Yeast identification: reassessment of assimilation tests as sole universal identifiers
|
|
- June Bernadette Horn
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Letters in Applied Microbiology ISSN ORIGINAL ARTICLE Yeast identification: reassessment of assimilation tests as sole universal identifiers J. Spencer 1, S. Rawling 1, M. Stratford 2,3, H. Steels 3, M. Novodvorska 2, D.B. Archer 2 and S. Chandra 1 1 GSK GlaxoSmithKline, Nutritional Healthcare R&D, Royal Forest Factory, Coleford, Gloucestershire, UK 2 School of Biology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK 3 Mologic Ltd, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK Keywords assimilation test, D1 D2 sequencing, identification, species, yeast. Correspondence Sachin Chandra, GSK GlaxoSmithKline, Nutritional Healthcare Future Group, 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex, TW8 9GS UK. sachin.x.chandra@gsk.com : received 1 December 2010, revised 20 July 2011 and accepted 21 July 2011 doi: /j x x Abstract Aims: To assess whether assimilation tests in isolation remain a valid method of identification of yeasts, when applied to a wide range of environmental and spoilage isolates. Methods and Results: Seventy-one yeast strains were isolated from a soft drinks factory. These were identified using assimilation tests and by D1 D2 rdna sequencing. When compared to sequencing, assimilation test identifications (MicroLogÔ) were 18Æ3% correct, a further 14Æ1% correct within the genus and 67Æ6% were incorrectly identified. The majority of the latter could be attributed to the rise in newly reported yeast species. Conclusions: Assimilation tests alone are unreliable as a universal means of yeast identification, because of numerous new species, variability of strains and increasing coincidence of assimilation profiles. Assimilation tests still have a useful role in the identification of common species, such as the majority of clinical isolates. Significance and Impact of the Study: It is probable, based on these results, that many yeast identifications reported in older literature are incorrect. This emphasizes the crucial need for accurate identification in present and future publications. Introduction The identification and naming of a species are dependent upon its properties. Conversely, knowledge of a species name provides access to its phylogeny and taxonomy and enables prediction of its physiological characteristics. It is essential that new species are correctly identified, especially as that prevents erroneous information appearing in databases and perpetuating confusion. Since the discovery, more than 100 years ago, that yeast exist in a variety of species, the correct identification of yeasts has been a prime requisite for researchers in a number of fields. Medical practitioners, for example, require correct identification to allocate appropriate treatments to pathogenic species (Pfaller et al. 2010), and patent legislation requires accurate determination of the relevant species. In the food context, it is essential to differentiate the small number of spoilage yeasts from the numerous environmental isolates (Pitt and Hocking 1997). Historically, yeasts were first identified by their macroscopic and microscopic morphologies and assigned to a mould-based taxonomy. Early research showed that different yeast species varied in the sugars fermented. This was greatly expanded into a battery of assimilation, fermentation and physiological tests that could be used to identify individual yeast species (Barnett et al. 2000). A number of inexpensive commercial assimilation test kits are now available for yeast identification. More recently, yeast identification and taxonomy have been transformed by DNA-based methods. It was found that rdna sequences varied consistently amongst yeast species, and the divergence was sufficient to resolve species (Kurtzman and Robnett 1998, 2003). As a general rule, conspecific yeast species varied by <1% in the Letters in Applied Microbiology 53, ª 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology 503
2 Yeast identification methods J. Spencer et al. D1 D2 region of the 26S ribosomal subunit (Kurtzman and Robnett 1998), although ITS spacer sequences were more variable, and useful for strain identification within species. At present, it is possible to identify yeasts accurately by DNA sequencing; however, this is time-consuming and expensive. Faster and cheaper pyrosequencing may be applied to limited sequences of defined species (Borman et al. 2010). Commercial assimilation test methods are cheaper, especially for large numbers of identifications. However, in nonexpert hands, assimilation tests can be difficult to interpret, particularly as certain strains of single species are known to give variable results to some tests. It has been estimated that up to 50% of spoilage yeasts in the literature are incorrectly identified (Stratford 2006). Furthermore, the number of recognized yeast species is rising steeply. In the year 1979, 437 yeast species were recognized; in 2000, this had risen to c. 800 (Barnett et al. 1979, 2000). Ten years later, the figure is c yeast species (Kurtzman et al. 2011), while the numbers of assimilation tests has remained largely static. Therefore, the statistical probability of multiple yeast species having the same assimilation pattern is steadily increasing. In this article, a large number of yeast strains were collected from the environment of a soft drinks factory and subjected to identification by assimilation tests and by D1 D2 sequencing. The results were used to compare methods and indicate areas of accord or discrepancy. Materials and methods Yeast isolation An ecological survey carried out in a UK soft drinks factory and its environs, yielded >3200 yeast isolates. Some were from air-settle plates, whilst others were isolated from surface swabs, from wooden pallets, from drains and from spilled products, ingredients and sugar syrup samples. Isolates were cultured on OMEA agar (0Æ01% w v oxytetracycline malt extract agar). Yeast colonies were counted, picked off and individually resuspended in sterile water in 96-well microtitre dishes. Resistance to preservatives was assessed by replica-plating from the 96-well dishes onto YEPD agar ph 4Æ0 containing progressively higher concentrations of sorbic acid, 0 4 mmol l )1 in 0Æ5 mmol l )1 increments. Yeasts were assessed by macroscopic and microscopic morphology, for colony colour shape; cell size, shape; and bud morphology, and by location of isolation. From these tests, yeast isolates were grouped into 71 strains. Multiple isolates from the same location, identical in all respects were assumed to be clones, grown from the same strain. Eight groups from sugar-rich locations contained isolates. Each strain was re-streaked on OMEA agar to ensure purity. All multiple isolate groups were tested using API ID 32C kits (Biomerieux, Marcy l Etoile, France) on 10 50% of isolates showing that isolates within groups had identical carbon-assimilation patterns. The yeast flora used in this study is typical of that found in soft drinks factories (unpublished results). Yeast assimilation test method Cultures were grown on malt extract agar for 48 h at 25 C. Suspensions of yeast were prepared in 15 ml sterile water at inoculum density transmittance level 47 ± 2%. For all strains, a BiologYT MicroPlateÔ (Biolog, Hayward, CA, USA) was inoculated with 100 ll of cell suspension. The microplates contain 94 biochemical tests, listed in Table S1. Microplates were incubated for 24, 48 and 72 h at 25 C. Wells were colourless when inoculated. During incubation, yeast respiration in wells containing compounds that can be utilized will either reduce the tetrazolium dye forming a purple colour or initiate growth leading to an increase in turbidity. Each metabolic pattern was read by a MicroStation (Bio Tek, Bedfordshire, UK) and interpreted by Biolog Micro- LogÔ 3 software ver (Biolog, Hayward, CA). Colorimetric or turbidity change in each well was referenced against negative control wells. Microplate wells are scored as negative ()), as positive (+) or as borderline (\). The pattern is cross-referenced to a library of species. If an adequate match is found, an identification of the isolate is made (standard Biolog methodology). 26S D1 D2 rdna sequencing Yeasts were cultured on YEPD agar for 2 days. Approximately 200 ll of yeast was removed, added to 0Æ5 g sterile glass beads (1 mm) in 2 ml Eppendorf tubes and frozen at )80 C. Eight hundred microliters of extraction buffer (50 mmol l )1 Tris ph 7Æ5, 10 mmol l )1 EDTA, 50 mmol l )1 NaCl, 1% w v SDS) was added to thawing yeast and vortexed for 2 min. Samples were heated to 65 C for 30 min and cooled to 22 C, before performing two phenol extraction steps and ethanol precipitation of the DNA. Following DNA quantification, the 26S rdna D1 D2 sequences were amplified by PCR, as described by Kurtzman and Robnett (1998). The primers used were NL1: 5 -GCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAA-3 and NL4: 5 -GGTCCGTGTTTCAAGACGG-3. Amplified D1 D2 DNA was sequenced as described by Kurtzman and Robnett (1998) using the aforesaid primers. The sequences were compared with the EMBL-EBI database using blast (standard fungi) ( 504 Letters in Applied Microbiology 53, ª 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology
3 J. Spencer et al. Yeast identification methods Because of the many misidentified fungi on the database, species type strains listed by Kurtzman et al. (2011) were used as reference points. Results A total of 3202 yeast isolates were obtained from a soft drinks factory. Most were in low numbers and diverse in appearance, indicating nongrowing isolates. Samples from the few sugary locations, where yeasts proliferate, yielded hundreds of identical isolates. Yeast isolates were grouped into 71 strains, from their location, morphology and preservative resistance, before identification by assimilation test (BiologÔ) and D1 D2 sequencing. The majority of groups were also tested using API 32C test kits. Raw identification results are shown in Table S2. In summary (Fig. 1), the two methods were in agreement for 13 strains (18Æ3%), and to within the genus for an additional 10 strains (14Æ1%) allowance being made for perfect (sexual) and imperfect (asexual) genera such as Cryptococcus and Filobasidium. Contradictory results were obtained for 48 strains (67Æ6%). In deciding which of the two identification methods yielded the correct result, note was taken of yeast morphology and behaviour, such as the red coloration of Rhodotorula spp. and the preservative resistance of Zygosaccharomyces spp. These further tests indicated that the sequence results appeared correct in every case. Assimilation test results were compared at 24, 48 and 72 h. In general, the identification did not change over this time. But percentage probability of identification increased. Further tests at 1 week showed little difference to the 72 h results. It appears that problems with identification by assimilation test could not be overcome by Percentage of strains Correct species Correct genus Wrong ID - moulds Wrong ID - not on database Wrong ID - on database Figure 1 Assimilation test identifications compared with D1 D2 sequencing results as a proportion of the 71 yeast strains tested. Yeasts were correctly identified to the species level, to the genus level or misidentified. Many misidentifications were because of newly reported species or moulds, not on the assimilation database. prolonged incubation. Assimilation tests using the API 32C method gave similarly unsatisfactory results. Overall, the sequences gave a yeast flora composed primarily of Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Candida and Zygosaccharomyces spp. but when the isolate numbers were examined the majority of the flora was from within the Candida genus. The yeast strains correctly identified by assimilation tests are shown in Table 1. These are again predominantly from the Candida genus, Candida ernobii being the imperfect form of Pichia holstii, together with two strains of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. The Candida genus contains most of the common pathogenic yeasts, and it is possible that assimilation identification systems may be focused primarily on this important area. Misidentification appeared to be because of several causes. First, new or newly reported yeast species may not be currently recognized on the database. Second, there may be variability of individual strains to certain assimilation tests and, third, several yeast species have near-identical assimilation profiles. Examination of the yeasts listed on the Biolog database showed that, of the 48 wrongly identified strains, 28 were not on the yeast database (Fig. 1). Three strains of Aureobasidium were listed on the database as filamentous fungi, not yeast. Aureobasidium is a mould genus but is always isolated amongst yeasts as initial growth on agar yields yeast-like colonies, typically white or pinkish, which only become filamentous (sometimes black) after several days have passed. A further four strains, not listed on the database, were putative, new yeast species. The sequences of two, a Starmerella sp. and a Rhodotorula sp., differed by >1% from any sequence present on the EMBL-EBI database, generally indicating a new species. The third new species (two strains) had previously been entered on the EMBL- EBI database, and named as Candida flavicola, but this specific name had not been formally described in the literature. A new species is only formally recognized the following publication in hard copy in the scientific literature, of its name, properties and Latin description. One strain of a new species of Aureobasidium was found, and one strain, Cryptococcus sp. nov., closely related to Cryptococcus albidus, was identified as the latter by assimilation tests. These six strains, >8% of the 71 isolated, serve to demonstrate the potential extent of un-discovered species in the fungal kingdom. For such species, no assimilation test results have been published, rendering identification by assimilation tests impossible. Of the other wrongly identified yeast strains not on the assimilation database, the majority have been relatively recently reported, examples being Zygosaccharomyces lentus and Starmerella meliponinorum. Clearly, updating the assimilation databases is not keeping pace with reporting of new species. Letters in Applied Microbiology 53, ª 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology 505
4 Yeast identification methods J. Spencer et al. Biolog identification D1 D2 sequence identification Correct identity 5 Strains Candida boidinii 100% Candida boidinii (99Æ6% NRRL Y-2332 U70242) 2 Strains Candida parapsilosis 95% Candida parapsilosis (99Æ4% NRRL Y U45754) Cryptococcus albidus 90% Cryptococcus sp. nov. (98Æ6% C. albidus CBS 142 AF075474) 2 Strains Pichia holstii 95% Candida ernobii (99Æ2% NRRL Y U70241) Williopsis californica 100% Williopsis californica (99Æ8% NRRL Y U75957) 2 Strains Zygosaccharomyces rouxii 87% Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (99Æ8% NRRL Y-229 U72163) Misidentified Rhodotorula acheniorum 80% Candida vartiovaariai (99Æ6% NRRL Y-6701 U69875) 9 Strains Mixed ID s (see Table 2) Cryptococcus magnus (100% CBS 140 AF181851) Candida multis-gemmis 99% Debaryomyces hansenii (99Æ8% NRRL Y-7426 U45808) Pichia ohmeri 73% Lachancea fermentati (99Æ8% NRRL Y-1559 U84239) Endomycopsella vini 84% Pichia guilliermondii (99Æ8% NRRL Y-2075 U45709) 2 Strains Mixed ID s Rhodotorula graminis (100% CBS 2826 AF070431) 5 Strains Mixed ID s Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (100% CBS 316 AF070432) Table 1 Yeast strains correctly identified by assimilations tests, and misidentified strains which are present on the assimilation test database. Biolog identifications include a figure for percentage probability of identity. D1 D2 identifications include percentage DNA identity with a designated type strain and large subunit EMBL-EBI accession number Twenty other yeast strains were wrongly identified, whose profiles were present on the assimilation database (Table 1). Sixteen of these 20 were environmental Basidiomycete yeasts. The primary cause of the misidentification of these strains may be due to strain variability within the species. D1 D2 sequencing revealed a total of 12 strains of Cryptococcus magnus, with three different sequence patterns. However, these 12 strains possessed a wide variety of assimilation profiles (Table 2), leading to a corresponding variety of misidentifications. Seven different assimilation profiles were found, only one of which was close to that listed for C. magnus in the assimilation database. Others were similar to species of Bulleromyces, Candida, Pichia or Zygosaccharomyces. The third possibility for misidentification by assimilation tests concerns the possibility that strains of widely differing species may still give the same assimilation profile. Here, it appears probable that such a case exists. Four strains of S. meliponinorum were isolated and not correctly identified because this species is not on the assimilation database. However, the four S. meliponinorum strains all gave assimilation profiles indistinguishable from Cryptococcus albidus var. aerius (99% probability or greater). Discussion Clearly, there is a need for a universal system for the correct identification of all yeast species, from all environments. In the past, when the number of recognized yeast species was limited to a few hundred, assimilation tests provided such a system. In pioneering work, Barnett et al. Biolog identification D1 D2 sequence identification 2 Strains Bulleromyces albus 79% C. magnus (100% CBS 140 AF181851) Bulleromyces albus 94% C. magnus (99Æ6% CBS 140 AF181851) Candida glabrata 73% C. magnus (99Æ6% CBS 140 AF181851) Candida vartiovaariai 86% C. magnus (99Æ8% CBS 140 AF181851) Cryptococcus albidus var. aerius 96% C. magnus (100% CBS 140 AF181851) 2 Strains C. albidus var. aerius 99% C. magnus (99Æ6% CBS 140 AF181851) Pichia mexicana 96% C. magnus (99Æ6% CBS 140 AF181851) Zygosaccharomyces bailii 77% C. magnus (99Æ6% CBS 140 AF181851) 2 Strains No identification possible C. magnus (99Æ6% CBS 140 AF181851) Table 2 Assimilation test results of 12 yeast strains identified by D1 D2 sequencing as Cryptococcus magnus. Biolog identifications include a figure for percentage probability of identity. D1 D2 identifications include percentage DNA identity with a designated type strain and large subunit EMBL-EBI accession number 506 Letters in Applied Microbiology 53, ª 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology
5 J. Spencer et al. Yeast identification methods (1979) used assimilation tests and physiological parameters to assemble a key for identification of 437 yeast species, a system readily lending itself to computer-aided probabilistic identification. Thirty years on with c recognized yeast species and no significant changes in the numbers of assimilation tests, it appears that assimilation tests alone cannot be relied upon as an identification system for all yeasts from any environment. The results shown here suggest that 67% of such species are misidentified by assimilation tests. Arias et al. (2002) came to a similar conclusion when examining yeasts isolated from orange juice, with only 13 35% of yeasts correctly identified by assimilation methods, while only 25% of rarer clinical isolates were correctly identified (Cendejas-Bueno et al. 2010). The majority of the 67% misidentifications by assimilation testing appear to be caused by new and newly reported yeast species. Is it possible that this problem could be resolved simply by regular updating of new species into assimilation databases? The data shown here suggest that such a course of action would decrease the misidentification rate considerably, from 67 to 32%, but still leaving a high level of misidentification. The discovery of new yeast species is increasing rapidly, and even in the limited survey of a normal environment shown here, 8Æ4% of strains were putative new species. New species are likely to cause progressively more misidentification with time. Furthermore, on discovery of a new species, many researchers are increasingly not carrying out the time-consuming tests required for formal announcement of a new species and are merely registering the relevant DNA sequences. By statistical probability, the great majority of yeasts discovered in the last century are the most common species. Newly discovered species are increasing likely to represent rarer yeasts, from increasingly obscure habitats. It appears that assimilation tests are most effective in the identification of the most common species, i.e. the tests were designed to identify the yeasts commonly isolated at the time. Similar conclusions have been noted in yeast identification of medical isolates. The most common medical yeast isolates are Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei = Issatchenkia orientalis (Putignani et al. 2008; Pfaller et al. 2010). These common isolates can be readily identified by commercial assimilation tests such as API Candida, Auxacolor or Vitek (Verweij et al. 1999; Linton et al. 2007), but many rare and unusual medical species cannot be identified by assimilation tests (Linton et al. 2007; Putignani et al. 2008; Cendejas-Bueno et al. 2010). Future developments are likely to yield new highly specific, molecular methods targeted at pathogenic yeasts, such as pyrosequencing methodology (Montero et al. 2008; Borman et al. 2010) or species-specific PCR primers. Other microbes, such as clinical bacteria, have been similarly successfully identified using assimilation methods (Holmes et al. 1994; Morgan et al. 2009), although atypical bacteria were problematic. In filamentous fungi, such as Zygomycetes, most carbon-assimilation profiles correlated with species (Schwarz et al. 2007), but certain species, e.g. Rhizopus oryzae, gave highly variable profiles. In the current publication, C. magnus showed similar strain variability. Such yeast strain variability has long been recognized for certain tests (Barnett et al. 1979, 2000) with results being marked positive, negative, variable and slow or delayed. One difficulty found using growth or assimilation of different nutrients concerns the viability and vitality of the yeast concerned, which affects duration of incubation time (Preston-Mafham et al. 2002). Having a fixed inoculum level will certainly help, but with unknown species, the time and temperature of incubation must be, to some extent, guesswork. Slow-growing species may only visibly grow on the most favoured nutrients and give false-negative results for other nutrients. In such a case, identification will default to the species growing on fewest types of carbon sources, most likely Zygosaccharomyces bisporus and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. It is clearly a failing of the assimilation method in the food context, that the default identification for a slow-growing species, is the most significant of all spoilage yeast species (Zygosaccharomyces bailii). To conclude, assimilation tests alone are unreliable as a sole, universal means of yeast identification but used beside methods, such as sequencing, still have a useful role in primary screening and identification of the most common clinical isolates. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the help of Sue Redwood, GSK Royal Forest Factory for assistance in the gathering of yeast samples and a BBSRC Defra Link project (FQI28) for part funding this work. References Arias, C.R., Burns, J.K., Friedrich, L.M., Goodrich, R.M. and Parish, M.E. (2002) Yeast species associated with orange juice: evaluation of different identification methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 68, Barnett, J.A., Payne, R.W. and Yarrow, D. (1979) A Guide to Identifying and Classifying Yeasts. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Letters in Applied Microbiology 53, ª 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology 507
6 Yeast identification methods J. Spencer et al. Barnett, J.A., Payne, R.W. and Yarrow, D. (2000) Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Borman, A.M., Linton, C.J., Oliver, D., Palmer, M.D., Szekely, A. and Johnson, E.M. (2010) Rapid molecular identification of pathogenic yeasts by pyrosequencing analysis of 35 nucleotides of internal transcribed spacer 2. J Clin Microbiol 48, Cendejas-Bueno, E., Gomez-Lopez, A., Mellado, E., Rodriguez- Tudela, J.L. and Cuenca-Estrella, M. (2010) Identification of pathogenic rare yeast species in clinical samples: comparison between phenotypical and molecular methods. J Clin Microbiol 48, Holmes, B., Costas, M., Ganner, M., On, S.L.W. and Stevens, M. (1994) Evaluation of Biolog system for identification of some gram-negative bacteria of clinical importance. J Clin Microbiol 32, Kurtzman, C.P. and Robnett, C.J. (1998) Identification and phylogeny of ascomycetous yeasts from analysis of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA partial sequences. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 73, Kurtzman, C.P. and Robnett, C.J. (2003) Phylogenetic relationships among yeasts of the Saccharomyces complex determined from multigene sequence analysis. FEMS Yeast Res 3, Kurtzman, C.P. and Fell, J.W. and Boekhout, T. (2011) The Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study, 5th edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Linton, C.J., Borman, A.M., Cheung, G., Holmes, A.D., Szekely, A., Palmer, M.D., Bridge, P.D., Campbell, C.K. et al. (2007) Molecular identification of unusual pathogenic yeast isolates by large ribosomal subunit gene sequencing: 2 years of experience at the United Kingdom Mycology Reference Laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 45, Montero, C.I., Shea, Y.R., Jones, P.A., Harrington, S.M., Tooke, N.E., Witebsky, F.G. and Murray, P.R. (2008) Evaluation of pyrosequencing technology for the identification of clinically relevant non-dematiaceous yeasts and related species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 27, Morgan, M.C., Boyette, M., Goforth, C., Volpe Sperry, K. and Greene, S.R. (2009) Comparison of the Biolog Omnilog identification system and 16S ribosomal gene sequencing for accuracy in identification of atypical bacteria of clinical origin. J Microbiol Methods 79, Pfaller, M.A., Diekema, D.J., Gibbs, D.L., Newell, V.A., Ellis, D., Tullio, V., Rodloff, A., Fu, W. et al. (2010) Results from the ARTEMIS DISK global antifungal surveillance study, 1997 to 2007: a 10.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida species to fluconazole and voriconazole as determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion. J Clin Microbiol 48, Pitt, J.I. and Hocking, A.D. (1997) Fungi and Food Spoilage, 2nd edn. London, Weinheim, New York, Tokyo, Melbourne, Madras: Blackie Academic and Professional. Preston-Mafham, J., Boddy, L. and Randerson, P.F. (2002) Analysis of microbial community functional diversity using sole-carbon-source utilization profiles a critique. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 42, Putignani, L., Paglia, M.G., Bordi, E., Nebuloso, E., Pucillo, L.P. and Visca, P. (2008) Identification of clinically relevant yeast species by DNA sequence analysis of the D2 variable region of the 25 28S rrna gene. Mycoses 51, Schwarz, P., Lortholary, O., Dromer, F. and Dannaoui, E. (2007) Carbon assimilation profiles as a tool for identification of Zygomycetes. J Clin Microbiol 45, Stratford, M. (2006) Food and beverage spoilage yeasts. In Yeasts in Food and Beverages ed. Querol, A. and Fleet, G.H. pp Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. Verweij, P.E., Breuker, I.M., Rijs, A.J.M.M. and Meis, J.F.G.M. (1999) Comparative study of seven commercial yeast identification systems. J Clin Pathol 52, Supporting Information Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article: Table S1 List of the 94 assimilation biochemical tests used in the Biolog YT MicroPlate designed to identify characterise a broad range of yeasts Table S2 Yeast strain identification made using assimilation tests (Biolog) and by D1 D2 rdna sequencing Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. 508 Letters in Applied Microbiology 53, ª 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology
Evaluation of the Biolog system for the identification of food and beverage yeasts
Letters in Applied Microbiology 1997, 24, 455 459 Evaluation of the Biolog system for the identification of food and beverage yeasts W. Praphailong 1, M. Van Gestel, G.H. Fleet 1 and G.M. Heard Cooperative
More informationIsolation of Yeasts from Various Food Products and Detection of Killer Toxin Activity In vitro
Publications Available Online J. Sci. Res. 2 (2), 407-411 (2010) JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH www.banglajol.info/index.php/jsr Short Communication Isolation of Yeasts from Various Food Products and Detection
More informationInterpretation Guide. Yeast and Mold Count Plate
Interpretation Guide The 3M Petrifilm Yeast and Mold Count Plate is a sample-ready culture medium system which contains nutrients supplemented with antibiotics, a cold-water-soluble gelling agent, and
More informationMedically Important Yeasts
Medically Important Yeasts The Medically Important Yeasts 1. Candida albicans>> Candidiasis 2. Candida sp. >> Candidiasis 3. Trichosporon beigelii >> Trichosporonosis, Candidiasis 4. Geotricum condidium
More informationUnit code: A/601/1687 QCF level: 5 Credit value: 15
Unit 24: Brewing Science Unit code: A/601/1687 QCF level: 5 Credit value: 15 Aim This unit will enable learners to apply knowledge of yeast physiology and microbiology to the biochemistry of malting, mashing
More informationGROWTH RATES OF RIPE ROT FUNGI AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
: 77-84 GROWTH RATES OF RIPE ROT FUNGI AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES T.A. Elmsly and J. Dixon Avocado Industry Council Ltd., P.O. Box 13267, Tauranga 3110 Corresponding author: tonielmsly@nzavaocado.co.nz
More informationProject Justification: Objectives: Accomplishments:
Spruce decline in Michigan: Disease Incidence, causal organism and epidemiology MDRD Hort Fund (791N6) Final report Team leader ndrew M Jarosz Team members: Dennis Fulbright, ert Cregg, and Jill O Donnell
More informationIMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ON TEA PRODUCTION IN UNDIVIDED SIVASAGAR DISTRICT
International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) ISSN (P): 2250-0057; ISSN (E): 2321-0087 Vol. 8, Issue 1 Feb 2018, 51-56 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. IMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ON TEA PRODUCTION
More informationCourse specification STAFFING REQUISITES RATIONALE SYNOPSIS. The University of Southern Queensland
The University of Southern Queensland Course specification The current and official versions of the course specifications are available on the web at .
More informationKnowing Your Nodules Results from the 2016 Monaro Legume Survey
Knowing Your Nodules Results from the 2016 Monaro Legume Survey In spring 2016 South East Local Land Services and Monaro Farming Systems surveyed 54 paddocks across the Monaro looking into the health and
More informationIntroduction to MLF and biodiversity
Introduction to MLF and biodiversity Maret du Toit DEPARTMENT OF VITICULTURE AND OENOLOGY INSTITUTE FOR WINE BIOTECHNOLOGY Stellenbosch University E-mail: mdt@sun.ac.za Microbiology of wine your perpsectives
More informationIntroduction Methods
Introduction The Allium paradoxum, common name few flowered leek, is a wild garlic distributed in woodland areas largely in the East of Britain (Preston et al., 2002). In 1823 the A. paradoxum was brought
More informationResearch News from Cornell s Viticulture and Enology Program Research Focus Research Focus
Research News from Cornell s Viticulture and Enology Program Research Focus 2018-1 Research Focus The Wild, Wild Yeast: An Ecological Survey of Yeast Species and Strains in Finger Lakes Riesling Marie
More informationGROWTH TEMPERATURES AND ELECTROPHORETIC KARYOTYPING AS TOOLS FOR PRACTICAL DISCRIMINATION OF SACCHAROMYCES BAYANUS AND SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 41, 239-247 (1995) GROWTH TEMPERATURES AND ELECTROPHORETIC KARYOTYPING AS TOOLS FOR PRACTICAL DISCRIMINATION OF SACCHAROMYCES BAYANUS AND SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE MUNEKAZU KISHIMOTO*
More informationAugust Instrument Assessment Report. Bactest - Speedy Breedy. Campden BRI
August 2013 Instrument Assessment Report Campden BRI food and drink innovation Bactest - Speedy Breedy Assessment of the suitability of Speedy Breedy as a rapid detection method for brewing contaminants
More informationRUST RESISTANCE IN WILD HELIANTHUS ANNUUS AND VARIATION BY GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN
RUST RESISTANCE IN WILD HELIANTHUS ANNUUS AND VARIATION BY GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Dr. Tom GULYA USDA Northern Crop Science Lab, Fargo, ND 58105, USA Dr. Gary KONG, DPI, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia Mary BROTHERS
More informationSCENARIO Propose a scenario (the hypothesis) for bacterial succession in each type of milk:
Prokaryotic Diversity! and Ecological Succession in Milk Name INTRODUCTION Milk is a highly nutritious food containing carbohydrates (lactose), proteins (casein or curd), and lipids (butterfat). is high
More informationMolecular identification of bacteria on grapes and in must from Small Carpathian wine-producing region (Slovakia)
Molecular identification of bacteria on grapes and in must from Small Carpathian wine-producing region (Slovakia) T. Kuchta1, D. Pangallo2, Z. Godálová1, A. Puškárová2, M. Bučková2, K. Ženišová1, L. Kraková2
More informationRESOLUTION OIV-OENO MOLECULAR TOOLS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE WINE YEAST AND OTHER YEAST SPECIES RELATED TO WINEMAKING
RESOLUTION OIV-OENO 408-2011 MOLECULAR TOOLS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE WINE YEAST AND OTHER YEAST SPECIES RELATED TO WINEMAKING THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY In view of Article 2, paragraph
More informationUsing Growing Degree Hours Accumulated Thirty Days after Bloom to Help Growers Predict Difficult Fruit Sizing Years
Using Growing Degree Hours Accumulated Thirty Days after Bloom to Help Growers Predict Difficult Fruit Sizing Years G. Lopez 1 and T. DeJong 2 1 Àrea de Tecnologia del Reg, IRTA, Lleida, Spain 2 Department
More informationEffect of SPT Hammer Energy Efficiency in the Bearing Capacity Evaluation in Sands
Proceedings of the 2 nd World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering (CSEE 17) Barcelona, Spain April 2 4, 2017 Paper No. ICGRE 123 ISSN: 2371-5294 DOI: 10.11159/icgre17.123 Effect
More informationUse of WL Medium to Profile Native Flora Fermentations
198 Pallman et al. Use of WL Medium to Profile Native Flora Fermentations Christina L. Pallmann, 1 James A. Brown, 1 Tammi L. Olineka, 2 Luca Cocolin, 3 David A. Mills, 4 and Linda F. Bisson 4 * Vineyard,
More informationFINAL REPORT TO AUSTRALIAN GRAPE AND WINE AUTHORITY. Project Number: AGT1524. Principal Investigator: Ana Hranilovic
Collaboration with Bordeaux researchers to explore genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Lachancea thermotolerans - a promising non- Saccharomyces for winemaking FINAL REPORT TO AUSTRALIAN GRAPE AND WINE
More informationJuice Microbiology and How it Impacts the Fermentation Process
Juice Microbiology and How it Impacts the Fermentation Process Southern Oregon Wine Institute Harvest Seminar Series July 20, 2011 Dr. Richard DeScenzo ETS Laboratories Monitoring Juice Microbiology: Who
More informationSELECTION AND IMMOBILIZATION OF ISOLATED ACETIC ACID BACTERIA ON THE EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCING ACID IN INDONESIA
SELECTION AND IMMOBILIZATION OF ISOLATED ACETIC ACID BACTERIA ON THE EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCING ACID IN INDONESIA Kapti Rahayu Kuswanto 1), Sri Luwihana Djokorijanto 2) And Hisakazu Iino 3) 1) Slamet Riyadi
More informationA DIFFERENTIAL MEDIUM FOR THE ENUMERATION OF THE SPOILAGE. Centro de Ciências do Ambiente - Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho,
A DIFFERENTIAL MEDIUM FOR THE ENUMERATION OF THE SPOILAGE YEAST ZYGOSACCHAROMYCES BAILII IN WINE D. Schuller, M. Côrte- Real* and C. Leão Centro de Ciências do Ambiente - Departamento de Biologia, Universidade
More informationNEW ZEALAND AVOCADO FRUIT QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND MATURITY
Proceedings V World Avocado Congress (Actas V Congreso Mundial del Aguacate) 23. pp. 647-62. NEW ZEALAND AVOCADO FRUIT QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND MATURITY J. Dixon 1, H.A. Pak, D.B.
More informationThe Effect of ph on the Growth (Alcoholic Fermentation) of Yeast. Andres Avila, et al School name, City, State April 9, 2015.
1 The Effect of ph on the Growth (Alcoholic Fermentation) of Yeast Andres Avila, et al School name, City, State April 9, 2015 Abstract We investigated the effect of neutral and extreme ph values on the
More informationSECTION 1 (BJCP/ETHICS/JUDGING PROCESS)
PARTICIPANT CODE: 1012-MAPI- SECTION 1 (BJCP/ETHICS/JUDGING PROCESS) Part 1: BJCP This part of Section 1 is worth 5 of the 100 points possible on the essay portion. List three primary purposes of the BJCP
More informationPolyphasic identification of yeasts isolated from bark of cork oak during the manufacturing process of cork stoppers
FEMS Yeast Research 4 (2004) 745 750 www.fems-microbiology.org Polyphasic identification of yeasts isolated from bark of cork oak during the manufacturing process of cork stoppers Mercedes Villa-Carvajal
More informationAsian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry ISSN Available online at
As. J. Food Ag-Ind. 2009, 2(02), 135-139 Research Paper Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry ISSN 1906-3040 Available online at www.ajofai.info Complex fruit wine produced from dual culture fermentation
More informationChapter 7. Koji, a Mold, Plays the Most. Important Role in Making Japanese Fermented Foods
Chapter 7 Koji, a Mold, Plays the Most Important Role in Making Japanese Fermented Foods The traditional fermented foods of Japan are characteristic in using koji ( 麹 ). The use of koji for the saccharification
More informationMorphological Characteristics of Greek Saffron Stigmas from Kozani Region
Morphological Characteristics of Greek Saffron Stigmas from Kozani Region Theodora Mitsopoulou and Maria Z. Tsimidou Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Chemistry Laboratory of Food Science
More informationGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH BAKER S YEAST
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH BAKER S YEAST Updated in December 2012.. Foreword This document serves to provide general characteristics for fresh baker s yeast: block or compressed yeast, granulated
More informationCOMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS OF URBANIZATION IN DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS OF HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
I.J.S.N., VOL. 4(2) 2013: 288-293 ISSN 2229 6441 COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS OF URBANIZATION IN DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS OF HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY 1 Wali, K.S. & 2 Mujawar,
More informationHow LWIN helped to transform operations at LCB Vinothèque
How LWIN helped to transform operations at LCB Vinothèque Since 2015, a set of simple 11-digit codes has helped a fine wine warehouse dramatically increase efficiency and has given access to accurate valuations
More informationLysozyme side effects in Grana Padano PDO cheese: new perspective after 30 years using
Lysozyme side effects in Grana Padano PDO cheese: new perspective after 30 years using D Incecco P. 1, Gatti M. 2, Hogenboom J.A. 1, Neviani E. 2, Rosi V. 1, Santarelli M. 2, Pellegrino L. 1 1 Department
More informationBiodiversity of food spoilage Yarrowia group in different kinds of food
Biodiversity of food spoilage Yarrowia group in different kinds of food Theses of dissertation EDINA SZANDRA NAGY Supervisor: Gábor Péter, PhD senior research fellow Budapest 2015 PhD School Name: PhD
More informationInfluence of yeast strain choice on the success of Malolactic fermentation. Nichola Hall Ph.D. Wineries Unlimited, Richmond VA March 29 th 2012
Influence of yeast strain choice on the success of Malolactic fermentation Nichola Hall Ph.D. Wineries Unlimited, Richmond VA March 29 th 2012 INTRODUCTION Changing conditions dictate different microbial
More informationINTERPRETATION GUIDE AN INTRODUCTION TO USE AND INTERPRETING RESULTS FOR PEEL PLATE YM TESTS. FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT CHARM SCIENCES.
PeelPlate AC- Aerobic Count PeelPlate AC- Aerobic PeelPlate AC- Aerobic Count PeelPlate AC- Aer INTERPRETATION GUIDE AN INTRODUCTION TO USE AND INTERPRETING RESULTS FOR PEEL PLATE YM TESTS. FOR MORE INFORMATION,
More informationVirginie SOUBEYRAND**, Anne JULIEN**, and Jean-Marie SABLAYROLLES*
SOUBEYRAND WINE ACTIVE DRIED YEAST REHYDRATION PAGE 1 OPTIMIZATION OF WINE ACTIVE DRY YEAST REHYDRATION: INFLUENCE OF THE REHYDRATION CONDITIONS ON THE RECOVERING FERMENTATIVE ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT YEAST
More informationForestry, Leduc, AB, T9E 7C5, Canada. Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada. *
Effect of High Pressure Processing on Quality, Sensory Acceptability and Microbial Stability of Marinated Beef Steaks and Pork Chops during Refrigerated Storage Haihong Wang 1 *, Jimmy Yao 1 Mindy Gerlat
More informationVibration Damage to Kiwifruits during Road Transportation
International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology. ISSN 2249-3050, Volume 4, Number 5 (2013), pp. 467-474 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ ijafst.htm Vibration Damage
More informationPROFICIENCY TESTS NO 19 AND EURL-Campylobacter National Veterinary Institute
PROFICIENCY TESTS NO 19 AND 20 2017 EURL-Campylobacter National Veterinary Institute NO OF NRLS PARTICIPATING IN THE PROFICIENCY TESTS 2017 PT 19 2016 PT 17 2015 PT 15 2014 PT 13 2013 PT 11 2012 PT 9 2011
More informationHarvest Series 2017: Wine Analysis. Jasha Karasek. Winemaking Specialist Enartis USA
Harvest Series 2017: Wine Analysis Jasha Karasek Winemaking Specialist Enartis USA WEBINAR INFO 100 Minute presentation + 20 minute Q&A Save Qs until end of presentation Use chat box for audio/connection
More informationWashed agar gave such satisfactory results in the milk-powder. briefly the results of this work and to show the effect of washing
THE USE OF WASHED AGAR IN CULTURE MEDIA S. HENRY AYERS, COURTLAND S. MUDGE, AND PHILIP RUPP From the Research Laboratories of the Dairy Division, United States Department of Agriculture Received for publication
More informationFurther investigations into the rind lesion problems experienced with the Pinkerton cultivar
Further investigations into the rind lesion problems experienced with the Pinkerton cultivar FJ Kruger and SD Mhlophe Agricultural Research Council Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops Private
More informationph and Low Level (10 ppm) Effects of HB2 Against Campylobacter jejuni
ph and Low Level (10 ppm) Effects of HB2 Against Campylobacter jejuni Background/Purpose The contamination of food products by pathogenic organisms such as Salmonella or Campylobacter is an on-going problem
More informationIdentification of Adulteration or origins of whisky and alcohol with the Electronic Nose
Identification of Adulteration or origins of whisky and alcohol with the Electronic Nose Dr Vincent Schmitt, Alpha M.O.S AMERICA schmitt@alpha-mos.com www.alpha-mos.com Alpha M.O.S. Eastern Analytical
More informationRunning Head: GROWING BREAD MOULD 1. Growing Bread Mould-A Lab Report. Name. Class. Instructor. Date
Running Head: GROWING BREAD MOULD 1 Growing Bread Mould-A Lab Report Name Class Instructor Date GROWING BREAD MOULD 2 Introduction In the Western countries, bread is the most essential staple food. According
More informationRESOLUTION OIV-OENO 576A-2017
RESOLUTION OIV-OENO 576A-2017 MONOGRAPH OF SACCHAROMYCES YEASTS THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, In view of article 2, paragraph 2 iv of the Agreement of 3 April 2001 establishing the International Organisation of
More informationIdentification and Classification of Pink Menoreh Durian (Durio Zibetinus Murr.) Based on Morphology and Molecular Markers
RESEARCH Identification and Classification of Pink Durian (Durio Zibetinus Murr.) Based on Morphology and Molecular Markers Nandariyah a,b * adepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret
More informationCo-inoculation and wine
Co-inoculation and wine Chr. Hansen Fermentation Management Services & Products A definition of co-inoculation Co-inoculation is the term used in winemaking when yeasts (used to manage alcoholic fermentations
More informationWine-Tasting by Numbers: Using Binary Logistic Regression to Reveal the Preferences of Experts
Wine-Tasting by Numbers: Using Binary Logistic Regression to Reveal the Preferences of Experts When you need to understand situations that seem to defy data analysis, you may be able to use techniques
More informationThe Purpose of Certificates of Analysis
207/SOM2/SCSC/WRF/020 The Purpose of Certificates of Analysis Submitted by: FIVS 7 th Wine Regulatory Forum -2 May 207 The Purpose of Certificates of Analysis Greg Hodson, Ph.D. President, FIVS Wine Institute
More informationD Lemmer and FJ Kruger
D Lemmer and FJ Kruger Lowveld Postharvest Services, PO Box 4001, Nelspruit 1200, SOUTH AFRICA E-mail: fjkruger58@gmail.com ABSTRACT This project aims to develop suitable storage and ripening regimes for
More informationWSU Crop and Soil Sciences
Ecology of a Compost Tea Catherine Crosby Ph.D. candidate Ph.D. candidate WSU Crop and Soil Sciences Compost Tea (Compost Extract) 1 part compost : 1-100 parts water Inoculants Growth stimulators, microbe
More informationSetting up your fermentation
Science in School Issue 24: Autumn 2012 1 Setting up your fermentation To carry out all the activities, each team of students will need about 200 ml of fermentation must, 200 ml of grape juice and about
More informationInnovations and Developments in Yeast. Karen Fortmann, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist
Innovations and Developments in Yeast Karen Fortmann, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist A Little Bit About White Labs Why I m Standing Here in Front of You White Labs Motto Committed to being the best yeast
More informationThe Power of Native Yeasts
The Power of Native Yeasts Pat Okubara USDA-ARS and Department of Plant Pathology, WSU Collaborators Dean Glawe Charlie Edwards Thomas Henick-Kling Timothy Murray Ste Michelle Wine Estates Xuefei Wang,
More informationIsolating WILD. Yeast Strains. By Mike Lentz ZYMURGY JAzym14_REFwildyeast.indd 54
Isolating WILD Yeast Strains By Mike Lentz 54 54-60 JAzym14_REFwildyeast.indd 54 EDITOR S NOTE: This is the third published experiment from the AHA s Research & Education Fund. For more on the REF and
More informationTESTING TO SEE IF THE CONDITION BREAD IS PLACED IN AFFECTS ITS MOLDING RATE Kate Hampton Cary Academy
TESTING TO SEE IF THE CONDITION BREAD IS PLACED IN AFFECTS ITS MOLDING RATE Kate Hampton Cary Academy ABSTRACT The purpose of the experiment was to see if the condition that Honey Wheat bread was placed
More informationFungicides for phoma control in winter oilseed rape
October 2016 Fungicides for phoma control in winter oilseed rape Summary of AHDB Cereals & Oilseeds fungicide project 2010-2014 (RD-2007-3457) and 2015-2016 (214-0006) While the Agriculture and Horticulture
More informationDeciphering the microbiota of Greek table olives - A metagenomics approach
1 st International Olive Conference Table Olives: Pursuing Innovation - Exploring Trends Thessaloniki, Greece, 24-26 May 2018 Deciphering the microbiota of Greek table olives - A metagenomics approach
More informationMLF co-inoculation how it might help with white wine
MLF co-inoculation how it might help with white wine Malolactic fermentation (MLF) is an important process in red winemaking and is also increasingly used in white and sparkling wine production. It is
More informationConstruction of a Wine Yeast Genome Deletion Library (WYGDL)
Construction of a Wine Yeast Genome Deletion Library (WYGDL) Tina Tran, Angus Forgan, Eveline Bartowsky and Anthony Borneman Australian Wine Industry AWRI Established 26 th April 1955 Location Adelaide,
More informationTHE VALUE OF CANE JUICE AS A YEAST NUTRIENT MEDIUM
Administrative and technical viewpoints are often widely divergent, but mutuality of purpose should provide adequate and effective arrangements whereby the technical staff and operators clearly understand
More informationEFFECT OF TOMATO GENETIC VARIATION ON LYE PEELING EFFICACY TOMATO SOLUTIONS JIM AND ADAM DICK SUMMARY
EFFECT OF TOMATO GENETIC VARIATION ON LYE PEELING EFFICACY TOMATO SOLUTIONS JIM AND ADAM DICK 2013 SUMMARY Several breeding lines and hybrids were peeled in an 18% lye solution using an exposure time of
More informationTECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET: CALCIUM CHLORIDE FLAKE - LIQUOR TREATMENT
TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET: CALCIUM CHLORIDE FLAKE - LIQUOR TREATMENT PRODUCT NAME: CALCIUM CHLORIDE FLAKE PRODUCT CODE: CALCHLF COMMODITY CODE: 25201000 PACKAGING: 5 AND 25 KG Description Calcium Chloride
More informationWALNUT BLIGHT CONTROL USING XANTHOMONAS JUGLANDIS BUD POPULATION SAMPLING
WALNUT BLIGHT CONTROL USING XANTHOMONAS JUGLANDIS BUD POPULATION SAMPLING Richard P. Buchner, Steven E. Lindow, James E. Adaskaveg, Parm Randhawa, Cyndi K. Gilles, and Renee Koutsoukis ABSTRACT Years and
More informationAWRI Refrigeration Demand Calculator
AWRI Refrigeration Demand Calculator Resources and expertise are readily available to wine producers to manage efficient refrigeration supply and plant capacity. However, efficient management of winery
More informationGLOSSARY Last Updated: 10/17/ KL. Terms and Definitions
GLOSSARY Last Updated: 10/17/2017 - KL Terms and Definitions Spacing 4ETa Zone(s) Background Drill Elevation Climate Soil Ecoregion 4 Recommended base spacing between containerized, cutting, plug or sprig
More informationMICROBES MANAGEMENT IN WINEMAKING EGLANTINE CHAUFFOUR - ENARTIS USA
MICROBES MANAGEMENT IN WINEMAKING EGLANTINE CHAUFFOUR - ENARTIS USA WEBINAR INFORMATION 35 minute presentation + 10 minute Q&A Save Qs until the end of the presentation Use chat box for audio/connection
More information1. Continuing the development and validation of mobile sensors. 3. Identifying and establishing variable rate management field trials
Project Overview The overall goal of this project is to deliver the tools, techniques, and information for spatial data driven variable rate management in commercial vineyards. Identified 2016 Needs: 1.
More informationRunning head: THE OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE OF C. MACULATUS 1. The Oviposition Preference of Callosobruchus maculatus and Its Hatch Rates on Mung,
Running head: THE OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE OF C. MACULATUS 1 The Oviposition Preference of Callosobruchus maculatus and Its Hatch Rates on Mung, Pinto, Kidney, and Adzuki Beans Abbigail Traaseth, BIO 106-77
More informationRegression Models for Saffron Yields in Iran
Regression Models for Saffron ields in Iran Sanaeinejad, S.H., Hosseini, S.N 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran sanaei_h@yahoo.co.uk, nasir_nbm@yahoo.com, Abstract: Saffron
More informationCHOOZIT Ripening Cultures
Ripening Cultures Ripening Cultures from Danisco give cheese a taste of its true identity. Comprising tailored moulds, yeasts and bacteria providing complementary aromatic activities, the range is an essential
More informationAssessment of the CDR BeerLab Touch Analyser. March Report for: QuadraChem Laboratories Ltd. Campden BRI Group contracting company:
Campden BRI Group: Campden BRI (registered no. 510618) Campden BRI (Chipping Campden) Limited (registered no. 3836922) Campden BRI (Nutfield) (registered no. 2690377) Registered Office: Station Road Chipping
More information(Definition modified from APSnet)
Development of a New Clubroot Differential Set S.E. Strelkov, T. Cao, V.P. Manolii and S.F. Hwang Clubroot Summit Edmonton, March 7, 2012 Background Multiple strains of P. brassicae are known to exist
More informationCertificates of Analysis and Wine Authenticity
Certificates of Analysis and Wine Authenticity 1. Introduction Wine authenticity is of great importance throughout the wine supply chain and market. Consumers need to have confidence that what is claimed
More informationAnaerobic Cell Respiration by Yeast
25 Marks (I) Anaerobic Cell Respiration by Yeast BACKGROUND: Yeast are tiny single-celled (unicellular) fungi. The organisms in the Kingdom Fungi are not capable of making their own food. Fungi, like any
More informationEffects of ginger on the growth of Escherichia coli
Effects of ginger on the growth of Escherichia coli Jennes Eloïse Klapp Vanessa Project Jonk Fuerscher 2014 Effects of ginger on the growth of Escherichia Coli Jennes Eloïse Klapp Vanessa Abstract The
More informationRESOLUTION OIV-OENO
RESOLUTION OIV-OENO 462-2014 CODE OF GOOD VITIVINICULTURAL PRACTICES IN ORDER TO AVOID OR LIMIT CONTAMINATION BY BRETTANOMYCES THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, Considering the actions of the Strategic Plan of the
More informationTEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AND TOLERANCE OF AVOCADO FRUIT TISSUE
California Avocado Society 1961 Yearbook 45: 87-92 TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AND TOLERANCE OF AVOCADO FRUIT TISSUE C. A. Schroeder and Ernest Kay Professor of Botany. University of California, Los Angeles;
More informationInstitute of Brewing and Distilling
Institute of Brewing and Distilling Asia Pacific Section s 32 nd Convention Melbourne, Victoria March 25 th -30 th 2012 Fermentation The Black Box of the Brewing Process A Concept Revisited Graham G. Stewart
More informationCitrus Fruit Antimicrobial Effects. By John Seabrooke Central Catholic High School Grade 9
Citrus Fruit Antimicrobial Effects By John Seabrooke Central Catholic High School Grade 9 Antimicrobials Natural Tea tree oil Onion Lemon juice Grapefruit seed extract Cinnamon Artificial Antibiotics Bleach
More informationTemperature effect on pollen germination/tube growth in apple pistils
FINAL PROJECT REPORT Project Title: Temperature effect on pollen germination/tube growth in apple pistils PI: Dr. Keith Yoder Co-PI(): Dr. Rongcai Yuan Organization: Va. Tech Organization: Va. Tech Telephone/email:
More informationPRUNUS AMERICANA (ROSACEAE) IN THE ARKANSAS FLORA
Johnson, G.P. 2013. Prunus americana (Rosaceae) in the Arkansas flora. Phytoneuron 2013-33: 1 5. Published 20 May 2013. ISSN 2153 733X PRUNUS AMERICANA (ROSACEAE) IN THE ARKANSAS FLORA GEORGE P. JOHNSON
More informationWork Sample (Minimum) for 10-K Integration Assignment MAN and for suppliers of raw materials and services that the Company relies on.
Work Sample (Minimum) for 10-K Integration Assignment MAN 4720 Employee Name: Your name goes here Company: Starbucks Date of Your Report: Date of 10-K: PESTEL 1. Political: Pg. 5 The Company supports the
More informationEXAMPLES OF WHAT PLATES CAN LOOK LIKE
INTRODUCTION Peel Plate YM (Yeast and Mold) plates diffuse the test in media that omit growth agents and color substrates designed for the detection of yeast and mold food and from surface sponges of food.
More informationMicrobial Ecology Changes with ph
Microbial Ecology Changes with ph Thomas Henick-Kling Director, Viticulture & Enology Program Professor of Enology Winemaking Involves Different Population of Microorganisms Kloeckera / Hanseniaspora Schizosaccharomyces
More informationAdvanced Yeast Handling. BFD education Kai Troester
Advanced Yeast Handling BFD education Kai Troester Agenda Why yeast storage Short term Long term Yeast Harvesting Yeast washing Sterile techniques Yeast propagation Equipment Why yeast storage Yeast is
More informationCandidate Agreement. The American Wine School (AWS) WSET Level 4 Diploma in Wines & Spirits Program PURPOSE
The American Wine School (AWS) WSET Level 4 Diploma in Wines & Spirits Program PURPOSE Candidate Agreement The purpose of this agreement is to ensure that all WSET Level 4 Diploma in Wines & Spirits candidates
More informationCOMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT
New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:36 46. COMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT J. MANDEMAKER H. A. PAK T. A.
More information5. Supporting documents to be provided by the applicant IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER
Guidance notes on the classification of a flavouring substance with modifying properties and a flavour enhancer 27.5.2014 Contents 1. Purpose 2. Flavouring substances with modifying properties 3. Flavour
More informationDETECTION OF CAMPYLOBACTER IN MILK A COLLABORATIVE STUDY
DETECTION OF CAMPYLOBACTER IN MILK A COLLABORATIVE STUDY EURL-Campylobacter workshop 2018 Hanna Skarin CAMPYLOBACTER IN MILK Campylobacter spp. - in the intestine of healthy cattle Risk for fecal contamination
More informationTREATED ARTICLES NEW GUIDANCE AND REGULATION BIOCIDE SYMPOSIUM 2015 LJUBLJANA MAY DR. PIET BLANCQUAERT
TREATED ARTICLES NEW GUIDANCE AND REGULATION BIOCIDE SYMPOSIUM 2015 LJUBLJANA 11-12 MAY DR. PIET BLANCQUAERT CONTENT 2 The BPR and its amendment Updated guidance Biocidal property and (primary) biocidal
More informationWILD YEASTSTRAINS. AmericanHomebrewersAssociation
RESEARCH & EDUCATION FUND THEBREWING POTENTIALOFNEW WILD YEASTSTRAINS AmericanHomebrewersAssociation ISOLATION OF NEW WILD YEAST STRAINS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THEIR BREWING POTENTIAL By Michael Lentz
More information2. Materials and methods. 1. Introduction. Abstract
Standardizing Peanut Roasting Process Of Peanut Butter Production N. K. Dhamsaniya and N. C. Patel Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India Abstract The current practice of roasting peanut
More informationCourse specification
The University of Southern Queensland Course specification Description: Introductory Microbiology for Wine Science Subject BIO Cat-nbr 2405 Academic group: Academic org: Student contribution band: ASCED
More information