STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC MYCOFLORA OVER BAJARA CROP FIELDS AT. SHIRAL TAL. ASHTI DIST. BEED (M.S.) INDIA Kardule S. R. 1, Dr. Jadhav D.S. 2 1. Department of Botany, Bhagwan Mahavidyalaya, Ashti Tal. Ashti Dist. Beed. 2. Department of Botany, S. M. Dnyandeo Mohekar Mahavidyalaya, Kalamb Tal. Kalamb Dist. Osmanabad. ABSTRACT The present paper deals with the aerobiological investigation undertaken over Bajara (Pennisetum galaucum (L.) R.Br.) fields by using volumetric continuous Tilak Air sampler at. Shiral, Tal. Ashti, Dist. Beed (M.S.) India for two Kharif seasons during years 2013 and 2014. In the year 2013, eighty types of air borne components were trapped and identified while in the year 2014, eighty three types of air borne components were trapped and identified. All the trapped air borne components have been categorized under the groups like Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, Deuteromycotina, Myxomycotina of fungus group, Hypal fragments, Pollen grains, Protozoan cyst, Insect parts were included in Other types. In 1 st Kharif season of 2013 Cladosporium spore type is dominant and contributed 18.69%. It was followed by others: Curvularia (7.23 %), Alternaria (6.60 %), Hypal Fragments (5.52 %), Rust spores (5.50 %), Basidispores (3.86 %), Nigrospora (3.86 %), Periconia (3.52 %), Albugo (3.47 %), Psudotorulla (3.33 %), Aspergillus (1.32 %), Rhizopus (1.32 %), Cercospora (1.16 %), and Cunninghamella (0.81 %). In 2 nd Kharif season of 2014 also the Cladosporium spore type is dominant and contributed 19.11%. It was followed by Alternaria (7.36 %), Curvularia (6.68 %), Hypal fragments (5.96 %), Rust spores (5.16 %), Nigrospora (4.69 %), Periconia (4.34 %), Basidiospores (4.00 %), Pseudotorulla (3.32 %), Torulla (3.20 %), Rhizopus (1.49 %), Aspergillus (1.35 %), Cercospora (1.16 %) and Cunninghamella (0.73 %). KEYWARDS: Mycoflora, Airospora, Air Sampler, Air Borne Components, Disease forecasting. INTRODUCTION: Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) pearl millet is indigenous to Africa. It came into India in 1500 B.C. Bajra is one of the most common grains consumed widely in rural area in India and is referred as poor man s staple food. It is also used as good energy source because of rich in starch and amino acids. The Roti of Bajra promotes heart health as well as bleeding piles control. It also helps indigestion. Due to adaptation of this millet crop in dry and arid conditions it can grow in India where low fertility of soil, dry climates, high salinity, hot season and low ph predominate. The average rainfall suitable for this crop is 40 50 cm annually. In the slight rain fall, the production of Bajra grain is better. The black or red upland soil and shady environment is favourable for Bajra crop. The temperature range 2531 O C is useful for better growth and high yield of the Bajra crop. The area under cultivation of Bajra across world is 260000 Sq. Kms, while in India 11.34 million hectors land is under cultivation of Bajra crop. The average yield in India is 5.5 million of tonnes. Tamil Nadu is the highest producer of this crop. Other cultivator states of Bajra in India are Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan etc. In the region of Beed district 1.95 hectors of land was brought under Bajra cultivation during the year 20132014. Like many other crops the Bajra crop is also infected by various fungal diseases which may be soil, seed or airborne etc. The most important among them are rust pathogenic fungi of order puccinales (uredinales), Cercospora leaf spot, Bipolaris leaf spot, Curvularia leaf spot, downy mildew, ergot, exserolilum leafblight, head mold, Phyllosticta leaf blight, Pyricularia leaf spot. When the above fungal infection causes heavy damage to the crop it causes heavy loss to the cultivators. The references of the study http://rutpp.com; 15 ISBN: 9789384663100
of aerobilogical mycoflora over Bajra crops are Kadam, Reddy and Biradar (2010, 2011) respectively, Mane (1978), Levetin, E. and Dorsey, K. (2006), Tiwari and Salauja (2007). With the help of this investigation we find the air borne fungal spores, their seasonal variation and their variation in the concentration. Such type of investigation is beneficial to farmers by timely warning of possibilities of epidemics by disease forecasting to the farmers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Continuous Volumetric Tilak Air Samper was placed in the Bajra crop field at Shiral Ta. Ashti. Dist. Beed (M.S.) India for the 1 st Kharif season from 23 June 2013 to 6 October 2013 and 2 nd Kharif season started from 20 June 2014 to 10 October 2014. The sampler was kept at 1.5 meter height in the field of Bajra. The cellophane tape was slightly and thinly coated with adhesive white petroleum jelly on the drum of sampler. The tape faces the orfice of outward projecting tube 0.5 cm away from it. The drum rotates anticlockwise mechanism and completes one circle in 7 days. The air was sampled at the rate of 5 lit/min, which left traces of deposition over the cellophane tape on the drum. The slides were prepared after every seven days. Scanning was done under binocular electric microscope. The identification of spores was done which was based on the characteristics of spores such as, size, colour, shape and wall structure etc. The daily record of meteorological data was regularly maintained. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In the 1 st Kharif season class Deuteromycotina is dominant 64.85 % of the total air spora followed by the Basidiomycotina 11.61 %, other types 9.79 %, Ascomycotina 7.26 %, Zygomycotina 5.78 % and Myxomycotina 0.68 %. In the 2 nd season the class Deuteromycotina dominant 66.72 % of the total airspora followed by the Basidiomycotina 10.99 %, other types 10.96 %, Ascomycotina 6.78 %, Zygomycotina 3.92 % and Myxomycotina 0.60 %. In the 1 st Kharif season 2013 class wise highest percentage of type of spore is as in class Zygomycotina Ablugo is 3.47 %, Ascomycotina Lacnadion is 1.45 %, rust spores 5.50%, Deuteromycotina Cladosporium 18.69%, Myxomycotina Stemonitis is 0.39 %, and in Other types Hypal fragments is 5.52 %. In the 2 nd Kharif season 2014 class wise highest percentage of type of spore in class Zygomycotina Ablugo and Rhizopus 1.49 %, Ascomycotina Lacnadion 1.15 %, Basidiomycotina Rust spores 5.16 %, Deuteromycotina Cladosporium 9.11 %, Myxomycotina Stemonitis 0.39 %, and in other types Hypal fragments is in 5.96 %. In the 1 st and 2 nd season of Bajra crop highest percentage of concentration of spore type is Cladosporium 18.69 % and 19.11 %, Curvularia 7.23 %and 6.68 %, Alternaria 6.60 % and 7.36 %, rust spores 5.50 % and 5.16 %, Nigrospora 3.86 % and 4.69 %, Basidiospores 3.86 % and 4.00 %, Periconia 3.33 % and 3.32 %, Pseudotorulla 3.33 % and 3.32 %, Torulla 2.40 % and 3.20 %, Albugo 3.47 % and 1.49 %, Rhizopus 1.32 % and 1.49 %, Aspergillus 1.32 % and 1.35 %, Cercospora 1.16 % and 1.06 % and Cunninghamella 0.81 % and 0.73% respectively. The aerobiological investigation of mycoflora has been already carried out by Cunningham, (1873); Gregory, (1961) Kulkarni, (1971) Tilak, and Mane (1981) Kshirsagar and Pande (2012). With the help of above references on investigation of mycoflora and my observations, the Bajra crop has affected by various fungal diseases like, rust, Cercospora leaf spot, Curvularia leaf spot, downy mildew, ergot, Exoserolium leaf blight, head mold etc. When the above diseases on the Bajra crop spread out of control, the crop gets affected heavily and it causes loss to the farmers. The above type of investigation is beneficial to farmers by timely warnings of possibilities of epidemics by disease forecasting to them. http://rutpp.com; 16 ISBN: 9789384663100
Table No. 1: Reveals the total concentration and percentage contribution of each spore group in 1 st kharif season 2013and 2 nd Kharif season 2014. Sr. No. Spore Group Spore Concentration/m 3 of % Contribution to the total Air airspora Kharif 2013 Kharif 2014 Kharif 2013 Kharif 2014 1 Zygomycotina 29916 20534 5.78 3.92 2 Ascomycotina 37576 35560 7.26 6.78 3 Basidiomycotina 60102 57568 11.61 10.99 4 Deuteromycotina 335540 349508 64.85 66.72 5 Myxomycotina 3528 3178 0.68 0.60 6 Other Types 50694 57442 9.79 10.96 Total 517356 523790 99.97 99.97 Fig 1: Histogram shows the variation in the concentration of spores within the fungal classes during two Kharif seasons. Fig 2: Line graph showing the variation in the percentage concentration of spores within \ the fungal classes during two Kharif seasons. http://rutpp.com; 17 ISBN: 9789384663100
Table No 2: Proceeding of National Conference on Environment and Development, 9 th and 10 th Sept. 2016 It reveals the total concentration and percentage of each airborne fungal spore type in 1 st Kharif Season 2013 and 2 nd Kharif season 2014. Sr. No. Spore Group Spore Concentration/m 3 of Air Kharif 2013 Kharif 2014 % Contribution to the total airspora Kharif Kharif 2013 2014 1 Zygomycotina ) Albugo pers Ex. S.F. Gray. ) Cunninghameua. Thaxt. ) Rhizopus. Ehrenberg. ) Sclerospora. Sacc. 17960 4228 6748 980 7822 3836 7840 1036 3.47 0.81 1.30 0.18 1.49 0.73 1.49 0.19 2 Ascomycotina Amphispherlla. Ascotricha. Bagnisiella. Chaetomium. Kunz ex. Fr. Claviceps. Tul. Didymospheria. Fuck Hypoxylon. Bull Ex. Fr. Hysterium. Tode Ex. Fr. Leptospheria Ces & DeNot Lacnadion. Endl. Patellario. Fr. Lopiostoma. Tode. Ces & De Not Massarina. Sacc. Melanospora. Corda. Perodiella. Speg. Passirenella. Berl. Plesopora. Rabh. Pringshema.Schulltz. Rosiellina. Ces & de Not Sordaria. Ces & denot Sporomia.denot Teichospora. Fuck Valsaria. Ces & denot Xyalaria 728 1204 3948 1218 840 1260 2212 7504 350 238 490 4732 336 1848 3920 1190 210 350 1162 1400 840 1400 84 3010 1260 1232 1778 2268 6048 378 308 588 3486 322 1680 4228 1302 742 266 742 1428 1106 0.76 0.25 0.42 1.45 0.09 0.91 0.35 0.75 0.22 0.27 0.01 0.57 0.24 0.33 0.43 1.15 0.07 0.11 0.66 0.32 0.80 0.24 0.27 0.21 3 Basidiomycotina 1) Basidiospores. 2) Rust spores. 3) Smut Spores. 19908 28504 11690 21000 27048 9520 3.85 5.50 2.25 4.00 5.16 1.81 4 Deuteromycotina http://rutpp.com; 18 ISBN: 9789384663100
5 Alternaria. Nees Aspergillus. Beltrania. Penzing Beltraniella Subram Bispora. corda Botrydipiodia. Sacc Cephaliophora. Thaxt Ceratophorum. Sacc Cercospora. ) Chaectomella. Fuck ) Cordana. ) Chlamydomyces. ) Cladosporium. Link ) Cornyspora. ) Curvalaria. Boed ) Dictyarthrium Hughes ) Diplodia. ) Dreschlera. Ito ) Epicocum. Link ) Fusariella. Sacc. ) Fusarium. ) Haplosporella. Speg. ) Harknesia. Speg. ) Helminthosporium. Link. ) Heterosporium. Klotzsch. ) Humicola. ) Lacellinopsis. Subram. ) Melanoconium. ) Memnoniella. Hohn. ) Nigrospora. Zimm ) Periconia. Tode Ex Schw ) Pistolotia DeNot ) Pithomyces. Subram. ) Pseudotorulla. Subram ) Pyricularia. Sacc ) Sirodesmium. DeNot ) Spegaziniella Sacc ) Sporidesmim. Link ) Stigmina. Sacc. ) Sclerotium. Tode Ex. Fr. ) Teracoccosporium. Szabo. ) Tetraploa. Berk & Br. ) Torulla. ) Trichothcium. ) Zygosporium. Mont Myxomycotina 34160 6832 448 168 4340 182 882 938 6048 2800 462 96700 266 37436 252 6818 5278 1680 1610 2800 1358 21588 11732 182 1568 3164 19992 18228 532 2968 17248 3472 532 462 168 1344 1764 420 12460 980 2842 38584 7112 364 126 3920 176 490 5572 2940 378 308 100132 294 35000 308 1442 4970 3752 1904 2548 1190 18452 12600 336 1120 840 2772 24598 22778 588 4340 20342 2744 350 616 182 868 252 112 16800 756 2744 6.60 1.32 0.83 0.17 0.18 1.16 0.54 18.69 7.23 1.31 1.02 0.32 0.31 0.55 4.17 2.26 0.30 0.61 3.86 3.52 0.10 0.57 3.33 0.67 0.10 0.25 0.34 2.40 0.18 0.55 7.36 1.35 0.02 0.74 0.09 1.06 0.56 0.07 19.11 6.68 0.27 0.94 0.71 0.36 0.48 0.22 3.52 2.40 0.21 4.69 4.34 0.11 0.82 3.88 0.11 0.02 3.20 ) Physarum. ) Stemonitis. 1470 2058 1358 1820 0.28 0.39 0.25 0.34 http://rutpp.com; 19 ISBN: 9789384663100
6 Other Types ) Hypal fragments. ) Insect parts. ) Plant parts. ) Pollen grains. ) Protozon cysts. ) Unidentified fungal spores. 28560 2730 6258 5796 4578 2772 31262 4200 7112 5446 5992 3430 5.52 1.20 1.12 0.88 0.53 5.96 0.80 1.35 1.05 1.14 0.65 Total 517356 523790 99.67 99.60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The author is thankful to Dr. D. S. Jadhav, Mohekar Mahavidyalya, Kalamb Tal. Kalamb, Dist. Osmanabad for fruitful discussion with him and Dr. Pathare, G. M., A. D. College, Kada, Tal. Ashti, Dist. Beed for his guidance and timely help. REFERENCES: 1) Cunningham, D. D. (1873) Microscopic examination of air Govt. Printer, Calcutta, PP 58. 2) Gregory, P. N. (1961) The microbiology of the atmosphere Leonard Hill (Book) Ltd. Inter Science Publisher, INC (New York 12005). 3) Kadam, R. M, R. P. Birdar, N. J. M Reddy, (2010 2011) Study of airborne imperfect fungi over Bajra (pennisetum typhoids ) field at Ahmedpur (M.S.) I J. of plant protection. 4 (1), 143145. 4) Kshirsagar J. K. and B. N. Pande (2012) Prevlence of Cladosporium spore over sunflower fields at Rjauri (N) M.S. India. 5) Kulkarni, R. L. (1971), Studies in airspora some fields of Aurangabad, Ph.D. Thesis Marathwada University, Aurangabad. 6) Levetin, E. and K Dorsey (2006) Contribution of leaf surface fungi to the airspora Aerobiological. 22: 312. 7) Mali, V. P. (2002), Studies in airospora over some fields Ph. D. Thesis Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad. 8) Mane, D. A. (1978) Studies in airspora over some fields Ph.D. Thesis Marathwad Univesity, Aurangabad. 9) Pande, B. N. (1976) Studies in airspora over some fields at Nanded, Ph. D. Thesis Marathwada University, Aurangabad. 10) Pathare, G. M. (2005) Aerobiological investigation over sunflower fields, Ph. D. Thesies Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad. 11) Tilak, S. T. and D. A. Mane (1981) Aerobiological Approch to rust diseases of Bajra (Pennisetum typholdes) proc Nat. Conf. Env. Bio, Aurangabad, 247250. 12) Tilak, S. T. And M. Babu (1981) Aerobiological approach leaf spot disease of Bajra. Ind. J. Bot. 4: 87 90. 13) Tiwari, K. L and P. K. Saluja (2007) Seasonal Variation of aeromycoflora of Catharanthus Roseus Linn. Abst 14 th Nat conf Aerobio Raipur. 5. http://rutpp.com; 20 ISBN: 9789384663100