? What is power based on? Who gives that person or group power? Is there a contract? What's the government structure? Are there significant wars, treaties, courts, or laws? Economic How do people earn their food? Is it based on agriculture, commerce, small trades or professions, or industry, like manufacturing or technology? Where's the money? What are the valued and traded commodities? What technologies or industries define culture? Religious What is the meaning of life? Where did the group come from? What happens when they die? How do they spend their lives? Who talks to god(s)? What are the basic beliefs? Are there leaders or documents that define religion? Are there conversions? If so how? Social (this is probably the trickiest one to remember just remember SOCIAL=PEOPLE!!) How does the group relate to one another? How do people communicate? What do people do together? How is the group organized? What are the family and gender relations? Are there social classes? How do they live? Are there inequalities? What is unusual about this society or social class? Intellectual Who are the thinkers? What groups are given the chance to learn? How do people learn? Where does knowledge come from? How do people or societies apply knowledge to solve problems? What kinds of innovations occur? What resources do they find or adapt? What new things are created that had not previously existed? What do they contribute to science, math, education, or philosophy? How does technology contribute to the economy, military, or art? What key literature or poetry does this group produce or value? What does this literature focus on? What music do they have? What style of painting is practiced? What does their architecture look like? What is distinctive about their art? What type of clothing is worn here? Area What does the land look like? What are the major features? What is the climate? How does geography affect the people? How do they change their environment? Where do most people live? Why? What do people produce in various areas? Are there different peoples/languages/religions, etc. in various areas of this land or are they all the same? What are the borders? Where is the capital? Do people have to compete over resources? Note that you will not always find information in your text for every single PERSIA categorical item. Use PERSIA to take notes on and compare the civilizations below. Fill in the blank boxes. You MAY find info about one civ in another civ s section. LOOK! Keep in mind that when I help you by doing part of your work, to show you how to fill out a chart for example, that DOES NOT MEAN TO IGNORE THE PART I DO!! TIGRIS-EUPHRATES (p. 16-20) INDUS RIVER VALLEY (p. 21-24) POLITICAL Unknown ECONOMIC Pottery industry Farming Silver use for trade/money. Trade with Egypt & Indus River Valley.

RELIGIOUS Unknown but probably combined with Indo- European invaders/migrants religion later. Classes: SOCIAL Kings Nobles/Priests Slaves INTELLECUTAL Houses had running water. Writing/Alphabet not deciphered. AREA Middle East Mesopotamia Valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Arid irrigation needed. Hard to defend flat w/ few natural barriers. EGYPT (p. 20-21) CHINA - SHANG DYNASTY ([p. 21-24) POLITICAL ECONOMIC

RELIGIOUS SOCIAL INTELLECTUAL Horse riding, pottery, bronze use, iron use, coal, writing on bones (Oracle Bones) led to ideographic symbols, astronomy, art focused on delicate designs, music. Silk production. Simple mud houses. AREA North Africa Less open to invasion. Nile River Arid - Irrigation needed. Mediterranean Sea north. Desert west and south. VISUALIZING THE PAST: MESOPOTAMIA IN MAPS (p. 17) 48. Locate Mesopotamia on this map. Now look at the smaller map inserts. Why did those empires spread east to west but NOT south down the Arabian Peninsula? There s a strong clue on the bigger map. DOCUMENT: HAMMURABI S LAW CODE (p. 19-20) [very important for the AP exam!] NOTE: the term villain used repeatedly in this document does NOT mean bad guy. It s an old word for a serf. Serfs were poor farmers who lived on the land of a noble (upper class person) and paid their rent in labor and/or the crops they grew. 49. What penalties were common for crimes under Hammurabi? 50. Do you think there was much crime under Hammurabi? Why? 51. Were people treated equally in Babylonian society? Cite evidence from the document to prove your contention. 52. Were men and women equal? If not, who had more power? Cite evidence from the document to support your argument.

53. Which of Hammurabi s laws do you feel was the fairest? Summarize it in your own words. IN DEPTH THE IDEA OF CIVILIZATION IN WORLD HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 54. The Chinese, as well as American Indians, Greeks, and Romans, believed that barbarians could become civilized by doing what? 55. The Chichimecs and other nomadic barbarians would conquer, settle down and then do what, resulting in their becoming civilized? 56. How did Europeans change the concept of civilization in the 18 th and 19 th centuries? THE HERITAGE OF THE RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS 57. List several of the achievements of the river valley civilizations you feel are the most important: 58. Of the four river valley civilizations focused on in this chapter, which ONE has the strongest connection to civilizations that followed it in that region? 59. What was the key contribution of the Phoenicians to world history? (HINT: you re using it right now). 60. What did the Lydians contribute to world history? 61. What did the Jews contribute to world history? 62. What does monotheism mean? 63. What does polytheism mean? 64. What two later religions were strongly influenced by Judaism? 65. Why did Judaism not spread like Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam would later? THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS 66. What common factor contributed to both India and Egypt s river valley civilizations declining? 67. Was there a great deal of contact between the river valley civilizations? Why? 68. Why would Egypt and Mesopotamia s river valley civilizations have the most contact? (HINT: Did you label your map yet?) GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: THE EARLY CIVILIZATIONS AND THE WORLD

There is some information here you may want to go back and add to your GPERSIA chart. 69. Which river valley civilization served as a middle man or connection between other civilizations? 70. What connected Egypt to peoples to its south such as Ethiopia? 71. What territories would China influence eventually? 72. What key technology was China already using that made women and rich people very happy? READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE AND ANALYZE THE PICTURES ON THE NEXT PAGE TO ANSWER THE QUESTION AT THE BOTTOM. An Inscribed Oracle Bone and Chinese Characters (1600-1100 BCE) The inscriptions on the oracle bones have become very important historical evidence in the study of early Chinese civilization. The oracle bones, known in Chinese as jia gu wen, are either tortoise shells (jia) or ox shoulder blades (gu) with scripted texts (wen). The first oracle bone was discovered in 1889 in An Yang County, the capital of the Shang Dynasty (1,600-1,100 B.C.E.), and so far nearly 100,000 pieces have been unearthed. It is believed that the original function of the oracle bone scripts was for fortune telling. The scripted bones were thrown into fire, and the priests read the crack signs from the bones and told fortunes. The inscriptions on the oracle bones represent the earliest form of the Chinese written language. Unlike most of the languages in the world, the Chinese language has never evolved from its original pictographic and ideographic structure into alphabetic or syllabic form. It maintained its ancient flavor into contemporary times, due largely to China's long period of cultural isolation. The chart shows the evolution of early Chinese writing from pictogram to ideogram and to phonogram.

This inscribed oracle bone above dates from the Shang Dynasty. The markings reflect the earliest known form of Chinese written language. The pictures above are examples of cuneiform, the earliest type of writing known. It started in the Middle East/Mesopotamia about 1,500-2,000 years before Chinese writing began. Compare cuneiform, the ancient Mesopotamian writing system, with China's oracle bone characters. What are the differences and similarities? Use the above text and pictures along with page 17 & 19 for more information on cuneiform to answer the question. Similarities Differences