Christian Butzke Enology Professor butzke@purdue.edu www.indyinternational.org www.indianaquality.org
Film Yeasts vs Varietal Character Malolactic in the Cold Color Extraction & Stability High ph and High T.A.
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Film Yeasts vs Varietal Character Malolactic in the Cold Color Extraction & Stability High ph and High T.A.
Sherry fl r yeast: S. cerevisiae ssp.beticus
New England FLOR Yeast Brettanomyces, Candida, etc.
www.indianaquality.org
Wine Nutrient Status Do you know how much you ve got? Residual sugars Nitrogen Phosphate Potassium Vitamins Sterols Other growth factors
Juice Nutrient Status Do you know how much you ve got? Nitrogen Phosphate Potassium Vitamins Sterols Other growth factors
Stuck Fermentation Prevention Reference: Bisson & Butzke, AJEV 51 (2) 168-177, 2000 Diagnosis and rectification of stuck and sluggish fermentations. Current recommendations for total combined YAN: 200 mg N/L at 21 Brix (12.7% potential alcohol) 250 mg N/L at 23 Brix (14.1% potential alcohol) 300 mg N/L at 25 Brix (15.2% potential alcohol) Permitted additions of DiAmmonium Phosphate: United States: 203 mg N/L European Union: 64 mg N/L Two nitrogen adjustments are recommended: 1. prior to innoculation and 2. mid-fermentation at maximum fermentation rate
Juice Nutrient Status By Grape Varietal (Primary Amino Nitrogen by NOPA)
Hybrid Nutrient Status By Grape Varietal (Primary Amino Nitrogen by NOPA) 250 mg YAN/L 250 mg YAN/L
Nitrogen Status & Yeast Foods
Nitrogen Status & Yeast Foods mg N/Liter 25 20 15 10 5 0 mg α-amino-n/liter in Recommended Dosage for Each Product (according to label, tech sheets)
Microbial Stability and SO 2 SO 2 sensitivity: Malolactic bacteria? Saccharomyces? Kloeckera? Brettanomyces? YES! NO! YES? YES?
Fermentation Lag Phase Alcohol 0 50 100 SO 2 (mg/l) 200 400 Days
ph and SO 2 Free SO - 150 Free SO 2 required SO 2 molecular - 75 (mg/l) - 0 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 ph
ph and Required SO 2 Free SO 2 = 0.85 (1 + 10 ph - 1.83 ) required Or see chart @ www.indianaquality.org/freeso2(ph)pro.pdf
Dry: 1.7-3.4 g S/bbl Every 3-4 weeks! Wet: 225 g Citric/bbl 45 g KMBS/bbl
The Abominable Variable Capacity Tank
Fruit Flies
Volatile Acidity V.A. Chemistry Chemistry: Acetic acid Sensory Vinegar odor Spoilage threshold: 700 mg/l Legal limits: 1,400/1,200 mg/l (27 CFR Part 4 Subpart C 4.21 a iv)
Germ(an)s in the Winery?
http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=zntwoor 3Vok&feature=player_ embedded
Jock strap Brettanomyces Band aid Sweaty saddle Horse blanket Wet dog
Brettanomyces Ideal en-wine-ronment: Residual sugars (incl. pentoses) Vitamin thiamin => low free SO 2 or low ph Amino acids (including proline) Oxygen (air) Warm temperature (>50 F) High ph => low molecular SO 2 Low alcohol
ph Rate SO 2, Thiamin and Brett Thiamin cleavage by HSO 3 -
Anti-Brett Technology
Mold in the Winery?
TCA in the Winery?
TCA in the Winery?
Film Yeasts vs Varietal Character Malolactic in the Cold Color Extraction & Stability High ph and High T.A.
MLF Timing: Since 6000 BC: Spontaneous - when cellar warmed up in the spring Since 1960: Inoculated - after alcoholic fermentation Since 1992: Directly inoculated - during or after alcoholic fermentation
MLF Growth: MLB: >65 F Brett: >50 F Are there enough cold-hardy ML strains?
FLOR Yeasts vs. ML S.c., Brett, Candida, etc. How can you keep your tank warm? How can you warm up your tank?
Film Yeasts vs Varietal Character Malolactic in the Cold Color Extraction & Stability High ph and High T.A.
Cap Management Technique Does it matter?
Polymeric Red Color Monterey Sonoma Paso Robles Lodi Heat at the End Rotary/Enzyme Extended Maceration Oak Tannins Control 0 2 4 6 8 HPLC Absorbance A. Waterhouse
New/Ancient Techniques
+30% tanni Seed Number per Berry Variation/Ripeness = f (Vintage) seed J. Kennedy, ORSU
Color vs. Tannin Extraction Anthocyanins (g/l) Tannins (g/l/6.25) Skin contact time (days) P. Ribereau-Gayon
Tannin Management Maceration of wine on the pomace after fermentation is through, increases tannin but adds nothing to color. Prof. Eugene Hilgard University of California Berkeley, 1887
Tannin Management
Film Yeasts vs Varietal Character Malolactic in the Cold Color Extraction & Stability High ph and High T.A.
The High ph and High T.A. Issue In 2009 Norton was so slow to ripen that some were still hanging on the vines in late October. palatepress.com/2009/11/wine/harvest-report-missouri
TOTAL Acidity C-(O)H C-(O)H C-(O)H C-(O)H C-(O)H K + K + K + C-OH C-OH C-OH C-OH K + C-(O)H C-(O)H C-(O)H C-(O)H C-(O)H
TITRATABLE Acidity (T.A.) C-(O)H C-(O)H C-(O)H C-(O)H C-(O)H K + K + K + C-OH C-OH C-OH C-OH K + C-(O)H C-(O)H C-(O)H C-(O)H C-(O)H
T.A. and Extent of Exchange Total Total Acidity Acidity [mg Tartaric/L] [mg 12.0 - (with Potassium) T.A. T.A. [mg Tartaric/L] - 9.0 9.0 - C-(O)H - 6.0 6.0 - - 3.0 C-OH 3.0 - - 0 ph 0 - K + 3.4 4.6 5.8 7.0 8.2 Extent of Exchange
Extent of Exchange and ph C-(O)H C-OH + K + C-OH K + = Extent of Exchange Tartaric Extent of Exchange C-OH Malic + ph =
Vit Impact on ph & T.A. Rootstock Cultivar Water Relations Trellising & Spacing Growing Season Growing Region Rain and Soil Moisture Berry Expansion 1. Over-ripe Fruit or Hot Region 2. Early Harvest Fruit or Cool Region 3. Long Growing Season + Cool Climate ph high low high T.A. low high high
The High ph and High T.A. Issue In a long cool growing season, the vine produces lots of acid, respires relatively little of it, and also had plenty of opportunity to exchange of hydrogen ions for potassium. This means the initial juice T.A. is high, but so is the ph.
The High ph and High T.A. Issue What to do? Do nothing => get Brett & Funk Add tartaric => TA up = perceived acidity up Add hydrochloric = illegal => discuss w/ttb Ion exchange = impractical? Blending => MN varieties? Keep SO 2 high & tanks/bbl topped Harvest earlier & 2xde-acidify, blend