Unit 2
Unit 2, Notes 1
Three G s Gold Obtain bullion (gold and silver) Export raw materials (timber, fur) and/or grow cash crops (tobacco, indigo) to make a profit Glory Discover secrets of the New World (Fountain of Youth, Northwest Passage) Become the heroic conqueror of Indian civilizations Obtain a high-ranking government position of leadership in the colonies God Spread Christianity to the heathen natives (Spanish and French missions) Seek religious toleration and freedom from persecution (Pilgrims or Puritans)
Geographic Region Most of South and Central America Southern parts of North America from Florida to California Early Settlements/Villages St. Augustine (1565): Spanish fort/mission built in Florida Oldest city in North America Santa Fe (1609): capital of New Mexico Mexico (New Spain) and Peru Valuable mining operations (gold and silver) Caribbean Islands Valuable sugar plantations Unpopular settlements Present day Florida, Gulf States, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California (fewer than 4,000 Spanish by 1700)
Religion Missions: religious sanctuaries built to aid in the spread of Christianity to Native Americans Junipero Serra (Franciscan priest) established a chain of missions from San Diego to San Francisco called the El Camino Real Pope (Native American religious leader) led an uprising and destroyed most missions in New Mexico after Spanish priests whipped Native Americans that defied them or God Commerce and class Encomienda system: Spaniards made commissioners over large tracts of land and several Indian villages; villagers forced to give commissioners a share of their crop Social classes Peninsulares: upper class of Spanish American society that controlled high-ranking positions; born in Spain Criollos: middle class of Spanish American society with some wealth and authority; born in colonies but parents were pure Spanish Mestizos: usually the lower class of Spanish American society that provided much of the labor; born of mixed Spanish and Native American parentage
Geographic Regions Northern parts of North America (Canada, Great Lakes regions) Louisiana Territory (Mississippi River basin) Early Settlements/Villages Quebec (Capital of New France) Arcadia New Orleans Mobile Nova Scotia, St. Lawrence River, and Great Lakes Region Valuable fur trade Valuable fishing reserves Gulf colonies Valuable trading ports French missions located at river junctions next to trading posts
Fur Primary source of French interest and income derived from the fur trade Coureurs de bois: runners of the woods; French trappers and fur traders that lived among the Native Americans Mississippi River Fur Road French developed forts along the Mississippi River (Fort St. Louis, Fort Detroit) to protect the fur trade French colonized port cities of Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and Biloxi to ship fur back to France
Geographic Regions Northeastern North America (Hudson River Valley) Early Settlements/Villages New Amsterdam (New York City): Manhattan Island purchased from the Indians for the value of $24 New Netherlands (present day New York state) Valuable sea port Dutch West India Company created to export valuable raw materials from New Netherlands
Indigenous: natives; the original inhabitants of an area Death/Disease Smallpox, measles, and typhus were the most common diseases Almost 50 million Indians inhabited North and South America before Columbus Within a few generations, this population diminished by 90% Land displacement Indians were robbed of their lands Thousands fled to the interior regions of North and South America Europeanization Several Indian tribes embraced European traditions/cultures European trade introduced guns, horses, whiskey to Indian tribes