PANSY CULTIVAR EVALUATION IN THE LANDSCAPE

Transcription

1 Proc. la. tate Hort. oc. 102: PANY CULTIVAR EVALUATION IN THE LANDCAPE T. K. Howe and W. E. Water1 Gulf Coat Reearch & Education Center Univerity of lorida Bradenton, L Additional index word, variety trial, annual. Abtract. Pany (Viola x Wittrockiana) cultivar were evaluated for earline of flowering, flower diameter and color, plant dimenion, growth habit, uniformity, longevity and overall appearance during the pring and fall of ifty-five cultivar in the pring and 40 cultivar in the fall were grown in field plot on raied, polyethylene-mulched bed in full un. pring: Range of time from owing to the firt flower wa 78 to 90 day. Twenty-ix cultivar flowered in 82 day or le, wherea 9 cultivar flowered later than 86 day. 'Imperial ' wa tallet at 7.9 inche, and 24 cul tivar were equal to or le than 6.0 inche tall. When rated on a 1 to 10 cale (pooret to bet) for overall appearance uniformity and vigor, 18 cultivar had rating >9 and 45 cultivar were rated >8. loe were noted a the eaon progreed with greatet plant lo for 'Imperial Ocean' at 92%. all: The time from owing to the firt flower ranged from 83 to 103 day. 'Icequeen' wa later than any other cultivar at 103 day. ifteen cultivar flowered in le than 68 day. 'Cream Crown' produced flower with the larget diameter at 3.1 inche. The 'Waterford' erie of cultivar pro duced the mallet flower. height ranged from 3.8 to 7.0 inche. Twenty-one cultivar were rated >8. lorida rank third nationally in reported wholeale value of flowering and foliar type bedding plant, excluive of geranium (1). The 1988 national wholeale value of thee product wa $33,971,000. lat ale contributed $16,213,000 and container contributed $24,221,000 to thi total. Panie produced for garden and landcape ue ac counted for 4% of the total bedding plant crop in 1988 (4). They ranked fifth in popularity and eventh a a planned increae item for Although a minor pecie in a total production cheme, panie provide a wide election of col or for ue during cooler winter month in lorida. New and tandard pany cultivar were evaluated in field trial at the Gulf Coat Reearch & Education Center during the pring (eb.-may 1988) and fall (Oct Jan. 1989) of 1988 to determine thoe which are bet uited for landcape ue in central lorida. The fifty-five entrie in the pring and forty entrie in the fall included 24 major cultivar erie. 'Biological Adminitrator I and Center Director, repectively. lorida Agricultural Experiment tation Journal erie No. N Note: The information contained in thi report i a ummary of experi mental reult and hould not be ued a recommendation for crop pro duction. Where trade name are ued, no dicrimination i intended and no endorement i implied. Acknowledgement: Our thank to ierra Chemical Co. of Milpita, CA for the contribution of OmocoteR fertilizer. Proc. la. tate Hort. oc. 102: Material and Method Tranplant production eed of pany cultivar (Table 1) were own in flat filled with peat:vermiculite medium (1:1 v:v, amended with dolomite, uperphophate and minor element) on 21 Dec and 24 Aug eedling were tranplanted into 1.5 x 1.5 x 2.5 inch containerized cell filled with the ame peat:vermiculite medium. Tran plant received liquid fertilizer a needed during produc tion. No plant growth regulator were ued in thi tudy. Table 1. Pany cultivar evaluated during 1988 and their eed upplier. Armado erie w/eye w/eye Black Prince Crown erie Azure Azure Improved Cream Roe plah ( Lip) Crytal Bowl erie Purple Dancer Delft ace erie Red 8c /Roe Happy ace Icequeen Imperial erie Blue Gold Gold Princey Ocean Prince Pink hade Purple Red Roe ilver Prince Wine ahion Lyric Majetic Giant Maxim erie Medallion erie Blue/Blotch Deep Roe Blotch Roc hazam pring Magic erie Blue/Blotch eaon Evaluated7 eed upplier Royal lui Royal lui Royal lui akata akata akata akata akata akata akata akata akata akata akata Bodger lui & Groot German (Grime) German (Grime) German (Grime) German (Grime) German (Grime) German (Grime) Bodger lui & Groot Goldmith akata akata akata lui & Groot Vaughan' 97

2 Table 1. Continued Table 2. Temperature and rainfall for and 33-year average (3) for Bradenton. L. eaon Evaluated7 eed upplier /Blotch Roe Ultra Violet /Blotch pringtime erie Clarity Lemon plah uper Majetic erie Ocean Ocean Improved Ultima Univeral erie Violet Viking Waterford erie Apricot Azure Blue Red carlet 7 = pring, = fall. yleuroelect Gold Medal Winner. akata akata akata Goldmith Goldmith Goldmith ield preparation and crop management Bed of EauGallie fine and were formed to a width of 30 inche on 4.5 ft center in the pring and a width of 33 inche on 5 ft center in the fall. low releae fertilizer at 1672 lb/bedded A OmocoteR (N-P-K) in the pring and 1542 lb/bedded A in the fall wa broadcat over the full bed urface and incorporated to a depth of 3-4 inche. Bed were fumigated with 67% methyl bromide:33% chloropicrin and covered with black polyethylene in the pring and white polyethylene in the fall. The field were irrigated by eepage via lateral ditche paced every 40.5 ft. The trial area wa in full un. were et on 12 inch center with 3 taggered row per bed on 11 eb. and 27 Oct. and drenched with 1600 ppm N-P-K from a 20N 8.7 P 16.6 K fertilizer. our replication of 6 plant per cultivar were arranged in a randomized complete block deign. Metalaxyl wa applied a a drench at tranplanting to revent damp-off in both eaon. Other peticide were utilized a needed to control botryti, lepidopterou worm, aphid, whitefly and thrip in the pring and bot ryti, lepidopterou worm, leafminer, and whitefly in the fall. The pany evaluation plot were in a mixed pecie production area o all pet were not necearily problema tic to pany production. Data collection were evaluated for flowering time, flower ize and color, plant growth habit, mature plant dimenion, longevity and other horticultural qual itie. ubjective rating for overall appearance were a igned to field plot baed on a 0 to 10 cale (0 = all plant dead and 10 = excellent). Vigor, floriferoune, habit and uniformity were conidered in thi ingle rating. Temper ature and rainfall information (3) i contained in Table 2. Dicuion pring Of the fifty-five cultivar in trial, 22 were imi lar to 'Dancer ', 'Waterford ', 'Imperial Pink Month/year eb. 88 Mar. 88 Apr. 88 May 88 Oct. 88 Nov. 88 Dec. 88 Jan Daily Temp. ( ) Max Min Rainfall year Daily Temp. ( ) Max Min Rainfall hade' and 'ace ' in earline to flower (Table 3). The range among all entrie wa 78 to 90 day. Nine entrie were imilar to 'Imperial Prince' in being the latet to flower. Color election within cultivar erie were not imilar in length of time to firt flowering for the 'Imperial', 'pring Magic', 'Waterford', 'Crown' or 'ace' erie. lower diameter ranged from 2.0 inche for 'Waterford ' to 3.0 inche for 'uper Majetic Ocean Improved'. ive other entrie were imilar to 'uper Majetic Ocean Improved' in flower diameter and all flower were greater than or equal to 2.8 inche. Ten entrie were imilar to 'Waterford ' in flower diameter, including all of the remaining 'Waterford' color election. height ranged from 4.8 inche for ' Crown' to 7.9 inche for 'Imperial '. 'Imperial ' wa ignificantly taller than any other entry. Twelve entrie were imilar to ' Crown' in mature plant height and all were le than or equal to 5.7 inche. diameter ranged from 6.0 inche to 10.0 inche for 'Roe Crown' and 'Imperial ', repectively. even entrie were imi lar to 'Imperial ' and 15 entrie were imilar to 'Roe Crown' in plant diameter. Percentage plant mortality wa tabulated through 16 May 1988, and wa taken a an indicator of heat tolerance. 'Imperial Ocean' had the greatet plant loe at 91.7%. Thi wa followed by 'Imperial Red' at a 66.7% lo. All other cultivar had plant loe le than 50%. Thirty-four entrie were not ignificantly different than the two cul tivar with zero plant lo. Eighteen entrie were given an overall ubjective rating equal to or greater than 9.0 (uperior); forty-five entrie were greater than 8.0. ince rating were given on 31 Mar., they did not reflect final plant mortality figure. orty en trie were not ignificantly different from 'ace Deep Blue', which received a rating of 9.9. Color election within the following erie were not imilar in overall rat ing: 'Imperial', 'pring Magic', 'Crown' and 'ace'. ubjective evaluation during the eaon highlighted the following: 'pring Magic Roe' had uperior deep floral color which reited fading. 'ace with Roe', 'ace Red and ', 'ace ' and 'ace ' all provided uniform, vigorou plant which were floriferou with flower directed upward and tilted out for a good floral diplay. The 'Imperial' erie color '', 'Wine ahion', 'Purple' and 'Gold Prince' all received high rat- 98 Proc. la. tate Hort. oc. 102: 1989.

3 Table 3. Growth and performance of pany (Viola x Wittrockiana) cultivar in field bed at the Gulf Coat Reearch & Education Center, Bradenton, L (eb.-may 1988). Day to lower2 lower Height Mortality" Ratingw Dancer Waterford Imperial Pink hade ace Crytal Bowl ace Waterford Azure Blue plah Crown ( Lip) Crytal Bowl Purple Roe Crown Waterford Imperial Ocean pringtime Clarity Imperial Maxim Ultima ace Waterford carlet ace with Roe Crown Imperial Wine ahion Imperial Gold Prince Roc pring Magic Roe Imperial Roe Azure Crown Improved pring Magic Ultra Violet uper Majetic Ocean Cream Crown Univeral Medallion Blue with Blotch ace Imperial Imperial Purple uper Majetic Ocean Improved ace Red & Medallion Deep Roe with Blotch Black Prince Imperial Imperial pring Magic with Blotch Imperial Gold Happy ace Imperial Blue Imperial Red pring Magic Lyric pring Magic Blue with Blotch Majetic Giant Waterford Apricot Viking Azure Crown Crown Imperial Prince 78 qv 79o-q 79o-q 79n-q 79n-q 801-q 81 i-q 82h-q 82g-p 82g-p 83 f-n 83f-n 83e-l 84e-l 84d-k 84c-j 85b-i 85b-h 86a-f 86a-f 87a-e 87 a-d 88a-c 88 ab 88 ab 89 ab 89 ab 90 a t 2.0 u 2.2 q-u 2.1 tu t 2.1 -u 2.2 p-u 2.3 j-r 2.6 e-i 2.3 k- 2.5 g-n 2.8 a-d 2.4 h-o 2.3 k- 2.9 a-c 2.9 a-c 2.1 r-u 2.5 g-m 2.3 j-r 2.7 c-g 2.6 e-j 3.0 a 2.2 o-t 3.0 ab 2.6 e-j 2.5 g-n 2.7 c-f 2.8 b-e 2.4 h-p 2.5 f e-k 2.8 a-d 2.2 q-u 2.7 c-g 2.4 h-o 6.6 b-i 5.8 e-j 6.7 b-e 6.5 b-f 5.1 jk 5.4 h-k 6.5 b-f 6.9 be 6.7 b-e 6.9 b 6.6 b-e 5.4 g-k 6.0 d-j 5.7 f-i 7.9 a 6.0 d-j 5.3 i-k 5.7 f-k 6.0 c-j 5.5 g-k 5.7 f-i 6.7 b-d 5.8 d-j 5.5 g-k 4.8 k 8.4 b-i 8.5 b-h 8.3 b-i 6.8 j-n 6.0 n 8.5 b-h 8.0 b-j 7.5 e-m 7.6 e g-n 7.0 h-n 7.0 j-n 9.2 a-d 7.5 e-m 8.0 b-j 6.8j-n 10.0 a 7.3 n-f 8.3 b-i 6.5 k-n 7.6 e n 8.7 a-f 7.7 e c-j 6.7j-n 7.7 e j-n 6.1 mn 7.6 e-m 41.7 be 27.1 b-f 0.0 f 8.3 d-f 91.7a b-f 37.5 b-e 45.0 be 21.7 b-f 29.2 b-e f 45.8 be 37.5 b-e 8.3 d-f 66.7 b 9.1 a-c 9.9 a 9.6 ab 8.1 b-f 9.3 a-d 8.4 a-c 7.6 d-g 9.6 ab 7.6 d-g 9.1a-d 7.1 fg 9.1 a-d 7.1 fg 7.5 e-g 7.5 e-g 6.5 g zrom owing 21 Dec ymeaured 31 Mar at peak performance. "Percentage of plant dead per plot by trial termination 16 May wrated 31 Mar at peak appearance. Overall rating cale: 0 = all plant dead, 1 = v. poor, 5 = accerptable, 10 = excellent. vmean eparation within column by Duncan' multiple range tet, 5% level. ing baed on vigor, uniformity and flower cover. 'Black Prince' wa uniform and vigorou, but the petal had a rough, paper-like texture. The bet of the 'Waterford' erie were the yellow, white and red. '' had a very attractive flower color, wa very floriferou and pro duced buhy plant. Other cultivar favored were 'Crytal Bowl Purple', ' Lip Crown', 'uper Majetic Ocean' Proc. la. tate Hort. oc. 102: and 'uper Majetic Ocean Improved'. examined a color mixe howed that 'Dancer ' wa floriferou and produced multiple bloom very early. 'Crown ' produced plant of variou plant habit (upright v. pro trate) and flower ize which differed by flower color. 'Uni veral ' produced plant of uneven ize. 'Viking ' had plant of uniform ize, but produced few flower. 99

4 Table 4. Growth and performance of pany (Viola x Wittrockiana) cultivar in field bed at the Gulf Coat Reearch & Education Center, Bradenton, L (Oct Jan. 1989). Day to lower7 lower Heighty % Mortality54 Rating' pring Magic Ultra Violet Waterford Ultima Waterford Azure Blue Waterford Univeral Violet Armado with Eye Roe Crown Delft Crytal Bowl Maxim Crytal Bowl Purple Waterford Red Roc Imperial Waterford Imperial Prince Maxim Armado with Eye Imperial Gold Waterford carlet hazam pringtime Clarity pringtime Lemon plah Imperial Red pring Magic with Blotch Crown Cream Crown Viking Majetic Giant Lyric plah Crown ( Lip) Armado Pure Waterford Apricot Imperial Imperial ilver Prince Imperial Blue Waterford Icequeen 83 kv 83 k 88g-k 90e-i 91 e-i 91e- 91d- 91 d- 91 d- 93b-h 93b-g 94b-f 94b-f 95b-f 95b-e 95b-e 96b-e 96b-e 97b-d 97 be 97 b 103 a 1.9p 2.3 f-k 2.0 n-p 2.1 k-p 2.5 b-g 2.6 b-d 2.3 g m-p 2.6 be 2.5 b-f 1.9 op 2.3 e-k 2.2 h-m 2.5 c-h 2.4 d-j 2.5 b-g 2.5 b-e 2.3 f-k 3.1a 2.6 b-e 2.4 c-i 2.4 d-j e 1.9op 2.01-p 7.0 a 6.2 a-c 6.1 a-f 4.7 i h-k 4.4 kl 6.1 a-g 5.8 b-h 5.9 b-g 5.9 b-g 5.7 b-i 5.2 c-k 6.3 ab 5.0 g-k 6.1 a-e 5.1 d-k 6.2 a-d 4.5 j e-k 6.0 b-g 5.2 b-k 4.8 h h f-k c-k 6.3 ab 14.6 a 9.1 f b-h 1-h 9.9 d-i 10.4 b-g 7.2 mn n 7.2 mn 9.2 e h k-n 9.5 e e-k 9.3 e d-j 9.8 e-j 9.2 e j-m 10.1 b-h 9.9 c-h n 1-h 10.4 b-h 11.5b 11.2 b-d 9.9 c-h 11.4 be 10.5 b-f 1-h 9.1 f f g n 8.4 i b-e 9.9 d-j 8.3 be 8.4 be 5.0 be 8.4 be 12.5 b 25.0 a 5.0 be 8.1 b-h 6.6 h-j 7.8 b-i 9.7 a 8.6 a-e 7.1 e-j 6.8 g-j 8.9 a-c 8.7 a-d 8.9 a-c 8.6 a-e 7.0 f-j 7.5 c-i 5.8j 7.4 c-i 9.1 ab 8.0 b-i 7.8 b-i 8.0 b-i 6.5 ij 'rom owing 24 Aug ymeaured 21 and 22 Dec "Percentage of plant dead per plot by trial termination 10 Jan wrated 9 and 10 Jan Overall rating cale: 0 = all plant dead, 1 = v. poor, 5 = acceptable, 10 = excellent. vmean eparation by Duncan' multiple range tet, 5% level. all Of the forty entrie examined 'Icequeen' wa ig nificantly later to flower than any other entry at 103 day from owing (Table 4). The number of day to firt flower ranged from 83 for 'pring Magic Ultra Violet' and 'Water ford ' to 103 for 'Icequeen'. Thirteen other entrie were imilar in earline to 'pring Magic Ultra Violet' and 'Waterford '. Inconitencie were evident among color election with repect to flowering for the following cultivar erie: 'Waterford', 'Imperial', 'Crown', 'Armado' and 'pring Magic'. lower diameter ranged from 1.9 inche for 'Waterford ' to 3.1 inche for 'Cream Crown'. 'Cream Crown' had ignificantly larger flower than any other cultivar. Ten cultivar, which included ix other 'Waterford' elec tion, were not ignificantly different from 'Waterford Yel low'. The 'Imperial' and 'Crown' entrie were diimilar in flower ize within each repective erie. height ranged from 3.8 inche to 7.0 inche and plant diameter from 6.9 inche to 14.6 inche. 'Waterford', 100 'Imperial', 'pring Magic' and 'pringtime' erie were di imilar in plant dimenion for color election within each group. 'pring Magic Ultra Violet' produced plant of the larget diameter, and had an untamed appearance even while covering the bed. 'pringtime Lemon plah' had the highet percentage of plant loe at 25%. Twenty-three entrie had no plant loe. Overall ubjective rating were made in Jan. at the end of the trial period. Twenty-one entrie were rated above 8.0 and only 4 below 7.0. eventeen entrie were imilar to 'Univeral Violet' (rated 9.7) in rating. avorable characteritic were found for the following: 'Univeral Violet' produced vigorou, preading plant with many mall, dark flower. 'Cream Crown' wa perhap minamed a it produced lemon flower with a dark gold blotch. However, it wa a very vigorou and prolific cul tivar. 'Maxim ' had good plant uniformity with plant lateral in habit. It wa vigorou and very floriferou. Proc. la. tate Hort. oc. 102: 1989.

5 'Maxim ' wa the bet mixed color entry; however, it had uneven plant ize a the primary fault. habit varied lightly. While mot color election of'maxim' were more lateral, the rut with gold bicolor wa obviouly more upright. There wa a favorable matching among 'Maxim' color election for flower ize and flower number. 'pring Magic with Blotch' produced buhy, vigorou plant with good flower preentation. The dark orange flower had a mall dark blotch and were upturned for good diplay. '' had very dark blue lower petal capped with bluih-white upper petal. were buhy, luh and vigorou. 'Imperial ' produced a haded, clear orange flower where the lower petal were darker than the upper and line in the lip petal were occa ional. 'Imberial ' produced vigorou, fairly uni form plant. 'Waterford ' wa very floriferou and produced very howy plant; ome line in the lip were occaionally een. Unfavorable trait were found in the following: 'pring Magic Ultra Violet' had an erratic halo flower marking. were very large in the fall and became unkempt looking. 'Icequeen' wa very late to flower and flowering wa very pare and irregular. 'pringtime Lemon plah' produced cream colored flower with a very dark blotch. Thi wa ditinctly different than the color oberved in a trial at thi location in fall, 1987 (2), at that time the color wa a light yellow with a medium purple blotch. Literature Cited 1. Anonymou lorida Agriculture. oliage, floriculture and cut green. lorida Agricultural tatitic ervice, Orlando, L April, Howe, T. K. and W. E. Water Obervation of flowering bed ding plant. pring and fall Bradenton GCREC Reearch Report BRA tanley, C. D Temperature and rainfall report for Bradenton GCREC Reearch Report BRA Voight, A. O Price trengthen in '88 bedding plant eaon '89 production propect bright but maturing. PPGA New, Vol. 20, No. 1. Proc. la. tate Hort. oc. 102: THE MEXICAN WAHINGTON PALM I NOT AN AET IN LORIDA LANDCAPING Julia. Morton Morton Collectanea Univerity of Miami Coral Gable, L Additional index word. Wahingtonia robuta, W. filifera, California fan palm, deert palm. Abtract. outh lorida i burdened by a plethora of exotic tree and other plant which have been introduced a ueful pecie but have proven to be not only undeirable but alo rampant weed. We now need to be concerned about the increaed planting of the Mexican Wahington palm ( Wah ingtonia robuta H. Wendl.). It appear attractive when young; grow rapidly; ha a kirt of dead leave the firt few year, become nude with age, when the lender trunk, ulti mately too tall for a hurricane area, look like a telegraph pole with a mall tuft of leave at the ummit; and it ha become a weed. eed prout in any nook, beide tep, in planter, and hedge. I have een uch volunteer dirupt maonry and threaten the roof overhang. Unfortunately, ome landcaping contractor are miled by the pecific epithet "robuta" and believe they are planting the thickertrunked, more leafy, horter, lower-growing and hardier de ert fan palm, W. filifera (L Linden) H. Wendl., of California, northern Baja California and Arizona. outh lorida' lo of thouand of "Jamaica Tall' coconut palm from lethal yellowing dieae ha timulated a demand for other tall palm. Beide dieae-reitant hybrid coconut (now in hort upply), more than a dozen other pecie have been adopted by wholeale producer over the pat few year (32). at-growing palm are preferred and, unfortunately, one that i becoming planted in large number i the Mex- Proc. la. tate Hort. oc. 102: ican Wahington palm (Wahingtonia robuta H. Wendl.), which wa firt brought to lorida in the 1920' by boxcar load (41). One of the reaon for the preent popularity of thi palm with landcape contractor i that many of them, epecially thoe from out-of-tate, are miled by the pecific name, robuta and believe it to be the tout-trunked Wahingtonia o commonly grown and admired in Califor nia. It i neceary, therefore, to explain the difference between the two pecie of thi genu which have been the ubject of much botanical confuion and even believed to repreent at leat 4 different pecie intead of the actual two (25). One mut beware of the older literature (2, 3, 6, 20, 31, 39). California an Palm Wahingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl., the Califor nia fan palm, deert palm (or hula palm in Hawaii) (30), caually noticed by urveyor for the Pacific Railroad and the Mexican Boundary urvey ( ), wa not re corded by a botanit until 1861 and then given only a peculative name, Brahea?. Not until 1879 did ome young eedling growing in a Belgian greenhoue attract the at tention of the palm pecialit, Dr. H. Wendland, who be towed upon them the generic name in honor of George Wahington (though thi had previouly been applied to equoia pecie). There till remain utter confuion a to the ource of the eed. Neowahingtonia upereded Wahingtonia in 1897 but wa not widely accepted and oon wa abandoned (31). The pecific name, filifera (at firt, filamentoa), refer to the numerou, threadlike filament dangling from the deep diviion of the circular, gray-green, rigid, leaf blade which may be 4-6 ft acro and die after 1 yr (3). Another ditinguihing feature i that the long (4-6 1/2 ft) petiole bear pine only on the lower half and i green except for 101