Evluting Culturl Prties for Reovery from Cold Dmge in Grpevines Thoms Todro Northwest Mihign Vitiulture Speilist
Outline Cold hrdiness lsses of grpevines Overview of freeze dmge in Ohio Gol nd ojetives Study 1 : Cne qulity for trunk renewl nd reovery Study 2 : Trining systems for trunk renewl nd reovery Conlusions nd reommendtions
Geneti potentil of the genotype (vriety) 214 Polr Vortex: -4 F to -24 F Cold Hrdiness of Grpe Genotypes Cold hrdiness lss Rnge of ritil temp (LT5 ) Speies Exmples of vrieties Very tender 5 to -5 Most V. vinifer Merlot, Semillon, Syrh, Suv. Bln Tender to -8 V. vinifer Chrdonny, C Suv, Gewurztrminer, Pinot gris, Pinot noir Modertely tender -5 to -1 Some V. vinifer, some hyrids Riesling, C. Frn, Lemerger,Chmourin Modertely hrdy -1 to -15 Most hyrids Chrdonel, Trminette, Norton, Seyvl Hrdy -15 to -2 Most V. lrus Ctw, Conord, Delwre Very hrdy -2 to -3 Some hyrids Fronten, Foh, LCresent (Zdl et l. 27)
214 Polr Vortex: -2 C (-4F) to -31 C (-24F) -16-5 (Courtesy: MRCC)
Bud Dmge (%) Ded I ud Primry Bud Dmge During 214 Polr Vortex -11.3 o F -12.2 o F 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 23 Vrieties hyrids WOOSTER Cultivrs
Winter Dmge in Ohio fter 214 Polr Vortex Amerin: 3% Hyrid: 6% Vinifer: 97% $12 Million rop loss (Dmi & Lewis 214)
Issue: lk of reserh-sed informtion on optimum vine reovery Vine die-k in 214: How to rehilitte?
215 Min Temp : -2 C (-5F) to -36 C (-33F) (Courtesy: MRCC)
Bk to Bk Winter Injury Spring 214 Spring 215 Ded Alive Spring 215 Spring 215
Gol Provide reserh-sed informtion on how to mitigte freezing dmge Ojetives 1) Evlute the impt of ne morphology on freezing tolerne (FT) of ud nd vsulr tissues in reltion to rohydrte onentrtions nd ntomil strutures of old sensitive ultivrs. 2) Evlute severl trining systems for trunk renewl inluding ost, growth, yield, nd fruit qulity in three importnt old sensitive ultivrs in Ohio. Determine est ne size, nd trining system to use following severe old dmge in old tender ultivrs.
Study 1: Cne morphology Cernet frn Spring Summer S Fll N L L Norml Penil Lrge 7-9 mm 8 mm >12 mm
Wht is Bull Cne? Chrteristis of ull shoot/ne Rpid nd vigorous growth Cernet Frn Bull ne Long internodes (5-6 inhes) Lrge dimeter (>1/2inh) Flttened shpe Poorly fruitful (E-Extension; Todro & Dmi, 217)
Vegettive growth hrteristis Shoot length (summer) Lterl length (summer) Pruning weight (winter) Internode dimeter (summer) Lef re (Fll)
Freezing Tolerne
Bud & Cne Tissue Assessment Live Buds Ded I ud Live Phloem Phloem Injury Determine LT5 = Lethl temperture to 5% of tissues
Crohydrte nlysis Cryo-mill C.E. mhine Freeze drier
Antomy Light mirosopy Eletron mirosopy
Pruning weight/vine (kg) Lterls/shoot Shoots/vine Shoot length (m) Results: Vegettive growth hrteristis A 1 B 11 1 8 9 6 4 2 Lrge Norml 8 7 6 Lrge Norml Norml Penil Lrge 7-9 mm 8 mm >12 mm C 2 D 6 Lrge 1.6 5 Norml 1.2 4 3.8 2.4 1 Lrge Norml Totl lterls Lterls >3 m (Todro nd Dmi, 217)
Tertiry ud LT5 ( C) Phloem LT5 ( C) Primry ud LT5 ( C) Seondry ud LT5 ( C) Freezing tolerne A -5-1 Lrge Norml * * B -5-1 Lrge Norml * -15-2 * -15-2 * -25 8 Ot 15 23 Nov 15 21 De 15 25 Jn 16 22 Fe 16 28 Mr 16-25 8 Ot 15 21 De 15 25 Jn 16 22 Fe 16 28 Mr 16 C Lrge D Lrge -5-1 Norml * -5-1 Norml * -15-2 * * -15-2 * -25 8 Ot 15 21 De 15 25 Jn 16 22 Fe 16 28 Mr 16-25 8 Ot 15 21 De 15 25 Jn 16 22 Fe 16 28 Mr 16 (Todro nd Dmi, 217)
Conn (mg/g DW) Conn (mg/g DW) Conn (mg/g DW) Conn (mg/g DW) Conn (mg/g DW) Conn (mg/g DW) Crohydrtes 2 15 A Totl sugrs Lrge Norml 6 5 4 B Gluose *** 1 5 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 C Frutose * Dte 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 D Surose 2 15 1 5 E Rffinose 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 F Sthyose (Todro nd Dmi, 217)
VTU Numer Numer/VTU Surfe re (mm 2 ) VTU re (mm 2 ) Antomy Lrge ne (14mm Dim) 1 m 1 m Norml ne (7mm Dim) A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lrge Norml Pith Xylem Phloem B.9.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1 Xylem VTU Lrge Norml Phloem VTU C 11 1 D 12 1 Lrge Norml 9 8 8 6 7 4 6 2 5 Lrge Norml Xylem Vessels Phloem fiers (Todro nd Dmi, 217)
Summry of Findings Vegettive growth Lrge nes Antomy Freezing tolerne Lrge nes longer, wider nd hevier shoots longer nd more lterls Lrge nes Lrger nd more numerous vsulr strutures Less old hrdy uds Less old hrdy phloem Thn Norml nes 1 m Reommendtions: Remove lrge ull nes Retrin vines using norml sized nes (7-9 mm)
Study 2: Trining Systems for Trunk Renewl Hypotheses Trining system impts vine reovery to pre-dmge rop prodution Ojetives 1) Determine work hours required to implement Trining systems 2) Evlute vine growth, yield omponents, nd fruit qulity 3) Determine qulity of renewed trunks
Dt olletion 1) Vegettive growth hrteristis Bud nd shoot ounts Retrining time VSP onversion time Lef re 2) Yield omponents Cluster numer Crop wt. 3) Fruit omposition Totl solule solids (Brix) ph Titrtle idity 4) Trunk qulity Dimeter Crown gll inidene
Yer 1: 215 A. Fn B. Bilterl trining (VSP) C. Fn-VSP Cth wires Shoot Shoots (4) Fruit wire 3 New trunks (>4) New trunks (4) Soil Grft union 4
Cernet frn 4 June 215 Fn VSP Fn-VSP A B C 1 June 215 (Before) D E F H 1 June 215 (After) G H I
Summer Fn 29 July 215 VSP Fn-VSP
Fll Hrvest 24 Septemer 215 Fn VSP Fn-VSP
Time (hours/ re) Initil retrining time in spring 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Fn VSP Comintion (Fn-VSP)
215 Yield omponents Yield / vine (kg) Clusters / vine Yield / vine (kg) Clusters / vine Cernet frn Pinot gris 25 2 A 25 2 B 15 15 1 1 5 5 Fn Fn-VSP Fn Fn-VSP 2 C 1.2 D 1.6 1.2.8.8.4.4 Fn Fn-VSP Fn Fn-VSP
Titrtle idity (g/l) Titrtle idity (g/l) ph ph Solule solids (Brix) Solule solids (Brix) 215 Fruit omposition Cernet frn Pinot gris 21 2 19 18 17 A 21 2 19 18 17 B 16 3.5 3.5 3.4 C Fn Fn-VSP 16 3.5 3.5 3.4 D Fn Fn-VSP 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 6. 5.6 5.2 4.8 4.4 E Fn Fn Fn-VSP Fn-VSP 3.2 6.4 6. 5.6 5.2 4.8 4.4 F Fn Fn Fn-VSP Fn-VSP
Lte fll (215) Fn trining 12 Deemer VSP Comintion (Fn-VSP)
Yer 2: 216 Before onverting to VSP Fn VSP Fn-VSP * * * * * * _ * = Pruning ut = retined nes = uds (fruitful) After onverting to VSP VSP VSP VSP (3-ud spur)
Before VSP onversion (yr 1: 215) After onversion to VSP (yr 2: 216) Pre-ud rek 3-6 shoot growth Hrvest Lef fll Fn F/VSP VSP
Time (Minutes / vine) Results: Lor 3: Tying Pruning A 4% of vines required ordon replement B B B 2: C 1: :
Clusters / vine Buds / vine Shoots / vine Vegettive hrteristis 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 d 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 d Cernet frn Pinot gris Pinot noir Cernet frn Pinot gris Pinot noir SPOILER ALERT!!!! 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 d d SPOILER ALERT!!!! Cernet frn Pinot gris Pinot noir
1-erry wt. (g) Clusters / vine Yield / vine (kg) Yield omponents 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cernet frn Pinot gris Pinot noir Cernet frn Pinot gris Pinot noir 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 1 Cernet frn Pinot gris Pinot noir
Titrtle idity (g/l) Totl solule solids (Brix) ph Fruit omposition 22 21 2 19 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 18 3 Cernet frn Pinot gris Pinot noir Cernet frn Pinot gris Pinot noir 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 Cernet frn Pinot gris Pinot noir
Lef re (m 2 ) : Yield (kg) Overropped Lef re : Yield rtio 2 1.8 1.6 Cernet frn Underropped (over vigorous) 1.4 1.2 1 Optimum (Blned vine).8.6.4.2 Cernet frn (Kliewer nd Dokoozlin, 25)
Lef re (m 2 ) : Yield (kg) Overropped Lef re : Yield rtio 1.6 1.4 Pinot gris Underropped (over vigorous) 1.2 1.8 Optimum (Blned vine).6.4.2 Pinot gris
Overropped Lef re (m) : Yield (kg) Lef re : Yield rtio 2.8 2.6 Pinot noir 2.4 2.2 2 Underropped (over vigorous) 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.8 d Optimum (Blned vine) d.6.4.2 Pinot noir
Crop wt. (kg) : Pruning wt. (kg) Underropped (over vigorous) Optimum Overropped Yield : Pruning weight rtio (Crop Lod) 25 2 15 1 d 5 Cernet frn Pinot gris Pinot noir
Trunk Dimeter (mm) Trunk (2-yer old) qulity : 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 Cernet frn Pinot gris Pinot noir
Pinot gris Cernet frn Summry Vr. Yer 1 Yer 2 Retrining (hrs/re) Yield (T/A) TSS (Brix) Lef re: yield (m 2 )/kg Vine lne Yield : pruning wt. (kg /kg) Trunk dimeter (mm) Fn 55 4.6 2.6 1.2 6.6 13. 69 5.5 2.2 1.1 7.4 13.3 Fn-VSP 91 4.7 2. 1. 8.7 14.1 91 5.3 19.6.9 1.7 14.5 VSP 99 6.3 18.8 1.3 12.1 18.3 Fn 7 4.5 2.5 1.2 8.4 11. 71 4.8 2.1 1.2 7.4 12.4 Fn-VSP 86 5.1 19.7 1 15.7 11.7 93 5.3 19.5.85 18. 12.2 VSP 13 3.9 18.3.8 16.7 15.5
Conlusions Medium ne size is optimum with inresed freezing tolerne. Trining systems with high ud numer hve inresed shoot numer nd yield ut delyed fruit ripening. Fn/VSP trining is not reommended! Optimum trining system / pruning : Fn-4T4C
Prtil pplition to growers Yer 1: Retin ll shoots using fn system. Yer 2: When pruning, selet norml ne [(7-9mm dimeter) optimum for trunk renewl] nd trin using 4 trunks nd 4 nes. FAN
Aknowledgments Advising mentors nd experts Dr. Dmi Dr. Crdin Dr. Sheerens Crohydrte nlysis (OMAC) Dr. Blkeslee Dr. Chnnon Antomy Dr. Meuli (OSU) Dr. Goffinet (Cornell University) OSU Vitiulture group MS. Shouxin Li, Jlyn Fiol Dine Kinney, Emily Romin Tori Mssro, Biley Miller Yvonne Woodworth, Andrew Kirk Ohio Grpe Industries Progrm Dept. of Hortiulture & Crop Siene
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