PHENOMEN OF PARTHENOCARPY IN AUTOCHTHONOUS AND DOMESTICATED VARIETIES OF PEAR IN NORTHEAST BOSNIA

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1 PHENOMEN OF PARTHENOCARPY IN AUTOCHTHONOUS AND DOMESTICATED VARIETIES OF PEAR IN NORTHEAST BOSNIA Besim Salkić 1, Ensar Salkić¹, Ahmed Salkić¹ Emir Imširović¹, Husein Keran¹, University of Tuzla. Faculty of Technology Tuzla, Department of Agronomy ABSTRACT Parthenocarpy represents the ability to form fruit without fertilization and development of seeds in fruit trees. In order to have access into grade of fruits set, or possible estimation of the affinity of studied varieties to form partenocarpic fruits, the structure of seeds in fruits was analyzed. This analysis open the question of evaluation and predisposition of domestic and autochthonous varieties according to parthenocarpy and it points to importance of future studies that should determine the issue of varietal composition and mutual compatibility of these varieties. The highest representation of normally developed seeds is found in the fruits of the Kaličanka variety (96.08%), and the smallest in the Begarka variety (0.84%). The largest number of blind seeds is found in the fruit Jeribasma variety (57.95%), and the lowest in Kaličanka (0.98%). The largest number of initially fertilized ovulas is found in the fruits of variety Ahmetova (78.76%), and the smallest in the variety Kačmorka (0.95 %). Key words: Parthenocarpy, Pear, Autochthonous, Domesticated 1. INTRODUCTION Fruit growing is a highly profitable branch of agriculture. Profitability is reflected above all in high and quality yields per unit area as well as the difference between the production and selling price of fruit.high yields of fruit are the result of modern knowledge-based cultivation technologies, environmental conditions, as well as a combination of varieties - rootstock, period of flowering and fertility. A small number of fruit species form fruits without fertilization.parthenocarpy is the ability of fruit trees to form fruits without fertilization and development of seeds. All kinds of fruits do not show the same tendency towards parthenocarpy. The intensity of parthenocarpy occurrence in the same species and varieties is different in some years, and in some years it can completely omitted. Parthenocarpy is especially occured in vigorous fruit trees as a result of various factors, for example due to the 1 University of Tuzla. Faculty of Technology Tuzla, Department of Agronomy Copyright IJAEBS 2018, All right reserved Page 1

2 stimulatory effect of pollen, insect injuries or some other stimulating factors. Parthenocarpy fruits of some species, e.g. pears, have deformed fruits in comparison with the fertilized one. Studies by numerous authors have pointed to the fact that development of parthnocarpic fruits depends to the content of various and specific substances in fruit trees. If these substances are not present in sufficient quantities, parthenocarpic fruits can not be formed. Of these substances, the most common is auxin. The parthenocarpic fruits of agrums, and especially in their locules, there are so many auxins that it acts toxic to the ovums that degenerate, and does not produce seeds (14). Different varieties of pears have different intensity of parthenocarpy. Précoce de Trevouxforms a number of parthenocarpic fruits each year, while the Conference forms a significant number of parthenocarpic fruits one year and in the other years the formation of such fruits is completely absent. The appearance of partially-developed fruits varies from standard. As a rule, they are lagging behind in size and are often deformed. The shape of the fruit is elongated, cylindrical, without abdominal thickening, so they resemble the eggplant, and they are also poorer in the quality of the flavors of the fruits normally developed after fertilization. Fruits can be poorly colored. According to Grigs and Iwakiri (1954), quoted by Stančević (16), parthenocarpic fruits of Williams (Bartlett) in California are larger and more attractive than fruits produced by fertilization. This is probably because agroecological conditions at the time of forming parthenocarpic fruits were extremely favorable. The tendency towards parthenocarpy is not the same for all varieties and is genetically conditioned. 1.1 METHOD OF WORK Tests that lasted 2 years ( ) included 33 autochthonous and domesticated varieties of pears in the ex situ collection "Voćni rasadnik" Srebrenik at Špionica location. All varieties were grafted on wild pear rootstock by T-budding and planted in 2002, 4 one year old fruit trees, of each variety, with planting space 4 x 2 m on alluvial-deluvial soil at an altitude of 166 m above sea level with a moderate continental climate. Fruits (30 fruits) for analysis of autochthonous and domesticated varieties were harvested at the stage of physiological maturity (determined based on the number of days from bloom to harvest in the early years of fruiting) from each of the 4 trees from all parts of the crown. In order to obtain an insight into degree of fruits set, or possible estimation of the tendency of the studied varieties to form parthenocarpic fruits. The structure of seeds in the fruits was analyzed by determining in each analyzed sample the number of normally developed seeds, number of blind seeds and initially fertilized ovules, of which are in fruits present only remains of integuments Copyright IJAEBS 2018, All right reserved Page 2

3 The obtained results were processed by mathematical-statistical methods (average values with corresponding measures of variability, cluster analysis). 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The tendency of the varieties to form parthenocarpic fruits is very important for the production practice, because this varieties have proved resistance to certain pests and poorer weather conditions (frosts) at the time of flowering and fertilization (8). The classification of varieties based on this feature was made on the basis of research by individual authors so based on that we have the following classifications: - Varieties of pears in which parthenocarpy occurs quite often (16): Williams, Bergamotte Esperen, Louise-Bonne d'avranches, Précoce de Trévoux, Alexander Lucas, Clapp's Favourite, Seckel, La Beurré d'amanlis, Giffard etc. - Varieties which show a particular tendency towards parthenocarpy (17): Williams, La Précoce de Trévoux, Alexander Lucas, Parish Countess, Guyot, Conference, etc. Pejkić B. (14) classified the varieties of pears according to the intensity of parthenocarpy into two categories: 1. Extremely parthenocarpic varieties: Bergamotte Esperen, Gellerts Butterbirne, Gute Grave, Guyot, Vereins Dechant, Williams, Précoce de Trévoux, Lebruh Butterbirne 2. Partially parthenocarpic varieties: Alexander Lucas, La Beurré d'amanlis, Bosc, Beurré Diel, Doppleta, Merrenbirne, Giffard, Beurré d' Hardenpont, Duchesse d'angouleme, Holzfarbige Butterbirne, Kostiliche von Charneu, Minister Lucius, Pitmaston. Morphological analysis of physiologically mature seeds of examined autochthonous and domesticated varieties of pears shows that the shape of the seeds, colors and textures of endosperm are one of the reliable morphological indicators in pomological characterization. Also, the structure of seeds in the fruits expressed by the number of normally developed and the number of blind seeds is shown as an important indicator of predisposition of varieties to parthenocarpy. The observed differences in the ratio of the number of normal and blind seeds show an extremely high variability, so it is important to take care about this if we want to growing this varieties in plantations. In table no. 1 are given the average values in percentages of normal and blind seeds in the autochthonous and domesticatedvarieties of pear. Copyright IJAEBS 2018, All right reserved Page 3

4 Table no. 1 Average level of development of seeds in the fruit of autochthonous and domesticatedvarieties of pears of BiH in the collecting plant Špionica - Srebrenik ( ) Sn Variety Normal Blind Initially developed integument 1 Ahmetova Louise-Bonne 2 d'avranches ,95 41,60 3 Begarka 0,84 26,89 72,27 4 Bijela dugandza 50,77 18,46 30,77 5 Budaljača 30,85 10,0 59,15 6 Crna izmirka 33,33 29,91 36,75 7 Crna plana 58,65 3,01 38,35 8 Ćopa 89,47 4,51 6,02 9 Debelkora 17,65 15,44 66,91 10 Hambarka 80,51 1,69 17,8 11 Hasanagićka 86,67 3,33 10,0 12 Hošafnjača 45,45 13,64 40,91 13 Huseinbegovača 79,83 7,56 12,61 14 Jeribasma 18,18 57,95 23,86 15 Kačmorka 47,62 51,43 0,95 16 Kaličanka 96,08 0,98 2,94 17 Karamut 27,27 17,17 55,56 18 Krakača 76,15 7,34 16,51 19 Lubrničarka crna 84,50 7,8 7,7 20 Ljeskovača 36,94 14,41 48,65 21 Mesnjača 85,19 4,94 9,88 22 Minđušica 43,62 31,43 26,95 23 Okrugljača 84,06 2,9 13,04 24 Pucavica 52,94 12,95 34,11 25 Sarajka 91,57 3,61 4,82 26 Stambolka 66,05 11,11 22,84 27 Šabuljićka 38,94 24,41 36,65 28 Takiša 65,65 26,72 7,63 29 Takiša bijela 57,94 14,95 27,1 30 Tikvenjača 43,24 5,41 51,35 31 Urumenka 79,38 14,43 6,19 32 Zelenika 46,67 2,22 51,11 33 Zimnjača 51,69 38,14 10,17 By reviewing the data in table no. 1 we see big differences in the structure of seeds in the fruits. The highest representation of normally developed seeds is found in the fruits of variety Kaličanka (96.08%), and the smallest in the Begarka variety (0.84%). The largest number of blind seeds is found in the fruit of Jeribasma variety (57.95%), and the lowest in the variety Kalichanka (0.98 %). The largest number of initially fertilized ovulas is found in the fruits of the variety Ahmetova (78.76%), and the smallest in the variety Kačmorka (0.95%). The classification of the observed varieties based on the structure of the seed in the fruits was performed by the cluster analysis shown in the dendogram on the graph no Copyright IJAEBS 2018, All right reserved Page 4

5 Graph no. 1 Dendrogram of cluster analysis of genotypes autochthonous and domesticated pears of BiH according to the structure of seeds and different degrees of development in fruits in the Špionicaex situ collection - Srebrenik Graph no.1 According to the results of the analysis the varieties can be grouped into the following categories: 1.Varieties which for their fruit development need a high level of normally developed seeds (varieties with expressed requirements for pollinating and fertilization: Hasanagićka, Mesnjača, Okrugljača, Lubeničarka crna, Huseinbegovača, Krakača, Hambarka, Ćopa, Crna Izmirka, Sarajka, Kaličanka, Takiša, Pucavica, Urumenka, andlouise-bonne d'avranches 2. Varieties with relative requirements to the high degree of fertilisation: Hošafnjača, Ljeskovača, Takiša bijela, Šabuljićka, Bijela dugandža, Minđušica, Stambolka and Crna plana; 3. Varieties with expressed tendency towards abortion of embryons seedlings and relative predisposition to parthenocarpy: Jeribasma, Kačmorka, Zimnjača; 4. Varieties with expressed predisposition to parthenocarpy: Ahmetova, Begarka, Budaljača, Debelkora, Karamut, Tikvenjača and Zelenika. 3. CONCLUSIONS 1.Autochthonous and domesticatedvarieties of pears show an extremely high variability in the ratio of the number of normal and blind seeds. 2. The presence of normally developed seeds in the fruits of autochthonous and domesticated pear varieties shows very high diversity from 0.84% to 96.08% Copyright IJAEBS 2018, All right reserved Page 5

6 3. According to the structure of seeds and their different degrees of development in the fruitsautochthonous and domesticated varieties of pears are of domestic are arrange in 4 categories 4. When forming plantations with these varieties, the varietal composition must be considered. 3.1 REFERENCES 1. Beširević, V., Autohtone jabuke i kruške sa prostora Bosne i Hercegovine. 2. Bubić Š. (1977): Specijalno Voćarstvo, Svjetlost, Sarajevo. 3. Cipriani, G., Marrazzo, T., Peterlunger, E Molecular characterization of the autochthonous grape cultivars of the region Friuli Venezia Giulia North-Eastern Italy. Vitis 49(1): Čelebi E Putopis (odlomci o jugoslovenskim zemljama). Preveo: Šabanović, H., Svjetlost, Sarajevo 5. Čičak D., Duralija B. Partenokarpija kod krušaka 6. Gliha R. (1997): Sorte krušaka u suvremenoj proizvodnji, Fragaria, Zagreb. 7. Miljković I. (1991): Suvremeno voćarstvo, Znanje, Zagreb. 8. Mratinić Evica (2000),Kruška 9. Nenadović-Mratinić Evica, Vulić T., Kovačević Nataša: Biološke osobine autohtonih sorati kruške, Jugoslovensko voćarstvo 30, br , , Čačak, Nenadović-Mratinić Evica, Vulić T.: Mogućnost gajenja standardnih i autohtonih sorti jabučastog voća u brdsko-planinskom području, Zbornik radova str , Savetovanje o razvoju brdsko-planinskog područja Jugoslavije, Žabljak, Nyeki J. (1974): Natural parthenocarpy in pear varieties. Acta Agr. Acad. Sci. Hung. 23 (3-4): Nyeki J., GONDORNE PINTER, M., SZABO, Z. (1994): Recent data on fertiliztion of pear varieties. Acta Horticulturae 367: Nyeki J., SOLTESZ M. (1996): Floral Biology of Temperate Zone Fruit Trees and Small Fruits. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest. 14. Pejkić, B. (1980): Oplemenjivanje voćaka i vinove loze. Naučna knjiga, Beograd. 15. Sharifani, M.M., Jackson, J.F. (2001): Influence of caging on pollination and fruit set of two pear cultivars. Acta Horticulturae 561: Stančević, A., (1980). Kruška 17. Štampar K. (1966): Opće voćarstvo. Zagreb,. 18. Vidović D., Stolić G., Cvjetanje i oplodnja kruške (Pyrus communis l.) u uslovima 19. Zirojević, O., Almanah-časopis za proučavanje, prezentaciju i zaštitu kulturno-istorijske baštine bošnjaka/muslimana / 37-38, Podgorica, Copyright IJAEBS 2018, All right reserved Page 6