CHAPTER 10 APPENDICES

Transcription

1 283 CHAPTER 10 APPENDICES

2 Appendix 1 List of Vegetation for Hospital Design List of Plants recommended by NASA, USA: Sl. No. Botanical Name Common Name 1 Chamaedorea seifrizii Bamboo palm / Reed palm 2 Sansevieria trifasciata 'Laurentii' Snake plant / Motherinlaw tongue 3 Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Areca Palm 4 Chlorophytum comosum Spider plant 5 Peace Lily Spathiphyllum wallisii var. 6 Gerbera jamesonii Gerber Daisy 7 Ficus benjamina Weeping fig 8 Aloe vera Aloe vera 9 Scindapsus aures Devil's ivy / Money plant 10 Chrysantheium morifolium Pot mum 11 Gerbera jamesonii Barberton daisy 12 Dracaena deremensis'warneckii' Warneck dracaena 13 Dracaena marginata Red edged dracaena List of Anti Cancer Plants: Sl. No. Botanical Name Common Name 1 Crinum jagus Rattrayil 2 Lannea egregia Wodier tree 3 Magnifera indica Linn Mango tree 4 Xylopia aethiopica Bitter wood tree 5 Uvaria chamae Bush banana / Finger root 6 Uvaria afzelii Spreading finger 7 Alstonia congensis Alstonia boonie 8 Alafia barteri Apocyn arm 9 Pistia stratiotes Linn Water cabbage

3 285 Sl. No. Botanical Name Common Name 10 Culcasia scandens Congo Braza 11 Anchomanas difformis Blume 12 Secamone afzelii Schult 13 Calotropis procera Sodom apple 14 Tylophora spp Muller plant 15 Chenopodium ambrosioides Wormseed 16 Pyrenacantha staudii Rats liver 17 Ocimum basilicum Sweet basil 18 Senna fistula Linn Ibbabu ginger 19 Senna alata Linn Cocktail toe 20 Aloe barteri Ida orissa 21 Allium cepa Linn Spring onion 22 Anthocleista djalonensis Huile palm 23 Nymphaea lotus Linn Lotus plant 24 Parquetina nigrescens Bullock tree 25 Coffea bracteolate L. Coffee plant 26 Paullina pinnata Linn Nistmal 27 Nicotina tabacum Linn Tobacco leaves 28 Aframomum melegueta Grains of paradise 29 Cynometra mannii Oliv. Cynometra olive 30 Alafia barteri Apocyn arm List of Air Purifying Vegetation: (Trees / Shrubs/ Plants) Sl. No. Botanical Name Common Name 1 Azadirachta indica Neem Tree 2 Acacia catechu Khair 3 Aegle marmelor Bel 4 Alstonia scholars saptaparni

4 286 Sl. No. Botanical Name Common Name 5 Alangium salvifolium Ankol 6 Butea monosperma palash 7 Cassia fistula indian labernum 8 Commiphora wightii guggul 9 Holarrhena pubescens kutaja 10 Mesua ferrea nagchampa 11 Mimusops elengi bakul 12 Ochrocarpus longifolius surangi 13 Mammea longifolia surangi 14 Premna integrifolia Agnimantha 15 Pterocarpus santalinus rakta chandan 16 Saraca asoca Sita Ashok 17 Schrebera swietenioidess Ghantifal 18 Eucalyptus spp. Eucalyptus tree 19 Robinia spp Black Locust 20 Morus spp Dental caries 21 Gleditsia sp. Morus mulberry 22 Casearia esculenta Saptrangi herb 23 Hydnocarpus macrocarpus Alpina White 24 Hydnocarpus pentandra Buch ham 25 Calophyllum apetalum Kalpoone 26 Garcinia indica Kokum 27 Garcinia gummi-gutta cambogia 28 Garcinia xathochymus Muythin tree 29 Mesua nagassarium Ceylon ironwood 30 Vateria indica White damar 31 Dipterocarpus indicus Guinea Rosewood 32 Kydia calycina Velukku, bellakka 33 Bombax ceiba Cotton tree

5 287 Sl. No. Botanical Name Common Name 34 Helicteres isora Vishanika 35 Sterculia foetida Empty split fruit 36 Grewia tiliifolia Dhamani 37 Elaeocarpus serratus Karamaram 38 Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Badraksham 39 Aegle marmelos Shreephal 40 Atalantia malabarica Tanaka 41 Citrus medica Lemon tree 42 Euodia Iunu-ankenda Kanala 43 Murraya koenigii Curry tree 44 Murraya paniculata Orange jasmine / Vengarai 45 Vepris bilocularis Manguppe tree 46 Ailanthus excelsa Indian tree of heaven 47 Zanthoxylum rhetsa Prickly Ash 48 Ailanthus triphysa White bean 49 Quassia indica Rangoon creeper 50 Gomphia serrata Chavakambu 51 Garuga pinnata Grey downy / Garuga 52 Aphanamixis polystachya Pithraj tree 53 Celastrus paniculatus Black oil tree 54 Ventilago denticulata Rhaidhani 55 Cayratia carnsa Bush grape 56 Sapindus laurifolius South Indian soap nut

6 Appendix 2 Hierarchical Order of Best Vegetation Hierarchical Order of Recommended Trees for External Landscaping CATEGORY 1 [Deoxidization + Sound absorbent + Dehumidification + Visual Comfort] 1. Azardirachta indica (Neem Tree) 2. Howea forsteriana (Kentia Palm) 3. Draceana deremensis (Corn Plant) 4. Homalomena siesmeyeriana (Queen of Hearts) 5. Aglaonema spp. (Pewter plant) CATEGORY 2 - [Deoxidization + Sound absorbent + Visual Comfort] 1. Philodendron scandens (Heart leaf plant) 2. Spathiphyllum (Peace Lilly) 3. Sanserieria trifasciata (Mother-in-law s tongue) 4. Chrysalidocarpus lutencens (Yellow butterfly palm) 5. Rhapis excels (Broad leave lady palm) CATEGORY 3 - [Deoxidization + Sound absorbent + Dehumidification] 1. Acacia catechu (Cutch Tree) 2. Aegle marmelos (Stone Apple) 3. Butea monosperma (Flame Tree) 4. Cassia fistula (Golden shower tree) 5. Hoya spp. (Wax flower tree) CATEGORY 4 - [Deoxidization + Sound absorbent] 1. Holarrhena pubescens (Bitter Oleander) 2. Mimusops elengi (Bakul Tree) 3. Mammea longifolia (Mammy Apple) 4. Pterocarpus santalinus (Ruby woods) 5. Eucalyptus spp. (Eucalyptus tree)

7 Hierarchical Order Of Recommended List Of Indoor Landscaping CATEGORY 1 [Sound absorbent + Deoxidization + Visual Comfort + Deinsectification + aromatic] 1. Aglaonema (Pewter plant) 4. Ficus maclellandii (Banana leaf fig) 2. Radermachera sinica (Serpant plant) 5. Ficus lyrata (Fiddle leaf fig) 3. Soleirolia helxine (baby s tears) CATEGORY 2 [Sound absorbent + Deoxidization + Deinsectification + aromatic] 1. Chamaedorea cataractarum (Cat palm) 2. Ficus benjamina (Weeping fig) 3. Dracaena reflexa (Song of India) 4. Crassula ovate (Jade plant) 5. Ficus elastic (Rubber bush) CATEGORY 3 [Sound absorbent + Deoxidization + Visual Comfort + aromatic] 1. Strelitzia reginae (Bird of paradise) 2. Dieffenbachia (Dumb cane) 3. Dracaena Janet Craig (Angel Plant) CATEGORY 4 [Deoxidization + Sound absorbent] 1. Asplenium nidus (Wet fern) 2. Phoenix roebilini (Pygmy Date palm) 4. Aeschynanthus (Lipstick plant) 5. Spathiphyllum (White sails) 3. Chamadorea elegans (Parlor palm) 4. Euphorbia milii (Christ thorn) 5. Sansevieria trifasciata (Snake plant) CATEGORY 5 [Deoxidization + aromatic] 1. Stephanotis floribunda (Long jasmine) 2. Polyscias fruticosa (Snow flake) 3. Hibiscus trionum (Bladder ketmia) 4. Jasminum polyanthum (Jasmine plant) 5. Cymbidium orchidaceae (Boat orchid)

8 Appendix 3 Herbarium of Selected Vegetation Botanical Name: Azadirachta indica Common Name: Neem Tree Range: India, Bangladesh, Myanmar No.1 Habitat: Evergreen Growth Rate: Fast Self-fertile: No Height: 15m Pollinators: Bees, insects Weed potential: Yes Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Sapindales Family: Meliaceae Genus: Azadirachta Species: A. indica Descriptions: Neem trees can grow about 15 meters tall with occasional specimens up to 25 meters. It has a short, straight bowl that can be 100cm in diameter, and long, spreading branches that form a dense, large, oval or rounded crown. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range c, but can tolerate c. No.2 Botanical Name: Ficus religiousa Common Name: Peepal tree, Sacred Fig Range: India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan Habitat: Evergreen Growth Rate: Medium Self-fertile: No Height: 15 m 25 m Pollinators: Wasps Weed potential: Yes Class: Rosid Order: Rosale Family: Moraceae Genus: Ficus Species: F. religiousa Descriptions: It can grow meters tall. In older trees the bole can become buttressed and as much as 270cm in diameter. It grows best in areas where the mean annual temperatures are within the range c, and the mean annual rainfall is in the range 500-5,000mm. Seed - germinates best at a temperature around 20 c.

9 291 Botanical Name: Ficus lyrata Common Name: Fiddle leaf tree Range: India, Africa, Nepal, Bangladesh No.3 Habitat: Perennial Growth Rate: Fast Self-fertile: Yes Height: 15 m Pollinators: Birds Weed potential: Yes Class: Rosid Order: Rosale Family: Moraceae Genus: Ficus Species: F. lyrata Descriptions: It can grow up to m (39 49 ft) tall. The leaves are variable in shape, but often with a broad apex and narrow middle, resembling a lyre or fiddle; they are up to 45 cm (18 in) long and 30 cm (12 in) broad, though usually smaller, with a leathery texture, prominent veins and a wavy margin. The fruit is a green fig cm (1-¼ in) diameter. Botanical Name: Ficus benjamina Common Name: Weeping fig Range: India, Africa, Nepal, Srilanka, Nepal No.4 Habitat: Evergreen Growth Rate: Fast Self-fertile: Yes Height: 15m Pollinators: Bees, insects Weed potential: Yes Class: Rosid Order: Rosale Descriptions: It is a tree reaching 30 meters (98 ft) tall in natural conditions, with gracefully drooping branch-lets and glossy leaves 6 13 cm (2 5 in), oval with an acuminate tip. Family: Moraceae Genus: Ficus Species: F. benjamina

10 292 Botanical Name: Acacia catechu Common Name: Cutch Tree Range: India, China, Indian ocean area. No.5 Habitat: Evergreen Growth Rate: Fast Self-fertile: Yes Height: 15m Pollinators: Birds, insects Weed potential: Yes Class: Rosid Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Descriptions: is a deciduous, thorny tree which grows up to 15 m (50 ft) in height.the plant is called khair in Hindi, and kachu in Malay, hence the name was Latinized to "catechu" in Linnaean taxonomy, as the type-species from which the extracts cutch and catechu Genus: Acacia (Senegalia) are derived. Common names for it Species: A. catechu include catechu, cachou, cutch tree, black cutch, and black catechu. Botanical Name: Cassia fistula Common Name: Golden Shower Tree Range: India, Srilanka, Bangladesh, Nepal No.6 Habitat: Deciduous Growth Rate: Medium Self-fertile: Yes Height: 20 m Pollinators: Birds, insects Weed potential: Yes Class: Rosid Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Genus: Cassia Species: C. fistula Descriptions: growing to m (33 66 ft) tall with fast growth. The leaves are deciduous, cm ( in) long, and pinnate with three to eight pairs of leaflets, each leaflet 7 21 cm ( in) long and 4 9 cm ( in) broad. The flowers are produced in pendulous racemes cm ( in) long, each flower 4 7 cm ( in) diameter with five yellow petals of equal size and shape.

11 293 Botanical Name: Mimusops elangi Common Name: Bakul tree Range: India, Nepal, Himalayas, China No.7 Habitat: Evergreen Growth Rate: Slow Self-fertile: No Height: 15 m Pollinators: insects Weed potential: Yes Class: Eudicots Order: Ericales Family: Sapotaceae Genus: Mimusops Descriptions: is an evergreen tree reaching a height of about 16 m. It flowers in April, and fruiting occurs in June. Leaves are glossy, dark green, oval-shaped, 5 14 cm long, and cm wide. Flowers are cream, hairy, and scented. The tree may reach up to a height of 9 18 m with about 1 m in circumference. Species: M. elengi Botanical Name: Dieffenbachia bowmanii Common Name: Dumb cane Range: India, America, Africa, Australia No.8 Habitat: Evergreen Growth Rate: Medium Self-fertile: Yes Height: 3m Pollinators: insects Weed potential: Yes Class: Monocots Order: Alismatales Family: Sapotaceae Genus: Diaffenbachia Species: D. bowmanii Descriptions: With a minimum temperature of 5 C (41 F), dieffenbachia must be grown indoors in temperate areas. They need light, but filtered sunlight through a window is usually sufficient. They also need moderately moist soil, which should be regularly fertilized with a proprietary houseplant fertilizer. Leaves will periodically roll up and fall off to make way for new leaves.

12 294 Botanical Name: Dracaena Janet Craig Common Name: Angel plant Range: China, India, Africa, Nepal, Japan No.9 Habitat: Evergreen Growth Rate: Fast Self-fertile: Yes Height: 3m Pollinators: insects Weed potential: Yes Class: Monocots Descriptions: The leaves are glossy green, lancelet, cm ( in) long and 2 12 cm ( in) wide; small leaves are erect to spreading, and larger Order: Asparagales leaves usually drooping under their weight. Family: Asparagaceae Genus: Dracaena Species: D. Janet craig The flowers are produced in panicles cm ( in) long, the individual flowers are 2.5 cm (0.98 in) diameter. Botanical Name: Stephanotis floribunda Common Name: Long Jasmine Range: Madagaskar, India, America, Africa No.10 Habitat: Evergreen Growth Rate: Fast Self-fertile: No Height: 6m Pollinators: insects Weed potential: Yes Class: Eudicots Order: Gentianales Family: Apocyanaceae Genus: Stephanotis Descriptions: will withstand temperatures down 45 degrees F. but will not tolerate frost or freezing of any sort. Growing to 6 m (20 ft) or more, it is an evergreen woody climber with glossy, leathery oval leaves and clusters of pure white, waxy, intensely fragrant tubular flowers. Species: S. floribunda

13 Glossary of Vocabulary Acidic soil - Any soil with a ph lower than 7. Alkaline (basic) soil - Any soil with a ph higher than 7, often associated with hard water. Annual - A plant that completes its life cycle in one year. Bare root - Dormant plants that are taken out of the ground, removed of their soil, and preserved until shipping. Biennial - A plant that completes its life cycle in two years. Bolting - When a plant produces flowers or seeds prematurely instead of a crop. This is usually the result of excessive heat and sun exposure. Companion planting - The belief that two plants growing near each other produce mutual benefits. Learn more at Compost- A mixture of decaying, organic materials (such as kitchen scraps) used for soil amending, fertilizing, and mulching. Cutting - A plant propagation method wherein a part of a plant is cut and dipped in a rooting hormone to eventually grow into a new plant. Dead heading - The act of pinching or cutting off spent flowers. Direct sowing - Germinating seeds at the site you want them to grow, as opposed to growing them indoors before transplanting. Ever blooming - A flower that produces a continual supply of blooms throughout a season. Family - One group used in classifying organisms. Families consist of a number of similar genera (plural for genus). Full sun - If a plant requires full sun then it needs at least 6 hours of direct sunlight each day to thrive. Genus - A group of species of plants that are closely related. Germinate - The beginning of growth in a seed; to sprout. Hardy - A plant that can withstand frost exposure without means of protection. Hardiness zone - A geographically defined zone determined by temperature that categorizes which plants can thrive where; hardiness zones are designated by a number (1-11), such as zone 7. Gardening books and websites can help in determining the hardiness zone.

14 296 Herbicide - A substance that destroys plants or inhibits their growth. Heirloom - An open-pollinated plant variety that has remained unchanged through hybridization for at least years. Horticulture - The art and science of cultivating plants. Humus - Decomposed plant matter that is part of the soil. Hybrid - The crossbreeding of two plants of different species or varieties with distinct characteristics. Loam - Rich soil consisting of 25 percent clay, 50 percent silt, and less than 50 percent sand; considered ideal soil for gardening and agriculture.naturalized - To plant randomly and without a pattern. Open pollination - Plants whose seeds develop through random, natural pollination such as wind, field movement, or insect activity, not through human involvement. Organic A fertilizer, pesticide, or plant food that is of animal or vegetable origin; plants grown without the use of synthetic chemicals. Ornamental - Plants grown for aesthetics, not consumption or economic use. Perennial - Plants that live for multiple growing seasons. Pesticide - Any substance used to control or kill pests such as insects, weeds, animals, or microbes; may be organic or synthetic. Pinching off - The periodic removal of new, freshly grown leaves from a plant to encourage growth. Pistil - The female sexual reproductive, seed-bearing organ of a flower, consisting of an ovary, style, and stigma. Pollination - The transfer of pollen from the stamen (male part of the flower) to the pistil (female part of the flower), which results in the formation of a seed. Pruning - The process of cutting off leaves or branches within limits in order to remove dead, injured or diseased foliage or branches. Raised bed An elevated garden bed offering better drainage, aeration and warmer soil than a conventional bed. Seedling - A plant that has just emerged from its seed with its first root, stem and leaves. Self-pollinating - Plants that do not require pollen from another plant to produce fruit. Side dressing - A method of fertilization in which one works a little fertilizer into the soil near a

15 297 mature plant. Sludge - Solid sediment left over from industrial wastewater treatment plants that is commonly used as a fertilizer or livestock food-additive because it contains high levels of nutrients, but it can contain high levels of heavy metals and pollutants. Staking - The practice of driving a support into the ground next to a plant to support it in its growth. Stamen - The male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of a filament and a pollencontaining anther. Thinning - To reduce the number of excess seedlings (discarding the weakest ones) to allow freer air circulation and increase the light for foliage, thereby, encouraging remaining plants to thrive. Transplant - To remove plants from one place and replant them in another (or from a container into the ground). Trellis - Latticework used to support climbing plants Vermiculite - A lightweight, flaky mineral called "mica" that has been heated to the point of expansion. The sponge-like granules are then capable of holding both water and air. This amendment is added to potting mixtures and container gardens to improve root growth due to aeration and moisture retention. Waterlogged - Soil that is saturated with water.