Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) Napa Continuing Education Class Nov. 3, 2015 Chuck Ingels UC Cooperative Extension, Sacramento County http://cesacramento.ucanr.edu
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) Photos: Baldo Villegas
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) Native to East Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan) A crop pest in its native range and here Found in Allentown, PA 1996, ID d 2001 Household nuisance pest in fall, winter Host list currently 170 spp., likely to rise
Current distribution in USA Source: http://www.stopbmsb.org
BMSB Finds Sacramento County Jan. 1, 2014 Dec. 31, 2014
BMSB in Sac. County Oct. 2015
Actual adult size 1/2 to 5/8 inch Adult Smooth shoulder edges Two white bands on antennae Banded legs Rust color with broad brown markings Photo: UC IPM Banded abdominal edge extending beyond wings Mature nymph (5 th instar)
20-30 eggs (often 28) Nymph (3 rd of 5) Adult
Rough Stink Bug vs. BMSB Rough stink bug BMSB
Rough Stink Bug vs. BMSB Two points Rough Rough stink bug BMSB Blunt Smooth Narrower angle Wider angle
Consperse Stink Bug vs. BMSB Consperse stink bug BMSB Solid brown Marble color 1/2 inch long 5/8 inch long
Aggregation Season (late summer), Pennsylvania Photos: Tracy Leskey
Aggregation Behavior Photos: Tracy Leskey
BMSB An Arboreal Species
Sacramento March 2014 Downspout Under bark
Host Plants Crops Stone fruits (esp. peach), pome fruits Berries Grapes (not a major host) Eggplant, tomato, okra, pepper, corn, beans, sunflower
Host Plants Selected Ornamentals Butterfly bush Catalpa Chinese pistache Elm Fruiting mulberry Holly Maple Princess tree (Paulownia) Pyracantha Redbud Tree of heaven Waxleaf privet Wisteria
Trident Maple Acer buergerianum
Waxleaf Privet Ligustrum japonicum
Chinese Pistache Pistachia chinensis
Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima
Stink Bug Feeding
BMSB Damage, 2014 Peach 5/22 Apricot 6/23 Nectarine 6/3 6/11 Asian pear 7/2 Plum 7/2 (no damage)
First Sign of Damage in Fair Oaks July 11, 2015
On Persimmons Sept. 2015
On Apples Sept. 2015
Grapevines Near Fruit Trees Few BMSB Seen, No Damage June 2015 Severe leafhopper, powdery mildew damage
Trunk Feeding and Damage Cherry Sept. 2015
Trunk Feeding and Damage Orange Sept. 2015
Trunk Feeding and Damage Shamel ash Sept. 2015 Crape myrtle Sept. 2015
BMSB in Grape Early September 2010 Photos courtesy of Doug Pfeiffer and Dean Polk
BMSB in Vineyards Avenues of Potential Economic Impact Direct injury to grapes Introduction of rots, other pathogens» Aborted berries, necrosis Contamination of wine at crush Nuisance in wine tasting rooms
BMSB eggs on Cabernet Sauvignon in Maryland Photo: J.. Fiola 9/2010
BMSB in Vineyards Enter vineyards from forests or riparian areas Harvest of nearby crops may force migration to vineyards Monitor vineyard edges Both adults and nymphs cause damage Hard to find in clusters Worst damage after veraison
Will BMSB be Problematic in Calif. Vineyards? Grapes not a preferred host Mainly edge effect Where they may be worse:» Small blocks (large area/edge ratio)» Bordered by forest or susceptible crops/species» Harvest of nearby infested crops» Later varieties (esp. mid-sept. on)» White varieties worse than reds» Mechanical harvest worse than hand picked
BMSB Grape Damage Trial Vaughn Walton, OSU (2012) Pinot Noir Exclusion cages 0, 1, and 2 adult males/cage 1 wk. of feeding 3 feeding periods 10 replicates Photo: V. Walton Mean of 14% crop wt. reduction Berry abscission with early feeding
Percent Berries Compromised Vaughn Walton, OSU (2012) a ab ab b
Research on Stink Bug Taint in Juice/Wine Defensive compounds: trans-2-decenal and trans-2-octenal Photo: Joe Fiola
Summary of Sensory on Stink Bug Taint Univ. of Maryland, 2010 (Joe Fiola): 5-10 BMSB/lug: Perceptible aroma in juice No distinguishable taint in juice after 4 months 10-20 BMSB per lug: Perceptible aroma during red fermentation No distinguishable aroma in wine following fermentation and racking
Summary of Sensory on Stink Bug Taint Oregon State University Pinot Noir (Tomasino et al., 2013 ASEV abstracts) Treatments: 1) 1 bug per four clusters, 2) 1 bug per two clusters, 3) no bugs Distinct aroma detected - BMSB excreted defensive compounds during destemming & pressing Resulting wines had more trans-2-decenal Difference testing (triangle tests): T1 and T2 wines were perceived as different from the control
BMSB Traps Dead-Inn Traps (AgBio, Inc.) Grower 48 tall, $30 Professional 24 tall, $20 Homeowner 16 tall, $17
$17 Phermone Traps Rocket Trap (Rescue)
2014 (66 mg) Lures 2014 AgBio (66 mg) 2015 (123 mg) 2014 Rescue (123 mg)
Understanding BMSB Pheromones Two Main Lure Types 1. Pheromone lures (USDA #10 and #20)» Harlequin bug pheromone nearly identical 2. Synergist = methyl decatrienoate (MDT) Best used in combination
BMSB Seasonal Development Model Development temperature thresholds:» Lower: 57F Upper: 97F Complete generation: 1107DD (Rutgers)» 968 DD (egg to adult) + 139 DD (to egg laying) First eggs found in 2014: May 5 (1 st in U.S.)» 2 nd gen. eggs start July 23 (2 generations)» 3 rd gen. eggs start Sept. 25 insufficient time Likely 3 generations in Kern County
17-Mar 31-Mar 14-Apr 28-Apr 12-May 26-May 9-Jun 23-Jun 7-Jul 21-Jul 4-Aug 18-Aug 1-Sep 15-Sep 29-Sep No./trap/day Adults and Nymphs Trapped Avg. of 4 traps, 2014 14 12 10 8 6 4 Adults First eggs: May 5 Predicted 2nd gen. eggs Nymphs 2 0
2-Mar 16-Mar 30-Mar 13-Apr 27-Apr 11-May 25-May 8-Jun 22-Jun 6-Jul 20-Jul 3-Aug 17-Aug 31-Aug 14-Sep 28-Sep No./trap/day Adults and Nymphs Trapped Avg. of 4 traps, 2015 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Adults First eggs: April 17 Predicted 2nd gen. eggs Nymphs
2-Mar 16-Mar 30-Mar 13-Apr 27-Apr 11-May 25-May 8-Jun 22-Jun 6-Jul 20-Jul 3-Aug 17-Aug 31-Aug 14-Sep 28-Sep No./trap/day Adults and Nymphs Trapped 7 traps with highest counts, 2015 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Adults First eggs: April 17 Predicted 2nd gen. eggs Nymphs
2014 Trap Locations & Counts Adults/Nymphs 64/532 219/155 x 90/691 11/9 7/7 0/0 22/98 3/4 0/0
Insecticide Efficacy Field Study (Leskey et al., 2013) High mortality on day of application: Endosulfan (e.g., Thiodan), methomyl (Lannate), thiamethoxam (Actara), and bifenthrin (e.g., Brigade) Fenpropathrin (Danitol) and dinetofuran (Venom, Scorpion): strong anti-feeding effect for 7+ days Peaches in Mid-Atlantic: 10-12 weekly applications, alternate-row, late May-harvest using pyrethroids and neonicotinoids Effective insecticides in lab: only 60% average mortality in the field when applied late early July, 40% in Aug., and 20% in September
2015 Orchard Spray Bulletin (BMSB) Coop. Extension: Virginia, W. Virginia, and Maryland Products that have shown good effectiveness:» Pyrethroids: Baythroid XL, Danitol, Warrior II, products containing permethrin (e.g. Pounce)» Neonicotinoid: Belay» Carbamate: Lannate» Premixtures: Endigo ZC, Leverage 360» Section 18: Bifenture/Brigade, Venom/Scorpion Not a California recommendation
2015 Spray Guide for Commercial Vineyards Coop. Extension: Virginia, W. Virginia, and Maryland 3 rd cover spray (pre-bunch closure)» Scorpion 35 SL, Actara 25WDG, Assail 70WP, or Malathion 8F 4 th cover spray (after veraison)» Scorpion 35 SL, Actara 25WDG, Assail 70WP, Venom 70, Belay 50WDG, or Malathion 5EC Harvest spray (day before harvest):» Belay or Pyganic (org.) Not a California recommendation
Alternative BMSB Management Penn. State Univ., Rutgers Univ. Border applications Use strong residual products Treat surrounding vegetation, if feasible Alternative crop plantings Possible trap crops (e.g., beans, Paulownia trees) Spray trap crops
Organically Acceptable Insecticides Partial to fairly good control of nymphs only: Pyrethrum Azadirachtin Spinosad Sabadilla Insecticidal soap Combinations
Current BMSB Lures - Constantly Evolving AgBio Combo, includes other bugs Rescue Trece 1 combined lure
2015 Lure Study In AgBio Dead-Inn Traps (Homeowner Model) Initial 3/tree (too close) Later 1/tree
No. of BMSB/trap/week 60 50 Lure Comparison, Sept. 1-28, 2015 Avg. of 2-3 traps each in tree of heaven 40 30 20 AgBio Rescue Trece 10 0 Adults Nymphs Adults Nymphs Inside traps Outside traps
2015 BMSB Trap Study In Tree of Heaven, Sacramento AgBio Homeowner model Double-cone trap (Trece) Sticky trap (AgBio)
Double-Cone Trap (Original) 1-gal. plastic jar Cone-shaped screen on either side Hole for entry Wire on top to hold on tree (doesn t secure well)
Double-Cone Trap (Trece)
Sticky Trap (AgBio) Birds & rodents picked off the bugs
AgBio Homeowner Trap BMSB outside traps, 9/1/15
2015 BMSB Trap Type Study Sacramento, Avg. of 2 weeks (9/21 9/28) (Trece lure used in all traps)
Trap Crop Study 2015 Sunflower & sorghum seeds planted in ring around three 10 x20 garden plots on 4/14 Large numbers of BMSB found on sunflowers, far fewer on sorghum BMSB are easy to see on sunflower, can be easily killed
Trap Crop Study 2015 May June
June 2015 Sept. 2015
Assassin bug Predators Astata sp. (R. Henderson) Carabid beetle (C. Pickett)
Biological Control? Foreign exploration done by USDA Egg parasitoids - Trissolcus spp. Testing at 4 sites, incl. UCR Possible release in Calif. in 2017 Gymnosoma par
Questions? Important Web Sites StopBMSB.org ucipm.ucdavis.edu cesacramento.ucanr.edu