Variability of Vigour and Viability of Various Varieties of Common Bean (Phaesolus vulgaris L.) Land Races

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1 American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (5): , 2015 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 2015 DOI: /idosi.aejaes Variability of Vigour and Viability of Various Varieties of Common Bean (Phaesolus vulgaris L.) Land Races Musharaf Khan, Asim Muhammad, Nisar Ahamad, Kamran Khan, Sajid Ullah Khan and Zubeda Chaudhry 1 Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan 2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan 3 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Pakistan 4 Center of Plant Biodiversity and Botanical Garden, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Abstract: Poor seed vigour and viability resulting in the poor stand establishment is the major production problem in bean cultivation. The objective of this study was to determine the days to emergence, seedling emergence per day, shoot fresh weight (g), shoot dry weight (g), root fresh weight (g), root dry weight (g), total seedling fresh weight, total seedling dry weight (g), shoot length (cm) and seed vigour index. Landraces of five common bean varieties i.e. Alubia pinta al avesa, Pinto bean, Small red bean, Dark red capsule bean and Red kidney bean were collected from local seed market and was sown at 22 June, Plastic trays were used for the experiment. The tray was 150 cm length and 90 cm width in control growth chamber. Results showed that number of days to emergence, shoot fresh weight (g), root dry weight (g), total seedling dry weight (g) were significantly affected by different bean landraces, except number of seedling emergence per day, shoot length (cm), root fresh weight (g), shoot dry weight (g), root dry weight (g), total seedling fresh weight and seed vigour index. Early emergence (3.4 days), the maximum shoot length (5.5 cm) and root dry weight (0.07 g) were observed in Dark red capsule bean, while the minimum number of seedling emerged per day (4.1), shoot length (4.0 cm), shoot dry weight (0.1 g), root dry weight (0.05 g), total seedling fresh weight (1.03 g) and total plant dry weight (0.36 g) were recorded in Alubia pinta al avesa. Small red bean showed the maximum seedling emergence per day (4.5), maximum root dry weight (0.07 g), heavier seedling dry weight (0.67 g) and maximum seed vigour index (851.7). The heavier shoot dry weight (0.5 g) and total plant fresh weight (1.16 g) was recorded in Red kidney bean as compared to all other varieties. It is concluded that Dark red capsule bean and small red bean showed better performance than all other bean varieties and recommended for commercial production in Bannu region. Key words: Vigour Viability Common Bean Land Races INTRODUCTION Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), belongs to family Leguminaceae, subfamily Papilionoideae, tribe Phaseoleae, subtribe Phaseolinae [1]. Common bean refers to both cultivars grown solely production and consumption of the crop species is the dry bean type [2]. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a unique legume crop in that all plant parts with the exception of the root are consumed as food. Among legumes, dry bean is the largest crop both in acreage and production, next only to soybean and peanut. The common bean is the most important economic variety of the genus Phaseolus and is grown in all parts of the world. It requires much warmth and sun. Cool weather and wind enhance the growth. Germination and emergence of bean seeds exposed to suboptimal temperatures, increases rapidly upon onset of favorable temperatures in both controlled environments and field. Time to seedling establishment may affect seed Corresponding Author: Asim Muhammad, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. 957

2 yield through its association with traits such as flowering, maturity and yield components [3]. Common bean, is an herbaceous annual plant and now grown worldwide for its edible nature, popular both dry and as a green bean. The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the main agricultural crops in the world. The most important producing countries are Brazil, China, India, Mexico and -1 the USA, where yields vary between 600 kg ha in Mexico -1 and 1600 kg ha in the USA. Lower yields of common bean are usually a result of inadequate water supplies, diseases, pests and poor soils [4]. The bean leaves are also used as a vegetable and fodder. Recently the common bean is regaining interest because it has been characterized as a healthy food due to its high phenolic content [5, 6]. The common bean is classified as a dicotyledonous plants. Beans are legumes, so acquire their nitrogen through an association with rhizobia, a species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria 18.3 million tonnes of dry common beans and 6.6 million tons of green beans were grown worldwide in There are so many varieties of beans like dry beans, green beans, shelling beans, popping beans, black beans, cranberry, borlotti beans, flageolet beans, kidney beans, pea beans, pink beans, pinto beans, shell beans, white beans, yellow beans etc. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of vigour and viability of different bean varieties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Material and Experimental Design: An experiment was conducted to determine the vigour and viability of common bean (Phaesolus vulgaris L.) in the Laboratory of Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Sciences and Technology Bannu, Pakistan. The experiment was laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Seeds of five bean varieties i.e. Alubia pinta al avesa, Pinto bean, Small red bean, Dark red capsule bean and Red kidney bean were collected from local seed market and was sown at 22 June, Plastic trays were used for the experiment. The tray was 150 cm length and 90 cm width, while plant to plant distance was kept 8 cm and row to row distance was kept 30 cm. The different bean varieties were sown at the depth of 2.5 cm in the trays. The experiment was finished after 10 days of emergence. Roots and shoots were carefully washed off and separated into shoots and roots. Then roots and shoots were dried in oven (model of oven), for the determination of dry weight. Data were statistically analyzed by using MSTAT-C program. LSD test was applied at 0.05 probability level [7]. Vigour and Viability Attributes: The numbers of days to 50% seedling emergence were counted from the date of sowing to emergence. Number of seedling emergence per day was counted from the date of emergence. The shoot length (cm) and root length (cm) were measured by pocket steel tape after 10 days of emergence. Shoot fresh weight (g) and root fresh weight (g) were weighted by after 10 days of emergence (Digital electrical balance, made by Sartorius Company, Canada. No. TE3102S). Dry weight (g) and root dry weight (g) were weighted after 10 days of emergence. Total seedling fresh weight (g) and total seedling dry weight (g) were weighted after 10 days of emergence. Seed vigor index or germination vigor index is calculated by determining the seedling length and germination percentage of the same seed lot. Fifty seeds each in three replications are germinated in plastic trays, while evaluating the number of normal seedlings at the time of final count. The seedling lengths of 10 randomly selected seedlings are measured. Seed vigor index is calculated as germination (%) x seedling length (cm). The seed lot showing the higher seed vigor index is considered to be more vigorous [8]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Number of days to emergence was significantly affected by different bean varieties. Mean value of the data showed that Red kidney bean have maximum number of days to 50% emergence (5.3) as compared to dark red bean (3.4) (Table 1). Alubia pinta al avesa and Pinto bean showed the second maximum number of days to 50% emergence (4.2). These results are closely related with Okra cultivars differed significantly in seed germination and performance [9]. Seed priming also affect the rate of emergence because it reduce the damage of aging and invigorate their performance in many crops [10, 11]. Priming also effective in reducing the time for 50% emergence and Mean Germination Time (MGT) and increase in germination percentage in low vigor seeds [12]. Seed size also effect the rate of germination and seedling emergence. Large seeds have good results on the seed germination and early plant development due to stored endosperm [13]. Number of seedling emerged per day was not significantly affected by different bean varieties (Table 1). The maximum seedling emergence per day was observed in Small red bean (4.5), while Alubia pinta al avesa and Red kidney bean was recorded minimum number of 958

3 Table 1: Emergence, seedling emerge per day (g), seedling fresh wt (g), seedling dry wt (g), shoot length (cm), root length (cm), shoot fresh weight (g), shoot dry weight (g), root fresh weight (g), root dry weight (g) and seed vigour index as effected by different common bean varieties. 50 % Seedling emergence Seedling fresh Seedling dry Shoot length Root length Shoot fresh Shoot dry Root fresh Root dry Varieties Emergence per day (g) wt (g) wt (g) (cm) (cm) wt (g) wt(g) wt (g) wt (g) SVI Alubia pinta al avesa 4.2 b Pinto bean 4.2 b Small red bean 3.6 c Dark red capsule bean 3.4 c Red kidney bean 5.3 a LSD value at NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Means of the same category followed by different letters are significantly different at 0.05 level of probability using LSD test. seedling emergence per day (4.3). Similar results were associated, the greater seed size reduce both growth and observed in common bean var; G8823 at 20 days after yield. And small size gives better germination and yield planting and hence showed greater emergence [14]. [16]. Different results were found when the temperature below Root Fresh weight (g) was not significantly affected 0 10 C, little or no response (emergence) in common bean by different bean varieties. The highest root fresh weight for 14~days [15]. But in some reports seed size is (1.3 g) was recorded with Red kidney bean, while the negatively associated with one another, large seeds lowest root fresh weight (0.4 g) was shown by Pinto bean reduce both growth and yield in common bean [16]. and Dark red capsule bean (Table 1). The second heavier Shoot length was not significantly affected by root fresh weight (0.5 g) was observed in Alubia pinta al different bean varieties. The longest shoot length avesa and small red bean as compared to other different (5.5 cm) was recorded in Dark red capsule bean, bean varieties. Lentil seedlings give longer root length as while shortest shoot length (4.0 cm) was observed in compare to small seeds at intermediate soil water Alubia pinta al avesa after Dark red capsule bean potential. As the higher root length gives high root (Table 1). The second largest shoot length (5.4 cm) was weight [18]. recorded in Small red bean as compared to other different Mean values of the data showed that the maximum bean varieties. Kohistan-97 showed longest shoot length shoot dry weight (0.5 g) was observed in Red kidney (6.28 cm) as compared to shoot length (4.18 cm) of bean, while the minimum shoot dry weight (0.1 g) was GA-2002 wheat varieties [17]. recorded in Alubia pinta al avesa, the second maximum Root length (cm) was not significantly affected by shoot dry weight (0.4 g) was observed in small red bean different bean varieties (Table 1). Mean value of the data (Table 1). The highest seedling dry weight (0.071 g) was showed that longest root length (4.3 cm) was observed in obtained with CX-131 x CM-211, while lowest seedling dry Alubia pinta al avesa, while smallest root length weight (0.047 g) in was recorded with CM-120 variety of (3.9 cm) was observed in Pinto bean and Small red bean. maize [19]. It is concluded that highest shoot dry weight The second longest root length (4.1 cm) was showed by ( g) was observed in 01FJ14, while lowest shoot Dark red capsule bean as compare to all other different dry weight ( g) was recorded in Kohistan-97 bean varieties. Similar results were also observed in wheat varieties of wheat [17]. that longest root length (7.83 cm) was observed in Root dry weight (g) was significantly affected by Chakwal-97, while lowest root length (4.24 cm) was different bean varieties (Table 1). Mean values showed recorded in GA-2002 wheat varieties [17]. that maximum root dry weight (0.07 g) was observed in Shoot fresh weight (g) was significantly affected by Small red bean and Dark red capsule bean. While, different bean varieties. Heavier shoot fresh weight (0.8 g) the minimum root dry weight (0.05 g) was recorded in was recorded in Pinto bean, while lighter shoot fresh Alubia pinta al avesa and Pinto bean. The second weight (0.4 g) was observed in Small red bean (Table 1). maximum root dry weight (0.06 g) was observed in Red Alubia pinta al avesa, Dark red capsule bean and Red kidney bean after small red bean and Dark red capsule kidney bean showed the second heavier Shoot fresh bean Fig. No 8. The heaviest root dry weight (4.221 g) was weight (0.7 g) as compared to other different bean recorded in C-955, while lightest root dry weight (3.649 g) varieties. The highest shoot fresh weight ( g) was was observed in PR-3394 varieties of wheat [20]. recorded in AS-2002 while lowest shoot fresh weight Total seedling weight (g) was not significantly ( g) was recorded in Rawal-87 wheat varieties. affected by different bean varieties. The heavier total Seed size and yield of common bean cultivar are diversely seedling fresh weight (1.16 g) was recorded in red kidney 959

4 bean, while the lightest total seedling fresh weight (1.03 g) was observed in Alubia pinta al avesa (Table 1). The second heavier total seedling fresh weight (1.15 g) was observed in Small red bean and Dark red capsule bean as compared to other different bean varieties. When Alparslan variety of wheat sown at the depths of 5, 7 cm gave the highest number of seedlings and greater number of spikes per plant [21]. Large seeds have superior performance to small seeds [22]. Total seedling dry weight (g) was significantly affected by different bean varieties (Table 1). The maximum total seedling dry weight (0.67 g) was recorded in Small red bean, while the minimum total seedling dry weight (0.36 g) was recorded in Alubia pinta al avesa. The second maximum total seedling dry weight (0.64 g) was recorded in Pinto bean after Small red bean Fig No.10. Similar results were obtained when Glycine max (L.) Merr sown at the depth 5 cm they concluded that the germination parameters were significantly related to seed weight and large seeds germinated early and showed better germination than small seeds of Lentil genotypes [23, 24]. Seed vigour index was not significantly affected by different bean varieties (Table 1). The highest value of seed vigour index (851.7) was observed in Small red bean, while lowest value of seed vigour index (730.2) was observed in Red kidney bean as compared to other bean varieties. The second highest seed vigour index was recorded in Dark red capsule bean (848.3). Somewhat similar seed vigour index was observed in Alubia pinta al avesa (779.5) and Pinto bean (751.7) Fig No.11. Priming also affects the germination vigour, seed primed. Seed showed greater growth as compared to non-primed seed in rice [25, 26], while small seeds produced less vigorously seedlings and vice versa. It is observed that crops grown from large seeds give high yield as compare to those grown from small seed [27]. CONCLUSIONS It could be concluded that Dark red capsule bean showed maximum shoot length (5.5 cm), heavier root dry weight (0.07 g). while minimum number of days to emergence (3.4). Red kidney bean showed the heavier root fresh weight (1.3 g), maximum shoot dry weight (0.5 g and maximum total seedling fresh weight (1.16 g). Small red bean showed the heavier root dry weight (0.07 g), highest value of seed vigour index (851.7) and heavier total seedling dry weight (0.67 g). Alubia pinta al avesa showed the greater fresh root length (4.3 cm). Recommendations: It is recommended that Red kidney bean suitable for early germination. It is also recommended that the Dark red capsule bean and Small red bean having least number of days to emergence and will stand a better chance of adaptations in field conditions of Bannu region. Further work with more varieties of bean and sowing conditions is needed for better emergence and best yield. REFERENCES 1. Debouck, D.G., Systematics and Morphology. In: "Common beans: research for crop improvement", van Schoonhoven, A. and Voysest Voysest, O. (eds.), Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford, RU, pp: Singh, I.N, K.K. Verma and J.S. Chauhan, Comparative efficacy of different vigour test parameters of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed testing. Libyan. Agric. Res. Cen. J. Int., 1(5): Hendorson, T.L., B.L. Johnson and A.A. Schneiter, Grain amaranth seeding dates in the northern great plains. Agron. J., 90: Martínez-Romero, E., Diversity of Rhizobium- Phaseolus vulgaris symbiosis: overview and perspectives. Plant and Soil., 2521(1): Broughton, W.J., G. Hernández, M. Blair, S. Beebe, P. Gepts and J. Vanderleyden, Beans (Phaseolus spp.) model food legumes. Plant Soil., 252: Aparicio-Fernandez, X., L. Manzo-Bonilla, G.F Loarca-Piña Comparison of antimuta- genic activity of phenolic compounds in newly harvested and stored common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) against aflatoxin B1. J. Food Sci., 70: S73-S MSTAT-C development Team, MSTAT-C user s Guide. A microcomputer program for the design, management and analysis of st agronomic research experiments 1 edition Michigan State Uni East Lansing ML. 8. Abdul-Baki, A.A. and J.D. Anderson, Vigor determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria. Crop Sci., 13: Amjad, M., M. Sultan, M.A Anjum, C.M. Ayyub and M. Mushtaq Comparative study on the performance of some exotic okra cultivar. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 3(4): Basra, S.M.A., E. Ullah, E.A. Warriach, M.A. Cheema and I. Afzal, Effect of storage on growth and yield of primed canola Brassica napus seeds. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 5:

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