Draft for comments only Not to be cited as East African Standard

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1 EAST AFRICAN STANDARD Wheat grains Specification and grading EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY HS EAS 51:2010 ICS EAC 2010 Second Edition 2010

2 Foreword Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing requirements governing quality of products and services in East Africa. It is envisaged that through harmonized standardization, trade barriers which are encountered when goods and services are exchanged within the Community will be removed. In order to meet the above objectives, the EAC Partner States have enacted an East African Standardization, Quality Assurance, Metrology and Test Act, 2006 (EAC SQMT Act, 2006) to make provisions for ensuring standardization, quality assurance, metrology and testing of products produced or originating in a third country and traded in the Community in order to facilitate industrial development and trade as well as helping to protect the health and safety of society and the environment in the Community. East African Standards are formulated in accordance with the procedures established by the East African Standards Committee. The East African Standards Committee is established under the provisions of Article 4 of the EAC SQMT Act, The Committee is composed of representatives of the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the representatives from the private sectors and consumer organizations. Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standards Bodies in the Partner States. The comments received are discussed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the procedures of the Community. Article 15(1) of the EAC SQMT Act, 2006 provides that Within six months of the declaration of an East African Standard, the Partner States shall adopt, without deviation from the approved text of the standard, the East African Standard as a national standard and withdraw any existing national standard with similar scope and purpose. East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the East African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest versions of the standards they are implementing. East African Community 2010 All rights reserved * East African Community P O Box 1096 Arusha Tanzania Tel: /8 Fax: / eac@eachq.org Web: * 2010 EAC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for EAC Partner States NSBs. ii EAC 2010 All rights reserved

3 Introduction EAS 51:2010 In the preparation of this East African Standard, the following sources were consulted extensively: United States Standards for Wheat, Effective May 2006 Wheat, Official Grain Grading Guide, August 1, 2009, Canadian Grain Commission Department of Agriculture, Regulation Gazette No. 6225, 10 July 1998, Agricultural Product Standards Act, 1990 (Act No. 119 of 1990), Regulations relating to the grading, packing and marking of wheat intended for sale in the Republic of South Africa + Amendment of 19 July 2002, No and Amendment of 19 th August 2003, No Department of Agriculture, Regulation Gazette No , 11 September 2001, Agricultural Product Standards Act, 1990 (Act No. 119 of 1990), Standards for grades of Class Bread Wheat, Class Biscuit Wheat and Class Durum Wheat Department of Agriculture, Regulation Gazette No , 22 February 2008, Agricultural Product Standards Act, 1990 (Act No. 119 of 1990), Regulations relating to the grading, packing and marking of wheat products intended for sale in the Republic of South Africa Ethiopian Standard, ES 665:2001, Wheat Specification Malawi Standard, MBS 55:1990, Wheat grain Specification ISO 7970:2000, Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Specification ISO 11051:1994, Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Specification CODEX STAN 199:1995, Standard for Wheat and Durum Wheat CODEX STAN 228:2001 (Rev.1:2004), General methods of analysis for contaminants Codex Alimentarius website: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service website: USDA Agricultural Marketing Service website: USDA Plant Inspectorate Service website: European Union: Assistance derived from these sources and others inadvertently not mentioned is hereby acknowledged. This standard has been developed to take into account: the needs of the market for the product; the need to facilitate fair domestic, regional and international trade and prevent technical barriers to trade by establishing a common trading language for buyers and sellers. the structure of the CODEX, UNECE, USA, ISO and other internationally significant standards; the needs of the producers in gaining knowledge of market standards, conformity assessment, commercial cultivars and crop production process; the need to transport the product in a manner that ensures keeping of quality until it reaches the EAC 2010 All rights reserved iii

4 consumer; the need for the plant protection authority to certify, through a simplified form, that the product is fit for crossborder and international trade without carrying plant disease vectors; the need to promote good agricultural practices that will enhance wider market access, involvement of small-scale traders and hence making farming a viable means of wealth creation; and the need to ensure a reliable production base of consistent and safe crops that meet customer requirements. iv EAC 2010 All rights reserved

5 Contents EAS 51: Scope Normative references Definitions and grading factors Essential composition and quality factors Basis of determination Representative portion of wheat for grading, grams Specific quality requirements Wheat grades for human consumption Durum wheat grades Feed wheat grades Contaminants Pesticide residues Heavy metals Mycotoxin and chemical limits Environment Hygiene Packaging Marking or labelling Sampling and test methods Introduction Sampling Moisture assessment of cereals Fan forced oven reference method Moisture assessment of cereals Brabender oven reference method Moisture assessment of cereals NIR Protein assessment of cereals Dumas reference method Protein assessment of cereals NIR Test weight assessment Schopper Chondrometer reference method Test weight assessment Franklin Mark 11 Chondrometer reference method Test weight assessment Kern 222 Chondrometer reference method Unmillable material assessment Reference method Falling number assessment Reference method Defective grains assessment Reference method Defective grain assessment of sprouted grain Field evaluation Contaminants assessment Reference method Vitreous kernel assessment Reference method Vitreous kernel assessment in durum Digital imaging method Varietal declaration procedure Screen slot size compliance procedure Bread wheat assessment in durum Reference method Annex A (normative) Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety Annex B (normative) Determination of proportion of non-wholly-vitreous grains Annex C (informative) Model certificate of conformity with standards for farm produce Annex D (normative) Wheat Fact sheets Annex E (informative) Wheat Codex, EU and USA pesticide residue limits Annex F (informative) Harmful and toxic seeds, unacceptable mites and pests of stored cereals Annex G (informative) Sieves for assessing dockage and grading factors Annex H (Informative) Grouping of wheat in Kenya EAC 2010 All rights reserved v

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7 EAST AFRICAN STANDARD EAS 51:2010 Wheat grains Specification and grading 1 Scope This East African Standard specifies the quality and grading requirements and methods of test for wheat grains of varieties (cultivars) grown from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), club wheat (T. compactum Host.), and durum wheat (T. Durum Desf.) intended for human consumption. The standard also specifies grades for wheat meant for animal feeds. It does not apply to other products derived from wheat grains. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 605, Pulses Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety Test methods ISO 711, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content (Basic reference method) ISO 712, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content Routine reference method ISO 3093, Wheat, rye and respective flours, durum wheat and durum wheat semolina Determination of the Falling Number according to Hagberg-Perten ISO 5223, Test sieves for cereals ISO , Cereals and pulses Determination of hidden insect infestation Part 1: General principles ISO , Cereals and pulses Determination of hidden insect infestation Part 2: Sampling ISO , Cereals and pulses Determination of hidden insect infestation Part 3: Reference method ISO , Cereals and pulses Determination of hidden insect infestation Part 4: Rapid methods ISO , Cereals Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre" Part 1: Reference method ISO , Cereals Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre" Part 2: Routine method ISO 11050, Wheat flour and durum wheat semolina Determination of impurities of animal origin ISO 13690, Cereals, pulses and milled products Sampling of static batches ISO 16050, Foodstuffs Determination of aflatoxin B 1, and the total content of aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G 1 and G 2 in cereals, nuts and derived products High performance liquid chromatographic method ISO 20483, Cereals and pulses Determination of the nitrogen content and calculation of the crude protein content Kjeldahl method CAC/RCP 1, Recommended international code of practice General principles of food hygiene EAS 38, Labelling of prepackaged foods Specification EAS 79, Cereals and pulses as grain Methods of sampling EAC 2010 All rights reserved 1

8 EAS 217, Methods for the microbiological examination of foods ISO 22000:2005, Food safety management systems Requirements for any organization in the food chain OIML R87:2004, Quantity of product in prepackages 3 Definitions and grading factors For the purpose of this East African Standard, the following definitions shall apply. 3.1 wheat grain grain that, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), club wheat (T. compactum Host.), and durum wheat (T. Durum Desf.) and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which separate standards have been established and that, after the removal of the dockage, contains 50 percent or more of whole kernels of one or more of these wheats 3.2 net weight of sample the sample after cleaning and removal of dockage is referred to as the cleaned sample. Its weight is the net weight of the sample. Percentages by weight for grading refer to percentages of the net weight. 3.3 kernel counts the number of kernel-sized pieces in 500 gram sample. To do kernel counts, you must have 500 g of cleaned sample. All grading is done on representative portions divided down from the cleaned sample using a Boerner-type divider. 3.4 hazardous substances in samples any pesticide, herbicide or desiccant 3.5 dockage all matter other than wheat that can be removed from the original sample by use of an approved device and procedure. Also, underdeveloped, shrivelled, and small pieces of wheat kernels removed in properly separating the material other than wheat and that cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. Dockage in wheat contains Wheat with long rootlets, unthreshed wheat heads, and material other than wheat removed by the No. 25 riddle Material removed by 1.98 mm buckwheat sieve in the lower position Material removed by aspiration A maximum of 10% of soft earth pellets handpicked from the clean sample Material removed by Cleaning for grade improvement 3.6 cleaning for grade improvement If the grade of a sample can be improved by additional cleaning, perform the cleaning and add the additional material to dockage. Cleaning for grade improvement can be done at any time after normal cleaning. The purpose of this cleaning is not to remove all foreign material, but rather to reduce the admixture of conspicuous separable material to within the grade tolerance. 3.7 contaminated grain grain containing any substance in sufficient quantity that renders the grain is unfit for consumption by persons or animals or is adulterated within the meaning of food safety regulations 3.8 artificial stain Includes any nontoxic stain on kernels caused by contact with foreign substances such as dye, oil, grease, paint, or soot 2 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

9 Does not include any stain considered a natural stain Does not include any stain caused by coming into contact with poisonous substances, or any stain that could be considered Contaminated grain 3.9 binburnt kernels kernels blackened as a result of severe heating in storage. A cross of a binburnt kernel is smooth and glossy. A binburnt kernel is similar in weight to sound kernel. There is a single tolerance for the total of binburnt, severely mildewed, mouldy, and rotted kernels blackpoint kernels with blackpoint have a distinct dark brown or black discolouration of the whole germ and surrounding area 3.11 bread wheat refers to those wheats of bread making varieties (Triticum aestivum) which contaminate durum deliveries, and for which a specific tolerance applies. Bread wheat can be visually distinguished from durum by the fine hairs on the brush end which are usually only associated with bread wheat varieties broken grains pieces of wheat that are less than three-quarters of a whole kernel and includes grains of wheat in which part of the endosperm is exposed or wheat without a germ. If the piece is more than three-quarters of a kernel, it is considered whole bunted grains grains filled with a fetid-smelling dust comprising the spores of bunts, i.e. Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. syn. Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) R. Wolff, Tilletia controversa Kühn, syn. Tilletia brevifaciens C.W. Fischer, Tilletia foetida (Wallr.) Liro, syn. Tilletia laevis Kühn, Tilletia indica Mitra 3.14 cereals in the context of this standard, cereals refer to wheat, barley, oats, cereal rye, triticale, sorghum, maize and rice 3.15 cereal smuts include all smuts on all cereal grains. This includes but is not limited to: ball smut Are those infected by the spores of the fungus Tilletia caries. They have the appearance of pale, plump, slightly oversized grains. These grains are easily crushed between the fingers and contain a mass of black powder (spores) with a distinctive rotten egg smell. This may also be called Stinking Smut or Bunt. covered smut Covered smut is caused by various fungi of Ustilago spp. loose smut Loose smut is the result of the fungus Ustilago tritici developing in the barley heads during the growing phase. The tolerance applies to the number of pieces of backbone in the sample. A nil tolerance applies to all smuts in kernels chemicals not approved for wheat refers to the following chemicals used on the growing crop in contravention of the label chemicals used on stored wheat in contravention of the label chemicals not registered for use on wheat wheat containing any artificial colouring, pickling compounds or marker dyes commonly used during crop spraying operations that have stained the wheat EAC 2010 All rights reserved 3

10 wheat treated with or contaminated by carbaryl, organochloride chemicals, or diatomaceous earth chemical residues in excess of legal limits 3.17 classes There are eight classes for wheat: Durum wheat, Hard Red Spring wheat, Hard Red Winter wheat, Soft Red Winter wheat, Hard White wheat, Soft White wheat, Unclassed wheat, and Mixed wheat. Other than durum wheat, wheat is classified as soft or hard in the EAC context clean seed basis for the purposes of assessment of various defective grains, clean seed includes all wheat seed remaining above the screen following the Screening process 3.19 common bunt (stinking smut) common bunt is a plant disease caused by fungi, characterized by Soft black bunt balls Kernels tagged with black bunt spores A distinct smutty odour, or the smell of rotten fish 3.20 contaminants contaminants are defined individually in this standard and consist of the following: Bread wheat (in durum deliveries only); Cereal Ergot; Chemicals not Approved for Wheat; Earcockle; Earth; Field Insects All Others; Field Insects Sitona Weevil; Foreign Seeds; Loose Smut; Objectionable Material; Other Non- Objectionable Material; Pea Weevil Dead; Pickling Compounds; Ryegrass Ergot; Sand; Snails; Stored Grain Insects Dead; Stored Grain Insects and Pea Weevil Live Contaminants may be referred to as foreign material, being all material other than whole or broken seeds or hulls of the wheat being assessed contrasting classes contrasting classes are wheat types of a different type in the presence of the desired type 3.22 damaged kernels/defective kernels kernels, pieces of wheat kernels, and other grains that are badly ground-damaged, badly weatherdamaged, diseased, frost-damaged, germ-damaged, heat-damaged, injured-by-heat, insect-bored, split or cleaved, field fungi, skinned, mould-damaged, dry green or sappy, shot or sprout-damaged, dark tipped, pink-stained, over-dried damaged, bin burnt, storage mould affected or rotted, non-vitreous kernels (durum only), smut, stained, takeall affected or otherwise materially damaged. An individual kernel may have more than one defect darkened kernels (amber durum) darkened kernels in amber durum wheat are similar in appearance to penetrated smudge with the exception that discolouration is gray to charcoal in colour rather than red to dark brown. For grading purposes, darkened kernels should be considered as, and in conjunction with severe midge damage dark immature kernels also called swath-heated kernels. They are similar to heated kernels, but they do not exhibit the reddish discolouration associated with heated kernels, and they do not have a heated odour dark tipped refers to staining caused by excess moisture and / or humidity or a stress related biochemical reaction towards the end of the growing period and into harvest. This mainly occurs at the germ end of the grain. Dark tipping equal to or greater than 1 mm is classified as defective grain. 4 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

11 3.26 defects damaged kernels, foreign material, and shrunken and broken kernels. The sum of these three factors may not exceed the limit for the factor defects for each numerical grade degermed kernels the germ has been removed through the mechanical handling process or by insect attack. Degermed kernels lack the greyish discolouration that is often present with sprouted kernels dry green or sappy green grains arising from harvesting of grain before it has matured. Dry green grains are those whose surface is distinctively green or those grains when cut show an intense green colour in the crosssection. Dry green grains are usually dry and hard. sappy grains are those that have been harvested before maturity. Sappy grains are generally soft when pressed. They may or may not be green. Any level of sappiness is classified as defective durum durum includes grains of the species Triticum durum: (a) Vitreous Vitreous in the context of durum includes grains of a uniform colour which are bright and semi-translucent in appearance and which exhibit no trace of mottling. Frost Damaged grains, Dry Green grains, grains of other cereals and grains of the species Triticum aestivum are also not considered to be vitreous grain for the purposes of this definition. Grains that display any signs of sprouting are not automatically classified as non vitreous. Instead, these grains are classified depending on their appearance. (b) (c) (d) Mottled Mottled grains in the context of durum are those that contain opaque, starchy areas within an otherwise vitreous grain. Mottled areas are normally of a dull yellow appearance and are easily identified visually against the amber coloured background of the otherwise vitreous grain. Non-vitreous Non vitreous grains in the context of durum include Mottled grains, Frost Damaged grains, Dry Green grains, grains of other cereals and grains of the species Triticum aestivum. Grains are assessed as non vitreous irrespective of the size of any mottled area that may be present. Grains that are entirely starchy and opaque are non vitreous. Bleached Bleached in the context of durum are those grains that have become dull and pale, or washed out in appearance as a result of pre harvest weather damage. These grains may appear opaque and therefore non vitreous however this may be purely an external effect. Bleached grains may still be classified as vitreous providing there is no evidence of mottling earcockle earcockles are darkened seed-like nematode galls. These galls displace kernels in diseased heads and are caused by infection from the nematode Anguina tritici. The tolerance applies to the number of galls in the sample earth pellets Earth is defined as a clod of dirt, being 5mm or less in diameter. Hard earth pellets are pellets that do not crumble under light pressure. See Stones. Soft earth pellets are pellets that crumble under light pressure. See Soft earth pellets ergot Ergot is a plant disease producing elongated fungus bodies with a purplish-black exterior, a purplish-white to off white interior, and a relatively smooth surface texture when cereals and ryegrass kernels are infected by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. Wheat containing more than 0.05 % ergot is termed as ergoty wheat. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 5

12 Ryegrass ergot is Claviceps purpurea infection of ryegrass kernels. Tolerances are defined in terms of overall length in cm when pieces found in the sample are aligned end on end. Cereal ergot is Claviceps purpurea infection of any cereal kernels. Tolerances are defined in terms of the total number of pieces or whole affected kernels of any cereal found in the sample falling number a grain quality test which measures the degree of weather damage in wheat and is based on the unique ability of alpha amylase (an enzyme released during seed germination) to liquefy a starch gel. Strength of the enzyme is measured by Falling Number defined as the time in seconds required to stir plus the time it takes to allow the stirrer to fall a measured distance through a hot aqueous flour or meal gel undergoing liquefaction. The Falling Number test is an alternative to visual assessment for sprouted grains, and always overrides the visual grain assessment fertilizer pellets Fertilizer pellets are typically either small, round and white or irregular shaped and pink or red. Fertilizer pellets are not considered a hazardous substance however there is no visible means of assuring that material resembling fertilizer pellets is not some other contaminant field fungi refers to individual kernels where the seed coat is greater than 50 percent discoloured with a mouldy substance caused by the development of fungi during periods of high moisture (Grains that are less than 50 percent discoloured are to be classified as Stained. Grains that are soft and/or emit a mouldy odour are to be classified as Rotted). The visible discolouration of affected grains can vary from white, to grey to black in colour. Field Fungi grains include those affected by Head Scab, which is caused by the fungus Gibberella zeae (also called Fusarium graminearum) and those affected by White Grain Disorder, caused by the fungus Botryosphaeria spp field insects these are insect contaminants of grain that do not cause damage to stored grains. They include but are not restricted to: Desiantha Weevil (Desiantha spp); Fungus beetle (Corticaria punctulata); Grasshoppers; Hairy Fungus Beetle (Typhaea stercorea); Ladybirds; Minute Mould Beetle (Corticaria spp); Mites (Acarina spp); Sitona Weevil (Sitona spp); Wood Bugs Tolerances apply to either live or dead field insects. For grasshoppers, six legs, three body parts and two wings or part thereof, constitutes one insect. More than one of the same body part constitutes greater than one insect. Note that a separate tolerance exists for Sitona Weevils to all other field insects fireburnt kernels kernels charred or scorched by fire. A cross-section of a fireburnt kernel resembles charcoal with numerous air holes. The air holes result in a low weight kernel which crumbles easily under pressure foreign matter/extraneous matter after removal of ergot, this category includes: all the components of the sample, with the exception of grains of other cereals, grains of wheat, harmful and/or toxic seeds and bunted grains, which are retained by a sieve with long rounded apertures 3.55 mm wide, and all the components which pass through a sieve with long rounded apertures 1.00 mm wide (by convention, the latter are considered to be inorganic); all the organic components other than grains of wheat, other cereals, harmful and/or toxic seeds, bunted grains, foreign seeds, fragments of straw, dead insects and fragments of insects, etc., and inorganic components such as stone and sand, which pass through a sieve with long rounded apertures 3.55 mm wide and which are retained by a sieve with long rounded apertures 1.00 mm wide 3.39 foreign seeds 6 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

13 seeds of any plant, other than the species of crop being tendered for delivery. Foreign Seeds are classified into two broad groups; those with specific tolerances listed in this standard, and those without. The latter are termed Small Foreign Seeds. Seeds with specific tolerances have been categorised into several groups. These are: Type 1 Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis) Double Gees / Spiny Emex / Three Cornered Jack (Emex australis) Jute (Corchorus olitorius) Long Head Poppy (Papaver dubium) Mexican Poppy (Argemone mexicana) Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) Poppy (Field) (Papaver rhoeas) Poppy (Horned) (Glaucium flavum) Wild Poppy (Papaver hybridum) Parthenium Weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides) Type 2 Branched Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Crow Garlic/Wild Garlic (Allium vineale) Darling Pea (Swainsona spp) Peanut seeds and pods (Arachis hypogaea) Ragweed (Ambrosia sp) Rattlepods (Crotalaria sp) Starburr (Acanthospermum hispidum) St. Johns Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Type 3a Bathurst Burr (Xanthium spinosum) Bulls Head / Caltrop / Cats Head (Tribulus terrestris) Cape Tulip (Homeria spp) Cottonseed (Gossypium spp) Dodder (Cuscuta spp) Noogoora Burr (Xanthium pungens) Thornapple (Datura spp) Type 3b Vetch (Commercial) (Vicia spp) Vetch (Tare) (Vicia sativa) Type 3c Heliotrope (Blue) (Heliotropium amplexicaule) Heliotrope (Common) (Heliotropium europaeum) Type 4 Bindweed (Field) (Convolvulus arvensis) Cutleaf Mignonette seeds or pods (Reseda lutea) Darnel (Drake Seed) (Lolium temulentum) Hexham Scent / King Island Melilot (Melilotus indicus) only acceptable if no tainting odour is present Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba) Mintweed (Salvia reflexa) Nightshades (Solanum spp) Paddy Melon (Cucumis myriocarpus) Skeleton Weed (Chondrilla juncea) Variegated Thistle (Silybum marianum) Type 5 Knapweed (Creeping/Russian) (Acroptilon repens) Sesbania Pea (Sesbania cannabina) EAC 2010 All rights reserved 7

14 Paterson s Curse / Salvation Jane (Echium plantagineum) Type 6 Colombus Grass (Sorghum almum) Johnson Grass (Sorghum halepense) Saffron Thistle (Carthamus lanatus) Type 7a Broad Beans (Vicia faba) Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) Corn (Maize)( Zea mays) Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Faba Beans (Vicia faba) Lentils (Lens culinaris) Lupin (Lupinus spp) Peas (Field) (Pisum sativum) Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) Soybean (Glycine max) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) And any other seeds or pods greater than 5mm in diameter Type 7b Barley (2 row) (Hordeum distichon) Barley (6 row) (Hordeum vulgare) Bindweed (Australian) (Convolvulus erubescens) Bindweed (Black) (Polygonum convolvulus) Durum (Triticum durum) Red / Spring Feed Wheats (Various) Oats (Black or Wild) (Avena fatua) Oats (Sand) (Avena strigosa) Oats (Common) (Avena sativa) Rice (Oryza sativa) Rye (Cereal) (Secale cereale) Sorghum (Grain) (Sorghum bicolor) Triticale (Triticosecale spp) Turnip Weed (Rapistrum rugosum) Type 7b includes any other Foreign Seeds not specified in Types 1-7a or elsewhere in Small Foreign Seeds or Unmillable Material Above the Screen. NOTE Note that Wild Radish pods and Milk Thistle pods are not classified as Foreign Seeds but are defined as Unmillable Material Above the Screen. All other Foreign Seed Pods not listed and that are not greater than 5mm in diameter (Type 7a) are included as Unmillable Material Above the Screen, whether whole pods or part thereof frost damaged grain damaged as a result of frost during the maturation phase, affected by or during drying operations, or by any damage occurring during plant growth due to herbicides. The definition does not include grain pinched as a result of dry conditions or disease during maturation frost/heat stress refers to wheat kernels with blistered brans as a result of exposure to freezing temperatures or prolonged hot weather conditions. The degree of blistering ranges from fine to coarse and is dependent upon the maturity of the grain, the temperature to which the grain is exposed and the duration of the exposure. Samples containing kernels affected by frost/heat stress are graded according to the degree of soundness definition as reflected in the standard or guide samples for each grade fusarium damage fusarium-damaged wheat is typically characterized by thin or shrunken chalk-like kernels. Fusariumdamaged kernels have a white or pinkish mould or fibrous growth. 8 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

15 3.43 garlicky wheat wheat that contains in a 1,000 gram portion more than two green garlic bulblets or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets 3.44 germ-damaged kernels kernels, pieces of wheat kernels, other grains, and wild oats that have dead or discoloured germ ends 3.45 grass green kernels grass-green kernels are a distinct vivid green throughout because of immaturity 3.46 grasshopper, army worm damage kernels damaged by grasshopper or army worm are chewed, usually on the sides 3.47 hard vitreous kernels vitreousness is the natural translucence of a kernel that is a visible sign of kernel hardness. Hard vitreous kernels (HVK) are a grade determinant for the amber durum wheat class and the red spring wheat class. (a) Red Spring Western Canada NOTE Cutting of kernels is not permitted Non-vitreous material includes Contrasting classes of wheat Foreign material Kernels that are sprouted, binburnt, severely mildewed, rotted, mouldy, heated, fireburnt, penetrated smudge, chalky white fusarium damaged, grass green, severely frost damaged or midge damaged Whole and pieces of kernels having a defined starch area of at least half the surface area of the kernel or piece of kernel that clearly contrasts with the translucent colour of a vitreous kernels (b) Amber Durum NOTE Cutting of kernels is permitted Non-vitreous material includes: Wheats of other classes Foreign material Kernels that are sprouted, binburnt, severely mildewed, rotted, mouldy, heated, fireburnt, penetrated smudge, chalky white fusarium damaged, grass green, severely frost damaged or midge damaged including severe midge damaged Kernels having an externally visible starch area of any size Kernels having internal starch areas that require cutting of the kernels. Opaque and bleached kernels may require cutting to determine if there are starchy areas within the kernel. When evaluating the face of the cross-section, the following will be excluded from nonvitreous: o The cut has resulted in a flaking of the endosperm o The face of the cross cut kernel has a minute starch area roughly the size of a pencil point typically at the trough of the cheeks o The face of the cross cut kernel appears cloudy overall but with no dense white starch area 3.48 heat damaged, bin burnt or storage mould affected EAC 2010 All rights reserved 9

16 (a) (b) (c) heat damaged, bin burnt Heat Damaged or Bin Burnt refers to those kernels that have become discoloured due to exposure to severe heat during storage or an incorrect artificial drying technique. Affected grains appear reddish/golden brown, or in severe cases, blackened. storage mould affected Storage Mould Affected refers to kernels that have become affected by the development of fungi or bacteria due to an increase in grain moisture levels during storage. Affected grains appear discoloured and visibly affected by mould. rotted Rotted grains are those that have become severely affected by the development of fungi or bacteria due to high moisture conditions. Individual grains appear distinctly discoloured by mould and are swollen and soft. Affected grains will feel spongy under pressure and/or emit a mouldy odour. The above grain defects have been categorised together as the differences between them can be difficult to distinguish hit and miss refers to the sequence of slots on the screen when viewing along a row facing the direction of the slots. That is, the screen in made of a series of slots and no slots in sequence equidistant immature and shrivelled grains grains that are not properly developed 3.51 impurities damaged wheat grains and all organic and inorganic materials other than wheat grains NOTE The impurities comprise four main categories as follows: damaged wheat grains, other cereals, extraneous matter, and harmful and/or toxic seeds, bunted grains and ergot Indian meal moth consider kernels showing damage from Indian meal moth as degermed 3.53 injured-by-heat kernels kernels, pieces of wheat kernels, other grains, and wild oats that are slightly discoloured as a result of heat 3.54 insect/pest damaged grains eaten in part by stored grain insects and any field pests of grains including Heliothis spp. Grains may have a hole (commonly referred to as bored) or have a chewed appearance on any part of the grain inseparable seeds seeds not removed by the cleaning process, usually large seeds 3.56 light smutty wheat wheat that has an unmistakable odour of smut, or which contains, in a 250-gram portion, smut balls, portions of smut balls, or spores of smut in excess of a quantity equal to 5 smut balls, but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 smut balls of average size 3.57 load a bulk unit tendered for delivery EAC 2010 All rights reserved

17 matter other than cereal grains Inseparable seeds such as ragweed, Tartary buckwheat, rye grass, and wild oats Non-cereal domestic grains such as flaxseed, corn, peas, buckwheat and lentils that remain in the cleaned sample 3.59 midge damage for grading purposes, midge damaged kernels must have at least two of the following characteristics; A rupture of the bran on either the back or side of the kernel A distinct white line or mark, located on the back or side of the kernel The kernel is distinctly distorted 3.60 mildew a fungal condition that develops in unthreshed grain usually under conditions of excessive moisture. The affected kernels are greyish in colour and lower in quality. In the evaluation of mildew, consider the number of affected kernels and their severity. See Severe mildew moisture the amount of water present in the sample as determined by the appropriate analytical method 3.62 mould-damaged kernels mouldy kernels are discoloured, swollen and soft as a result of decomposition by fungi or bacteria. They have mould visible to the naked eye on one-third of the surface and/or in the kernel and may feel spongy under pressure. There is a single tolerance for the total of binburnt, severely mildewed, mouldy, and rotted kernels natural stain any stain on kernels caused by contact with natural substances such as bunt spores, soil or weeds 3.64 nil a level of zero in a half litre sample representative of the entire load and/or not detected in the load or in/on the delivery vessel at any stage of the receival process 3.65 objectionable material Objectionable Material refers to objectionable foreign matter that may or may not be otherwise stated in this standard which has the ability to degrade the hygiene of wheat, become a food safety issue of concern or has a commercially unacceptable odour. This includes but is not limited to the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Animal material This refers to meat meal, bone meal, poultry offal, meal or any other animal proteins. Animal Material also includes carcasses of dead animals such as rats and mice. Odour A commercially unacceptable Odour is defined as a sour, musty or other objectionable odour emanating from the wheat which is not natural or normally associated with wheat. Odour may be caused by various means which may or may not be physically discernable in the sample being assessed. Stick A Stick is defined as ligneous material greater than 1cm in length and 0.5cm in diameter. Note that crop stubble greater than 3cm in length and 1cm in diameter is defined as a Stick. Stone A Stone or gravel is defined as a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter being greater than 2mm in length or diameter. Smaller material is defined as sand. Tainting agents A Tainting Agent is any contaminant that imparts a smell or taint to wheat. It includes but is not limited to plant parts and seeds of Eucalyptus spp. Water The addition of water to grain prior to delivery is a prohibited practice. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 11

18 (g) Other This refers to any other commercially unacceptable contaminant such as animal excreta, glass, concrete, fertiliser or metal odour There is no numeric tolerance for odour. Consider The basic quality of the sample The type and degree of the odour such as fuel oil, skunk or urea The presence of visible residue causing the odour 3.67 other cereal grains barley, corn, cultivated buckwheat, einkorn, emmer, flaxseed, guar, hull-less barley, nongrain sorghum, oats, Polish wheat, popcorn, poulard wheat, rice, rye, safflower, sorghum, soybeans, spelt, sunflower seed, sweet corn, triticale, and wild oats 3.68 other cereal grains and other matter other cereal grains and other matter in the export grade determinant tables refers to cereal grains other than wheat and to inseparable material excluding large seeds, wild oats, stones, mineral matter, ergot and sclerotinia sclerotiorum other non-objectionable material refers to other material not otherwise specified as having a tolerance in this standard that has the ability to degrade the quality of wheat. It includes, but is not limited to the following: Fine Material This refers to material such as dust and soil (<0.06mm in diameter) and minerals. Snail Shell and Stored Grain Insects This includes pieces of Snail Shell (less than half an entire shell) and pieces of Stored Grain Insects (not whole or not readily able to be identified by species), but not including Field Insects. Other This includes pieces of sticks that are smaller than the dimensions specified under Objectionable Material, and other non-vegetative material over-dried damaged refers to defective grains caused by overheating during artificial drying. It can be detected where grain is hot, exhibits an unusual odour, exhibits significant sprouting (greater than 10%) or other evidence of weather damage but no corresponding reduction in Falling Number has occurred. Loads affected in this way should only be classified as the maximum grade of Feed. This definition includes a maximum temperature of grain tendered for delivery of 50 C for all Grades including Feed pea weevil insects of the species Bruchus pisorum. The tolerance applies to all life stages of the insect. As pea weevils are commonly found inside field pea seeds, it is recommended that a number of field peas present in a load of grain should be broken and assessed for the presence of this insect. Note that a separate tolerance applies to Live and Dead Pea Weevils penetrated smudge with penetrated smudge, the discolouration penetrates and extends throughout the endosperm, usually as a result of a more severe infection 3.73 pickling compounds chemicals added to grain as a seed treatment or as a seed dressing prior to sowing. They are usually associated with a colouring agent. Grains contaminated in this way may be identified by an unnatural surface colour and/or colour that rubs off. Pickling compounds include but are not limited to fenaminosulf, triadimenol, carboxin, flutriafol, bitertanol and any other fungicide added to the grain as a seed treatment EAC 2010 All rights reserved

19 pink kernels pink pigment in wheat kernels is an indication of immaturity. Pink kernels Are shrunken Display a pink discolouration EAS 51:2010 IMPORTANT! Do not confuse pink kernels with fusarium-damaged kernels, pesticide treated seed or other contaminated grains pink stained a grain defect arising from infection by certain Fusarium spp, Eppicoccum spp or Drechslera spp. This defect is included in the tolerance for Stained poisonous, toxic and/or harmful seeds any seed which if present in quantities above permissible limit may have damaging or dangerous effect on health, organoleptic properties or technological performance (see Annex F) 3.77 protein proteins (amino acids arranged in a linear chain) form a large component part of grains. These structures are responsible for the quality expressions in end use products made from wheat red smudge a dark reddish discolouration usually associated with amber durum wheat. It usually affects the entire bran portion of the kernel. Discolouration is not superficial and cannot be removed through abrasion rotted kernels kernels that are discoloured, swollen and soft as a result of decomposition by fungi or bacteria. They may feel spongy under pressure. There is a single tolerance for the total of binburnt, severely mildewed, mouldy, and rotted kernels ruptured kernels kernels are considered to be ruptured when the split in the cheek extends at least half the length of the cheek or if both cheeks are split to any degree. Ruptured kernels do not require magnification to be identified. NOTE Ruptured kernels are considered as severely damaged for grading purposes and are assessed under the Degree of Soundness definition of the grading table sand grain a particle of unconsolidated (loose), rounded to angular rock fragment or mineral grain between 0.06mm and 2.00mm in diameter. Smaller material is classified under Foreign Material. Larger material is classified as Earth or Stones sawfly damage kernels with sawfly damage are shrivelled or distorted sclerotinia sclerotiorum a fungus producing hard masses of fungal tissue, called sclerotia. The sclerotia vary in size and shape, have a course surface texture, vary in exterior colour from dark black to gray to white and have a pure white interior screenings See Unmillable Material below the Screen severely midge damaged kernels Midge damaged kernels that have a blackened streak extending more than one quarter the length of the kernel are classed as severely midge damaged kernels. This discolouration is the result of a fungal infection. Midge damaged kernels that are blackened less than one quarter the length of the kernel or EAC 2010 All rights reserved 13

20 only grey discolouration of any amount, are not assessed as severely midge damaged kernels. Severe midge damage is determined for amber durum wheat only severely mildewed kernels In severely mildewed wheat, mildew spores have severely blackened the kernel inside and out. The kernels may feel spongy under pressure. There is a single tolerance for the total of binburnt, severely mildewed, mouldy, and rotted kernels severely sprouted kernels Kernels are assessed as severely sprouted when The sprout extends beyond the normal contour of the germ The kernels are severely degenerated as an apparent result of advanced sprouting The sprout has been clearly broken and only a portion remains The sprout is completely gone and there is evidence showing that there was extension of the sprout outside the normal contour of the germ NOTE For midge damaged amber durum kernels, use following table: Midge damaged amber durum kernels with a broken rootlet within the contour of the germ broken rootlet extending beyond the contour of the germ 14 EAC 2010 All rights reserved Considered as Sprouted Severely sprouted 3.88 shrivelled grains shrivelled (shrunken), light, thin whole grains, in which accumulation of nutritive elements is finished owing to physiological and pathological influences, and which pass through a sieve with long rounded apertures 1.70 mm wide shrunken and broken Percentages of shrunken and broken kernels are determined from the same representative portion. Shrunken kernels broken or shrunken wheat or durum wheat which will pass through a 1.7 mm x 20 oblong-holed metal sieve for wheat and through a 1.9 mm x 20 oblong-holed metal sieve for durum wheat. Broken kernels Broken kernels are pieces of wheat that are less than three-quarters of a whole kernel. If the piece is more than three-quarters of a kernel, it is considered whole x 3/8 oblong-hole sieve A metal sieve inch thick with oblong perforations inch by (3/8) inch small foreign seeds (SFS) all small foreign seeds in the unmillable material fraction which have fallen below the screen during the screening process, except those specifically mentioned in the Foreign Seeds definition smudge a discolouration on the kernel as a result of infection by some common field fungi. The discolouration may be brown, black or red. (a) (b) Amber durum The discolouration is assessed as smudge in amber durum if: 1. More than one-half the kernel is discoloured, or 2. Discolouration of the crease Has spread onto the cheeks of the kernel regardless of any discolouration of the germ Appears as a thin line extending more than half the length of the crease, in combination with any discolouration of the germ. NOTE Kernels that have a thin line of discolouration of any length in the crease, but have no discolouration of the germ, are not assessed as smudge. Classes of wheat other than amber durum The discolouration is considered as smudge in wheat classes other than amber durum if more than one-half of the kernel is discoloured, or if the discolouration extends into the crease. Less extensive discolouration is considered blackpoint.

21 3.93 smutty wheat wheat that contains, in a 250-gram portion, smut balls, portions of smut balls, or spores of smut in excess of a quantity equal to 30 smut balls of average size 3.94 snails whole or substantially whole (more than half) snail shells, irrespective of size. These include but are not limited to: Common White Snail (Cernuella virgata); White Italian Snail (Theba pisana); Pointed Snail (Cochlicella actua); Small Pointed Snail (Cochlicella abarbara); Any other snail 3.95 soft earth pellets Earth pellets that crumble into fine dust under light pressure, using a finger only if they do not crumble, they are considered Stones. Any non-toxic material of similar consistency 3.96 sprouted Sprouted grains are those in which the covering of the germ is split. It includes early and any further advanced stage of growth of the germ. Kernels exhibiting early stages of sprouting are those where the covering of the germ is split, but without further development of the shoot. Grains that have had the germ knocked off or scalloped out due to header damage or grains with pin holes are not included in this definition. Kernels are sprouted if one of the following conditions exists: Kernels show clear evidence of growth in the germ area. The bran is noticeably split over the germ from apparent growth. The germ is missing and there is apparent greyish discolouration normally attributable to sprouting. The germ, though intact, appears distinctly swollen as a result of sprouting activity stained a grain defect caused by either exposure to wet and damp conditions during growth and maturation phases or a stress related biochemical reaction, which causes individual grains to become visually discoloured. The definition includes kernels that display the following: A distinct dark brown to black discolouration on the germ end that, in severe cases, may progress to other parts of the grain such as the crease. These grains are commonly referred to as black point or black tip. A light grey to black mould like discolouration that usually extends from the brush end of the grain, but does not cover more than 50% of the entire grain surface. Kernels with greater than 50% of a mould like discolouration are to be classified as Field Fungi. Adherence of contaminants such as soil, dust, plant parts and other material. These grains are commonly referred to as Staining due to Moist Plant Material. Pink Stained grains arising from infection by certain Fusarium spp, Eppicoccum spp or Drechslera spp. Refer to the definition of Pink Stained stones hard shale, coal, hard earth pellets, and any other non toxic materials of similar consistency. Fertilizer pellets are assessed as stones when constituting 1.0% or less of the net sample weight stored grain insects These are insects which cause damage to stored grain. These include: Angoumois Grain Moth (Sitrotroga cerealella); Confused Flour Beetle (Tribolium confusum); Flat Grain Beetle (Cryptolestes spp); Granary Weevil (Sitophilus granarius); Indian Meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella); Khapra Beetle (Trogoderma granarium); Lesser Grain Borer (Rhyzopertha dominica); Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais); Psocids/Book lice (Psocoptera sp); Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae); Rust-red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum); Saw Tooth Grain Beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis); Tropical Warehouse Moth (Ephestia cautella); Warehouse Beetle (Trogoderma variable) NOTE A separate tolerance exists for dead and live Stored Grain Insects. The tolerance applies to all life stages of the insect. For Dead Stored Grain Insects, pieces of insects that are not whole or not readily able to be identified by species are classified as Foreign Material. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 15

22 3.100 streak mould grains that exhibit small dots covering less than 5% of the surface area of the kernel (a small proportion) are not to be classified as Stained and are otherwise whole sound grains. This mould like discolouration refers to a relatively slow growing mould that is considered harmless (generally does not produce mycotoxins) but does affect the appearance of the grain. It does not refer to the more serious storage moulds superficial discolouration a reddish discolouration not penetrating the endosperm. This factor is evaluated subjectively in relation to the degree of soundness without reference to specific tolerances takeall affected a grain defect caused by infection by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis often resulting in distortion of the grain. This definition only applies to those grains which appear yellowish or white in colour and which have a hollowed out appearance. The definition does not apply to those grains affected by Frost or pinched as a result of dry conditions or other diseases during maturation test weight the density of a measured volume of grain expressed in kilograms per hectolitre total damage includes kernels that are dark immature, degermed, fireburnt, fusarium damaged, grass green, grasshopper/army worm damaged, heated, pink, sawfly/midge damaged, smudge damaged, sprouted or damaged in any other way treated seed and other chemical substances Treated seed Treated seed is grain that has been coated with an agricultural chemical for agronomicpurposes. These seed dressings contain a dye to render the treated seed visually conspicuous. The colour of the dye varies depending upon the type of treatment and the type of grain. The current Canadian colour standards for pesticide seed treatments are: cereals pink or red, canola baby blue or green. Seed treated with an inoculant may have a green stain. The coatings or stains may appear greasy or powdery and surface area distribution ranges from tiny flecks to complete coverage. Other chemical substances Other chemical substances refers to any chemical residues either adhering to the kernel or remaining in the sample and to samples having a chemical odour of any kind unmillable material above the screen This consists of whiteheads (with grains removed), chaff, backbone, Wild Radish pods, Milk Thistle pods, other seedpods and other light material which remains above the 2.00mm screen after a sample of grain is subjected to the screening process. It excludes contaminants for which tolerances have been stated in this standard. Chaff is defined as the protective material surrounding the mature seed prior to thrashing or harvesting. Backbone is the material to which seeds are attached to the plant stem unmillable material below the screen (screenings) the total material passing through a 2.00mm screen after a sample of grain is subjected to the screening process. It includes Small Foreign Seeds variety the next lowest level taxonomic rank of a plant below that of the term species. Wheats of differing varieties have differing genetic compositions which may endow them with differing agronomic characteristics, and/or differing end product quality characteristics. For this reason, varieties are best segregated into groups which have similar quality characteristics and/or are best suited to particular end product uses. 16 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

23 3.109 wheat Wheat includes grains of the species Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), Triticum compactum Host. (club wheat), Triticum tauschii (soft wheat) and Triticum durum (durum) wheats of other classes or varieties Other classes of wheat are all classes of wheat, including non-registered varieties, other than the predominant class in the sample. Contrasting classes are classes of different colour wheat Other varieties of wheat are any registered varieties. 4 Essential composition and quality factors 4.1 Basis of determination Each determination of heat-damaged kernels, damaged kernels, foreign material, wheat of other classes, contrasting classes, and subclasses is made on the basis of the grain when free from dockage and shrunken and broken kernels. Other determinations not specifically provided for under the general provisions are made on the basis of the grain when free from dockage, except the determination of odour is made on either the basis of the grain as a whole or the grain when free from dockage. 4.2 Representative portion of wheat for grading, grams All grading is done on representative portions divided down from the cleaned sample, using a Boernertype divider. Values in Table 1 represent a range of recommended portions of samples for grading. Table 1 Representative portion of wheat for grading, grams Grading factor Minimum Optimum Export Artificial stain Binburnt kernels Blackpoint Common bunt Darkened kernels Dark immature kernels Degermed kernels Ergot Excreta working sample working sample working sample Fireburnt 500 working sample working sample Fusarium damage Grasshopper, armyworm damage Grass green kernels Hard vitreous kernels, sieving Hard vitreous kernels, handpick Heated Matter other than cereal grains Mouldy Natural stain Odour working sample working sample working sample Other cereal grains Other cereal grains and other matter Penetrated smudge Pink kernels Red smudge Rotted Sawfly, midge damage Sclerotinia Severe midge damage Severely mildewed Severely sprouted Shrunken and broken Smudge Soft earth pellets working sample working sample working sample Sprouted kernels Stones Superficial discolouration working sample working sample working sample Total Damage Wheats of other classes or varieties 15 to to to 100 EAC 2010 All rights reserved 17

24 4.3 Specific quality requirements Wheat grains shall meet the following general requirements/limits as determined using the relevant standards listed in Clause 2. Wheat grains: a) shall be the dried mature grains of Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), Triticum compactum Host. (club wheat), Triticum tauschii (soft wheat) and Triticum durum (durum); b) shall be sweet, clean, wholesome, uniform in size, shape, colour and in sound merchantable condition; c) shall be free from a substance which renders it unfit for human or animal consumption or processing into or utilisation thereof as food or feed; d) shall be free of pests, live animals, animal carcasses, animal droppings, fungus infestation, added colouring matter, moulds, weevils, obnoxious substances, discolouration and all other impurities except to the extent indicated in this standard and must meet any other phytosanitary requirements specified by the importing country authority; e) shall be free from filth (impurities of plant and animal origin including insects, rodent hair and excreta) in amounts that represent a hazard to human health; f) shall be free from toxic or noxious seeds that are commonly recognized as harmful to health (see Annex F); g) shall be free from abnormal flavours, musty, sour or other undesireable odour, obnoxious smell and discolouration; h) shall be free from micro-organisms and substances originating from micro-organisms, fungi or other poisonous or deleterious substances in amounts that may constitute a hazard to human health; i) shall be free from the living insects listed Annex F, when determined according to ISO 6639 and mites when determined by the sieving method. j) The bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre", of wheat shall be determined using instruments calibrated according to the reference method given in ISO or, by default, according to the routine method given in ISO , and shall not be less than 70 kg/hl. k) shall contain no chemical residues which exceed the prescribed maximum residue limit: Provided that: (i) (ii) if the prescribed maximum residue limit of an importing country is lower than is permissible, the prescribed maximum residue limit of the importing country shall be complied with; and the Food Safety Authority may grant permission for wheat with a higher maximum residue limit, to be exported to countries where this higher residue limit is permissible: Provided that the export documents are accordingly endorsed with the name of the importing country; k) shall contain not more than 10 microgram per kilogram aflatoxin of which not more than 5 microgram per kilogram may be aflatoxin B1: Provided that: (i) (ii) if the prescribed maximum aflatoxin limit of an importing country is lower than is permissible, the prescribed maximum aflatoxin limit of the importing country shall be complied with; the Food Safety Authority may grant permission for wheat with a higher maximum aflatoxin content to be exported to countries where this higher aflatoxin limit is permissible: Provided that the export documents are accordingly endorsed with the name of the importing country; and 18 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

25 (iii) EAS 51:2010 an inspector shall verify compliance to the levels of aflatoxin by sampling and submitting samples for analysis of only certain consignments according to a risk-based plan. l) shall comply with the requirements for declared plant injurious organisms of phytosanitary importance as determined by the plant health protection agency Wheat grains shall be in form of well-filled seeds of uniform colour representative of the declared variety If wheat grains are presented in bags, the bags shall also be free of pests and contaminants. In addition the wheat grains shall comply with any conditions set by the importing country authority If wheat grains are rejected because pests or contaminants are found in inspected samples, the wheat grains are not to be re-presented for inspection unless they have been treated or cleaned Blending of rejected wheat grains is not permitted as a treatment for insect infestation or as a method of cleaning for contaminants for which there is a nil tolerance Brushing the outside of bags is not permitted as a remedy to remove pests or contaminants The maximum impurities content, determined using the method described in Annex A, shall not exceed the value given in Table 2 and Table 3. The maximum content of damaged wheat grains (broken grains, shrivelled grains, unsound grains, grains attacked by pests) and other cereals, determined in accordance with the method described in Annex A, shall not exceed 15 % (mass fraction) in total The α-amylase activity, determined in accordance with ISO 3093, and expressed as the Falling Number, shall be not less than Wheat grades for human consumption Wheat grains for human consumption shall be classified into four grades on the basis of the tolerable limits established in Table 2 which shall be additional to the general requirements set out in this standard Unclassified wheat grains Shall be wheat grains which do not fall within the requirements of Grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 of this standard but are not rejected wheat grains Reject grade wheat (a) (b) (c) Does not meet the requirements for the Grades 1, 2, 3, or 4; or Has a musty, sour, or commercially objectionable foreign odour except smut or garlic odour; or Is heating or otherwise of distinctly low quality. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 19

26 Table 2 Specific requirements for wheat grains for human consumption Characteristic Specification Method of Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 test Varietal restriction Approved varieties only Moisture, max (%) ISO 711/712 Standard of quality Minimum test weight kg/hl (g/0.5 L) 79(395) 75(375) 70(350) 665(325) Degree of soundness Reasonably Fairly well matured, Moderately May be immature, ISO 605 well matured, may be moderately free from moderately free reasonably free bleached, severely from severely from damaged reasonably free from damaged damaged kernels kernels severely damaged kernels kernels Protein, Min (%)//Max(%) Hard/strong white 13.0//n/a 13.0//n/a 11.5//n/a 10.0//n/a NX5.7@11 % Moisture basis Soft white 10.0//n/a 10.0//n/a 10.0//n/a 10.0//n/a Foreign Material Max (% by Ergot wt)(all extraneous matter other Excreta than wheat) Matter other than cereal grains Sclerotinia Earth, stones, dust, shale, glass Total Unmillable Material Above the Screen (% by wt) (See 3.106) Screenings, Max (% by wt) (See 3.84) Falling Number, Min (sec) (See 3.33) Edible grains other than wheat (whole or identifiably broken), (% by wt) ISO 7970 Wheats of other classes or Contrasting classes varieties (% by wt) Total Defective Sprouted Severely sprouted grains, max (% Total by count, 300 Stained Pink stained grain sample, unless Artificial stain, no residue Nil 5K 10K 10K otherwise Natural, including staining due to stated moist plant material Total Field fungi, including black field fungi (No. per 0.5 L) Dry green or sappy Over-dried damaged Nil Nil Nil Nil Immature wheat, (% by wt) Frost damaged Heat damaged Binburnt, mouldy, severely mildewed, or rotted (entire load), fusariam 1 kernel per 1000 g 4 kernels per 1000 g 6 kernels per 1000 g 6 kernels per 1000 g Fireburnt Nil Nil Nil Nil Total All Smuts except Loose Smut (entire load) Nil Smudge and blackpoint 30K Shrunken Shrunken ISO 5223 and broken Broken ISO 5223 kernels Total ISO 5223 Insect Grasshopper, armyworm, bored Damaged Sawfly, midge Total kernels per 100 grams Takeall Affected Total Defective Foreign seed Type 1 (See 3.39) contaminants, Type 2 (See 3.39) Nil Nil Nil Nil Max (count Type 3 (a) (See 3.39) of seeds in total per half Type 3 (b) (See 3.39) litre unless Type 3 (c) (See 3.39) otherwise Type 4(a) (See 3.39) stated) Type 5 (See 3.39) Type 6 (See 3.39) Type 7 (a) (See 3.39) Type 7 (b) (See 3.39) Small Foreign Seeds (See 3.91) Wild oats by count, max per half litre 3 seeds 3 seeds 3 seeds 3 seeds Other Pickled and Coloured Grain (entire load) (3.73) Nil Nil Nil Nil contaminants, Chemicals Not Approved for wheat (See 3.16) Nil Nil Nil Nil Max - (count Total Aflatoxin (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1 +AFG2)), ppb per half litre, unless Aflatoxin B1 only, ppb otherwise Fumonisin Total ppb(fb1 + FB2 + FB3) stated) Stored grain insects & pea weevils Live (3.99) Nil Nil Nil Nil [Total includes Stored Grain insects Dead (3.99) any Pea Weevils (3.71) combination: Earcockle(3.30) If any one contaminant Field Insects Sitona Weevil (Dead or alive) (3.36) exceeds the Field Insects All Others (Dead or alive) (3.36) maximum Snails (Dead or Alive) (3.94) total, failure is Loose smut (Pieces of backbone) (3.15) declared) Objectionable Material (entire load) (3.65) Nil Nil Nil Nil ISO 605 Other non-objectionable material (% by wt) (3.69) EAC 2010 All rights reserved

27 4.5 Durum wheat grades Table 3 Specific requirements for durum wheat grains EAS 51:2010 Characteristic Specification Method of Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 test Varietal restriction Approved varieties only Moisture, max (%) ISO 711/712 Standard of quality Minimum test weight kg/hl (g/0.5 L) 75(365) 75(365) 72(350) 68(330) Degree of soundness Reasonably well Reasonably well Fairly well matured, May be ISO 605 matured, matured, may be moderately immature, reasonably free reasonably free weathered, moderately free from damaged from severely reasonably free from severely kernels damaged from severely damaged kernels damaged kernels kernels Protein, NX5.7@11 % Moisture basis, Min (%) Foreign Material Max (% by Ergot wt)(all extraneous matter Excreta other than wheat) Matter other than cereal grains Sclerotinia Stones, dust, shale, glass Total Unmillable Material Above the Screen (% by wt) (See 3.106) Screenings Max (% by wt) (See 3.84) Falling Number, Min (sec) (See 3.33) Edible grains other than wheat (whole or identifiably broken), (% by wt) ISO 7970 Wheats of other classes or Other classes varieties (% by wt) Bread wheat Total Vitreous kernels, % by count Defective Sprouted Severely sprouted grains, max (% Total by count, 300 Stained Pink stained grain sample, Artificial stain, no residue Nil 3K 7K 12K unless Natural, including staining due to otherwise moist plant material stated Total (9 grains) (15 grains) (60 grains) (60 grains) Field fungi, including black field fungi (no. per 0.5L) Dry green or sappy Over-dried damaged Nil Nil Nil Nil Frost damaged Heat Binburnt, mouldy, severely mildewed, 1 kernel per 2 kernel per 4 kernel per damaged or rotted (entire load), fusariam 1000 g 1000 g g Fireburnt Nil Nil Nil Nil Total All Smuts except loose smut (entire load) Nil Nil Nil Nil Shrunken and broken kernels ISO 5223 Takeall affected Insect Grasshopper, armyworm Damaged Severe midge Sawfly, midge Total kernels per 100 grams Total Defective Foreign seed Type 1 (See 3.39) contaminants, Type 2 (See 3.39) Nil Nil Nil Nil Max (count Type 3 (a) (See 3.39) of seeds in Type 3 (b) (See 3.39) total per half Type 3 (c) (See 3.39) litre unless Type 4(a) (See 3.39) otherwise Type 5 (See 3.39) stated) Type 6 (See 3.39) Type 7 (a) (See 3.39) Type 7 (b) (See 3.39) Small Foreign Seeds (See 3.91) Other Pickled and Coloured Grain (entire load) (3.73) Nil Nil Nil Nil contaminants, Chemicals Not Approved for wheat (3.16) Nil Nil Nil Nil Max - (count Ergot Ryegrass (length in cm) ( See 3.32) per half litre, Ergot Cereal (entire load) ( See 3.32) unless Total Aflatoxin (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1 +AFG2), ppb otherwise Aflatoxin B1 only, ppb stated) Fumonisin Total ppb(fb1 + FB2 + FB3) [Total includes Stored grain insects & pea weevils Live (3.99) Nil Nil Nil Nil any Stored Grain insects Dead (See 3.99) combination: If any one Pea Weevils(3.71) contaminant Earcockle(3.30) exceeds the Field Insects Sitona Weevil (Dead or alive)(3.36) maximum Field Insects All Others (Dead or alive) (3.36) total, failure is Snails (Dead or Alive) (3.94) declared) Loose smut (Pieces of backbone) (3.15) Earth (maximum 5mm in diameter each) (3.31) Objectionable Material (entire load) (See 3.65) Nil Nil Nil Nil ISO 605 Other non-objectionable material (% by wt) (3.69) EAC 2010 All rights reserved 21

28 4.6 Feed wheat grades 22 EAC 2010 All rights reserved Table 4 Specific requirements for feed wheat grains Characteristic Specification Method of Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 test Varietal restriction Any variety of wheat Moisture, max (%) ISO 711/712 Standard of quality Minimum test weight kg/hl (g/0.5 L) 62 ISO 605 Degree of soundness Reasonable sweet, excluded from human consumption grades on account of damaged kernels Protein, Min (%) n/a n/a n/a n/a NX5.7@11 % Moisture basis Max(%) n/a n/a n/a n/a Foreign material, Max (% by Ergot wt)(all extraneous matter other Excreta than wheat) Matter other than cereal grains Sclerotinia Stones Total Unmillable Material Above the Screen (% by wt) (See 3.106) Screenings Max (% by wt) (See 3.84) Falling Number, Min (sec) (See 3.33) 250 n/a n/a n/a Wheats of other classes or Contrasting classes (amber varieties (% by wt) durum/general purpose) Defective Sprouted n/a n/a n/a n/a grains, max (% Stained Pink stained 15 n/a n/a n/a by count, 300 Artificial stain, no residue Nil 5K 10K 10K grain sample, Natural, including staining due to unless moist plant material otherwise Total stated Field fungi, including black field fungi (No. per 0.5 L) Dry green or sappy 5.0 n/a n/a n/a Over-dried damaged n/a n/a n/a n/a Frost damaged n/a n/a n/a n/a Heat Binburnt, mouldy, severely mildewed, damaged or rotted (entire load), fusariam Fireburnt Total All Smuts except Loose Smut (entire load) Nil Smudge and blackpoint n/a n/a n/a n/a Shrunken Shrunken n/a n/a n/a n/a and broken Broken kernels Total Insect Grasshopper, armyworm n/a n/a n/a n/a Damaged Sawfly, midge n/a n/a n/a n/a Total Takeall Affected n/a n/a n/a n/a Total Defective Foreign seed Type 1 (See 3.39) contaminants, Type 2 (See 3.39) Nil Nil Nil Nil Max (count Type 3 (a) (See 3.39) of seeds in Type 3 (b) (See 3.39) total per half Type 3 (c) (See 3.39) litre unless Type 4(a) (See 3.39) otherwise Type 5 (See 3.39) stated) Type 6 (See 3.39) Type 7 (a) (See 3.39) Type 7 (b) (See 3.39) Small Foreign Seeds (See 3.91) Other Pickled and Coloured Grain (entire load) (3.73) Nil Nil Nil Nil contaminants, Chemicals Not Approved for wheat (See 3.16) Nil Nil Nil Nil Max - (count Ergot Ryegrass (length in cm) ( See 3.32) per half litre, Ergot Cereal (entire load) ( See 3.32) Nil Nil Nil Nil unless Stored grain insects & pea weevils Live (3.99) Nil Nil Nil Nil otherwise Stored Grain insects Dead ( 3.99) stated) Pea Weevils(3.71) [Total includes Earcockle(3.30) any Field Insects Sitona Weevil (Dead or alive) (3.36) combination: If any one Field Insects All Others (Dead or alive) (3.36) contaminant Snails (Dead or Alive) (3.94) exceeds the Loose smut (Pieces of backbone) (3.15) maximum Earth (Pieces, max 5mm in diameter each) (3.31) total, failure is Objectionable Material (entire load) (3.65) Nil Nil Nil Nil ISO 605 declared) Other non-objectionable material (% by wt) (3.69) Aflatoxin Total ppb(total Aflatoxin including (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1 +AFG2)) Fumonisin Total ppb(total Fumonisin including (FB1 + FB2 + FB3)) Aflatoxin B1- ppb(aflatoxin B1 only)

29 5 Contaminants 5.1 Pesticide residues Wheat grains shall comply with those maximum pesticide residue limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity. The limits listed below were current as of the dates indicated. Annex E provides current MRLs for the USA, EU and Codex markets. Table 5 Maximum pesticide residue limits and extraneous maximum residue limits in wheat (current as at ) Type Unit symbol Limit Method of test Notes Wheat 2,4-D mg/kg 2 ALDICARB mg/kg 0.02 AMINOPYRALID mg/kg 0.1 BENTAZONE undef 0.1 BIFENTHRIN mg/kg 0.5 Po BIORESMETHRIN mg/kg 1 Po BITERTANOL mg/kg 0.05(*) CARBARYL mg/kg 2 CARBENDAZIM mg/kg 0.05(*) CHLORDANE mg/kg 0.02 CHLORMEQUAT mg/kg 3 CHLOROTHALONIL mg/kg 0.1 CHLORPYRIFOS undef 0.5 CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL mg/kg 10 Po CYPERMETHRIN mg/kg 0.2 CYPRODINIL undef 0.5 DIFENOCONAZOLE mg/kg 0.02 DIMETHOATE mg/kg 0.05 DIQUAT mg/kg 2 DISULFOTON mg/kg 0.2 DITHIOCARBAMATES undef 1 Source of data: mancozeb, maneb, metiram ETHEPHON mg/kg 1 FAMOXADONE undef 0.1 FENBUCONAZOLE mg/kg 0.1 FENPROPIMORPH undef 0.5 FIPRONIL mg/kg IMAZALIL mg/kg 0.01 KRESOXIM-METHYL mg/kg 0.05 LINDANE mg/kg 0.01 MALATHION undef 0.5 METHIOCARB mg/kg 0.05 METHOMYL mg/kg 2 OXYDEMETON-METHYL undef 0.02 PHORATE undef 0.05 PROPICONAZOLE undef 0.02 PYRACLOSTROBIN undef 0.2 QUINOXYFEN mg/kg 0.01 QUINTOZENE mg/kg 0.01 TEBUCONAZOLE mg/kg 0.05 THIACLOPRID mg/kg 0.1 TRIFLOXYSTROBIN undef 0.2 Interim MRL ( ) Wheat straw and fodder, Dry 2,4-D mg/kg 100 ALDICARB mg/kg 0.05 BIFENTHRIN mg/kg 0.5 BITERTANOL mg/kg 0.05(*) CARBARYL mg/kg 30 CARBENDAZIM mg/kg 1 CHLOROTHALONIL mg/kg 20 CHLORPYRIFOS undef 5 CYPERMETHRIN mg/kg 5 DIFENOCONAZOLE mg/kg 3 DIMETHOATE mg/kg 1 DISULFOTON mg/kg 5 DITHIOCARBAMATES undef 25 Source of data: mancozeb, maneb, metiram ESFENVALERATE undef 2 ETHEPHON mg/kg 5 FAMOXADONE undef 7 FENBUCONAZOLE mg/kg 3 FENPROPIMORPH undef 5 GLYPHOSATE undef 300 IMAZALIL mg/kg 0.1 EAC 2010 All rights reserved 23

30 Type Unit symbol Limit Method of test Notes IMIDACLOPRID mg/kg 1 METHIOCARB mg/kg 0.05 METHOMYL mg/kg 5 OXYDEMETON-METHYL undef 0.1 PROPICONAZOLE undef 2 QUINTOZENE mg/kg 0.03 SPINOSAD undef 1 TEBUCONAZOLE mg/kg 10 THIACLOPRID mg/kg 5 TRIFLOXYSTROBIN undef 5 Wheat wholemeal BIFENTHRIN mg/kg 0.5 PoP BIORESMETHRIN mg/kg 1 PoP BROMIDE ION mg/kg 50 CHLORMEQUAT mg/kg 5 DELTAMETHRIN mg/kg 2 PoP DICHLORVOS mg/kg 2 DIQUAT mg/kg 2 FENVALERATE mg/kg 2 PoP PERMETHRIN mg/kg 2 PoP PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE mg/kg 30 PoP SULFURYL FLUORIDE undef 0.1 Wheat bran, Unprocessed BIFENTHRIN mg/kg 2 PoP BIORESMETHRIN mg/kg 5 PoP CARBARYL mg/kg 2 CHLORMEQUAT mg/kg 10 CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL mg/kg 20 PoP CYPRODINIL undef 2 DELTAMETHRIN mg/kg 5 PoP DICHLORVOS mg/kg 10 DIQUAT mg/kg 5 FAMOXADONE undef 0.2 FENVALERATE mg/kg 5 PoP GLYPHOSATE undef 20 IMIDACLOPRID mg/kg 0.3 METHOMYL mg/kg 3 METHOPRENE undef 25 PoP PERMETHRIN mg/kg 5 PoP PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE mg/kg 80 PoP PIRIMIPHOS-METHYL undef 15 PoP PROCHLORAZ undef 7 SPINOSAD undef 2 TRIFLOXYSTROBIN undef 0.5 Wheat bran, Processed AMINOPYRALID mg/kg 0.3 FENITROTHION undef 2 PoP Wheat germ BIORESMETHRIN mg/kg 3 PoP CARBARYL mg/kg 1 DICHLORVOS mg/kg 10 METHOMYL mg/kg 2 PERMETHRIN mg/kg 2 PoP PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE mg/kg 90 PoP SULFURYL FLUORIDE undef 0.1 Wheat flour BIFENTHRIN mg/kg 0.2 PoP BIORESMETHRIN mg/kg 1 PoP CARBARYL mg/kg 0.2 CHLORMEQUAT mg/kg 2 CHLORPYRIFOS undef 0.1 CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL mg/kg 2 Po DELTAMETHRIN mg/kg 0.3 PoP DICHLORVOS mg/kg 1 DIQUAT mg/kg 0.5 FENVALERATE mg/kg 0.2 PoP IMIDACLOPRID mg/kg 0.03 MALATHION undef 0.2 PoP METHOMYL mg/kg 0.03 PERMETHRIN mg/kg 0.5 PoP PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE mg/kg 10 PoP SULFURYL FLUORIDE undef EAC 2010 All rights reserved

31 5.2 Heavy metals EAS 51:2010 Wheat grains shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard to health. If present, they shall not exceed the limits established in Table 6. Table 6 Heavy metal contaminant limits Parameter Limit Test method Arsenic (As), ppm max EAS 101 or EAS 100 Copper (Cu), ppm max EAS 100 Lead (Pb), ppm max EAS 100 Cadmium (Cd), ppm max EAS 100 Mercury (Hg), ppm max EAS 100 Zinc, (Zn), ppm max Tin, Sn, ppm max Methyl mercury, calculated as Hg, ppm max Mycotoxin and chemical limits Wheat grains shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity Uric acid shall not exceed 100 milligrams per kilogram Total aflatoxin levels in wheat grains for human consumption shall not exceed 10 ppb with B 1 not exceeding 5 ppb when tested according to ISO Environment Wheat shall be produced, processed and handled under conditions complying with the stipulations of relevant environmental regulations and therefore conform to cleaner production technological practices. 6 Hygiene 6.1 It is recommended that the produce covered by the provisions of this Standard be prepared and handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of CAC/RCP 1, ISO 22000, and other relevant Codex texts such as Codes of Hygienic Practice and Codes of Practice. 6.2 The produce should comply with any microbiological criteria established in accordance with CAC/GL To the extent possible in good agricultural practice, the products shall be free from objectionable mater. 6.4 When tested by appropriate standards of sampling and examination listed in Clause 2, the products: shall be free from microorganisms in amounts which may represent a hazard to health and shall not exceed the limits stipulated in Table 7; shall be free from parasites which may represent a hazard to health; and shall not contain any substance originating from microorganisms including fungi, in amounts which may represent a hazard to health. Table 7 Microbiological limits for wheat grains Type of micro-organism Limits Test method ii) S.aureus per 25 g Nil EAS 217 i) Yeasts and moulds, max. per g 10 2 iii) E. Coli, max. per g Nil iv) Salmonella, max. per 25 g Nil EAC 2010 All rights reserved 25

32 7 Packaging 7.1 Wheat grains shall be packed in suitable packages which shall be clean, sound, free from insect, fungal infestation and the packing material shall be of food grade quality. 7.2 Wheat grains shall be packed in containers which will safeguard the hygienic, nutritional, technological and organoleptic qualities of the products. 7.3 The containers, including packaging material, shall be made of substances which are safe and suitable for their intended use. They shall not impart any toxic substance or undesirable odour or flavour to the product. 7.4 The net weight of the wheat grains in a package shall comply with OIML R Each package shall contain wheat grains of the same type and of the same grade designation. 7.6 Each package shall be securely closed and sealed. 8 Marking or labelling 8.1 In addition to the requirements in EAS 38, each package shall be legibly and indelibly marked with the following: i) product name as Wheat Grains ; ii) iii) iv) variety; grade; name, address and physical location of the manufacturer/ packer/importer; v) lot/batch/code number; vi) vii) viii) ix) net weight, in g/kg; the declaration Food for Human Consumption or Animal Feed ; storage instruction as Store in a cool dry place away from any contaminants ; crop year; x) packing date; xi) xii) xiii) xiv) xv) expiry date or best before month year; a declaration of the product lifespan; instructions on disposal of used package; country of origin; a declaration on whether the wheat was genetically modified or not. 8.2 A declaration of any inaccurate information in marking/labelling is prohibited and shall be punishable by law under the statutes of the Partner States. 8.3 The authorized packer shall observe all instructions regarding testing, grading, packing, marking, sealing and maintenance of records applicable to the product. 8.4 Labelling of non-retail containers Information for non-retail containers shall be given either on the container or in accompanying documents, except that the name of the product, lot identification 26 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

33 and the name and address of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container. However, lot identification and the name and address of the manufacturer or packer may be replaced by an identification mark, provided that such a mark is clearly identifiable with the accompanying documents. 8.5 No wording, illustration or other device of expression which constitutes a misrepresentation or which, directly or by implication creates a misleading impression of the contents shall appear on a container which contains maize. 9 Sampling and test methods 9.1 Introduction This clause details methods and procedures to be used for the assessment of various quality parameters as outlined in this standard. The methods outlined are either Reference Methods or Routine Assessment Methods. Routine Assessment Methods are included as a guide to industry where Reference Methods may not be able to be implemented. Note that Routine Assessment Methods must equate to the Reference Method for the applicable test method. In all instances of disputes, the Reference Method takes precedence over the Routine Assessment Method. Depending on the test to be conducted, variations may exist due to equipment used. Procedures outlined are a guide for industry. Industry is free to develop their own Operational Procedures for each test and activity based on their own circumstances. At all times industry use of apparatus outlined in this Standard must comply with the manufacturers recommendations for occupational health and safety and training. 9.2 Sampling Definitions This is the standard procedure used to draw a sample of the commodity from a bulk unit tendered for delivery to enable tests to be conducted on the commodity for the purposes of determining its quality. A primary sample is an individual probed sample taken from the lot presented for sampling A composite sample is the combined primary samples taken from the lot to be sampled, and is representative of the entire lot A sub sample is the sample taken from the mixed composite sample for the purposes of conducting quality tests, and is representative of the entire lot Scope Wheat is traded on the basis of quality tests conducted on lots of wheat presented for sale or delivery to end users. Obtaining representative samples is critical to ensuring test results reflect the true quality of these lots. This procedure is applicable to all cereal grains, pulses and oilseeds Apparatus Manual sampling probe (double tube compartment probe, one inside the other, equipped with spiralled ports that open sequentially from bottom to top). Vacuum or pneumatic probe (an alternative to the manual sampling probe and consisting of a hand held or remotely controlled probe which retrieves grain through the use of a vacuum or other air movement system). EAC 2010 All rights reserved 27

34 Mixing bucket (including other associated equipment such as mini-auger suitable for mixing sample, optional). Sample dividing apparatus (optional) Reagents Not Applicable Procedure Sample collection guidelines for collecting a representative sample The surface of the grain should be fully exposed prior to sampling to allow for effective visual inspection. At this point, the load should be scanned for any defects or contaminants. The probe to be used should be of a sufficient length in order to obtain a sample from as close as possible to the bottom of truck. A primary sample must be drawn for assessment by thrusting the sampling probe as vertically and as deep as possible into the load. At least one probe must be taken from the front, middle and rear of each bulk unit. If more than one unit is delivered, samples must be drawn from each bulk unit as described above. If the bulk units are of visibly different quality, or if required at the Inspector s discretion, different samples and grade classification may be undertaken for each separate bulk unit. If the declared varietal composition or paddock where the grain was grown is different for each unit tendered for delivery, or more than one variety is commingled in each delivery unit, then a separate assessment of each unit must be conducted. Each primary (probed) sample must consist of at least one litre of grain. A composite sample from each load tendered for delivery shall consist of the following minimum quantities and number of probes: Load size Sample size (minimum) 10 tonnes or less 3 litres Over 10 tonnes up to 20 tonnes 4 litres Over 20 tonnes up to 30 tonnes 5 litres Over 30 tonnes up to 40 tonnes 6 litres Over 40 tonnes up to 50 tonnes 7 litres Over 50 tonnes up to 60 tonnes 8 litres Over 60 tonnes up to 70 tonnes 9 litres Over 70 tonnes up to 80 tonnes 10 litres NOTE In the above table the sample size reflects the number of probe samples. For example, 4 litres equates to 4 probe samples. Sample mixing The primary samples in each probe must be collected together and thoroughly mixed in a suitable container using a mechanical device where appropriate, to form the composite sample. Sub samples should be drawn from the composite sample either by hand or through the use of a suitable sample dividing apparatus. Sample analysis The sub sample should then be analysed for all of the quality parameters specified in this Standard. 28 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

35 9.2.6 References Sampling shall be carried out in accordance with ISO Moisture assessment of cereals Fan forced oven reference method Definitions EAS 51:2010 This is the fan forced reference method to be used to determine the moisture content of grain samples as loss in weight when subjected to heating Scope This is applicable to all cereals when being tested for moisture content under laboratory conditions Apparatus Laboratory Mill Forced Draft Oven capable of being maintained at 130 C ± 1 C Aluminium moisture dishes, by 15 20mm with tight fitting covers Desiccator Electronic balance capable of weighing up to 100g to 4 decimal places Reagents Not applicable Procedure Grind a 30-40g whole grain sample in a suitable mill (Perten 3303, Tecator, Cemotec or similar). Sample to be as is. Mix thoroughly and transfer 2 to 3g portions to each of 2 or more tared moisture dishes Cover and weight the dishes immediately Subtract tare weights and record weight of sample Clean mill between samples Uncover the dishes and place them in pre heated oven (130 C) and place covers under the dishes. Evenly distribute the dishes within the oven Close oven door and allow temperature to stabilise and then heat for exactly 60 minutes Remove the dishes, quickly replace the lids and place in the desiccator Weigh the dishes after they reach room temperature Determine loss in weight as moisture as per the following equation: Wdry Wdish % Moisture = 100 W where tp EAC 2010 All rights reserved 29

36 W tp W dry W dish is the weight of the test portion before oven drying is the weight of the dish, lid and test portion after oven drying is the weight of the empty oven moisture dish and lid Report result to the nearest 0.1%. If duplicates differ by more than 0.2%, repeat the determination, otherwise, report the average of the duplicates References ISO 711, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content (Basic reference method) 9.4 Moisture assessment of cereals Brabender oven reference method Definitions This is the Brabender Oven reference method used to determine the moisture content of grain samples as loss in weight when subjected to heating Scope This is applicable to all cereals when being tested for moisture content Apparatus Mill - A low moisture loss mill must be used as significant levels of heat can be generated. The mill of choice is the Falling Number 3303 mill (a Wiley - using a 20 mesh screen). The Falling Number Mill 3303 is used with the setting Wheat 0. Electronic balance accuracy = 0.001g (or better) Aluminium dishes - these dishes must be kept clean and weigh ± 0.005g Vial with well sealing screw to lid. Currently a small yellow top polyethylene container with polypropylene lid is used. Samples must be prepared and used within 24hrs Reagents Not Applicable Procedure Grind approx 50g of sample in accordance with relevant mill manual. Mix sample well and replace into original sample vial tightly sealing the lid. Sample must be prepared and used on the same day or prepared on the evening before. Make sure the dishes are clean and are resting on a clean surface (wipe with tissue). Tare the first dish and also subsequent dishes used but note the weight before taring if weight varies from or tare varies by ± 0.010g from tare. Recheck weight of dish to ensure within ± 0.005g. Dishes must also be checked before and after the season to ensure they are correct. Weigh out accurately ± 0.001g of the ground sample into an Aluminium dish. Then shake dish to obtain an even layer of sample. Take the weighed samples and place into the oven which has been previously switched on and heated to 130 C. Place the dishes in the oven noting the number of the dish and its position number (1 through 9). There are ten positions in the oven (the tenth place is taken up by an empty dish for calibration purposes). 30 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

37 When the oven has been loaded note the time or set a countdown timer to 60 min once the required temperature is reached. Usually for 130 C the oven takes minutes to reach the required temperature. When one hour has elapsed, standardise the instrument by selecting the empty dish and placing 9g in weights in the small platform between the 3 prongs on the balance and adjust the scale to 10.0 with the standard swinging freely. Moisture can then be read off for each sample in turn. Read the samples in the dishes consecutively recording results in the relevant worksheet. NOTE: When switching the oven on make sure that the Brabender oven is level (use bubble level). All results are a direct reading of % w/w water. The minimum heating time must be adhered to (1 hour) but heating over the hour will not affect the results (up to 2 hours). If only a few grams of sample are available see the manufacturers hand book for the technique to be adopted. The weight of Aluminium dishes is to be checked at 6 monthly intervals to ensure they are within ± 0.005g. If they are underweight they are to be discarded and replacements purchased. Do not add weight to the dish i.e. solder etc as this will breakdown over time or fall off. If they are overweight they may be cleaned with warm water and neutral detergent. Under no circumstances use abrasive or corrosive chemicals as this will lead to the dish being underweight References ISO 712, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content Routine reference method 9.5 Moisture assessment of cereals NIR Definitions This describes the NIR method for determination of moisture in cereal grains Scope This procedure is applicable to all cereal grains Reagents Not applicable Apparatus NIR instrument approved for use for trade purposes Method Sample to be as is. Individual manufacturer instructions and procedures should be followed for operation and maintenance of NIR instruments used to determine grain moisture. Report result to the nearest 0.1% References ISO 712, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content Routine reference method 9.6 Protein assessment of cereals Dumas reference method Definitions EAC 2010 All rights reserved 31

38 This is the Dumas reference method used to determine the crude protein content of cereal grains. Samples are incinerated in an oxygen rich atmosphere to produce oxides of nitrogen which are catalytically reduced to molecular nitrogen. Interfering combustion products are removed by selective absorption. Nitrogen concentration is then measured by a thermal conductivity detector calibrated against a standard of known nitrogen content. Protein is then calculated from nitrogen content using a known factor for each product Scope This method is applicable to all cereal grains Apparatus Combustion nitrogen analyser consisting of a furnace capable of maintaining minimum operating temperature of 950 C for pyrolysis of the sample in pure oxygen, an isolating system capable of isolating liberated nitrogen gas from other combustion products for subsequent measurement by thermal conductivity detector, a device for converting NO x products to nitrogen or measuring NO 2, and a detector system capable of interpreting detector response as percent N. Grinder or mill that produces ground material with particle size 0.8mm and with minimal heat generation. Analytical balance accurate to at least g Reagents Gases carrier gas (usually helium), pure (99.9%) oxygen, compressed air (used to drive component parts of the analyser) Reference calibration standard TRIS - high purity (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane or Nicotinic Acid Procedure Follow procedures to set up the analyser and operating gas systems as specified by the manufacturer. Perform the necessary adjustments for gas flows and pressures, combustion temperatures and times and start up equilibrium times to ensure optimal analysis conditions for the type of sample to be analysed. Calibrate the instrument by following the manufacturer s guidelines using the appropriate calibration standard. The calibration should be cross checked against a second high purity standard Nicotinic Acid or EDTA. Blanks, as stipulated by the manufacturer, should be run prior to analysis to establish the baseline. These should include consideration of an atmospheric blanks factor or a sample blank similar to samples under test. Grind an amount of sample sufficient to represent the original material, and to perform a number of nitrogen determinations as required. Sample to be as is. Weigh accurately to 0.001g an amount of ground sample, as recommended by the manufacturer, into the appropriate sample capsule and place the sample into the instrument for analysis. If presenting the sample to the instrument in a pellet form, adjustments may be required to burn temperatures, times and blanks to compensate for the absence of a sample capsule. Blank and standard control/check samples should be repeated periodically (as a guide every 10 samples) during each analytical run to monitor any drift. Standard drift corrections and recalculation of samples should be made after analysis if the drift exceeds specification. Calculation of nitrogen content is usually performed automatically by the instrument data processing system or associated software. 32 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

39 Results should be expressed as percent (5) nitrogen to two decimal places. For conversion to protein content as is multiply wheat nitrogen by 5.7% and all other cereals by 6.25 unless otherwise stated. Convert protein content to an 11% moisture basis for wheat for the nitrogen/protein values where necessary. Report result to the nearest 0.1%. Analysis should be repeated if the difference between duplicate test results exceed the respective repeatability values (r) shown in the following table: Grain Mean % N Repeatability Reproducibility r RSDr % R RSDr % Barley Barley malt Sorghum Wheat durum Wheat* Wheat APH Wheat flour * Wheat other than the type specified in the above table Suitable fineness of grind gives a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.0% for ten successive determinations of nitrogen in ground test material. A larger RSD indicates the need for a finer grind or a larger analytical test weight, assuming that the instrument has been properly set up. For each batch the accuracy of the system is demonstrated by making ten successive determinations of nitrogen in nicotinic acid or tryptophan (different materials from calibration standard). Means of determinations must be ± 0.15 of respective theoretical values with standard deviation Failure to achieve these values indicates the need for recalibration or optimisation of instrument settings. Accuracy checks should be carried out (1) On instrument installation and reinstallation following repairs and service; (2) When a new batch of working reference material is used; (3) After experiencing problems in instrument set up References ISO 20483, Cereals and pulses Determination of the nitrogen content and calculation of the crude protein content Kjeldahl method 9.7 Protein assessment of cereals NIR Definition This describes the NIR method for determination of protein in cereal grains Scope This procedure is applicable to all cereal grains Reagents Not applicable Apparatus NIR instrument approved by the National Measurement Institute for use for trade purposes under the conditions stipulated in NMI V10 (Uniform Test Procedures for the Verification, Certification and In Service Inspection of Protein Instruments for Grain), and NMI M8 (Pattern Approval Specifications for Protein Measuring Instruments for Grain). EAC 2010 All rights reserved 33

40 9.7.5 Method Sample to be as is. Individual manufacturer instructions and procedures should be followed for operation and maintenance of NIR instruments used to determine grain protein. Report result to the nearest 0.1% References ISO 20483, Cereals and pulses Determination of the nitrogen content and calculation of the crude protein content Kjeldahl method 9.8 Test weight assessment Schopper Chondrometer reference method Definitions The Schopper Chondrometer is used for the measurement of Grain Density (Density is also known as Bushel Weight, Test Weight or Hectolitre Weight ) Scope This method is applicable to all cereal grains Apparatus 1L Schopper Calibrated Chondrometer 2 decimal place balance Plastic bowl Reagents Not applicable Procedure Secure bottom half of cylinder A to base plate on the chondrometer box. Ensure the sliding divider C is in the slot on cylinder A. Place weight D on top of sliding divider. Secure top half of cylinder B to the bottom half A. 34 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

41 Ensure the slider is closed and pour grain in the cylinder at a constant rate until full to the top. Pull the sliding divider out and the weight will move down, drawing the grain down with it (you will hear it moving down). Once the weight D is at the bottom, replace the sliding divider back in the slot. Carefully tip the cylinder upside down and tip out all the grain remaining above the divider. Make sure to catch the weight D as it drops down. Place a plastic container on the electric balance and tare to read zero. Remove the blade from the chondrometer and tip the measured litre of grain into the plastic container and weigh. The weight is in grams and needs to be multiplied by 0.1 (divided by 10) to obtain a density in kg/hl. Always undertake analysis in duplicate and average results. Report the result to one (1) decimal place References ISO , Cereals Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre" Part 1: Reference method ISO , Cereals Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre" Part 2: Routine method 9.9 Test weight assessment Franklin Mark 11 Chondrometer reference method Definitions This is the Franklin Mark 11 Chondrometer reference method to determine the density of cereal grains (otherwise known as the Test Weight) expressed as kilograms per hectolitre Scope This method is applicable to all cereal grains Apparatus Franklin Mark II Drop Weight Trade Certified chondrometer EAC 2010 All rights reserved 35

42 Pre filling Cup Reagents Not applicable Procedure Assemble the instrument together and place the calibration weight onto the top of the measuring cylinder. Place the measuring cylinder with weight on the hook at the end of the measuring beam. Calibrate the instrument by moving the sliding weight to the position corresponding to 40kg/hl on the measuring beam. The beam should balance equidistantly between the top and bottom of the square space at the other end of the beam. If the beam is not balanced, turn the calibration screw at the other end of the beam until the correct setting is achieved. Remove the calibration weight. The instrument is then calibrated. Insert the cutter bar into the bottom measuring cylinder, and place the drop weight on top of the cutter bar. Fit the top filling cylinder onto the measuring cylinder. Fill the pre filling cup with grain. Sample to be as is. Steadily pour the grain from the pre filling cup with one hand into the top filling cylinder until it is full whilst holding both cylinders together. Withdraw the cutter bar in a single swift motion. Re-insert the cutter in the slit and push it through the grain with a single firm stroke. Remove the top filling cylinder from the measuring cylinder and discard the grain remaining above the cutter, while holding the cutter in place. Remove the cutter and suspend the measuring container from the measuring beam of the chondrometer. Adjust the sliding weight on the beam until the instrument is balanced. Read the test weight of the graduated balance beam at the point indicated by the sliding weight and record the result in kilograms per hectolitre. Report the result to one (1) decimal place References ISO , Cereals Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre" Part 2: Routine method 9.10 Test weight assessment Kern 222 Chondrometer reference method Definition This is the Kern 222 Trade Certified Chondrometer reference method to determine the density of cereal grains (otherwise known as the test weight) expressed as kilograms per hectolitre. 36 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

43 Scope This method is applicable to all cereal grains Apparatus Kern 222 Trade Certified Chondrometer with valid Regulation 13 certificate. Electronic balance 0.01g resolution Reagents Not applicable Procedure EAS 51:2010 Assemble the measuring container with the grain cutter inserted in the slit. Place the brass piston on top of the cutter blade. Connect the filling hopper securely on the top of the measuring container. Fill the pre-filling cup with grain. Grain sample to be as is. Empty the pre-filling cup out onto a large sample tray and manually remove any foreign material e.g. whiteheads, straw, barley, lupins, sticks stones etc. Pour the remaining grain from the sample tray back into the pre-filling cup. Ensure that the pre filler cup is filled up to or above the internal filling line/groove. Steadily pour the grain from the pre-filling cup into the filling hopper until the filling hopper is full. Grasp the measuring container firmly with one hand and with the other hand withdraw the cutter in a single swift motion. Re-insert the grain cutter in the slit and push it through the grain with a single firm stroke. Remove the filling hopper from the measuring container and discard the grain remaining above the cutter, while holding the cutter in place. Remove the cutter and return the base bucket to an upright position and then withdraw the cutter. Place the Steel Bowl onto the balance and press the T (Tare) button, ensure Zeros are displayed. Pour the grain from the bucket into the steel bowl. The weight in grams will appear on the display of the balance. This figure is referred to as the weight in grams per litre. All numerical results are to be written down to two decimal places References ISO , Cereals Determination of bulk density, called "mass per hectolitre" Part 2: Routine method 9.11 Unmillable material assessment Reference method Definition This is the reference method used to determine the percentage by weight of Unmillable Material Above the Screen and Unmillable Material Below the Screen (Screenings), including Small Foreign Seeds Scope EAC 2010 All rights reserved 37

44 This method is applicable to wheat Apparatus Agtator Shaking Device Wheat Screen 2.00mm with the following specifications: 300mm diameter discs x 0.8mm stainless steel, perforated with 12.7mm x 2.00mm slots, hit and miss on ends with 4.77mm end bar and 2.0mm side bar. Slot width as assessed by an Engineers Pin Gauge is to be 2.00 mm ± 0.01 mm. Pin Gauge, being 2.01mm and 1.99, needs to have a valid Regulation 13 certificate. Compliance testing shall be undertaken by randomly selecting 74 slots and measuring using the above Gauge. 0 to 25 slots is an acceptable failure rate. Refer to separate procedure. Analytical balance accurate to at least 0.01g Reagents Not applicable Procedure Obtain a certified half litre sample of grain. Sample to be as is. Place the wheat screen on top of the agitator platform with the slots aligned toward the front of the agitator. Ensure the wheat screen is clean, smooth, dry and free of grain residues in the slots. Ensure the agitator is set to perform 40 to and fro movements over a period of approximately 68 seconds. Pour the half litre of grain in one movement onto the screen surface. No additional movement or spreading of the sample over the screen is to occur. Turn on the agitator and allow it to run until the 40 movements have been completed. Gently remove the screen and pan from the agitator and detach the screen from the pan. Calculate Screenings percentage - Weigh the contents of the pan on an appropriate top pan balance and calculate the percentage as follows: Screenings weight Screenings by wt (%) = 100 Total weight Calculate Small Foreign Seeds percentage - Separate any Small Foreign Seeds (SFS) as listed in the Definitions Section of these Standards from the Screenings fraction and weigh these separately. SFS Weight SFS by wt (%) = 100 Total weight Calculate Unmillable Material Above the Screen percentage - Separate any Unmillable Material Above the Screen (whiteheads with grains removed, chaff, backbone, Wild Radish pods, Milk Thistle pods, other Foreign Seed Pods not otherwise listed whether whole or in pieces and other light material) and weigh separately. 38 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

45 Unmillable Weight Unmillable Material Above the Screen (%) = 100 Total weight Report all results to the nearest 0.1% References ISO 5223, Test sieves for cereals 9.12 Falling number assessment Reference method Definitions EAS 51:2010 This is the reference method for determination of Falling Number and is based on the unique ability of alpha amylase to liquefy a starch gel. Strength of the enzyme is measured by Falling Number defined as the time in seconds required to stir plus the time it takes to allow the stirrer to fall a measured distance through a hot aqueous gel undergoing liquefaction Scope This method is applicable to wheat Apparatus Perten Falling Number apparatus, including standardised precision viscometer tubes with close tolerances, inside diameter ± 0.02mm outside diameter ± 0.3mm length ± 0.3mm. Thermometer, calibrated in 0.10C, and certified to ± 0.30C. Sample Mill. Must produce meal with particle size distribution as follows; <500μm, 0-10%; >210 but <500μm, 25-40%; <210μm, 75-50%. The recommended instrument is the Perten 3100 Mill with 0.8mm sieve. Automatic Pipette should be capable of delivering 25 ± 0.3ml. Analytical balance accurate to at least 0.01g Reagents Distilled water Method Start the Falling Number instrument by following the manufacturer s instructions. Ensure the bath is filled with distilled water and the instrument has reached full operating temperature before being used. Grind a minimum 250g sample of whole grain using the designated mill. Sample to be as is. Weigh 7.00 ± 0.05 g of meal into a dry falling number tube. Add 25 ml of distilled water from the automatic dispenser. Insert a rubber stopper into the top of the tube and shake tube in an upright position times (up and down) or more if necessary) until mixed. Make sure all flour is suspended by upending. Alternatively the unit may shake the tubes. Use the viscometer stirrer to scrape down the slurry coating the upper part of the tube, and scrape all slurry from the stopper. Place the tube and the viscometer stirrer into the water bath within 30 to 60 seconds after mixing. Start the Falling Number apparatus immediately afterward. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 39

46 At the conclusion of the test, record the time in seconds. Remove the tube and appropriately clean the stirrer, tube and stopper using cold water and brush. Distilled water may assist removal of all traces of the starch gel material. Clean the mill of all residues retained from the sample. Report the Falling Number value to the nearest second References ISO 3093, Wheat, rye and respective flours, durum wheat and durum wheat semolina Determination of the Falling Number according to Hagberg-Perten 9.13 Defective grains assessment Reference method Definitions This describes the method of assessment of deliveries of wheat for the various types of defective grains described in this wheat Standard. These are defined as: Count per 300 grains Count per half litre Count per entire load Sprouted* Field Fungi Heat damaged, bin burnt, storage mould affected or rotted Stained All smuts except loose smut Pink Stained Dry Green or Sappy Over-Dried Damaged Frost Damaged Takeall Affected Insect Damaged Non-vitreous (durum only) * For Sprouted grain, GTA Standards specify both a visual tolerance by count, and a Falling Number minimum. Please refer to the procedure for determining whether a Falling Number test is required during the field evaluation process which is detailed separately Scope This method is applicable for all deliveries of wheat Apparatus Wheat Screen 2.00mm with the following specifications: 300mm diameter discs x 0.8 mm stainless steel, perforated with 12.7mm x 2.00mm slots, hit and miss on ends with 4.77mm end bar and 2.0mm side bar. Slot width is to be 2.00 mm ± 0.01 mm. Pin Gauge, being 2.01mm and 1.99, needs to have a valid calibration certificate. Compliance testing shall be undertaken by randomly selecting 74 slots and measuring using the above Gauge. 0 to 25 slots is an acceptable failure rate. Refer to separate procedure. Visual Recognition Standards A 300 grain tray or mechanism capable of holding greater than 300 grains Reagents Not applicable Method Sample to be as is. 40 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

47 For Defective grains with tolerances above zero, assessment is made on the half litre sample on grain remaining above the 2.00 mm screen after the Unmillable Material assessment has been conducted. For nil tolerance defects, the tolerance (rejection of the load) can apply if the defect is detected at any stage of the delivery or testing process, including in the truckload before sampling, in the probe sample, in the half litre sample or during discharge into the receival hopper after assessment. Following sieving, the grain remaining on the top screen should be examined under conditions of good lighting for a period of at least 30 seconds but no more than 60 seconds. If defective grains are found, the level of defect shall be determined using a 300 grain tray, except for Field Fungi Affected which shall be determined on the full half litre sample. Instruments of magnification may be used to assist the determination of the level of visually defective grains present in the sample. If defective grains which have a tolerance based on % in a 300 grain sample are detected, a small sub sample should be drawn from across the top of the screen, and placed on the open 300 grain tray. Surplus grain should be removed from the tray, and attempts made to fill all 300 holes. The lid should then be slid shut, inverted, and the 300 grains emptied onto the bottom inspection tray. The assessment for Field Fungi Affected grains shall be conducted on the entire half litre sample. Each grain should be examined to determine if it is classified as defective. Note one kernel may have more than one defect. Each defect type present on the grain is required to be counted. Report all applicable results to the nearest 0.1% or nearest number per half litre whichever is applicable Defective grain assessment of sprouted grain Field evaluation Definitions This is the field evaluation procedure for the assessment of sprouted wheat. When sprouted grain is detected in wheat deliveries and load by load testing with the Falling Number unit does not occur, this procedure is to be implemented in some form. This procedure is a guide only. Industry must ensure that any procedure used that deviates from load by load testing with the Falling Number unit complies with their customer requirements and the applicable Trading Standard Scope This procedure is applicable to all wheat deliveries Apparatus Wheat Screen 2.00mm with the following specifications 300mm diameter discs x 0.8mm stainless steel, perforated with 12.7mm x 2.00mm slots, hit and miss on ends with 4.77mm end bar and 2.0mm side bar. Slot width is to be 2.00 mm ± 0.01 mm. Pin Gauge, being 2.01mm and Compliance testing shall be undertaken by randomly selecting 74 slots and measuring using the above Gauge. 0 to 25 slots is an acceptable failure rate. Refer to separate procedure. Analytical balance accurate to at least 0.01g Visual Recognition Standards. A 300 grain tray or mechanism capable of holding greater than 300 grains Falling Number apparatus (see Falling Number test method) Reagents Not applicable Method EAC 2010 All rights reserved 41

48 Sample to be as is. Following sieving, the grain remaining on the top screen should be examined under conditions of good lighting for a period of at least 30 seconds but no more than 60 seconds. If sprouted grains are found, the level of defect shall be determined using a 300 grain tray. Instruments of magnification can be used to assist the determination of the level of sprouted grains present in the sample. Nil tolerance applies If sprouted grains are detected and a nil tolerance applies the load is rejected. If permitted under the Storage and Handling Agreement another suitable testing process is conducted. Refer to Falling Number testing method or procedure below. Nil tolerance does not apply or alternative procedure is approved for use If sprouted grains are detected, a small sub sample should be drawn from across the top of the screen, and placed on the open 300 grain tray. Surplus grain should be removed from the tray, and attempts made to fill all 300 holes. The lid should then be slid shut, inverted, and the 300 grains emptied onto the bottom inspection tray. If 1% or more sprouted grains are present (more than 3 grains per 300) conduct a Falling Number test on that load and classify accordingly. If less than 1% sprouted grain is found (less than 3 grains per 300) the Falling Number test is optional, providing appropriate procedures are employed to ensure that the Falling Number result on the running samples compiled for the storage unit into which the loads are being delivered is maintained at or above the limits specified for the grade being received. It should be noted that a Falling Number result always overrides the sprouted grain tolerance for each wheat delivery. Where a Falling Number result is reported, report result to the nearest second. If results of the visual count of sprouted grains are reported, report result to the nearest 0.1% References Not applicable 9.15 Contaminants assessment Reference method Definitions This describes the method of assessment of deliveries of wheat for the various types of Contaminants described in this wheat Standard. The various contaminant types and their assessment methods are described in this method as follows: Length in cm per half litre Ryegrass Ergot % by Count 300 grain Bread wheat (durum deliveries only) 42 EAC 2010 All rights reserved Count per half litre % by weight in half litre Count per entire load All Weed Seeds except Type 2, includes Other Non- Objectionable Chemicals not Approved for Wheat Foreign Seed Pods where specified Material Cereal Ergot Small Foreign Seeds Objectionable Material Earcockle Unmillable Material Pickling compounds Above the Screen* Earth Stored Grain Insects and Pea Weevil - Live Field Insects All Others Type 2 weed seeds Live or Dead Field Insects Sitona Weevil Live or Dead Loose Smut Pea Weevil - Dead

49 Sand Snails Stored Grain Insects - Dead * May or may not include a contaminant Scope This method is applicable for all deliveries of wheat Apparatus Wheat Screen 2.00mm with the following specifications: EAS 51: mm diameter discs x 0.8mm stainless steel, perforated with 12.7mm x 2.00mm slots, hit and miss on ends with 4.77mm end bar and 2.0mm side bar. Slot width as assessed by an Engineers Pin Gauge is to be 2.00 mm ± 0.01 mm. Compliance testing shall be undertaken by randomly selecting 74 slots and measuring using the above Gauge. 0 to 25 slots is an acceptable failure rate. Refer to separate procedure. Analytical balance accurate to at least 0.01g Visual Recognition Standards A 300 grain tray or mechanism capable of holding 300 grains or greater Mesh Screen (optional) Reagents Not applicable Method Sample to be as is. For contaminants with tolerances above zero, assessment is made on the half litre sample on grain above and below the 2.00 mm screen after the Unmillable Material assessment has been conducted. For nil tolerance contaminants, the tolerance (rejection of the load) may apply if the contaminant is detected at any stage of the delivery or testing process, including in the truckload before sampling, in the probe sample, in the half litre sample or during discharge into the receival hopper after assessment. Following sieving, the grain remaining on the top and in the bottom screen should be examined under conditions of good lighting. There is no time restriction for this assessment. If contaminants are found, they shall be removed by hand and assessed in accordance with the tolerance prescribed in these Standards under Seed contaminants are to be assessed using the appropriate visual assessment method and in accordance with the tolerance prescribed in these Standards under Note that for Type 1 weed seeds, tolerances apply to individual seeds whereas for all other Types listed, tolerances are the total of all seeds in each Type. Small Foreign Seeds (SFS) are assessed in the bottom tray (catchpan). These may need to be physically removed from all non-sfs material in the bottom tray. Alternatively, to assist in separating SFS from non-sfs material in the bottom tray, a mesh screen may be used. Place the sample over the mesh screen over a white tray and gentle shake. SFS tend to remain on top of the mesh screen. Physical hand separation of SFS may still be required using this method. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 43

50 Note that any seed pods detected must not be opened. Whole pods or part thereof are classified as Unmillable Material Above the Screen unless tolerances are specified in Foreign Seeds. Where reference material is not available, other contaminants should be assessed by reference to the Definitions of those parameters. For assessment of Pickling Compounds and Chemicals not Approved for Wheat, all deliveries are to be accompanied by a signed declaration referring to its chemical status. Where the receiving agent believes that the visual appearance and/or odour of grain suggests that it has been treated with a non approved chemical, the grain is not to be received until the representative as received sample has been tested by an approved independent laboratory and the presence or absence of non approved chemicals ascertained. Report results as follows: Count per half litre nearest whole number Length in cm per half litre nearest 0.1cm Percentage by wt in half litre nearest 0.1% Percentage by count in 300 grains nearest 0.1% Percentage by count in a half litre nearest 1% References ISO 605:1991, Pulses Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety Test methods 9.16 Vitreous kernel assessment Reference method Definition This is the reference method for the determination of vitreous kernel percentage in durum wheat presented for delivery. The principle involves visual identification and removal of mottled grains by hand picking from a 300 grain sample. Every grain is carefully examined on all sides before a vitreous kernel assessment is made. Bleached grains are cut with a scalpel or Farinator in order to facilitate their classification. The non vitreous grains are counted and the vitreous grain percentage then calculated Scope This method is applicable to all durum wheat Apparatus Sample divider Agitator and 2.00mm wheat screen Seed counter Sample inspection tray Tweezers Farinator Scalpel Reagents Not applicable. 44 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

51 Method Sample to be as is. EAS 51:2010 Screen the sample over a 2.00mm wheat screen using the approved method of determining Unmillable Material for Wheat. Count out 300 grains obtained from the top of the screen after completion of the screening process using a grain counter. A 300 grain tray or hand counting can also be used. Pour the 300 grain sample into the sample inspection tray. With the aid of tweezers (if required), visually examine the grain, turning each grain from side to side so that its entire surface may be observed. Separate the grains according to whether they are assessed as vitreous, non vitreous or bleached. Count the non vitreous grains. Bleached grains may be difficult to ascertain if they are vitreous or not. These may be cut with a scalpel or Farinator (preferred) then classified as vitreous or non vitreous. Vitreous grains will appear uniformly bright and translucent. Non vitreous grains will be dull and opaque, or will contain dark, opaque sections that are clearly visible within the remaining translucent section of the grain. Count the non vitreous grain and add the result to that determined at the previous step above. Calculate the sum of the non vitreous grain counts. Determine the vitreous grain percentage as follows: non - vitreous grain count Vitreous kernels (%) = Vitreous grain percentages are reported correct to the nearest whole number References ISO 11051, Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Specification 9.17 Vitreous kernel assessment in durum Digital imaging method Definition This is the preferred field assessment method for the determination of the percentage of vitreous kernels in durum. The principle involves the use of a suitably calibrated Cervitec digital imaging instrument to scan a preset quantity of individual durum grains, and to express the result as a percentage by count of vitreous kernels relative to the total number of durum grains analysed Scope This method is applicable to all durum Apparatus Cervitec 1642 Digital Imaging Analyser 1000 kernel grain measure Reagents Not applicable Method EAC 2010 All rights reserved 45

52 Place the instrument on a clean, level and stable surface. Set the instrument to the correct application model for the grain type being analysed (DWAU 009d). Perform an Unmillable Material assessment on the sample to be tested as per the appropriate method outlined in this Manual. Collect a representative 1,000 kernel sample of durum grains from the top of the 2.00 mm wheat screen after the Unmillable Material assessment has been completed. Ensure the grain is free of foreign objects or unmillable material. Start the analysis by pressing the appropriate key(s) on the instrument. Once the wheel begins to turn, pour the 1,000 kernel sample into the instrument hopper. The instrument will conduct the analysis. Once the analysis process is complete, the result will be displayed as % vitreous. Record the result and remove the sample from the collection drawer. Report result to the nearest 0.1% Varietal declaration procedure Definitions This is the recommended procedure for determining the variety of the load presented for delivery Scope This procedure is applicable to all wheat deliveries Apparatus Not applicable Reagents Not applicable Method For the purposes of this Standard and delivery of grain, classification is dependant on the point of delivery. This means that the highest grade classification available to a variety depends on the region in which it is delivered and the segregation being available at the point of delivery. Driver declares the variety(s) in the load tendered for delivery. It is recommended that the grower signs a Declaration Form and provide this to the driver for provision to the Receival Agent. This Declaration Form should at a minimum contain the grower details and the variety(s) of the load. If the declared varietal composition or paddock where the grain was grown is different for each unit tendered for delivery, or more than one variety is commingled in each delivery unit, then a separate assessment of each unit must be conducted. Note that depending on the varietal declaration and the procedures of the Receival Agent, a sample of the load may be taken and sent to a laboratory for assessment of the variety within the sample. In this instance sample is to be as is. Report the variety as per the following procedure using the applicable code as defined by the Receival Agent. 46 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

53 Load is declared as one variety only EAS 51:2010 Where the load is declared as being of the one variety only, review the applicable maximum grade classification of that variety. Based on the quality results, grade the load and record the declared variety. Load is declared as multiple varieties of the same grade classification status Where the load is declared as being of more than the one variety, determine the different varieties contained in the load and for each, review the applicable maximum grade classification. Based on the quality results, grade the load and record the variety with the greatest percentage in the load. Load is declared as multiple varieties of different grade classification status Where the load is declared as being of more than the one variety, determine the different varieties contained in the load and for each, review the applicable maximum grade classification. No matter the percentage of each variety in the load, the maximum grade classification of the load can only be as per the lowest Grade classification of the declared varieties. Based on the quality results, Grade the load no higher than the lowest Grade classification and record that variety References ISO 605:1991, Pulses Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety Test methods 9.19 Screen slot size compliance procedure Definition This is the recommended procedure for determining whether the screen slot size complies with the Standard and relevant legislation Scope This procedure is applicable to all wheat deliveries and screens used for assessment purposes Apparatus Engineers Pin Gauge, 1.99mm and 2.01mm Checking template (if available) Calibration Sticker Reagents Not applicable Method Compliance testing shall be undertaken by randomly selecting 74 slots and measuring using the above Gauge. Place screen or disc with the smooth surface up so that it sits horizontally. Examine the screen for any damage to the slots. If there is any damage affecting the accuracy of the slots or the screen immediately reject the screen. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 47

54 Ensure the screen is labelled with the correct slot/hole size, the commodity that is normally tested on the screen (wheat) and the screen identification number. For screen accuracy, place relevant checking template (testing 74 slots) centred as much as possible (use the handle as a guide) on top of screen and rotate so that all the holes line up. For discs place the disc on top of relevant checking template, rotate disc until all the holes line up then clamp with bulldog clips. Select the appropriate GO/NO GO GAUGE for the screen/disk to be tested i.e., for wheat, the wheat gauge mm. Hold the GO/NO GO GAUGE in the middle. Place an end of the GO/NO GO GAUGE on the middle of a slot which lines up with a slot on the template so that is perpendicular to the slot. Release the GO/NO GO GAUGE. Gauges are not to be pushed through slots. If the GREEN (GO) end does not go through then the slot fails. Record this event and move on to the next slot. If the GREEN (GO) end does go through then the slot size is greater than the nominated size of the GREEN end. Proceed to test the slot with the RED (NO GO) end as follows: If the RED (NO GO) end does not go through then the slot size is less than the nominated size of the RED end and greater than the nominated size of the Green End, hence the slot is within the accepted range and passes. If the RED (NO GO) end does go through then the slot fails. Record this event and move on to the next slot. Proceed to test all 74 slots, recording each failure. 0 to 25 slots is an acceptable failure rate. If the screen meets the tolerances: Record results on the equipment record Affix the relevant calibration sticker to the side of the sieve (not the catch pan) References Not applicable Bread wheat assessment in durum Reference method Definitions This is the reference method for the determination of bread wheat percentage in durum wheat presented for delivery Scope This method is applicable to all durum wheat Apparatus Sample divider 48 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

55 Agitator and 2.00mm wheat screen Seed counter Sample inspection tray Tweezers Visual Recognition Standards Reagents Not applicable Method Sample to be as is. EAS 51:2010 Screen the sample over a 2.00mm wheat screen using the approved method of determining Unmillable Material of Wheat. Count out 300 grains obtained from the top of the screen after completion of the screening process using a grain counter. A 300 grain tray or hand counting can also be used. Pour the 300 grain sample into the sample inspection tray. With the aid of tweezers (if required), separate the bread wheat grains which can be identified by the presence of fine hairs on the brush end of the grain. Count the number of bread wheat grains separated. Calculate the percentage of bread wheats: Bread wheat count Bread wheat (%) = Report results to the nearest percent References ISO 605:1991, Pulses Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety Test methods EAC 2010 All rights reserved 49

56 Annex A (normative) Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety A.1 Principle The impurities are separated by sieving and are graded into the categories shown in Table A.1. Category of impurity Broken grains Shrivelled grains Unsound grains Grains attacked by pests Other cereals Organic extraneous matter Inorganic extraneous matter Harmful and/or toxic seeds and bunted grains Ergot A.2 Apparatus 50 EAC 2010 All rights reserved Table A.1 Categories of impurities Corresponding main category Damaged wheat grains Other cereals Extraneous matter Harmful and/or toxic seeds, bunted grains and ergot A.2.1 Set of test sieves, with long rounded apertures, comprising sieves of 1.00 mm 20.0 mm, 1.70 mm 20.0 mm and 3.55 mm 20.0 mm, as described in ISO 5223, a receiver and a lid. For durum wheat, use test sieves with long rounded apertures, comprising sieves of 1.00 mm x 20.0 mm, 1.90 mm x 20.0 mm and 3.55 mm x 20.0 mm conforming to ISO 5223, a receiver and a lid. This applies in all cases. A.2.2 A.2.3 A.2.4 Sample divider, i.e. conical sampler or multiple-slot sampler with a distribution system. Tweezers, scalpel and paintbrush. Dishes. A.2.5 Shallow container, having a surface area of at least 200 cm 2. A.2.6 Balance, capable of weighing to the nearest 0.01 g. A.3 Sampling See clause 9. A.4 Procedure (see Figure A.1) A.4.1 General If a grain exhibits several defects, it shall be classified in the category with the lowest maximum permissible level (see Table 2 and Table 3). Any components which become stuck in the slots of a sieve shall be considered as being retained by the sieve. A.4.2 Preparation of test sample Carefully mix the laboratory sample to make it as uniform as possible, then proceed to reduce it, if necessary, using a divider (A.2.2) until a quantity of approximately g is obtained.

57 Weigh, to the nearest 1 g, the test sample so obtained and place it in the container (A.2.5). EAS 51:2010 During the preparation of the test sample, note whether any particular odour foreign to that of wheat is detected, and any presence of living insects (specified in Annex F) or other anomalies. A.4.3 Determination of ergot Separate ergot from the test sample (A.4.2), put it in a dish (A.2.4) and weigh it to the nearest 0.01 g. A.4.4 First division Thoroughly mix the sample from which the ergot has been removed and divide it using the divider (A.2.2) until a quantity of approximately 250 g is obtained. Weigh, to the nearest 0.01 g, the test portion so obtained. If any husked grains are observed, separate them from their envelopes before the first sieving. A.4.5 First sieving Fit together the 3.55 mm sieve, the 1.00 mm sieve and the receiver, so that the sieve apertures are positioned parallel to each other. Place the test portion (A.4.4) on the 3.55 mm sieve and put on the lid. Shake manually for 45 s with a forwards-and-backwards motion in the direction of the slots of the sieve, keeping the sieve in a horizontal plane. From the material which did not pass through the 3.55 mm sieve, separate, by placing in separate dishes (A.2.4), the other cereals, the organic and inorganic components of the extraneous matter, harmful and/or toxic seeds and bunted grains, and any wheat grains which should have been retained. Wheat grains retained shall then be added to the material which does not pass through the 1.00 mm sieve. Add the inorganic elements of the extraneous matter to the material which has passed through the 1.00 mm sieve. Weigh the fractions thus obtained to the nearest 0.01 g. A.4.6 Second division Thoroughly mix the fraction retained between the 1.00 mm sieve and the 3.55 mm sieve, then add the wheat grains retained on the 3.55 mm sieve, and divide it using the divider (C.2.2) until approximately 60 g is obtained. Weigh to the nearest 0.01 g the portion thus obtained. Spread out the portion, then separate and classify it by placing in the dishes the broken grains, other cereals, organic and inorganic extraneous matter, unsound grains, grains attacked by pests, harmful and/or toxic seeds and bunted grains. Weigh each fraction to the nearest 0.01 g. Verify that the sum of impurities plus wheat is equal to the mass of the portion. A.4.7 Second sieving Pour the portion from which the impurities specified in A.4.6 were removed onto the 1.70 mm sieve fitted with a receiver and put on the lid. Shake manually for 45 s with a forwards-and-backwards motion in the direction of the slots of the sieve, keeping the sieve in the horizontal plane. Weigh, to the nearest 0.01 g, the undersize grain thus obtained which corresponds to the shrivelled grains. A.4.8 Number of determinations Repeat the determination on the same test sample, using another test portion obtained as specified in A.4.4. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 51

58 A.5 Expression of results Express the content of each category of impurity, using the formulae given below, as a mass fraction in percent of the grains as received. Take as the result the arithmetic mean of the two determinations (A.4.8). Give the result to one decimal place, except for harmful and toxic seeds, bunted grains and ergot, for which the result shall be given to two decimal places. Broken grains C 1 C 2 m 6 Shrivelled grains C 1 C 2 m 13 Unsound grains C 1 C 2 m 10 Grains attacked by pests C 1 C 2 m 11 Other cereals 100 C 1 m2 + C1 C2 m m x Extraneous matter (organic and inorganic) 100 C 1 ( m3 + m4 ) + C1 C2( m8 + m m x Inorganic extraneous matter 100 C 1 m4 + C1 C2 m m x Harmful and/or toxic seeds, bunted grains and ergot 100 m m w Ergot m1 m w where C1 m5 m x 52 EAC 2010 All rights reserved 9 + C C m C 1 is the coefficient after the first division, equal to C 12 9 ) 1 mw m1 = ; m m C 2 is the coefficient after the second division, equal to C = m m w is the mass, in grams, of the test sample (about g); m x is the mass, in grams, of the test portion (about 250 g); w y z m x m y is the mass, in grams, of the material retained on the 1.0 mm sieve, i.e. m y = m x (m 2 +m 3 +m 4 +m 5 ); m z is the mass, in grams, of the portion obtained in A.4.6 (about 60 g); m 1 is the mass, in grams, of ergot in the test sample;

59 m 2 is the mass, in grams, of other cereals retained on the 3.55 mm sieve; m 3 is the mass, in grams, of organic extraneous matter retained on the 3.55 mm sieve; EAS 51:2010 m 4 is the mass, in grams, of inorganic extraneous matter retained on the 3.55 mm sieve and of the material which passed through the 1.00 mm sieve; m 5 is the mass, in grams, of harmful and/or toxic seeds and bunted grains retained on the 3.55 mm sieve; m 6 is the mass, in grams, of the broken grains retained on the 1.00 mm sieve; m 7 is the mass, in grams, of other cereals retained on the 1.00 mm sieve; m 8 is the mass, in grams, of organic extraneous matter retained on the 1.00 mm sieve; m 9 is the mass, in grams, of inorganic extraneous matter retained on the 1.00 mm sieve; m 10 is the mass, in grams, of unsound grains retained on the 1.00 mm sieve; m 11 is the mass, in grams, of grains attacked by pests retained on the 1.00 mm sieve; m 12 is the mass, in grams of harmful and/or toxic seeds and bunted grains retained on the 1.00 mm sieve; m 13 is the mass, in grams, of shrivelled grains which passed through the 1.70 mm sieve. A.6 Test report The test report shall specify: all information necessary for the complete identification of the sample; the sampling method used, if known; the test method used, with reference to this International Standard; all operating details not specified in this Standard, or regarded as optional, together with details of any incidents which may have influenced the test result(s); the test result(s) obtained; or, if the repeatability has been checked, the final result obtained. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 53

60 54 EAC 2010 All rights reserved Figure A.1 Flow chart of procedure

61 Figure A.2 Flow chart of procedure for durum wheat EAS 51:2010 EAC 2010 All rights reserved 55

62 Annex B (normative) Determination of proportion of non-wholly-vitreous grains B.1 Principle Determination of the proportion of non-wholly-vitreous grains which corresponds to the mass of partially vitreous wheat in a sample of durum wheat, by cutting the grains with a scalpel and examining the condition of the endosperm. B.2 Apparatus B.2.1 B.2.2 Tweezers Scalpel B.2.3 Balance, capable of weighing to an accuracy of ± 0.1 g. B.2.4 Dishes B.3 Procedure Carry out two determinations on test portions taken from the same laboratory sample. B.3.1 Test Portion The test portion is the oversize of the second sieving. Its mass corresponds to the mass m z obtained in A.4.6 from which are eliminated the masses % to m 15, i.e. m z (m 6 + m 7 + m 8 + m 9 + m 10 +m 11 + m 12 + m 13 + m 14 + m 15 ) B.3.2 Determination Spread out the test Portion over a flat surface. Examine each grain individually with the naked eye (corrected, if necessary, in the event of abnormal vision). Put aside those grains which are visibly non-wholly vitreous. Do not confuse non-wholly-vitreous grains with washed grains, the external appearance of which is similar to that of non-wholly-vitreous grains, but which differ from the latter by their dull appearance. Washed grains are not necessarily non-wholly vitreous. Using the scalpel (B.2.2) cut the other grains crosswise in the middle or at a suspect spot and put aside the fragments of each grain which prove to be non-wholly vitreous after cutting. Gather together and weigh to within 0.1 g: a) those grains which are visibly non-wholly vitreous and the fragments of those which, once cut, prove to be non-wholly vitreous (mass m 16 ); b) the fragments of vitreous grains (mass m 17 ). The determination is considered as being valid if (m 16 + m 17 ) does not differ by more than 0.2 % from the mass of the test portion (B.3.1). Should this not be the case, carry out the determination again on a new test portion. B.4 Expression of results B.4.1 The proportion of non-wholly-vitreous grains, expressed as a percentage relative to the clean sample, i.e. sieved and free of impurities, is equal to 56 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

63 where m 16 m 17 m16 m + m is the mass, in grams, of the non-wholly-vitreous wheat; is the mass, in grams, of the vitreous wheat grains. EAS 51:2010 B.4.2 The proportion of non-wholly-vitreous grains, expressed as a percentage by mass of the grains as received (prior to sieving and elimination of impurities), is equal to where C 1 m 16 m 16 C 1 is the coefficient calculated in A.5; is the mass, in grams, of the non-wholly-vitreous wheat. B.5 Repeatability The absolute difference between two single test results, obtained using the same method on identical test material in the same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment within a short interval of time, should not be greater than 20 % of the arithmetic mean of the two results for a content of nonwholly-vitreous grains of less than 12.5 %, or 2.5 (absolute value) for a content of non-wholly-vitreous grains greater than 12.5 %. B.6 Test report The test report shall specify the method used, the test result(s) obtained, and if the repeatability has been checked, the final quoted result obtained. It shall also mention all operating details not specified in this Standard, or regarded as optional, together with details of any incidents which may have influenced the test result(s). The test report shall include all in formation necessary for the complete identification of the Sample. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 57

64 Annex C (informative) Model certificate of conformity with standards for farm produce 1. Trader: Certificate of conformity with the Community marketing standards applicable to fresh fruits and vegetables 2. Packer identified on packaging (if other than trader) 58 EAC 2010 All rights reserved No... (This certificate is exclusively for the use of inspection bodies) 3. Inspection body 4. Place of inspection/country of origin ( 1 ) 6. Identifier of means of transport Packages (number and type) 9. Type of product (variety if the standards specifies) Internal Import Export 5. Region or country of destination 10. Quality Class 11. Total net weight in kg 12. The consignment referred to above conforms, at the time of issue, with the Community standards in force, vide: EAS 51:2010, Wheat grains Specification and grading Customs office foreseen. Place and date of issue. Valid until (date): Signatory (name in block letters): Observations: Signature ( 1 ) Where the goods are being re-exported, indicate the origin in box 9. Seal of competent authority

65 D.1 Triticum durum Authority Family Synonyms Common names Editor EAS 51:2010 Annex D (normative) Wheat Fact sheets Desf. Ecocrop code Description A grass and cereal crop. Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae Triticum aestivum ssp. durum (Desf.) Thell., Triticum turgidum L. var. durum, Triticum turgidum convar. durum (Desf.) Bowen Durum wheat, Durum, Macaroni wheat, blé dur, trigo duro, grano duro, durum weizen, hartweizen, durum hvede, durum vete, durum kveite, ying li xiao mai, alkamh assalb, lúa mì cúng Uses It produces hard grain with a high gluten content that is made into flour and used mainly for the manufacture of paste products and bread. Growing period Annual grass, growing days. Further information Plants are fairly resistant to drought, rust, and smut fungi. D.2 Triticum aestivum Description Authority L. Family Synonyms Common names Editor Ecocrop code Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae Triticum hybernum L., Sp. Pl. 86 (1753), Triticum sativum Lam., Fl. Franç. 3: 625 (1778), Triticum vulgare Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 2: 153 (1783), Triticum cereale Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1: 387 (1789) Common wheat, Wheat, bread wheat, blé, alkamh, sinde, xiao mai, trigo, brödvete, vanligt vete, kveite, almindelig hvede, leipävehnä, vehnä, hveiti, aat-weize, weizen, ngano, frumento, lua mi, froment, cereals-wheat 2114 Wheat is an hexaploid annual grass; culms simple, erect, hollow or pithy, glabrous, up to 1.2 m tall; leaves flat, narrow, cm long, about 1.3 cm broad; spikes long, slender, dorsally compressed, somewhat flattened; rachis tough, not separating from spikelet at maturity; spikelets 2-5 flowered, relatively far apart on stem, slightly overlapping, nearly erect, pressed close to rachis; glumes keeled in upper half, firm, glabrous, shorter than the lemmas; lemmas awned or awnless, less than 1.3 cm long; EAC 2010 All rights reserved 59

66 palea as long as the lemma, remaining entire at maturity; caryopsis free-threshing, soft or hard, red or white. The roots of the wheat plant may be divided into two groups, namely, the seminal roots, or those belonging initially to the embryo, or which develop later from the hypocotyl or near it, and the adventitious roots, which spring from the nodes of the plant, within the soil or just above it. The terminal four to seven internodes of the shoot elongate to form the flowering stem or culm and internode elongation is complete by the time of anthesis. Internodes increase in final length from the base of the culm to the uppermost internode, which carries the ear, the peduncle. The basal internodes are shorter than the enclosing sheath of the subtending leaf, while the peduncle and the penultimate internode are longer than enclosing sheaths, revealing a length of bare stem and carrying the emerged ear clear of the sheath. Sometimes in environmentally stressful conditions internode elongation is restricted and the ear remains partially enclosed in the flag leaf sheath. The strong, thickened sheaths of the culm leaves are structurally important for stem strength and stiffness and the knot or pulvinus is instrumental in carrying the ear aloft if the plant is lodged. The leaf is divided at the ligule into a cylindrical sheath and the flat blade or lamina. The sheath is tubular at the base but nearer to the blade it is split with the margins overlapping. The lamina has a fairly well marked midrib, along which runs the major vascular bundle of the leaf. It divides the blade into two subequal parts, each of which has a number of parallel lateral ribs or veins. Each vein marks the position of a vascular bundle and the tissue over the bundle is raised producing a ridge, so that the adaxial surface of the blade is corrugated. The abaxial surface is more or less flat. The midrib extends down into the sheath for a short distance as a pronounced ridge. The leaf blade naturally assumes a twist and just below the tip, usually about two-thirds along the leaf there is frequently a constriction. This constriction is produced by the constraint upon growth produced by the closely investing ligule of the subtending leaf during development. The ligule is a thin colourless flap of tissue about 1-2 mm in length, which encircles the leaf or the culm above it beyond where the blade diverges. Associated with the ligule are the auricles, two small ear like projections fringed with unicellular hairs. At the base of the leaf sheath of the culm leaves there is a thicker zone, called variously the joint knot or pulvinus. It is considerably thicker and generally lighter green than the sheath above or the stem below. The node of the stem is below the joint and its position is marked by a slight constriction of the stem. The joint has an important function lifting the ear of a lodged stem off the ground and restoring it to a more or less vertical position. Leaf shape and size change with leaf position. The lowermost leaf on the main shoot has parallel sides to within 1 cm or so of the tip so that the tip itself is characteristically blunt. The leaves above the first have more or less parallel sides for about two-thirds their length above which they taper to a sharp point. The last leaf produced upon the culm, the flag leaf, tapers from about the lower third giving the leaf an elongated ovate shape. In spring wheat lamina length increases with increasing leaf number from the base, reaching a maximum one or two leaves before the flag leaf after which the length declines so the flag leaf is somewhat shorter than the longest leaf. Lamina width increases with leaf position so that the flag leaf is the widest leaf. Sheath length also increases with leaf position, markedly so for the culm leaves. Winter wheat shows comparable size changes, but associated with the long vegetative period the first-produced leaves show little change. Heteroblastic development is also seen in some anatomical features of the leaf. In the inflorescence each spikelet comprises an axis, the rachilla, which bears two glumes and a number of florets. Within each spikelet there are usually from two to four potentially fertile florets. The caryopsis is a dry indehiscent fruit. The dorsal side (with respect to the spikelet axis) is smoothly rounded while the ventral side has the deep crease. The embryo or germ is situated at the point of attachment of the spikelet axis and the distal end has a brush of fine hairs. The embryo is made up of the scutellum, the plumule and the radicle. The scutellum is the region that secretes some of the enzymes involved in germination and absorbs the soluble sugars from the breakdown of starch in the endosperm. The pollen grain, which has a life span of about 5 hours, when settled on a stigma germinates in about 1.5 hours to produce a pollen tube. This grows down the style, between the cells, and eventually reaches and enters the embryo sac via the micropyle. Wheat is a self-pollinating crop with a very low percentage of cross-pollination - from 1-4%. 60 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

67 Uses EAS 51:2010 Wheat is one of the most important food plants of man. It enters into international trade more than any other food. The economic stability of many nations is affected by the exchange in wheat. Wheat is utilized mainly as flour (whole grain or refined) for the production of a large variety of leavened and flat breads, and for the manufacture of a wide variety of other baking products such as biscuits, and confectionary. Fermented grains are made into various alcoholic drinks and industrial alcohol. Starch is used as clothstiffeners. Straws are fed to livestock, used for animal bedding and used in basketry and woven products. According to the phytomass files, annual productivity ranges from 4 to 18 MT/ha. Chaff is estimated to constitute 25% of the grain. Wheat straw is calculated at 1/2-2 times grain yield, more frequently, 1-1/2 times. However, in some countries, wheat biomass averages more than 6 MT/ha, double this if double cropped. The highest phytomass figure is 18 MT/ha/yr. The seeds are used in folk remedies for cancers, corns, tumors, warts, and whitlow. Reported to be antivinous, bilious, demulcent, discutient, diuretic, emollient, excipient, intoxicant, laxative, useful as a poultice, restorative, sedative, used as a shampoo and vulnerary, common wheat is a folk remedy for burns, cancer, diarrhea, dysentery, ecchymosis, epistaxis, fertility, fever, flux, gravel, hematuria, hemoptysis, hemorrhage, incontinence, leprosy, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, neurasthenia, night sweat, perspiration, scald, tumor, warts, whitlow, and wounds. Killing temperature Winter wheat may withstand -20 C in the early and dormant stages, later it is like spring wheat and is sensitive to frost. Growing period Some cultivars of wheat are winter annual (winter wheat) and are sown in the autumn others are annual and sown in the spring (spring wheat). Normally the severity of the winter determines whether winter or spring types are grown. If winters are severe spring types are used, if winters are less cold, winter cultivars are grown. Sown in the autumn it may be harvested after days, sown in the spring it may require days. Further information Wheat is grown from the tropics to 60 o N and 40 o S. In temperate regions and in the subtropics it can be grown at altitudes from sea level to 3000 m, in the tropics between m or where suitable conditions exist in the lowlands. In the tropics and subtropics, it is grown only during the winter season. Principal wheat-growing areas of the world have similar growing conditions: the Russian prairies, the fertile pampas of Argentina, the Wheat belt of United States, all have fertile dark soils rich in nitrogen; rather hot, cloudless summers; rainfall which, although low, is well-distributed. A good wheat soil has physical structure, which holds together, making good water retention and favorable conditions for nitrate formation. Hot, humid conditions are unfavorable for wheat growing. Wheat prefers a low humidity of about 10%; high humidity encourages disease infestation, especially in combination with high temperatures. The photosynthesis pathway is C 3:1. The production of one ton of wheat removes kg N, 6-8 kg P, and kg K from the field; this includes the mineral contents in the grain plus the straw. The optimum yield of grain in temperate regions is 6.3 t/ha; the optimum yield in the tropics is 2.5 t/ha, while the average yield in Africa is 1.5 t/ha. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 61

68 D.3 Triticum compactum Authority Family Synonyms Common names Editor Ecocrop code 62 EAC 2010 All rights reserved Host Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae club wheat Description A grass and cereal crop reaching a height of cm. Uses Kernels are a source of low-gluten flour. Killing temperature Frost resistant. Growing period Annual. Further information Club wheat is native of Europe. D.4 Triticum dicoccon Description A grass and cereal crop. Uses Authority Family Synonyms Common names Editor Ecocrop code Schrank Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae Emmer A source of flour and livestock feed. The grains can be ground into a starchy white flour that is favored for making fine pastries and cakes and the grains can also be added to soups. Growing period Annual grass. Further information Emmer is native of Europe and temperate Asia.

69 D.5 Triticum spelta Description Authority L. Family Synonyms Common names Editor Ecocrop code A grass reaching a height of cm. Growing period Annual. Liliopsida:Commelinidae:Cyperales:Gramineae EAS 51:2010 Spelt, Spelt wheat, Wheat-spelt, Farro, Dinkel, German wheat EAC 2010 All rights reserved 63