Summry: In different regions of Seri people onsume pepper fruits with vrious shpes, sizes nd olors. In southern Seri onsumers prefer longer fruits, while in the northern prt shorter fruits re more preferred. The im of this pper ws to evlute four pepper genotypes (35 35 357, nd 358) with shorter fruits originting from open pollintion. These genotypes were ompred with the prentl line 354 with longer fruits. The fruits were hrvested in tehnologil mturity. Fruit (length, width, weight, nd index), loule numer, perirp thikness, totl solule solids nd fruit yield per plnt were evluted. The line 354 hd the longest fruits (14.46 m). 358 hd the highest perirp thikness (5.8 mm), while the genotype 357 hd the highest fruit weight (105 g). Bsed on the evluted trits, genotype 357 will e used for further seletion euse of higher fruit weight, nd genotype 358 euse of thiker perirp. Key words: fruit length, fruit trits, genotyping, open pollintion, pepper, perirp thikness In most ultivted speies, the loss of geneti vriility egn with the proess of domestition (Tng et l., 2010). In ontrst, thousnds of yers of humn seletion in different onditions nd growing methods resulted in the development of new muttions nd gene omintions tht re of griulturl importne, with low proility to our under the pressure of nturl seletion. Lefevre et l. (1993) noted tht the speies C. nnuum is very vrile in reltion to other self-pollinted rops. Although the pepper is self-pollinted, previous studies showed ross-pollintion performed y ees (Cruz et l., 2005; Greo et l., 2011). Aording to Serrno & Guerr-Snz (2006), plnts use vrious mehnisms to promote ross pollintion. While in pepper flowers insets re not neessry for pollintion, plnts hve developed different trits tht hve enled mximized yields nd qulity. The differenes in quntittive trits re useful for the development of desriptors nd the identifition of vriety. Sine the quntittive trits hve gret griulturl importne, they re lso signifint in reeding progrms (Pnther et l., 2004). Gelet et l. Corresponding uthor: drio.dnojevi@ifvns.ns..rs Aknowledgement: This study ws supported y Ministry of Edution, Siene nd Tehnologil Development of the Repuli of Seri, under the projet TR 31030 (2005) found tht the morphologil fruit trits nd AFLP mrkers led to seprtion of pepper genotypes. Signifint positive orreltion etween the morphologil trits nd AFLP mrkers indited tht the differene in AFLP distnes tend to reflet the morphologil differenes. Lefevre et l. (2001) suggest tht the reltionship etween moleulr distne nd phenotypi trits in inred lines with different phenotypes ould lso distinguished y their AFLP mrkers. Therefore, the genotypes n esily e distinguished using only phenotypi trits (Gelet et l., 2005). Smith & Bsvrj (2005) nd Bhrdwj et l. (2007) found tht during seletion of peppers very importnt trits re: fruit weight, fruit length, nd fruit dimeter, euse they ffet the yield diretly. The perirp thikness nd totl solule solids ontent re importnt hrteristis essentil for fruit qulity for fresh onsumption nd for proessing. Pepper (C. nnuum) is one of the mjor vegetle rops in Seri. In different regions of Seri people onsume pepper fruits with vrious shpes, sizes nd olors. In southern Seri onsumers prefer longer fruits, while in the northern prt shorter fruits re more preferred. In the ssortment of Institute of Field nd Vegetle Crops, Novi Sd (IFVCNS) there is no pepper vriety with oni nd hnging fruits. The im of this pper ws to evlute some importnt fruit trits in four pepper genotypes with shorter fruits-oni type (35 35 357, nd 358) originting from open pollintion. These genotypes were ompred with the prentl line 354 with longer fruits of kpi type.
s 35 35 357, nd 358 originted from the prentl line 354 (Figure 1). The inred line 354 (S- 46/04 in IFVCNS olletion) is high yielding, light green, sweet kpi pepper. Fruit length is out 15 m nd fruit width is out 5 m. In 2012 nd 2013 we notied four plnts with different fruit length nd width. Other plnt trits suh s plnt height, lef nd fruit olor were the sme. Beuse of high yield potentil of line 354 we took seeds from open pollinted plnts for further evlution. The seedlings were produed in greenhouse without heting. Plnts were trnsplnted on 30 My 2014 in the open field of Institute of Field nd Vegetle Crops Novi Sd (Rimski Šnčevi) Seri, with three replitions (20 plnts in eh repetition). The distnes etween plnts were 70 m 25 m. Common griulturl prties for peppers were pplied nd plnts were irrigted y sprinkling. The fruits were hrvested in tehnologil mturity three times. Fifteen fruits (five per replition) per genotype were nlyzed from the seond hrvest. Fruit (length, width, weight, nd index), loule numer, perirp thikness, solule solids nd yield per plnt were evluted. Dt were olleted ording to Desriptor for Cpsium (IPGRI, AVRDC & CATIE, 1995). Totl solule solids - Brix (TSS) were mesured from eh seprte fruit y Digitl Refrtometer. Dt were proessed in softwre Sttisti 12.0 (SttSoft, Dell In., USA) using oneftoril nlysis of vrine, with Dunn's multiple test intervl t signifine level of 0.05. Person orreltion oeffiients were determined t the signifine level of 0.05 nd 0.01 proility. Coeffiient of vrition (CV) ws lso lulted. The mternl line 354 hd the longest fruit (14.46 m), while the length of other genotypes rnged from 10.54 m to 11.56 m (Figure 2). s 354 nd 355 hd the nrrowest fruit, while genotype 357 hd the widest fruit (5.96 m), whih resulted in the smllest fruit index (1.94). 358 hd the highest perirp thikness (5.8 mm). 357 hd the highest fruit weight (105 g), followed y mternl line 354, while the other three genotypes hd the lowest fruit weight. TSS vried slightly mong the genotypes. 355 hd the lowest TSS ontent, exept in omprison to the genotype 356. Among the genotypes there ws no signifint differene in the fruit yield, so these dt were not shown. This ould e explined y the strong influene of the mternl line. To determine the degree of reltionship etween the evluted trits, reserhers usully use simple orreltion nlysis (Cnky & Kylp, 2007). In our study we found positive orreltion etween fruit weight nd perirp thikness (Tle 1). The sme results were reported y Lnnes et l. (2007) in the speies C. hinense. Fruits with thiker perirp re less suseptile to injuries during posthrvest mnipultion in trnsport nd selling. Figure 1. Evluted pepper genotypes Tle 1. Coeffiient of orreltion etween evluted pepper fruit trits Trit Fruit width Perirp thikness Loule numer Fruit weight TSS Fruit length -0.18-0.09-0.12 0.43** 0.19 Fruit width 0.42** 0.00 0.60** 0.40** Perirp thikness -0.21 0.30** 0.25* Loule numer 0.29* 0.10 Fruit weight 0.51** * nd ** signifint t 0.05 nd 0.01 proility level, respetively
1 Fruit length (m): 2014 2 F(4,,70,) ogled 11v*103 = 28,.456 p = 0.0000 120, Fruit weight (g): 2014 F(4,,70,) 2 ogled = 1.136 11v*103p = 0.00000 1 110, 14, 100, Fruit length (m) 13, 12, 11, Men Men±SE Men±0,95 Conf. Intervl Fruit weight (g) 90, 80, Men Men±SE Men±0,95 Conf. Intervl 10, 70, 9, 60,.4 Fruit width (m): 2014 F(4,,70,) 2 ogled = 11v*103 30,.648 p = 0.0000 3,.4 Box Fruit Plot index: of Fruit F(4,,70,) index = grouped 42,.944 y p = 0.0000.2 3,.2 3, Fruit width (m).4.2 Men Men±SE Men±0,95 Conf. Intervl Fruit index 2,.8 2,.6 2,.4 2,.2 2, d d Men Men±SE Men±0,95 Conf. Intervl 1,.8 3,.4 3,.2 3, Loule numer: 2014 F(4,,70,) 2 ogled =.22 11v*103 p = 0.0010.4.2 Perirp thikness 2014 (mm): 2 ogled F(4,,70,) 11v*103 = 17,.2614, p = 0.0000 Loule numer 2,.8 2,.6 2,.4 2,.2 Men Men±SE Men±0,95 Conf. Intervl Perirp thikness (mm).4.2 4,.2 Men Men±SE Men±0,95 Conf. Intervl 2, 4, 3,.8 1,.8 3,.6 Brix (%): F(4,,70,) 2014 2 = ogled 3,.520 11v*103 p = 0.0112 Brix (%).4.2 Men Men±SE Men±0,95 Conf. Intervl 4,.2 4, 3,.8 Figure 2. Fruit hrteristis of the evluted genotypes * different letters show signifint differenes etween genotypes (P < 0.05) ording to Dunn's test.
Tle 2. Coeffiient of vrition (%) for the evluted trits in pepper genotypes Fruit weight Fruit length Fruit width Fruit index Loule numer Perirp thikness TSS 354 17.40 13.07 6.88 14.99 20.02 15.08 17.40 355 13.49 5.71 7.20 8.88 20.94 8.07 2.68 356 18.80 6.19 7.61 7.55 17.82 13.69 22.05 357 13.22 6.94 5.49 7.68 21.72 11.22 20.38 358 11.24 9.33 4.84 9.51 18.82 13.28 16.90 Positive orreltion ws reorded etween fruit weight nd TSS, while Lnnes et l. (2007) showed the negtive orreltion. Although there ws no differene in yield mong the genotypes in our study, some evluted trits ould e very importnt in reltion to yield. Aording to Cnky et l. (2010), fruit wll thikness nd fruit width should e used s trits of inresing yield per plnt. Vni et l. (2007) found tht the numer of fruits per plnt nd fruit dimeter re mjor ontriutors to pepper yield. In our study, positive orreltion ws found etween fruit weight nd ll other tested trits of the fruit. Therefore, further inrese of these trits will proly led to inresed yield. Aording to the results of Rêgo et l. (2011), fruit width, fruit weight nd dry mtter ontent were positively orrelted with the yield. Fruit width ws the trit whih hd the lowest CV nd it rnged from 4.84 to 7.6 (Tle 2). Similr results were reported y Todorov (2007), euse etween fruit length, weight, width nd perirp thikness, the lowest CV ws found in fruit width. Higher CV for ll trits ws found in prentl line 354 espeilly for fruit length, fruit index nd perirp thikness. This high CV might indite possiilities tht this prent line ould develop more progenies with different fruits hrteristi. s 356 nd 357 hd the highest CV for TSS (22.05% nd 20.38%, respetively), whih ould e used for improving this trit to higher level in the following genertions. Aording to this study, pepper plnts originting from open pollintion ould e n interesting soure of new vriility. Bsed on the evluted trits, genotype 357 will e used for further seletion euse of higher fruit weight, nd genotype 358 euse of thiker perirp. Bhrdwj, D.N., Singh, H., & Ydv, R.K. (2007). Geneti vriility nd ssoition of omponent hrters for yield in hilli (Cpsium nnum L.). Progressive Agri, 7(1-2), 72-74. Cnky, S., & Kylp, G.T. (2007). Estimtion of reltionship etween live weights nd some ody mesurements in Germn frm hir rossred y nonil orreltion nlysis. J Anim Prod, 48(2), 27-32. Cnky, S., Blky, A., & Krg, O. (2010). Cnonil orreltion nlysis for the determintion of reltionships etween plnt hrters nd yield omponents in red pepper [Cpsium nnuum L. vr. onoides (Mill.) Irish] genotypes. Spn J Agri Res, 8(1), 67-73. doi:10.5424/sjr/2010081-1144 Cruz, D.O., Freits, B.M., Silv, L.A., Silv, E.M.S., & Bonfim, I.G.A. (2005). Pollintion effiieny of the stingless ee Melipon sunitid on greenhouse sweet pepper. Pesqui Agropeu Brs, 40,1197-1201. Gelet, L.F., Lushgne, M.T., & Viljoen, C.D. (2005). Geneti Vriility in Pepper (Cpsium nnuum L.) Estimted y Morphologil Dt nd Amplified Frgment Length Polymorphism Mrkers. Biodiversity nd Conservtion, 14(10), 2361-2375. doi:10.1007/s10531-004-1669-9 Greo, M.K., Spooner-Hrt, R.N., Bettie, A.G.A.C., Brhi, I., & Holford, P. (2011). Austrlin stingless ees improve greenhouse Cpsium prodution. J Api Res, 50, 102-115. IPGRI, AVRDC, & CATIE. (1995). Desriptors for Cpsium (Cpsium spp.). Rome, Itly: Interntionl Plnt Geneti Resoures Institute; Tipei, Tiwn: Asin Vegetle Reserh nd Development Center; Turril, Cost Ri: Centro Agronómio Tropil de Investigión y Enseñnz. Lnnes, S. D., Finger, F. L., Shuelter, A. R., & Csli, V. W. D. (2007). Growth nd qulity of Brzilin essions of Cpsium hinense fruits. Si Horti, 112, 266-270. doi:10.1016/ j.sient.2006.12.029 Lefevre, V., Plloix, A., & Rives, M. (1993). Nuler RFLP etween pepper ultivrs (Cpsium nnuum L.). Euphyti, 71, 189-199. doi:10.1007/bf0004040 Lefevre, V., Goffinet, B., Chuvet, J.C., Cromel, B., Signoret, P., Brnd, R., & Plloix, A. (2001). Evlution of geneti distnes etween pepper inred lines for ultivr protetion purposes: Comprison of AFLP, RAPD nd phenotypi dt. Theoretil nd Applied Genetis, 102(5), 741-750. doi:10.1007/ s001220051705 Rêgo, E. R., Rêgo, M. M., Finger, F. L., Cruz, C. D., & Csli, V. W. D. (2011). Phenotypi diversity, orreltion nd importne of vriles for fruit qulity nd yield trits in Brzilin peppers (Cpsium tum). Genet Resour Crop Evol, 58, 909-918. doi:10.1007/s10722-010-9628-7 Serrno, A. R., & Guerr-Snz, J. M. (2006). Qulity fruit improvement in sweet pepper ulture y umleee pollintion. Si Horti, 110, 160-166. Smith, R. P., & Bsvrj, N. (2005). Vriility nd orreltion studies in hilli (Cpsium nnuum L.). Krntk J Agri Si, 19(4), 888-891. Tng, H., Sezen, U., & Pterson, A. H. (2010). Domestition nd plnt genomes. Curr. Opin. Plnt Biol., 13(2), 160-6. Todorov, V. (2007). Fruit Chrteriztion nd Influene of Vrition Ftors in Pepper Kpiy Type Vrieties nd Breeding Lines (Cpsium nnuum L.). Bulg J Agri Si, 13, 309-315. Vni, S. K., Sridevi, O., & Slimth, P. M. (2007). Studies on Geneti Vriility Correltion nd pth nlysis in Chilli (Cpsium nnum L.). Annu. Biol. 23(2), 117-121.
Sžetk: Pprik je jedn od znčjnijih povrtrskih vrst u Sriji. U pojedinim regionim nše zemlje potrošči su nvikli d konzumirju plodove rzličitog olik, veličine i oje. Cilj ovog rd je d se ispitju 4 genotip pprike (35 35 357 i 358) krćih plodov poreklom iz sloodne oplodnje, poredeći ih s ishodnom mjčinskom linijom 354 dužih plodov. N plodovim iz druge ere izmeren su sledeć svojstv: dužin, širin i ms plod, roj komor, deljin perikrp, sdržj suve mterije i prinos plodov po ilji. Indeks plod je izrčunt n osnovu odnos dužine i širine plod. Podi su orđeni u progrmu Sttisti 12, metodom nlize vrijnse, koristeći Dnknov višestruki test intervl n nivou znčjnosti 0,05. Između ispitivnih genotipov nije ilo znčjnih rzliku u prinosu plodov po ilji. N osnovu izmerenih svojstv, genotip 357 će iti korišten z dlji selekioni rd zog veće mse plod, genotip 358 zog deljeg perikrp. Ključne reči: deljin perikrp, dužin plod, genotipovi, krkteristike plod, pprik, sloodn oplodnj