Influence of Gibberellic Acid (GA 3 ) on Fruit Qulity of Sweet Cherries John Cline University of Guelph, Simcoe & Vinelnd Cmpuses Tel: 519-426-7127 Ext 331 Jcline@uoguelph.c 1
Presenttion Outline Introduction Historicl perspective of gibberellic cid (GA) use increse the firmness of sweet cherries Current lbeled products nd recommendtions Other effects of GA Dt from Ontrio 2
University of Guelph - Simcoe nd Vinelnd Reserch Sttions 3
Mjor Fruit Producing Ares of Ontrio (Source: OMAF) 4 4
PGR Responses Auxin Gibberrellin Cytokinin Ethylene Abscisic Acid Cell enlrgement, Apicl dominnce, Rooting promotion, Fruit thinning, Fruit drop prevention Firmness, cell enlrgement, seedlessness, cuse fruit set, flower induction, flower reduction (thinnig), brek dormncy, Increse seed germintion, dely of senescence, modify sex expression Cell division, Counterct picl dominnce, Brnching gent, Dely of senescence, Cuse fruit bscission Ripening gent, Cuses lef & fruit bscission, Promotes rdicl growth Promotes lef & fruit bscission, Regultes dormncy in perennils, Controls hydric sttus through stomt opening control Dr. Silvn Witwer 5
Dr. Ed Proebsting of WSU ws one of the first to report on the use of GA on sweet cherries to dely mturity nd improve qulity (firmness) (Proebsting, 1972 WSU Extension Multilith 3520) 1970 s 6
unction Products Avilble Reserch Experience. Inhibit Flowering GA 3, GA 4, GA 7 Apples, Peches, Cherries. Promote Flowering Ethrel, NAA Apple. Influence fruit ripening nd qulity GA 3, GA 4, GA 7, Ethrel, Retin. Fruit thinning Crbryl*, NAA, BA, Surfctnts,. Influence ethylene synthesis Ethrel, MCP, ReTin. Fruit finish GA, Kolin Cly* Apple,. Chnge fruit shpe Benzyl denine (BA) Apple. Reduce Prehrvest drop. Reduce Vegettive growth NAA, ReTin Apogee - these products re not plnt growth regultors Cherries, Apples, Pech Apple, Pech Apple, Pech Apple, Pech Apple, Pech 7
Use Pttern Timing: Lte stge II, pit hrdening (trnslucent green to strw colour) Use sufficient wter volume to ensure thorough wetting Concentrtion 42 126 ppm GA 3 (16-48 grms i/cre) [$61 - $183/cre; 100 gllons/cre] Other Effects/Precutions Avoid overdosing lower cnopy Avoid unusully wrm/cold dys Less effective on erly ripening cultivrs Excessive concentrtions cn reduce return bloom 8
Benefits of GA on sweet cherries GA hs been shown to: Improve fruit firmness Increse soluble solids Increse fruit weight dely fruit mturity by 3-5 dys Greener stems Improved storge life results on reducing rin-induced fruit crcking re contrdictory [Drke et l, 1978, Fcteu, 1989, Looney nd Lidster, 1980, Proebsting et l, 1973] 9
Mechnism by which GA ffects cherries Vrious (100+) isomers of GA nturlly exist in plnts Commercilly registered GA contins isomer GA 3 tht is very ctive in woody plnt species including sweet cherries Delys mturity nd influence ripening enzyme ctivity nd function (GA 4 nd GA 7 re used in pples) 10
Mterils nd Methods - 2004 Plnt Mteril 19-Yr old Terhnivee, Vndly 6.5 x 7.5m free stnding Sprys pplied by hndgun to drip Tretments 1. Untreted 2. Activol (20 mg/l GA 3 ) 3. ProGibb (20 mg/l GA 3 ) 4. MxCell (50 mg/l 6-BA) pplied twice 5. Tretment 3 & 4 11
Flesh firmness ws mesured on 25 fruit, 2 sides Fruit texture Anlyzer Model GS-14, GÜSS, South Afric 3 mm probe, depth of 1mm (did not penetrte skin) 12
Firmness Results Tehrnivee Vndly Fruit firmness (kg) 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 c b Untreted Activol Progibb MxCell MxCell + Progibb c b b Men fruit firmness (kg) 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 b c c c Untreted Activol Progibb MxCell MxCell + Progibb Activol incresed firmness of Terhnivee, but not Vndly Progibb incresed firmness of both cultivrs Fruit firmness ws unffected by Mxcel Combintion of Progibb nd Mxcel similr to Progibb lone 13
Fruit Weight Results Tehrnivee Vndly Men fruit weight (g) 9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 Untreted Activol Progibb MxCell MxCell + Progibb Men fruit weight (g) 9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 b b b Untreted Activol Progibb MxCell MxCell + Progibb b No significnt tretment effect on fruit weight Fruit ws vrible nd tretment effects were inconsistent 14
Fruit Colour (1 st hrvest) Tehrnivee Vndly Fruit colour L vlue 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 c Untreted Activol Progibb MxCell MxCell + Progibb 40 b b 35 b b c b Fruit colour L vlue 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Untreted Activol Progibb MxCell MxCell + Progibb All tretments delyed colour development of Terhnivee in comprison with untreted controls Activol nd Progibb were less effect in delying colour development of Vndly.
Fruit Crcking No significnt tretment effect on: Fruit crcking Mrketble fruit
2003 Dt 17
Fruit Firmness Tehrnivee Vndly Fruit firmness (kg) 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 b Fruit firmness (kg) 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 c b b 0.00 0.00 Untreted Activol Progibb MxCell MxCell + Progibb Untreted Activol Progibb MxCell MxCell + Progibb GA resulted in significntly firmer fruit No effect of Mxcel Tehrnivee (lter cv.) more responsive to GA 3 thn Vndly 18
Fruit Weight Tehrnivee Vndly Men Fruit Weight (g) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Untreted Activol Progibb MxCell MxCell + Progibb Men fruit weight (g) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Untreted Activol Progibb MxCell MxCell + Progibb in 2003, GA did not influence fruit weight of either cultivr 19 19
2007 Dt 20
Tble 1. Effect of giberillic cid tretment on fruit colour nd firmness of 'Hedelfingen' cherries. Vinelnd, 2007. A 3 (mg/l) Timing Fomultion Firmnes s (kg) z Colour L vlue (lightness) 1st pick (July 11) Men fruit weight (g) Brix ( o ) ntreted - - 0.16 c 31.5 d 7.6 16.3 0 strw colour Progibb 40% 0.18 b 34.7 b 7.5 17.8 0 strw colour Progibb 40% 0.19 34.5 b 7.7 17.9 0 strw colour Progibb 40% 0.20 35.3 6.3 16.2 0 10 prior to strw colour Progibb 40% 0.18 b 33.5 c 7.3 17.0 0 strw colour + 10 dys prior Progibb 40% 0.17 b 34.8 b 6.9 15.9 0 strw colour Progibb 4% 0.17 b 33.0 c 7.3 17.1 0 strw colour Progibb 4% 0.18 b 35.0 b 6.3 16.0 ignificnce z *** *** ns ns SD (p=0.05) 0.01 0.5 2.8 2.0 vlue < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.7524 0.7112 2nd pick (July 18) ntreted - - 0.10 e 31.0 d 8.9 bc 17.1 0 strw colour Progibb 40% 0.18 31.3 d 10.0 15.0 0 strw colour Progibb 40% 0.17 32.1 bc 8.2 bcd 18.6 0 strw colour Progibb 40% 0.16 b 32.3 bc 8.8 bc 16.7 0 10 prior to strw colour Progibb 40% 0.13 d 32.4 b 9.3 b 18.8 0 strw colour + 10 dys prior Progibb 40% 0.14 c 33.2 7.9 bcd 15.9 0 strw colour Progibb 4% 0.13 d 31.8 c 7.7 cd 17.3 0 strw colour Progibb 4% 0.12 d 33.2 7.0 d 14.4 ignificnce z *** *** * ns SD (p=0.05) 0.01 0.5 1.6 3.3 vlue < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0154 0.1115 3 mm probe 21
2.0 1.8 2007 A - July 11 th Hrvest 2.0 1.8 2008 A - July 15 th Hrvest 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 Firmness (N) 1.0 0.0 2.0 1.8 B - July 18 th Hrvest Firmness (N) 1.0 0.0 2.0 1.8 B - July 22 th Hrvest 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 22
Hedelfingen fruits on July 11 th 2007 (1 st hrvest) 23
Summry of Gibberellic Acid use on Sweet Cherries Progibb hs consistently incresed fruit firmness nd hs typiclly delyed hrvest 3-5 dys Effects on fruit red colour t hrvest hve been mrginl Inconsistent tretment effects on fruit weight, soluble solids, nd rin crcking Progibb 40% ws more effective thn Progibb 4% in enhncing fruit firmness nd size 24
Further Informtion The MSU Fruit Mngement Guide- E-0154 Crop Protection Guide for Tree Fruits in Wshington NY Fruit Production Guide 25
Growth Regultor Informion PGR Use on Sweet nd Trt Cherries Updted Thinning nd PGR Informtion 26
http://www.plnt.uoguelph.c/treefruit
Acknowledgements Debbie Norton Summer students Vinelnd Frm Crew 28