Draft for comments only Not to be cited as East African Standard

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1 EAST AFRICAN STANDARD Maize grains Specification and grading EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY HS EAS 2:2010 ICS EAC 2010 Third Edition 2010

2 Foreword Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing requirements governing quality of products and services in East Africa. It is envisaged that through harmonized standardization, trade barriers which are encountered when goods and services are exchanged within the Community will be removed. In order to meet the above objectives, the EAC Partner States have enacted an East African Standardization, Quality Assurance, Metrology and Test Act, 2006 (EAC SQMT Act, 2006) to make provisions for ensuring standardization, quality assurance, metrology and testing of products produced or originating in a third country and traded in the Community in order to facilitate industrial development and trade as well as helping to protect the health and safety of society and the environment in the Community. East African Standards are formulated in accordance with the procedures established by the East African Standards Committee. The East African Standards Committee is established under the provisions of Article 4 of the EAC SQMT Act, The Committee is composed of representatives of the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the representatives from the private sectors and consumer organizations. Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standards Bodies in the Partner States. The comments received are discussed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the procedures of the Community. Article 15(1) of the EAC SQMT Act, 2006 provides that Within six months of the declaration of an East African Standard, the Partner States shall adopt, without deviation from the approved text of the standard, the East African Standard as a national standard and withdraw any existing national standard with similar scope and purpose. East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the East African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest versions of the standards they are implementing. East African Community 2010 All rights reserved * East African Community P O Box 1096 Arusha Tanzania Tel: /8 Fax: / eac@eachq.org Web: * 2010 EAC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for EAC Partner States NSBs. ii EAC 2010 All rights reserved

3 Introduction EAS 2:2010 In the preparation of this East African Standard, the following sources were consulted extensively: Cereals Grading and Marking Rules, 2001, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, Schedule V, Grade Designation and Definition of Quality of Maize CODEX STAN 153:1985 (Rev.1:1995), Standard for Maize (Corn) Corn, Official Grain Grading Guide, August 1, 2009, Canadian Grain Commission United States Standards for Corn, Effective September 1996 Malawi Standard, MBS 32:1998, Maize grain Specification Ethiopian Standard, ES 679:2001, Maize (corn) Specification CODEX STAN 193:1995 (Rev.5:2009), General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods CODEX STAN 228:2001 (Rev.1:2004), General methods of analysis for contaminants Codex Alimentarius website: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service website: USDA Agricultural Marketing Service website: USDA Plant Inspectorate Service website: European Union: Assistance derived from these sources and others inadvertently not mentioned is hereby acknowledged. This standard has been developed to take into account: the needs of the market for the product; the need to facilitate fair domestic, regional and international trade and prevent technical barriers to trade by establishing a common trading language for buyers and sellers. the structure of the CODEX, UNECE, USA, ISO and other internationally significant standards; the needs of the producers in gaining knowledge of market standards, conformity assessment, commercial cultivars and crop production process; the need to transport the product in a manner that ensures keeping of quality until it reaches the consumer; the need for the plant protection authority to certify, through a simplified form, that the product is fit for crossborder and international trade without carrying plant disease vectors; the need to promote good agricultural practices that will enhance wider market access, involvement of small-scale traders and hence making farming a viable means of wealth creation; and the need to ensure a reliable production base of consistent and safe crops that meet customer requirements. EAC 2010 All rights reserved iii

4 Promotion of standardization and grading of agricultural commodities is an important aspect of agricultural marketing. The agricultural commodities are heterogeneous and hence it is very essential to grade these commodities as per standards to command better price either at domestic or international market. Sale of Maize is offered on the basis of variety, wholesomeness, appearance, colour, presence of foreign matter, damaged grains, broken grains, admixture of inferior variety, moisture, harmful contaminants, etc. A quality grain is that which meets the end user specifications with respect to range of pre-determined Quality and Safety standards. This standard has been designed with the objectives to i. Create awareness about standards prescribed by various organizations for domestic and international markets so as to raise quality consciousness among the farmers, entrepreneurs and other market functionaries with the objective to equip them better to face the global competition in the post WTO era. ii. provide details of various parameters responsible for quality; and iii. describe the advantages of grading & standardization so that farmers may get prices commensurate with the quality produced by them. Following Parameters are important in determination of QUALITY of Maize Foreign matter(organic and inorganic) Damaged grains Immature/Shriveled grains Weevilled grains Other edible grains Admixture of different varieties Moisture content Following SAFETY parameters are important: Residue of Pesticides Poisonous/Heavy metals Aflatoxin Uric acid Microbial load Parameters by which grades of Maize are differentiated: Important parameters by which grades can be differentiated in case of Maize are Foreign matter (Organic and Inorganic) Damaged grains Other edible grains Admixture of different varieties Immature/Shriveled grains Weeviled grains Moisture content iv EAC 2010 All rights reserved

5 Contents EAS 2: Scope Normative references Definitions and grading factors Essential composition and quality factors Basis of determination Representative portion of maize grains for grading, grams General quality requirements Presentation Maize grains for human consumption Requirements for containers Feed maize grades Contaminants Pesticide residues Heavy metals Mycotoxin and chemical limits Environment Hygiene Packaging Marking or labelling Methods of analysis and sampling Sampling Determination of undesirable odours, chemical residues, live insects and plant injurious organisms of phytosanitary importance Determination of percentage of foreign matter Determination of percentage of defective maize kernels Determination of percentage of other colour maize kernels Determination of percentage of pinked maize kernels Determination of moisture Test report Annex A (normative) Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety Annex B (normative) Determination of moisture content Annex C (informative) Model certificate of conformity with standards for farm produce Annex D (normative) Maize Fact sheets Annex E (informative) Maize Codex, EU and USA pesticide residue limits Annex F (informative) Sieves for assessing dockage and grading factors EAC 2010 All rights reserved v

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7 EAST AFRICAN STANDARD EAS 2:2010 Maize grains Specification and grading 1 Scope This East African Standard covers specification and methods of sampling and analysis for maize grains. The standard applies to maize (corn) for direct human consumption, i.e., ready for its intended use as human food, presented in packaged form or sold loose from the package directly to the consumer. This standard specifies requirements for whole grain shelled dent maize, Zea mays indentata L., and/or shelled flint maize, Zea mays indurata L., or their hybrids and of all colour types. This standard also provides grades and requirements for feed maize. It does not apply to maize products and maize seeds for propagation. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 605, Pulses Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety Test methods ISO 711, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content (Basic reference method) ISO 712, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content Routine reference method ISO 5223, Test sieves for cereals ISO , Cereals and pulses Determination of hidden insect infestation Part 1: General principles ISO , Cereals and pulses Determination of hidden insect infestation Part 2: Sampling ISO , Cereals and pulses Determination of hidden insect infestation Part 3: Reference method ISO , Cereals and pulses Determination of hidden insect infestation Part 4: Rapid methods ISO 13690, Cereals, pulses and milled products Sampling of static batches ISO 16050, Foodstuffs Determination of aflatoxin B 1, and the total content of aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G 1 and G 2 in cereals, nuts and derived products High performance liquid chromatographic method CAC/RCP 1, Recommended international code of practice General principles of food hygiene EAS 38, Labelling of prepackaged foods Specification EAS 79, Cereals and pulses as grain Methods of sampling EAS 217, Methods for the microbiological examination of foods ISO 22000:2005, Food safety management systems Requirements for any organization in the food chain OIML R87:2004, Quantity of product in prepackages 3 Definitions and grading factors For the purpose of this East African Standard, the following definitions shall apply. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 1

8 3.1 maize the threshed kernels of the plants of Zea mays indurata and Zea mays indentata or one or their hybrids or a mixture of the threshed seed of such plants and where the word "maize" is used in conjunction with the word "consignment" it includes matter other than maize that is included in a consignment and not more than 10.0 percent of other grains for which standards have been established 3.2 net weight of sample the sample after cleaning and removal of dockage is referred to as the cleaned sample. Its weight is the net weight of the sample. Percentages by weight for grading refer to percentages of the net weight. 3.3 kernel counts (K) A kernel count is the number of kernel-sized pieces of stones in a sample of corn. To do kernel counts, you must have 500 grams of cleaned sample. All grading is done on representative portions divided down from the cleaned sample using a Boerner-type divider. 3.4 hazardous substances in samples any pesticide, herbicide or desiccant 3.5 dockage any material intermixed with a parcel of grain, other than kernels of grain of a standard of quality fixed for a grade of that grain, that must and can be separated from the parcel of grain before that grade can be assigned to the grain. Dockage contains All material which passes through the No. 12 or No. 14 round-hole sieve All foreign material and pieces of cob handpicked from the sample, excluding stones 3.6 blue-eye mould germs of kernels appear dark blue with mould, or there may be just a visible mouldy blue streak under the hull of the germ. In the second case, peel back the hull from the germ to examine the germ. Blue-eye mould is included in the tolerance for Damage. 3.7 broken corn maize and pieces of maize which when tested according to ISO 5223, shall pass through a 4.50 mm metal sieve 3.8 broken corn and foreign material all matter that passes readily through a 12/64 round-hole sieve and all matter other than corn that remains in the sieved sample after sieving according to prescribed procedures 3.9 bulk container any vehicle or container in which bulk maize is stored or transported 3.10 caramelized kernels kernels that were very immature when dried at a high temperature in a dryer, and the heat has turned the kernel to a scorched colour similar to that of heated kernels. The outer hull of the kernel may be peeled off showing a slightly damaged kernel inside. These kernels are classed as Damaged classes there are four classes for corn: yellow corn, white corn, red maize and mixed corn 2 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

9 (1) Yellow corn(ym) Corn that is yellow-kerneled and contains not more than 5.0 percent of corn of other colours. Yellow kernels of corn with a slight tinge of red are considered yellow corn. (2) White corn(wm) Corn that is white-kerneled and contains not more than 2.0 percent of corn of other colours. White kernels of corn with a slight tinge of light straw or pink color are considered white corn. (3) Red maize(rm) Maize grains which are pink and white or dark red and yellow in colour are considered to be red maize, provided the pink or dark red colour covers 50% or more of the surface of the grain (3) Mixed corn(mm) Corn that does not meet the colour requirements for either of the classes yellow corn or white corn and includes white-capped yellow corn chemicals not approved for maize refers to the following chemicals used on the growing crop in contravention of the label chemicals used on stored maize in contravention of the label chemicals not registered for use on maize barley containing any artificial colouring, pickling compounds or marker dyes commonly used during crop spraying operations that have stained the barley maize treated with or contaminated by Carbaryl, Organochloride chemicals, or diatomaceous earth chemical residues in excess of legal limits 3.13 consignment (a) (b) a quantity of maize of the same class, which belongs to the same owner, delivered at any one time under cover of the same consignment note, delivery note or receipt note, or delivered by the same vehicle or bulk container, or loaded from the same bin of a grain elevator into a ship's hold or railway truck; or in the case where a quantity referred to in paragraph (a), is subdivided into different grades, each such quantity of each of the different grades 3.14 container a bag or a bulk container 3.15 contaminated grain grain containing any substance in sufficient quantity that renders the grain is unfit for consumption by persons or animals or is adulterated within the meaning of food safety regulations 3.16 cracked corn and foreign material Cracked corn and foreign material includes any of the following: All material including kernels and pieces of kernels of corn or any other grains which pass through a No. 12 round-hole sieve or, for samples with a moisture level over 25.0%, through the No. 14 roundhole sieve All foreign material other than stones handpicked from the sample, including pieces of cobs that were not removed by sieving 3.17 damaged kernels/blemished kernels kernels and pieces of corn kernels that are badly ground-damaged, badly weather-damaged, diseased, frost-damaged, germ-damaged, heat-damaged, insect-bored, mould-damaged, sprout-damaged, affected by blue-eye mould and other types of moulds, scorched from a drier or otherwise materially damaged. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 3

10 3.18 dark tipped refers to staining caused by excess moisture and / or humidity or a stress related biochemical reaction towards the end of the growing period and into harvest. This mainly occurs at the germ end of the grain. Dark tipping equal to or greater than 1 mm is classified as defective grain defective maize kernels maize kernels which (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) are shrivelled, obviously immature, frost-damaged, mouldy or discoloured: Provided that normal browning due to oxidation, discoloration limited to the connecting tip of the kernel and pinking shall not be considered as defective; have sprouted, including kernels of which the growing point (plumule) in the germ is visibly discoloured; have cavities in the germ or endosperm caused by insects or rodents; are visibly contaminated by smut, soil, smoke or coal-dust; pass through a 6.35 mm round-hole sieve; are otherwise clearly of inferior quality; and are of subspecies other than Zea mays indentata or Zea mays indurata; Provided that: (i) (ii) irregularity of shape and size of maize kernels shall not affect the grading thereof; and chipped or cracked maize kernels or pieces of maize kernels which are in a sound condition and which appear in a sample of maize, but which do not pass through a 6.35 mm roundhole sieve, shall not be regarded as defective maize kernels under this standard and requirements dry basis maize protein is measured as a percentage by weight on a dry moisture basis i.e. 0% moisture dry green or sappy green grains arising from harvesting of grain before it has matured. Dry green grains are those whose surface is distinctively green or those grains when cut show an intense green colour in the crosssection. Dry green grains are usually dry and hard. sappy grains are those that have been harvested before maturity. Sappy grains are generally soft when pressed. They may or may not be green. Any level of sappiness is classified as defective earth pellets Earth is defined as a clod of dirt, being 5mm or less in diameter. Hard earth pellets are pellets that do not crumble under light pressure. See Stones. Soft earth pellets are pellets that crumble under light pressure. See Soft earth pellets ergot Ergot is a plant disease producing elongated fungus bodies with a purplish-black exterior, a purplish-white to off white interior, and a relatively smooth surface texture when cereals and ryegrass kernels are infected by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. 4 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

11 3.24 fertilizer pellets Fertilizer pellets are typically either small, round and white or irregular shaped and pink or red. Fertilizer pellets are not considered a hazardous substance however there is no visible means of assuring that material resembling fertilizer pellets is not some other contaminant field fungi individual kernels affected by the mould Cladisporium spp. Cladisporium spp. gives the grain the appearance of black spotting occurring anywhere on the grain. The mould usually occurs during periods of high moisture or high humidity towards the end of the growing period into harvest field insects these are insect contaminants of grain that do not cause damage to stored grains. They include but are not restricted to: Desiantha Weevil (Desiantha spp); Fungus beetle (Corticaria punctulata); Grasshoppers; Hairy Fungus Beetle (Typhaea stercorea); Ladybirds; Minute Mould Beetle (Corticaria spp); Mites (Acarina spp); Sitona Weevil (Sitona spp); Wood Bugs Tolerances apply to either live or dead field insects. For grasshoppers, six legs, three body parts and two wings or part thereof, constitutes one insect. More than one of the same body part constitutes greater than one insect. Note that a separate tolerance exists for Sitona Weevils to all other field insects fireburnt kernels kernels charred or scorched by fire. A cross-section of a fireburnt kernel resembles charcoal with numerous air holes. The air holes result in a low weight kernel which crumbles easily under pressure flint corn corn that consists of 95 percent or more of flint corn 3.29 flint and dent corn corn that consists of a mixture of flint and dent corn containing more than 5.0 percent but less than 95 percent of flint corn 3.30 foreign matter all matter that passes readily through a 6/64 round-hole sieve and all matter other than maize that remains on top of the 12/64 round-hole sieve according to prescribed procedures 3.31 foreign seeds seeds of any plant, other than the species of crop being tendered for delivery. Foreign Seeds are classified into two broad groups; those with specific tolerances listed in this standard, and those without. The latter are termed Small Foreign Seeds. Seeds with specific tolerances have been categorised into several groups. These are: Type 1 Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis) Poppy (Field) (Papaver rhoeas) Poppy (Horned) (Glaucium flavum) Jute (Corchorus olitorius) Long Head Poppy (Papaver dubium) Mexican Poppy (Argemone mexicana) New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides) Parthenium Weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) Saffron Thistle (Carthamus lanatus) Wild Poppy (Papaver hybridum) EAC 2010 All rights reserved 5

12 Type 2 Barley with Coloured Aleurone Layer (blue / black) (Malt grades only) Branched Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Crow Garlic/Wild Garlic (Allium vineale) Darling Pea (Swainsona spp) Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) Peanut seeds and pods (Arachis hypogaea) Ragweed (Ambrosia sp) Rattlepods (Crotalaria sp) St. Johns Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Starburr (Acanthospermum hispidum) Type 3a Bathurst Burr (Xanthium spinosum) Bellvine (Ipomoea plebeia) Bulls Head / Caltrop / Cats Head (Tribulus terrestris) Cape Tulip (Homeria spp) Cottonseed (Gossypium spp) Dodder (Cuscuta spp) Noogoora Burr (Xanthium pungens) Thornapple (Datura spp) Type 3b Vetch (Commercial) (Vicia spp) Vetch (Tare) (Vicia sativa) Type 3c Heliotrope (Blue) (Heliotropium amplexicaule) Heliotrope (Common) (Heliotropium europaeum) Note included in this Type are tolerances for both seeds and pods. Type 3d Double Gees / Spiny Emex / Three Cornered Jack (Emex australis) Type 4 Bindweed (Field) (Convolvulus arvensis) Cut-leaf mignonette seeds or pods (Reseda lutea) Darnel (Drake Seed) (Lolium temulentum) Hexham Scent/King Island Melilot (Melilotus indicus) acceptable only if free from taint odour Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba) Mintweed (Salvia reflexa) Nightshades (Solanum spp) Paddy Melon (Cucumis myriocarpus) Skeleton Weed (Chondrilla juncea) Variegated Thistle (Silybum marianum) Type 5 Knapweed (Creeping/Russian) (Acroptilon repens) Paterson s Curse / Salvation Jane (Echium plantagineum) Sesbania Pea (Sesbania cannabina) Type 6 Colombus Grass (Sorghum almum) Johnson Grass (Sorghum halepense) Type 7a Broad Bean (Vicia faba) Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) Clover pods (Tribolium spp) Corn (Maize)( Zea mays) 6 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

13 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Faba Beans (Vicia faba) Lentils (Lens culinaris) Lupin (Lupinus spp) Medic Pods (Medicago spp) Peas (Field) (Pisum sativum) Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) Soybean (Glycine max) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) And any other seeds or pods greater than 5mm in diameter Type 7b 6 row barley Bindweed (Australian) (Convolvulus erubescens) Bindweed (Black) (Polygonum convolvulus) Brome Grass (Bromus spp) Muskweed (Myagrum perfoliatum) Onion weed (Asphodelus fistulosis) Phalaris glumes (Phalaris spp) Poverty weed (Calocephalus sonderi) Ryegrass on stalk Sheep weed (Chondrilla juncea) Sorghum (Grain) (Sorghum bicolor) Three horn bedstraw (Galium tricornutum) Turnip Weed (Rapistrum rugosum) EAS 2:2010 Type 7b includes any other Foreign Seeds not specified in Types 1-7a, in Small Foreign Seeds or listed elsewhere within these Standards. Other categories Other Foreign Seed categories exist, being: Wheat, Cereal Rye, Triticale, Cultivated Oats, Rice (often referred to as Foreign Grain) Wild Oats and Wild Radish Pods Barley with Coloured Aleurone Layer (blue / black) (Feed grades only) All Foreign Seed Pods not listed above such as those that are 5mm or less in diameter are included as Foreign Material, whether whole pods or part thereof frost damaged kernels kernels which appear bleached or blistered and the seed coat may be peeling, germs may appear dead or discoloured 3.33 fusarium damage kernels of maize discoloured by pink, orange or black encrustations of fusarium mould. Under magnification, the black encrustations appear raised above the surface of the kernel and are surrounded by a white mould. The black encrustations can be scraped off. Some degree of judgment is required when identifying kernels with the fusarium mould. Only those kernels which meet this description are to be designated as fusarium damaged germ-damaged kernels kernels, pieces of maize kernels, other grains, and wild oats that have dead or discoloured germ ends 3.35 grades for maize (a) Class White Maize Grade WM1, Grade WM2, Grade WM3, and Grade WM4; (b) Class Yellow Maize Grade YM1, Grade YM2, Grade YM3 and Grade YM4; and (c) Class Red Maize Grade RM1, Grade RM2, Grade RM3 and Grade RM4 EAC 2010 All rights reserved 7

14 3.36 heat damaged Kernels and pieces of corn kernels that are materially discoloured and damaged by heat. Heated kernels have at least one of the following characteristics: Whole kernels or pieces of kernels which range in colour from amber to dark brown over the entire kernel Kernels which are totally discoloured by fermentation and show no natural colour on the crowns or dorsals, or both The germ of the kernel is amber to dark brown and is severely puffed in the germ area when heated in a drier A kernel of any other grain that is heated If kernels exhibit none of the above characteristics, but are not whole or sound, they are classed as Damaged. NOTE Cracked corn and foreign material that is heated is included with heated corn for grade assessment. The above defective grains may become damaged to the extent that they may be referred to as Rotted. Rotted grains are included in the definition for Heat Damaged, Bin Burnt or Storage Mould Affected. Rotted grains are those that have become severely affected by the development of fungi or bacteria due to high moisture conditions. Individual grains appear distinctly discoloured by mould and are swollen and soft. Affected grains will feel spongy under pressure and/or emit a mouldy odour insect or vermin damaged grains kernels with obvious weevil-bored holes or which have evidence of boring or tunneling, indicating the presence of insects, insect webbing or insect refuse, or degermed grains, chewed in one or more than one part of the kernel which exhibit evident traces of an attack by vermin 3.38 immature/shriveled grains maize grains which are underdeveloped, thin and papery in appearance 3.39 injured-by-frost kernels kernels and pieces of maize kernels that are distinctly indented, immature, or shrunken in appearance or that are light green in colour as a result of frost before maturity 3.40 injured-by-heat kernels kernels, pieces of maize kernels and other grains that are slightly discoloured as a result of heat 3.41 injured-by-mould kernels kernels and pieces of maize kernels containing slight evidence of mould 3.42 discoloured kernels kernels materially discoloured by excessive heat, including that caused by excessive respiration (heat damage) and dried damaged kernels. Kernels may appear darkened, wrinkled, blistered, puffed or swollen, often with discoloured, damaged germs. The seed coat may be peeling or may have peeled off completely, giving kernels a checked appearance mildew a fungal condition that develops in unthreshed grain usually under conditions of excessive moisture. The affected kernels are greyish in colour and lower in quality. In the evaluation of mildew, consider the number of affected kernels and their severity. See Severe mildew. 8 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

15 3.44 moisture the amount of water present in the sample as determined by the appropriate analytical method EAS 2: mould-damaged kernels kernels, pieces of maize kernels and other grains that are weathered and contain considerable evidence of mould 3.46 nil a level of zero in a half litre sample representative of the entire load and/or not detected in the load or in/on the delivery vessel at any stage of the receival process 3.47 objectionable material refers to objectionable foreign matter that may or may not be otherwise stated in this standard which has the ability to degrade the hygiene of maize, become a food safety issue of concern or has a commercially unacceptable odour. This includes but is not limited to the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Animal material meat meal, bone meal, poultry offal, meal or any other animal proteins. Animal material also includes carcasses of dead animals such as rats and mice. Odour A commercially unacceptable odour is defined as a sour or musty or other objectionable odour emanating from the maize which is not natural or normally associated with barley. Odour may be caused by various means which may or may not be physically discernable in the sample being assessed. Stick ligneous material greater than 1cm in length and 0.5cm in diameter. Note that crop stubble greater than 3cm in length and 1cm in diameter is defined as a stick. Tainting Agent A Tainting agent is any contaminant that imparts a smell or taint to maize. It includes but is not limited to plant parts and seeds of Eucalyptus spp. Stone A Stone or gravel is defined as a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter being greater than 2mm in length or diameter. Smaller material is defined as sand. Water The addition of water to grain prior to delivery is a prohibited practice. Other This refers to any other commercially unacceptable contaminant such as animal excreta, glass, concrete, fertiliser or metal odour There is no numeric tolerance for odour. Consider The basic quality of the sample The type and degree of the odour The presence of visible residue causing the odour 3.49 pea weevil insects of the species Bruchus pisorum. The tolerance applies to all life stages of the insect. As pea weevils are commonly found inside field pea seeds, it is recommended that a number of field peas present in a load of grain should be broken and assessed for the presence of this insect. Note that a separate tolerance applies to Live and Dead Pea Weevils pickling compounds chemicals added to grain as a seed treatment or as a seed dressing prior to sowing. They are usually associated with a colouring agent. Grains contaminated in this way may be identified by an unnatural surface colour and/or colour that rubs off. Pickling compounds include but are not limited to fenaminosulf, triadimenol, carboxin, flutriafol, bitertanol and any other fungicide added to the grain as a seed treatment. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 9

16 3.51 poisonous, toxic and/or harmful seeds any seed which if present in quantities above permissible limit may have damaging or dangerous effect on health, organoleptic properties or technological performance such as Jimson weed dhatura (D. fastuosa Linn and D. stramonium Linn.) corn cokle (Agrostemma githago L., Machai Lallium remulenum Linn.) Akra (Vicia species), Argemone mexicana, Khesari and other seeds that are commonly recognized as harmful to health 3.52 rotted kernels kernels that are discoloured, swollen, soft and spongy as a result of decomposition by fungi or bacteria. Consider rotted kernels in combination with severely mildewed and heated sand grain a particle of unconsolidated (loose), rounded to angular rock fragment or mineral grain between 0.06mm and 2.00mm in diameter. Smaller material is classified under Foreign Material. Larger material is classified as Earth or Stones Sclerotia (sclerotium, singular) dark colored or black resting bodies of the fungi Sclerotinia and Claviceps 3.55 Sclerotinia genus name which includes the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum which produces sclerotia. The sclerotia vary in size and shape, have a course surface texture, vary in exterior color from dark black to grey to white and have a pure white interior screenings See Unmillable Material below the Screen severely mildewed kernels that are severely blackened by mildew. See Mildew. Consider severe mildew in combination with rotted and heated kernels sieves (1) 12/64 round-hole sieve A metal sieve inch thick with round perforations (12/64) inch in diameter which are 1/4 inch from center to center. The perforations of each row shall be staggered in relation to the adjacent row. (2) 6/64 round-hole sieve A metal sieve inch thick with round perforations (6/64) inch in diameter which are 5/32 inch from center to center. The perforations of each row shall be staggered in relation to the adjacent row small foreign seeds all small foreign seeds in the unmillable material fraction which have fallen below the screen during the screening process, except those specifically mentioned in the Foreign Seeds definition snails whole or substantially whole (more than half) snail shells, irrespective of size. These include but are not limited to: Common White Snail (Cernuella virgata); White Italian Snail (Theba pisana); Pointed Snail (Cochlicella actua); Small Pointed Snail (Cochlicella abarbara); Any other snail 3.61 soft earth pellets Earth pellets that crumble into fine dust under light pressure, using a finger only if they do not crumble, they are considered Stones. Any non-toxic material of similar consistency 10 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

17 3.62 smuts refers to all smut types of all cereals. Includes Ball and Covered smut. EAS 2: stones hard shale, coal, hard earth pellets, and any other non toxic materials of similar consistency. Fertilizer pellets are assessed as stones when constituting 1.0% or less of the net sample weight stored grain insects These are insects which cause damage to stored grain. These include: Angoumois Grain Moth (Sitrotroga cerealella); Confused Flour Beetle (Tribolium confusum); Flat Grain Beetle (Cryptolestes spp); Granary Weevil (Sitophilus granarius); Indian Meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella); Khapra Beetle (Trogoderma granarium); Lesser Grain Borer (Rhyzopertha dominica); Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais); Psocids/Book lice (Psocoptera sp); Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae); Rust-red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum); Saw Tooth Grain Beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis); Tropical Warehouse Moth (Ephestia cautella); Warehouse Beetle (Trogoderma variable) NOTE A separate tolerance exists for dead and live Stored Grain Insects. The tolerance applies to all life stages of the insect. For Dead Stored Grain Insects, pieces of insects that are not whole or not readily able to be identified by species are classified as Foreign Material test weight the density of a measured volume of grain expressed in kilograms per hectolitre 3.66 treated seed and other chemical substances Treated seed Treated seed is grain that has been coated with an agricultural chemical for agronomicpurposes. These seed dressings contain a dye to render the treated seed visually conspicuous. The colour of the dye varies depending upon the type of treatment and the type of grain. The coatings or stains may appear greasy or powdery and surface area distribution ranges from tiny flecks to complete coverage. Other chemical substances Other chemical substances refers to any chemical residues either adhering to the kernel or remaining in the sample and to samples having a chemical odour of any kind unmillable material below the screen (screenings) the total material passing through a 4.75 mm screen after a sample of grain is subjected to the screening process. It includes Small Foreign Seeds variety maize is graded without reference to variety 3.69 waxy corn corn that consists of 95 percent or more waxy corn 4 Essential composition and quality factors 4.1 Basis of determination Each determination of class, damaged kernels, heat-damaged kernels, waxy corn, flint corn, and flint and dent corn is made on the basis of the grain after the removal of the broken corn and foreign material. Other determinations not specifically provided for under the general provisions are made on the basis of EAC 2010 All rights reserved 11

18 the grain as a whole, except the determination of odour is made on either the basis of the grain as a whole or the grain when free from broken corn and foreign material. 4.2 Representative portion of maize grains for grading, grams All grading is done on representative portions divided down from the cleaned sample, using a Boernertype divider. Table 1 Representative portion of corn for grading, grams Grading factor Minimum Optimum Export Caramelized kernels Classes 100 working sample working sample Cracked corn and foreign material working sample working sample working sample Damage Excreta working sample working sample working sample Fireburnt working sample working sample working sample Heated and rotted working sample Odour working sample working sample working sample Stones 500 working sample working sample 4.3 General quality requirements Maize grains shall meet the following general requirements/limits as determined using the relevant standards listed in Clause 2. All grades of maize a) shall be the dried whole grain shelled dent maize, Zea mays indentata L., and/or shelled flint maize, Zea mays indurata L., or their hybrids; b) be sweet, hard, clean, wholesome, uniform in size, shape, colour and in sound merchantable condition; c) shall be free from a substance which renders it unfit for human or animal consumption or processing into or utilisation thereof as food or feed; d) shall be free from glass, metal, coal or dung; e) shall be free of pests, live animals, animal carcasses, animal droppings, fungus infestation, added colouring matter, moulds, weevils, obnoxious substances, discoloration and all other impurities except to the extent indicated in this standard and must meet any other phytosanitary requirements specified by the importing country authority; f) shall be free from filth (impurities of plant and animal origin including insects, rodent hair and excreta) in amounts that represent a hazard to human health; g) shall be free from toxic or noxious seeds that are commonly recognized as harmful to health; h) shall be free from abnormal flavours, musty, sour or other undesireable odour, obnoxious smell and discolouration; i) shall be free from micro-organisms and substances originating from micro-organisms, fungi or other poisonous or deleterious substances in amounts that may constitute a hazard to human health; j) shall contain no chemical residues which exceed the prescribed maximum residue limit: Provided that: (i) if the prescribed maximum residue limit of an importing country is lower than is permissible, the prescribed maximum residue limit of the importing country shall be complied with; and 12 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

19 (ii) EAS 2:2010 the Food Safety Authority may grant permission for maize with a higher maximum residue limit, to be exported to countries where this higher residue limit is permissible: Provided that the export documents are accordingly endorsed with the name of the importing country; k) shall contain not more than 10 microgram per kilogram aflatoxin of which not more than 5 microgram per kilogram may be aflatoxin B1: Provided that: (i) (ii) (iii) if the prescribed maximum aflatoxin limit of an importing country is lower than is permissible, the prescribed maximum aflatoxin limit of the importing country shall be complied with; the Food Safety Authority may grant permission for maize with a higher maximum aflatoxin content to be exported to countries where this higher aflatoxin limit is permissible: Provided that the export documents are accordingly endorsed with the name of the importing country; and an inspector shall verify compliance to the levels of aflatoxin by sampling and submitting samples for analysis of only certain consignments according to a risk-based plan. l) shall be free from stones which cannot pass through the 6.35 mm round-hole sieve; m) shall contain not more than one gram of stones which can pass through the 6.35 mm round-hole sieve, per 10 kg; and n) shall comply with the requirements for declared plant injurious organisms of phytosanitary importance as determined by the plant health protection agency Maize grains shall be in form of well-filled seeds of uniform colour If maize grains are presented in bags, the bags shall also be free of pests and contaminants. In addition the maize grains shall comply with any conditions set by the importing country authority If maize grains are rejected because pests or contaminants are found in inspected samples, the maize grains are not to be re-presented for inspection unless they have been treated or cleaned in accordance with accepted standard procedures Blending of rejected maize grains is not permitted as a treatment for insect infestation or as a method of cleaning for contaminants for which there is a nil tolerance Brushing the outside of bags is not permitted as a remedy to remove pests or contaminants. 4.4 Presentation Maize may be presented as yellow, white, or red, or a mixture of these colours Yellow maize shall contain not more than 5.0 % by weight of maize of other colours. Maize grains which are yellow and/or light red in colour are considered to be yellow maize. Yellow maize also means maize grains which are yellow and dark red in colour, provided the dark red colour covers less than 50 % of the surface of the grain White maize shall contain not more than 2.0 % by weight of maize of other colours. Maize grains which are white and/or light pink in colour are considered to be white maize. White maize also means maize grains which are white and pink in colour, provided the pink colour covers less than 50 % of the surface of the grain Red maize shall contain not more than 5.0 % by weight of maize of other colours. Maize grains which are pink and white, grey or dark red and yellow in colour are considered to be red maize, provided the pink or dark red or yellow colour covers 50 % or more of the surface of the grain Mixed maize includes maize not falling into the classes of white, yellow or red maize as defined in to Maize also may be presented as flint or dent or their hybrids or mixtures thereof. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 13

20 Flint maize includes maize of any colour which consists of 95 % or more by weight of grains of flint maize Dent maize includes maize of any colour which consists of 95 % or more by weight of grains of dent maize Flint and dent maize includes maize of any colour which consists of more than 0.5 % but less than 95.0 % of flint maize. 4.5 Maize grains for human consumption Maize grains for human consumption shall be classified into four grades on the basis of the tolerable limits established in Table 2 which shall be additional to the general requirements set out in this standard Unclassified maize grains Shall be maize grains which do not fall within the requirements of Grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 of this standard but are not rejected maize grains Reject maize Maize that: (a) (b) (c) (d) Does not meet the requirements for the Grades No 1, 2, 3, or 4; or Contains stones with an aggregate weight in excess of 0.1 percent of the sample weight, 2 or more pieces of glass, 3 or more crotalaria seeds (Crotalaria spp.), 2 or more castor beans (Ricinus communis L.), 4 or more particles of an unknown foreign substance(s) or a commonly recognized harmful or toxic substance(s), 8 or more cockleburs (Xanthium spp.), or similar seeds singly or in combination, or animal filth in excess of 0.20 percent in 1,000 grams; or Has a musty, sour, or commercially objectionable foreign odour; or Is heating or otherwise of distinctly low quality. It cannot satisfy the conditions of unclassified maize grains and shall be classified as reject maize grains and shall be condemned as unfit for human consumption. 4.6 Requirements for containers (1) A container, excluding a ship's hold, railway truck or road truck and storage facility, which contain maize intended for export shall be suitable, intact (excluding holes made by a grain probe in the case of bags), clean, dry and odourless. (2) Subject to the provisions of subitem (1) a bag which contain maize intended for export shall -- (a) (b) (c) be new; be strong enough for the conveyance of the maximum mass of maize that can be accommodated in that bag; and not be stained by any colouring matter or be impregnated by any liquid capable of imparting stains, excluding normal discoloration due to exposure to the sun. (3) A ship's hold into which maize intended for export is released, shall -- (a) (b) apparently be free from insects; and be reasonably free from pieces of grain or any other material that may harbour insects; (4) A storage facility or railway truck or road truck shall -- (a) (b) apparently be free from insects; and be reasonably free from pieces of grain or any other material that may harbour insects; Provided that an inspector may order the exporter or agent to clean, treat or fumigate a contaminated storage facility or railway truck or road truck. 14 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

21 Table 2 Specific requirements for maize grains for human consumption EAS 2:2010 Characteristic Specification Method of Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 test Description Hybrids 99.8 % free from genetic modification Colour classes White, red, yellow or mixed varieties Moisture, max (%) ISO 711/712 Standard of quality Minimum test weight kg/hl (g/0.5 L) 68 (344) 66 (333) 64 (322) 62 (311) Degree of soundness Cool, sweet, uniform size Cool and sweet Cool and sweet Cool and sweet ISO 605 Total Admixture Max (% by wt) Foreign Material Max (% by wt)(all matter other than maize) Cracked corn and foreign material (% by wt) Screenings Max (% by wt)(all matter passing through a 4.75mm round hole screen following the screening process) Trash Max (% by wt)(chaff and other Trash retained above a 4.75mm round hole screen following the screening process) Other classes max (% by wt) Other edible grains (% by wt) Defective Broken and cracked (Includes grains that remain whole yet contain grains, max (% by weight, 200 hairline fractures) Heat damaged grain sample, Dead or mouldy (Includes storage mould. Dead are those that have unless been affected by disease and appear >75% opaque. Also includes black otherwise stated point) Pink-stained (entire load) (Various Fusarium sp. and other fungi that Nil Nil Nil Nil cause pink staining) Immature and shrivelled grains Insect-damaged grains (weevilled)(per cent by count) Total defective(sprouted, frost damaged, dark grain, dry green, sappy, insect damaged, field fungi, weather stained, heat damaged) Foreign seed Type 1 (Individual seed basis)(colocynth, Double Gees/Spiny contaminants, Max (count Emex/Three Cornered Jack, Jute, Long Headed Poppy, Mexican Poppy, Field Poppy, Horned Poppy, Wild Poppy, New Zealand Spinach, of seeds in Parthenium Weed (Qualitative identification only)) total per half Type 2 (entire load) (Common Broomrape, Castor Oil Plant, Coriander, Nil Nil Nil Nil litre unless Crow Garlic/Wild Garlic, Darling Pea, Opium Poppy, Peanut seeds and otherwise stated) pods, Ragweed, Rattlepods (Crotalaria), Starburr, St. John s Wort) Type 3 (a) (Bathurst burr, Bellvine, Bulls head/caltrop/cats head, Cape Tulip, Cottonseed, Dodder, Noogoora burr, Thornapple/False castor oil) Type 3 (b) (Vetch (Blue/Tare) and Vetch (Commercial)) Type 3 (c) (Heliotrope (Blue), Heliotrope (Common)) Type 4(a) (Bindweed (Field), Cutleaf Mignonette seeds or pods, Damel, Hexham Scent/King Island Melilot (Hexham Scent is only acceptable if no tainting odour is present), Hoary Cress, Mintweed, Nightshades, Paddy Melon, Skeleton Weed, Variegated Thistle) Type 5 (Knapweed (Creeping/Russian), Patterson s Curse/Salvation Jane, Sesbania pea) Type 6 (Saffron Thistle, Johnson Grass, Colombus Grass) Type 7 (a) (Chickpeas, Cowpea, Faba Beans, Lentils, Lupin, Peas (Field), Safflower, Soybean, Sunflower and any other seeds or pods greater than 5mm in diameter) Type 7 (b) (Barley, Bindweed, Bindweed (Black), Wheat, Durum, Oats (Black), Oats (Sand), Oats (Wild), Oats (Common), Rice, Rye (Cereal), Sorghum (Forage), Sorghum (Grain), Triticale, Turnip Weed and any other weed seeds not specified in Types 1-7(a) or SFS) Small Foreign Seeds (% by weight) (All foreign seeds not specified in Types 1-7(b) that fall below the 4.75mm screen during the Screenings process) Other Smut Boil (% by weight)( Smut caused by Ustilago maydis) contaminants, Smut All Others (entire load)( Includes Ball Smut, Gall Smut and all Nil Nil Nil Nil Max - (count per half litre, Smut other than Boil Smut) Ergot Ryegrass (length in cm)(length of all pieces present aligned end unless otherwise on end) Ergot Cereal (entire load)( Whole or pieces of Cereal Ergot) Nil Nil Nil Nil stated) Aflatoxin Total ppb(total Aflatoxin including (AFB1+AFB2+AFG [Total includes +AFG2)) any Fumonisin Total ppb(total Fumonisin including (FB1 + FB2 + FB3)) combination: Stored Grain insects & Pea Weevils Live (entire load) (All life stages) Nil Nil Nil Nil If any one Stored Grain insects & Pea Weevils Dead (All life stages) contaminant Field Insects Sitona Weevil (Dead or alive) exceeds the maximum Field Insects All Others (Dead or alive) total, failure is Snails (Dead or Alive) declared) Earth (Pieces of Earth, maximum 5mm in diameter each) Sand (Individual grains of sand)(aggregate weight of stones shall not exceed 0.20 % of the sample weight) Objectionable Material (entire load) (Sticks, stones, glass, concrete, or Nil Nil Nil Nil ISO 605 any other commercially unacceptable contaminant) Pickled and Coloured Grain (entire load)( Pickled grain, dyed grain) Nil Nil Nil Nil Odour (entire load) (Grain which has any commercially foreign odour due to tainting agents or improper storage causing mould, souring or Nil Nil Nil Nil musty odours) Chemicals Not Approved for maize (entire load) (Residues of any chemical compound not approved for maize, or used in contravention of the labelled instructions) Nil Nil Nil Nil EAC 2010 All rights reserved 15

22 4.7 Feed maize grades Table 3 Specific requirements for feed maize grains Characteristic Specification Method of test Grade 1 Grade 2 Description Hybrids 99.8 % free from genetic modification Colour classes White, red, yellow or mixed varieties Moisture, max (%) ISO 711/712 Standard of quality Minimum test weight kg/hl (g/0.5 L) 68 (344) 66 (333) Degree of soundness Cool and sweet May have a ISO 605 slight odour, not musty Total Admixture Max (% by wt)(total of Foreign Material, Screenings and Trash) Foreign Material Max (% by wt)(all matter other than maize) Cracked corn and foreign material (% by wt) Screenings Max (% by wt)(all matter passing through a 4.75mm round hole screen following the screening process) Trash Max (% by wt)(chaff and other Trash retained above a 4.75mm round hole screen following the screening process) Other classes max (% by wt) Other edible grains (% by wt) Defective Broken and cracked (Includes grains that remain whole yet contain hairline fractures) grains, max Heat damaged (% by Dead or mouldy (Includes storage mould. Dead are those that have been affected by weight, 200 disease and appear >75% opaque. Also includes black point) grain Pink-stained (entire load) (Various Fusarium sp. and other fungi that cause pink staining) Nil Nil sample, Immature and shrivelled grains unless Insect-damaged grains (weevilled)(per cent by count) otherwise Total Defective(Includes Sprouted, Frost Damaged, Dark Grain, Dry Green, Sappy, stated Insect Damaged, Field Fungi, Weather Stained, Heat Damaged) Foreign seed contaminant Type 1 (Individual seed basis)(colocynth, Double Gees/Spiny Emex/Three Cornered Jack, Jute, Long Headed Poppy, Mexican Poppy, Field Poppy, Horned Poppy, Wild Poppy, New Zealand Spinach, Parthenium Weed (Qualitative identification only)) 8 8 s, Max Type 2 (entire load) (Common Broomrape, Castor Oil Plant, Coriander, Crow Garlic/Wild Nil Nil (count of Garlic, Darling Pea, Opium Poppy, Peanut seeds and pods, Ragweed, Rattlepods seeds in (Crotalaria), Starburr, St. John s Wort) total per Type 3 (a) (Bathurst Burr, Bellvine, Bulls Head/Caltrop/Cats Head, Cape Tulip, 2 2 half litre Cottonseed, Dodder, Noogoora Burr, Thornapple/False Castor Oil) unless Type 3 (b) (Vetch (Blue/Tare) and Vetch (Commercial)) 4 4 otherwise Type 3 (c) (Heliotrope (Blue), Heliotrope (Common)) 8 8 stated) Type 4(a) (Bindweed (Field), Cutleaf Mignonette seeds or pods, Damel, Hexham Scent/King Island Melilot (Hexham Scent is only acceptable if no tainting odour is present), Hoary Cress, Mintweed, Nightshades, Paddy Melon, Skeleton Weed, Variegated Thistle) Type 5 (Knapweed (Creeping/Russian), Patterson s Curse/Salvation Jane, Sesbania pea) Type 6 (Saffron Thistle, Johnson Grass, Colombus Grass) Type 7 (a) (Chickpeas, Cowpea, Faba Beans, Lentils, Lupin, Peas (Field), Safflower, Soybean, Sunflower and any other seeds or pods greater than 5mm in diameter) Type 7 (b) (Barley, Bindweed (Australian), Bindweed (Black), Wheat, Durum, Oats (Black), Oats (Sand), Oats (Wild), Oats (Common), Rice, Rye (Cereal), Sorghum (Forage), Sorghum (Grain), Triticale, Turnip Weed and any other weed seeds not specified in Types 1-7(a) or SFS) Small Foreign Seeds (% by weight) (All foreign seeds not specified in Types 1-7(b) that fall below the 4.75mm screen during the Screenings process) Other Smut Boil (% by weight)( Smut caused by Ustilago maydis) contaminant Smut All Others (entire load)( Includes Ball Smut, Gall Smut and all Smut other than Nil Nil s, Max - Boil Smut) (count per Ergot Ryegrass (length in cm)( Length of all pieces present aligned end on end) half litre, Ergot Cereal (entire load)( Whole or pieces of Cereal Ergot) Nil Nil unless Aflatoxin Total ppb(total Aflatoxin including (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1 +AFG2)) otherwise Fumonisin Total ppb(total Fumonisin including (FB1 + FB2 + FB3)) stated) Aflatoxin B1- ppb(aflatoxin B1 only) [Total Stored Grain insects & Pea Weevils Live (entire load) (All life stages) Nil Nil includes Stored Grain insects & Pea Weevils Dead (All life stages) any combination Field Insects Sitona Weevil (Dead or alive) : If any one Field Insects All Others (Dead or alive) 3 3 contaminant Snails (Dead or Alive) 2 2 exceeds the Earth (Pieces of Earth, maximum 5mm in diameter each) 3 3 maximum Sand (Individual grains of sand)(aggregate weight of stones shall not exceed 0.20 % of total, failure is declared) the sample weight) Objectionable Material (entire load) (Sticks, stones, glass, concrete, or any other Nil Nil ISO 605 commercially unacceptable contaminant) Pickled and Coloured Grain (entire load)( Pickled grain, dyed grain) Nil Nil Odour (entire load) (Grain which has any commercially foreign odour due to tainting agents or improper storage causing mould, souring or musty odours) Chemicals Not Approved for maize (entire load) (Residues of any chemical compound not approved for maize, or used in contravention of the labelled instructions) Nil Nil 16 EAC 2010 All rights reserved Nil Nil

23 5 Contaminants 5.1 Pesticide residues Maize grains shall comply with those maximum pesticide residue limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity. The limits listed below were current as of the dates indicated. Annex E provides current MRLs for the USA, EU and Codex markets. Table 4 Maximum pesticide residue limits and extraneous maximum residue limits in maize (current as at ) Type Unit symbol Limit Method of test Notes 2,4-D mg/kg 0.05 ALDICARB mg/kg 0.05 BENTAZONE undef 0.2 BIFENTHRIN mg/kg 0.05(*) Residues are not expected to exceed 0.01 mg/kg CARBARYL mg/kg 0.02(*) CARBOFURAN undef 0.05(*) CARBOSULFAN undef 0.05(*) CHLORDANE mg/kg 0.02 CHLORPYRIFOS undef 0.05 CYPERMETHRIN mg/kg 0.05(*) DIAZINON mg/kg 0.02(*) DIMETHENAMID-P undef 0.01(*) DIQUAT mg/kg 0.05(*) DISULFOTON mg/kg 0.02(*) FIPRONIL mg/kg 0.01 GLUFOSINATE-AMMONIUM mg/kg 0.1 GLYPHOSATE undef 5 LINDANE mg/kg 0.01(*) MALATHION undef 0.05 METHIDATHION mg/kg 0.1 METHIOCARB mg/kg 0.05(*) METHOMYL mg/kg 0.02(*) METHOXYFENOZIDE undef 0.02(*) PARAQUAT undef 0.3 PHORATE undef 0.05(*) PROPARGITE mg/kg 0.1(*) PROPICONAZOLE undef 0.05 PYRACLOSTROBIN undef 0.02(*) QUINTOZENE mg/kg 0.01(*) TERBUFOS undef 0.01(*) TRIFLOXYSTROBIN undef 0.02(*) 5.2 Metals contaminants Maize grains shall be free from metals contaminants in amounts which may represent a hazard to health. If present, they shall not exceed the limits established in Table 5. Table 5 Metal contaminant limits Parameter Limit Test method i) Arsenic (As), ppm max EAS 101 or EAS 100 ii) Copper (Cu), ppm max EAS 100 iii) Lead (Pb), ppm max EAS 100 iv) Cadmium (Cd), ppm max EAS 100 v) Tin, Sn vi) Zinc, Zn 50.0 vi) Mercury (Hg), ppm max. 1.0 EAS 100 vii) Methyl mercury, calculated as Hg Mycotoxin and chemical limits Maize grains shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity Uric acid shall not exceed 100 milligrams per kilogram. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 17

24 5.3.2 Total aflatoxin levels in maize grains for human consumption shall not exceed 15 ppb of which B 1 shall not exceed 5 ppb when tested according to ISO Environment Maize shall be produced, processed and handled under conditions complying with the stipulations of relevant environmental regulations and therefore conform to cleaner production technological practices. 6 Hygiene 6.1 It is recommended that the produce covered by the provisions of this Standard be prepared and handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of CAC/RCP 1, ISO 22000, and other relevant Codex texts such as Codes of Hygienic Practice and Codes of Practice. 6.2 The produce should comply with any microbiological criteria established in accordance with CAC/GL To the extent possible in good agricultural practice, the products shall be free from objectionable matter. 6.4 When tested by appropriate standards of sampling and examination listed in Clause 2, the products: shall be free from microorganisms in amounts which may represent a hazard to health and shall not exceed the limits stipulated in Table 6; shall be free from parasites which may represent a hazard to health; and shall not contain any substance originating from microorganisms, including fungi, in amounts which may represent a hazard to health. Table 6 Microbiological limits for maize grains Type of micro-organism Limits Test method i) Yeasts and moulds, max. per g 10 2 ii) S.aureus per 25 g Nil iii) E. Coli, max. per g Nil iv) Salmonella, max. per 25 g Nil 7 Packaging EAS Maize grains shall be packed in suitable packages which shall be clean, sound, free from insect, fungal infestation and the packing material shall be of food grade quality. 7.2 Maize grains shall be packed in containers which will safeguard the hygienic, nutritional, technological and organoleptic qualities of the products. 7.3 The containers, including packaging material, shall be made of substances which are safe and suitable for their intended use. They shall not impart any toxic substance or undesirable odour or flavour to the product. 7.4 The net weight of the maize grains in a package shall comply with OIML R Each package shall contain maize grains of the same type and of the same grade designation. 7.6 Each package shall be securely closed and sealed. 8 Marking or labelling 8.1 In addition to the requirements in EAS 38, each package shall be legibly and indelibly marked with the following: 18 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

25 i) product name as Maize Grains ; ii) iii) iv) variety; grade; name, address and physical location of the manufacturer/ packer/importer; v) lot/batch/code number; vi) vii) viii) ix) net weight, in g/kg; the declaration Food for Human Consumption / Animal Feed Maize ; storage instruction as Store in a cool dry place away from any contaminants ; crop year; x) packing date; xi) xii) xiii) xiv) xv) expiry date or best before month year; a declaration of the product lifespan; instructions on disposal of used package; country of origin; a declaration on whether the maize was genetically modified or not. EAS 2: A declaration of any inaccurate information in marking/labelling is prohibited and shall be punishable by law under the statutes of the Partner States. 8.3 The authorized packer shall observe all instructions regarding testing, grading, packing, marking, sealing and maintenance of records applicable to the product. 8.4 Non-retail containers In the case of maize in non-retail containers the information given on the container required by 8.1 to 8.4 shall either be given on the container or in accompanying documents except that the name of the product and the name and address of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container. However the name and address of the manufacturer or packer may be replaced by an identification mark provided that such a mark is clearly identifiable with the accompanying document. 8.5 No wording, illustration or other device of expression which constitutes a misrepresentation or which, directly or by implication creates a misleading impression of the contents shall appear on a container which contains maize. 9 Methods of analysis and sampling 9.1 Sampling General Sampling shall be carried out in accordance with EAS Obtaining of a sample (1) An inspector shall for the purpose of this standard and requirements draw a representative sample of maize in the following manner: (a) In the case of consignment of maize which is exported in bags, small quantities of maize shall be drawn in such a manner from a number of bags which is at least equal to the square EAC 2010 All rights reserved 19

26 root of the total number of bags in the consignment, that the samples drawn will be representative of the whole consignment. These samples shall be collected in a container and mixed thoroughly. (b) In the case of a consignment of maize which is exported in bulk: (i) (ii) samples of maize which are presented in bulk containers, excluding grain elevators, shall be drawn at each hatch or from at least six different places, chosen at random throughout the full depth of the consignment with a bulk grain probe in such a manner that the samples drawn will be representative of the contents of the bulk container. The collective sample from each bulk container shall be mixed thoroughly and kept separate for each bulk container for further examination; and shall have a total mass of at least 10 kg; and samples of maize which are loaded from a grain elevator into a ship's hold or railway truck or road truck shall be drawn at regular intervals at the outflow of the shipping bins on to the conveyor belts in such a manner that the samples drawn will be representative of the consignment which is loaded. Each separate sample shall be mixed thoroughly before further examination and the collective sample shall have a total mass of at least 10 kg. (2) An inspector may at any time draw samples of maize from any part of a grain elevator Deviating sample If an inspector notices during the course or during inspection of taking the random samples that quantities of maize drawn from any bag or portion of a bulk container are obviously inferior to, or differ from the contents of the container which represent the remainder of the bags or from the other parts of the bulk container, the inspector shall draw samples only out of such bags or portion of a bulk container with the inferior or differing maize, place them in a container and mix thoroughly. Samples drawn in this manner shall, in the application of this standard and requirements, be considered as deviating samples and the inspection results shall be based only on samples drawn from the containers of the deviating portion. 9.2 Determination of undesirable odours, chemical residues, live insects and plant injurious organisms of phytosanitary importance (1) A consignment or a sample of a consignment of maize shall be sensorially assessed or chemically analysed in order to determine whether it: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) has a musty, sour or other undesirable odour; contains maize in or on which chemical residues or other substance occur that render it unfit for human consumption or for processing into or utilisation as healthy food or feed; contains any insects injurious to stored grain; contains glass, metal, coal, dung or stones; and may contain declared plant injurious organisms of phytosanitary importance. (2) The results of the determinations in paragraph (1) represent the findings in respect of the consignment with regard to the presence of the factors thus determined. 9.3 Determination of percentage of foreign matter The percentage of foreign matter shall be determined as follows: (a) (b) Obtain a working sample of at least 200 g maize drawn from either a random or a deviating sample, as the case may be. Sort the working sample in such a manner that the foreign matter is retained. 20 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

27 (c) (d) EAS 2:2010 Determine the mass of the foreign matter so obtained and express it as a percentage of the mass of the working sample. Such percentage shall represent the percentage of foreign matter in the consignment concerned. 9.4 Determination of percentage of defective maize kernels The percentage of defective maize kernels shall be determined as follows: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Obtain a working sample of at least 100 g maize obtained from either a random or a deviating sample, as the case may be. Place the working sample on the 6.35 mm round-hole sieve that is fitted onto a matching tray, sieve it in such a manner that all the material on the sieve passes at least 20 times over the entire surface of the sieve and determine the mass of the maize kernels and pieces of maize kernels that passed through the sieve. Express the mass determined in terms of paragraph (b) as a percentage of the total mass of the working sample. Remove all defective maize kernels from that part of the working sample remaining on the sieve and determine the mass of the defective maize kernels thus removed. Express the mass determined in terms of paragraph (d) as a percentage of the total mass of the working sample. Calculate the sum total of the masses determined in terms of paragraphs (b) and (d). Express the combined mass calculated in terms of paragraph (f) as a percentage of the total mass of the working sample. In the case of yellow maize the percentage obtained: (i) (ii) (i) in terms of paragraph (c), represents the percentage of defective maize kernels in the consignment concerned, which can pass through the 6.35 mm round-hole sieve; and in terms of paragraph (e), represents the percentage of defective maize kernels in the consignment concerned, which can not pass through the 6.35 mm round-hole sieve. In the case of white maize the percentage obtained in terms of paragraph (g) represents the percentage of defective maize kernels in the consignment concerned. 9.5 Determination of percentage of other colour maize kernels The percentage of other colour maize kernels shall be determined as follows: (a) (b) (c) (d) Obtain a working sample of at least 200 g maize from either a random or a deviating sample, as the case may be. Remove all maize kernels of other colour from the working sample and determine the mass thereof. Express the mass thus determined as a percentage of the mass of the working sample. Such percentage shall represent the percentage of other colour maize kernels in the consignment concerned. 9.6 Determination of percentage of pinked maize kernels The percentage of pinked maize kernels shall be determined as follows: EAC 2010 All rights reserved 21

28 (a) (b) (c) (d) Obtain a working sample of at least 100 g maize from either a random or a deviating sample, as the case may be. Remove all pinked maize kernels from the working sample and determine the mass thereof. Express the mass thus determined as a percentage of the mass of the working sample. Such percentage shall represent the percentage of pinked maize kernels in the consignment concerned. 9.7 Determination of moisture The moisture content shall be determined in accordance with EAS Test report The test report shall show the method used and the results obtained. It shall mention all operating details not specified in this standard, or regarded as optional, as well as any circumstances that may have influenced the test results. Mature maize in field Maize fields Maize on cobs 22 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

29 Broken maize grains Maize cobs of various colour Red maize on cobs Mixed maize grains Yellow maize grains Maize field EAS 2:2010 EAC 2010 All rights reserved 23

30 Annex A (normative) Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety These shall be determined in accordance with ISO 605, Pulses Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety Test methods 24 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

31 Annex B (normative) Determination of moisture content Moisture content shall be determined in accordance with the following standards: ISO 711, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content (Basic reference method) ISO 712, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content Routine reference method EAC 2010 All rights reserved 25

32 Annex C (informative) Model certificate of conformity with standards for farm produce 1. Trader: Certificate of conformity with the Community marketing standards applicable to fresh fruits and vegetables 2. Packer identified on packaging (if other than trader) No... (This certificate is exclusively for the use of inspection bodies) 3. Inspection body 6. Identifier of means of transport Packages (number and type) 4. Place of inspection/country of origin ( 1 ) 5. Region or country of destination 9. Type of product (variety if the standards specifies) Internal Import Export 10. Quality Class 11. Total net weight in kg 12. The consignment referred to above conforms, at the time of issue, with the Community standards in force, vide: EAS 2:2010, Maize grains Specification and grading Customs office foreseen. Place and date of issue. Valid until (date): Signatory (name in block letters): Observations: Signature ( 1 ) Where the goods are being re-exported, indicate the origin in box 9. Seal of competent authority 26 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

33 D.1 Zea mays Description Authority L. Family Synonyms Common names Editor Ecocrop code EAS 2:2010 Annex D (normative) Maize Fact sheets Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae Zea mays L. ssp. mays, Zea curagua Molina, Zea indentata Sturtev., Zea indurata Sturtev., Zea japonica Van Houtte, Zea saccharata Sturtev. maize, corn, Mais, maiz, milho, yumi, khao phoat, bekolo, sila, sila nivava lagi, tomorokpshi, makai, makki, koane, fiso, sana, keto (Simbo/Roviana), kon, mielie, mahindi, ekidid (Karamojong), maidis stigmata, mbemba, poone, upfu, hupfu, mbila 2175 A tall vigorous annual grass, and grain crop varying greatly in size according to race and growth conditions; commercial types are about 2m tall. It has many fasciculate roots. The erect shoot (culm) consists of four basic structures: the internodes, the leaves, the prophyll and the bud or apical meristem, which are collectively called the phytomer. The leaves that emerge from its nodes are alternate, lanceolate, acuminate and parallel-veined with small ligules. Maize is a monoecious plant; it develops inflorescences with unisexual flowers, and these are always born in separate parts of the plant. The female inflorescence - the ear, arises from the axillary bud apices, and male inflorescence, the tassel, develops from the apical growing point at the top of the plant. The kernel or fruit of maize is called a caryopsis. The ovary wall or pericarp is fused with the seed coat or testa and these combined together make the fruit wall. The mature fruit consists of three major parts - fruit wall, diploid embryo and triploid endosperm. The outermost layer of the endosperm, in contact with fruit wall is called the aleurone layer. The mature corn kernel is made up of three main parts, the seed coat or pericarp, the starchy endosperm and the embryo often called the germ, which will develop into a new plant. Uses It is mainly grown for food and fodder. The grain is ground to flour and used in starchy foods and breads. It is used in breakfast foods. Fermented grain is made into alcohol, which has become a prime use in the USA. A ton of dried maize would yield about 370 kg of ethanol. Maize starch is used in cosmetics, adhesives, glucose and syrup. Oil is extracted from the embryo and used as salad oil, and to make linolium, paints, varnishes, etc. Killing temperature It is easily killed by frost. Growing period Annual. In Kenya quick-maturing lowland varieties flower in 60 days and mature in 120 days, varieties grown between m in elevation flowers in 105 days and mature in 210 days, while varieties grown at m may take 195 days to flower and more than 365 days to mature. In the United States on average it mature in days. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 27

34 Further information Maize is one of the most productive species of food plants being the second most important cereal grain after wheat, with milled rice occupying third place. It is the top ranking cereal in grain yield per hectare and is second to wheat in total production. Maize is of great economic significance worldwide as human food as animal feed, and as a source of large number of industrial products. Maize has tremendous variability in kernel colour, texture, composition and appearance. It is classified into distinct types based on (a) endosperm and kernel constitution; (b) kernel colour; (c) environment in which it is grown; d) maturity; and (e) its use. White, yellow and orange are prominent grain colours. Prominent maize kernel types are flint, dent, pop, sweet, floury, morocho, and waxy. Quality Protein Maize (QPM with improved protein quality), and High Oil Corn are speciality maize types. It can be found at elevations between sea level and 4000 m and it can be grown at latitudes from 48 N to 40 S. The photosynthesis pathway C4 III for tropical lowland types and C4 IV for highland and temperate types. Hot, dry winds may reduce the amount of pollen available for fertilization and humid conditions and hail can do damage. Since the crop leaves much of the ground uncovered, soil erosion and water losses can be severe. The optimum yield is 7-11 t/ha, world average 3.6 t/ha. High yields of maize make a heavy drain on soil nutrients. It is probably indigenous to Mexico and Central America. D.2 Zea mays ssp. Mays Description Authority L. Family Synonyms Common names Editor Ecocrop code Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae Maize, Mais, Maiz, Sweet corn, Mealies, Corn, Green maize, Bok'olo, Indian corn, Blue corn A tall, coarse grass and grain crop up to cm with strong erect stalks and long narrow leaves. Uses It is mainly grown for food and fodder. The grain is ground to flour and used in starchy foods and breads. It is used in breakfast foods, i.e. corn-flakes. Fermented grain is made into wiskey and industial alcohol. Corn starch is used in cosmetics, adhesives, glucose, and syrup. Oil is extracted from the seed embryo and used as salad oil, and to make linolium, paints, varnishes, soaps, glycerine, and high fructose syrup. Mentioned as a useful agroforestry species. Growing period Annual. In Kenya quick-maturing lowland varieties flower in 60 days and mature in 120 days, varieties grown between m in elevation flowers in 105 days and mature in 210 days, while varieties grown at m may take 195 days to flower and more than 365 days to mature. In the United States corn on average mature within days and some cultivars only require 90 days. Further information Maize can be found at elevations between sea level and 4000 m and it can be grown at latitudes from 48 N to 40 S. Photosynthesis pathway C4 III for tropical lowland and C4 IV for highland and temperate types. Hot, dry winds may reduce the amount of pollen available for fertilization and very humid conditions are not considered good for maize. Hail can do great damage to the crop. Since the crop leaves much of the ground uncovered, soil erosion and water losses can be severe. The optimum yield is 7-11 t/ha, world 28 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

35 average 3.6 t/ha. High yields of maize make a heavy drain on soil nutrients and it has a high nitrogen requirement. The species is probably indigenous to Mexico and Central America. Some short-season varieties are able to develop with only 300 mm of rain. D.3 Zea mays ssp. saccharata Description A grass and grain crop. Uses Authority Family Synonyms Common names Editor Ecocrop code Sturt Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae Sweet corn, Sweet Maize, Maize, Mealies, Milho doce, Corn, Mais Sucre, Maiz Dulce, Zukermais, Suikermais It is mainly grown for food and fodder. It is eaten as a fresh, frozen or canned vegetable. Growing period Can be harvested immature days after sowing. (For further information please see under Zea mays s. mays) Further information Elevations up to 2000 m are considered suitable for growing of cultivars which are adapted to short days and high temperatures. Hot, dry winds may reduce the amount of pollen which are available for fertilization, also very humid conditions are not considered good for maize. Yields are normally 2 cobs per plant, producing 7-15 t/ha. They seeds have a relative high sugar content. (For further information please see under Zea mays s. mays) EAC 2010 All rights reserved 29