HOT WATER THERMAL TREATMENT FOR CONTROLLING SEED-BORNE MYCOFLORA OF MAIZE

Transcription

1 Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 3(5):5-9 (August 2008) HOT WATER THERMAL TREATMENT FOR CONTROLLING SEED-BORNE MYCOFLORA OF MAIZE M.M.E. RAHMAN 1, M.E. ALI 1, M.S. ALI 1, M.M. RAHMAN 1 AND M. N. ISLAM 2 1 Sientifi Offier, Plant Pathology Division, 2 Sientifi Offier, Seed Tehnology Division, Bangladesh Agriultural Researh Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh Aepted for publiation: April 20, 2008 ABSTRACTS Rahman M.M.E., Ali M.E., Ali M.S., Rahman M.M. and Islam M. N Hot Water Thermal Treatment for ling Seed-Borne Myoflora of Maize. Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 3(5): 5-9 An experiment was onduted to ontrol seed-borne myoflora of maize seeds using Barnali, Khai and Mohor variety. Effiay of three different levels of hot water viz C, 50 0 C, 52 0 C was evaluated against seven different fungi inluding three major pathogeni fungi- Bipolaris maydis, Cuvularia lunata and Fusarium. Seed treatment with hot water affets signifiantly to redue seed-borne infetion of maize. In an average of three varieties of maize, 60.47, and % redution of total seed-borne infetion ourred and 19.31, and 4.01 % germination inreased after the seed treatment with hot water of 48 0 C, 50 0 C and 52 0 C respetively. Hot water treatment with 50 0 C temperature for 15 minutes gave good result for ontrolling seed-borne fungi and maintaining better as well as safe germination of maize seeds. Key words: Hot water treatment, seed-borne myoflora, maize INTRODUCTION Maize is the third important ereal rop in the world as well as in Bangladesh, has a good potential, due to its low ost of prodution wide range of adaptability for both season ultivation and multipurpose use. The average yield of the rop in our ountry is lower in omparison with that of the world though its prodution area is inreasing day by day. There are many auses of low maize yield of whih diseases play a signifiant role. Moreover seed-borne diseases ause enormous losses both in storage as well as in the field. A total of 112 diseases are known to our maize rops (USDA, 1960) and among them more than 70 are seed-borne. Important seed-borne diseases of maize are leaf spot, leaf blight, Collar rot, kernel rot, sutellum rot, seedling blight, anthranose and head smut (Rihardson, 1990). In Bangladesh Fakir (2001) listed 11 seed-borne diseases on the rop. Seed health is a well reognized fator in the modern agriultural siene for desired plant population and good harvest. Seed treatment by hemials is the best way to keep good seed health ondition. But hemials ause health hazard and environment pollution (Chapman and Harris, 1981). In addition the seed treating hemials are very expensive and are rot available to our resoure poor farmers. Alternative means of seed treatment have drawn the attention of plant pathologist all over the world. In this ontext use of physial treatment i.e. solar heat hot water treatment, moisture ontrol and seed treatment in vauum may beome an easy and less ostly way in ontrolling seed-borne myoflora. So, the study was taken to evaluate the effetiveness of hot water treatment for ontrolling seed-borne myoflora of maize with maintaining better germination of maize. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colletion of seed samples Seed samples of 500gm of three maize varities viz Barnali Khai and Shuvra were olleted from five shops of Loal Market at Rangpur. After olletion seeds were mixed together to make a omposite sample. Then the seeds were kept for further studies in lothe bag and stored in refrigerator at Plant Pathology Division of Bangladesh Agriultural Researh Institute, Gazipur. From the omposite sample, working sample was done and when required. Seed treatment with hot water The hot water treatment of three varieties of seed was done with the help of vegetable seed treating devie developed from IMP laboratory, Bangladesh Agriultural University, Mymensingh (Meah, 2004). At first seeds were soaked in normal water for 3-4 hrs. in a otton fabri bag. Then 2 litters poured in the devie below the red marking of the devie. Six different level viz. 46 0, 48 0, 50 0, 52 0, 54 0 and 56 0 for were pre-studied for seleting the effetive range of the seed treatment of maize using a omposite sample of three varieties. From that trail three levels of hot water temperature were seleted for the study on the basis of effetive ontrol of seed-borne pathogen as well as on higher and safe germination perentages. Two hundred seeds for eah sample of Maize were treated with three different level of hot water treatment viz. 48 0, 50 0 and 52 0 as physial ontrol by hot water treating box for 10 minutes Green World Foundation (GWF) 5

2 M.M.E. Rahman et al Seed inubation The thermostat bulb was then regulated to fix the desired temperature. After the desired temperature obtained, the seeds were dipped in the water of the seed treating devie for 15 min. Desired time was reorded through stopwath. During the dipping the bag with the seeds was frequently stirred for uniform exposure of seeds to hot water and also to maintain uniform heat all over the tank. At the end of the treatment, seeds were taken out of the tank, drained off and spread on a piee of brown paper and shade dried. Then the seeds were plated for test. For testing, the seeds were plated by using Blotter tehnique following the ISTA rules (ISTA, 2001). Four hundred seeds were taken from working sample for eah treatment. Hundred seeds were taken for eah of four repliations. Detetion of seed borne fungi Treated seeds were taken randomly and plaed on the moist filter paper in 10 repliated Petri dishes setting 10 seeds per plate. The seeds were then kept at 22 ±2ºC for seven days. After inubation the fungi grown on the seeds were identified under the stereo-mirosope following the key of Mathur and Kongsdal (2003). The treated and untreated ontrol seeds were analyzed for detetion of seed-borne fungi. The means for all treatments were alulated and analyses of variane of all the haraters were performed by Dunan s New Multiple Range Test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present study, effet of hot water treatment on the inidene of seed-borne fungi of maize was studied. Considering three varieties of maize, hot water affet signifiantly for ontrolling seed-borne infetion ompared to ontrol. Seven different fungi were isolated from the study among them Bpolaris maydis, Curunlaria lunata and Fusarium moniliforme were pathogeni to the rop. In Barnali variety, major pathogeni fungi Bipolaris maydis, Curularia lunata and Fusarium moniliforme inluding other storage fungi were signifiantly dereased over ontrol after hot water treatment of three different levels. Lower fungi inidenes of pathogeni fungi as well as storage fungi were observed in Barnali variety at 52 o C temperature level where as higher inidene at the ontrol. In maximum ases of fungal inidenes of results variety showed statistially similar at 50 o C and level of temperature. In ase of the variety Khai bhutta, highest inidenes of pathogeni fungi like Bipolaris maydis (3%), Curvularia lunata (6.33%) and Fusarium moniliforme (10%) were observed at ontrol. Lowest inidenes of Bipolaris maydis (0%) Curvularia lunata (1%) and Fusarium moniliforme (4%) were found at 50 o C and 52 o C showed statistially similar effet on reduing the inidenes of fungi viz. Aspergillus niger, Bipolaris maydis, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium moniliforme. Similarly in Mohor variety the highest inidenes of Bipolaris maydis (4.66%), Curvularia lunata (2.66%) and Fusarium mniliformae (13.33%) were found at ontrol. Lowest inidenes of the three pathogeni fungi were observed 52 o C temperature level of hot water. Fungal inidenes of Aspergillus niger, Bipolaris maydis, Curvularia lunata, Fursarium moniliforme and Peniillium spp. gave statistially similar results after the seed treatment with hot water of 48 o C and 50 o C temperature. In maximum ases out of three level of hot water treatment, 52 o C level redued more seed-borne infetion ompared to that of 48 o C and 50 o C as well as ontrol (Table 1). After treatment with hot water total fungal inidene ounted from the seeds of three varieties of maize were lower ompared to that of seeds in ontrol. In ase of Barnali variety, total seed-borne infetion was highest (199.98) at ontrol and lowest (40.99) at 52 o C temperature level. For germination perentage highest germination (71%) was observed and lowest (54.33%) at 52 o C. Germination failure was highest at 52 o C temperature level followed by ontrol. In Khai Bhutta, total seed-borne infetion was highest (96.67) at ontrol and lower (25.67) at 52 o C hot water temperature. Highest germination (69.66%) and lowest germination failure were reorded at 48 o C followed by 50 o C and 52 o C. Total seed-borne infetion was highest (125.00) at ontrol followed by 48 o C, 50 o C and 52 o C of hot water treatment in Mohor variety. Statistially similar germination was observed at 48 o C and 52 o C temperature where as highest at 50 o C. Temperature level 48 o C, 52 o C and ontrol gave lower germination ompared to 50 o C level exepting khai variety (Table 2). Considering three varieties of maize, on an average 60.47, and % redution of total seed-borne infetion ourred and 19.31, and 4.01 % germination inreased after the seed treatment with hot water of 48 0 C, 50 0 C and 52 0 C respetively (Table 3). Seed treatment with hot water redued seed-borne pathogens viz. fungi, bateria even viruses of different rops that was observed by many workers in home and abroad (Meah, 2004; Napoles et al., 1991; Jindal et al., 1991; Nega et al., 2003 and Muniz, 2001). These findings supported the present study. The possible phenomenon of dereasing the 6

3 Hot Water Thermal Treatment for ling Seed-Borne Myoflora of Maize seed-borne pathogen may be due to hot water treatment, firstly the temperature ated upon the fungal ontaminants and with inreasing the temperature it penetrated within the seed and killed pathogen embedded deeper and deeper in the seeds. Though hot water seed treatment redued seed-borne infetion in ertain ases dereased germination perentages of the seeds. Similar results were also obtained from different rops by Winter et al. (1994) and Verzignasis et al. (1997). In the present study, onsidering both fungal inidene and germination parentages of the seeds 50 o C temperature was effetive for ontrolling seed borne myoflora of maize. This result losely agreed with the report of Nega et al. (2003), Muniz (2001), Suryanarayana et al. (1963) and Rayhoudhuri (1967). Table 1: Effet of different levels of hot water treatment on seed borne myoflora of three varieties of maize Teatment Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger Bipolaris maydis Barnali b 5.67b 1.67b (3.89) * (2.48) (1.46) b 4.33b 0.33 (3.53) (2.19) b 0.00 (2.02) (2.16) 46.33a 57.00a 5.00a (6.84) (7.58) (2.34) Khai b 7.66b 0.33b (4.02) (2.86) (1.17) b (3.67) (2.27) d b (3.13) (2.11) 35.66a 52.00a 3.00a (6.01) (7.24) (1.86) Mohor b 4.00b 1.66b (4.29) (2.13) (1.39) b 0.00b (3.66) (1.88) b (3.28) (1.17) 27.33a 31.00a 4.66a (5.27) (5.61) (2.24) *Figure in the parenthesis represents square root transformed value Curvularia lunata 1.33b (1.29) 0.33b 0.00b 4.33a (2.19) 5.00ab (2.08) 1.33b (1.18) 1.00b (1.17) 6.33a (2.61) 0.33a 0.00a 0.00a 2.66a (1.61) Rhizopus stolonifer 11.67b (3.48) 8.66b (3.03) 8.67b (3.03) 36.00a (6.04) 5.33b (2.40) 1.66 (1.46) 0.33d 29.00a (3.43) 3.00 (1.47) 8.33b (2.94) 1.00 (1.09) 22.66a (4.81) Fusarium miniliformae 8.33a (2.95) 7.33ab (2.78) 4.00b (2.08) 11.67a (3.48) 6.66b (2.67) 4.00 (2.13) 4.33b (2.18) 10.00a (3.23) 11.33a (3.43) 10.66a (3.32) 6.33b (2.61) 13.33a (3.72) Peniillium spp (3.85) 8.33d (2.97) 20.00b (4.52) 39.67a (6.33) 12.66b (3.63) 8.66b (3.00) 4.33 (2.16) 33.33a (5.81) 17.33ab (4.22) 15.00b (3.92) (3.38) 23.33a (4.88) 7

4 M.M.E. Rahman et al Table 2. Total seed borne infetion and perent seed germination of three varieties of maize after different level of hot water treatment Treatment Total seed-borne infetion Germination (%) Seeds failed to germinate Barnali b 64.33b a d a Khai b 69.66a b d a Mohor b 63.67b b 82.67a b a Average of three varieties of maize Table 3. Perent redution of total seed-borne infetion and Perent inrease of seed germination over ontrol in an average of three maize varieties after the seed treated with different level of hot water. Treatment Perent redution of total seed-borne Perent inrease of seed infetion germination From the above study it has been observed that seeds treated hot water of 50 o C gave good results for ontrolling seed borne fungal infetions and germination of the seeds. So 50 o C temperature of hot water may be used effetively for ontrolling of the seed-borne pathogens and for maintaining rational germination perentage of maize seeds. REFERENCES Chapman R.A. & C.R. Harris Persistene of four pyrethroid insetiides in a mineral and an organi soil. J. Environ. Si. Health. B 16( ) Fakir, G.A List of seed borne diseases of important rops ouring in Bangladesh. Seed Pathol. Lab., Dept of Plant Pathol. Lab., Bangladesh Agriultural University, Mymensingh. 9 pp ISTA (International Rules for Seed Testing Assoiation), International Rules for Seed Testing. Rules Amendments. Seeds Siene and Tehnology. 29(2): Jindal, K.K., Thind, B.S and Soni, P.S Physial and Chemial agents for the ontrol of Xanthomonas ampestris pv. Vigniola from owpea seeds Si. and Tehnol. 17 (2): Mathur, S.B. and O. Kongsdal Common Laboratory Seed Health Testing Methods for Deteting Fungi. Danish Govt. Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing Countries. Copenhagen, Denmark. Published by ISTA, Switzerland. 425 pp 8

5 Hot Water Thermal Treatment for ling Seed-Borne Myoflora of Maize Meah, M.B Vegetable seed treating plant. USAID, Bangladesh Collaborative Researh Projet and IPM Lab. Dept. of Plant Pathology, BAU, Mymensingh Muniz, M.F.B of miroganisms assoiated with tomato seeds using thermotherapy. Revista. Brasileira-sementes. 23 (1): Napoles, P., Amat, Z. and Ramirez, P The use of different treatments of ontrol Xanthomonas ampestris pv. Campestris in Cabbage seeds. Protetion de-plants. 1 (3): Nega, E., Ulrih, R., Werner, S. and Jahan, M Hot water treatment of vegetable seed an alternative seed treatment method to ontrol seed borne pathogens in organi farming. Zeitsehrift fur-pflanzenkrank heiten-undpflanzenshuts. P. 110 Rayhauduri, S.P Diseases of vegetable rops and their ontrol Indian Hort. 8(1): Rihardson, M.J An Annotated list of seed borne diseases. 4 th ed. The international Seed Testing Assoiation. Switzerland Suryanarayana, D., Ramnath and Lal, S.P Seed borne infetion of stakburn disease of rie its extent and ontrol. Indian Phytopath. 16: USDA Index of Plant Disease in the United States. Agriultural Hand Book. No. 165: 531 pp Verzignasis, J.R., Vida, J.B. and Homehin, M Effet of hot water treatment on the ourrene and transmission of Alternaria steviae and Alternaria alternate in Stevia nebadiane (Bert.). Revista Brasileria de Sementes 19(1): pp (Seed Pathol). Mirobiol. Abst : 39 Winter, W. Banziger, I., Krebs, H., Ruegger, A., Frel, P. and Gindrat D Warm water treatment of wheat seed. Warmwasser-behandlung von Weizensaatgut. Agur-forshung. 1(11-12):