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1 ~ 75' i 16-1 GRAFErRUIT.RL ~ so ~~ -~? ?,- i 8-1 ' _K -~~ ~~-- --"~-;:::::::-:::::; 4":::; J { 4.~~ I J. 1 ~;;;;;~::~ i~, :!oct /-_. ~,'/..".." t"- t --co ",.? rt.... tj., -) ~- '~J.. D J "..0 I ~,'". I ---:-J- F- C~} -r--, J-'.'-' M A 1' B Figure 13c. Comparison of solids-acid ratios of lead.arsenate sprayed (1 lb per 100 gal) and unsprayed'marsh' and 'Duncan' grapefruit on rough lemon (Rl and sour orange (SO) stocks at 27 locations. (Value~ are averages for through seasons. Sample dates are - about 4 day'$;.) f1arding FSHS )

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3 ~ 77 ~ Soluble SdidI, ;-.". ;f./ t Secor r~$ (0.4 I ; I / ~ '. i 9.1. / / '~1 ~ ' w- r; ~~ /; " I! las 14 ~ a~ \( 98.l4 ; '/ '97,IO. 104, ~ 11.5 III 411 r WI '5 Figure 15. Effect of direction of exposure and shading on total soluble solids (%) of 'Valencia, oranges (Sites and Reitz, 19498).

4 J8 IO} 5 Fig~re 16. Effect of direction of exposure and shading on titratab1e acid (%) of'va1encia'orange (Site~ ~and Reitz, 1949b).

5 79 Figure 17. Effect of direction of exposure "and shading on total soluble solids: titratable acid ratio of'valencia'oranges (Sites and Reitz, 1949b).

6 80 Figure 18. Effect of direction of exposure and shading on juice content (% by weight) of'va1encia' oranges (Sites and Reitz, 1950).

7 Figure 19. Effect of direction of exposure and shading on vitamin C (mg per 100 ml juice) of 'Valencia'oranges (Sites and Reitz, 1950). 81

8 8Z Table 9. Effect of oil-emulsion and parathion sprays on conposition of 'Hamlin' and 'Parson Brown' oranges (Harding 1953)~ Treatment Total Solids- Juice S ra..!ji A ${)lubl-e Total sol ids"", acid~ acid ratio per fruit ~ Oil-emulsion June 9.95 x % x 13.4 % 56.5 l August 9.65 x.73 x l June + August 9.25 x.715 x l Parathion June l.785 z z August z.78 z Y June + August z.80 z x None (contro-l.) z z ~Values are means of 48 sets of measurements, 40 of 'Hamlin', 8 of 'Parson Brown', from 4 sampling dates, 6 locations and and seasons. x different from z at.01 level and y different from z ~ at 105 level (Calculated on basis of LSD) ~ 1.25% cream-type (90%) oil or 2 lb 15% WP parathion plus 5 1b wettable sulfur per 100 gal. applied as thorough coverage. ~Values rounded to nearest 0.05,0.005 or 0.5, respectively.

9 83 Table 10. To tar soluble solids, total acid, solids-acid ratio and juice content of 'Valencia' oranges in 5 light classes (Sites and Reitz, 1949, 1950)z. Constituent Lf;ght Class.. Outside canopy Inside Top Outside Top In&ide Total soluble solids (%) Average Minimum Maximum (500) U~O (580) (321) ,(2~50), ~ :' 9.50 ',.' 13.50,(137), ~ Total" ac:ld (%) (509} Average Minimum Maximum L37 (58~) ~.911 O.5~ 1.39 (323) (254) ~87J,J 0.59 ). CC I 1~28 Xl35),,0.859, Solids: ratio acid Average Minimum Maximum (509) X., 00 (582) (323) S7 ~..I- 14~. (254) " ,f135) U.56 l'8.92 t6.41 Juice content (% by weight) (5].0) Average Minimum Maximum (579) 49..6' (323) 47.10; (254) {135), ' '48.68,41.1 ~.5.2 ZVal.ues in parentheses are number of.. fruit sampled; total number of fruits were 1788, 1803, l803, 1801 for total soluble solids, total. ac1d,solids:a:cid ratio and juice content, respectively. Correlations of all light classes with total. sol.ub'le sol.i.ds and as:corbic acid, inside.fruit with tlt-ratableacid, and outside fruit nth juice content were hlghly s1gnif1cant (0.01) and of canopy and all fruit',\ significant (0.05.), as determined with Student's "t" test.

10 '84 Tab1e 11. Effects of spot-picking on average total soluble solids (Modified from Sites and Reitz, 1949a.). Section of tree picked a Proportion of total' Average total soluble solids (light class) {S} (%) TO. TIs Os C O+C+I O+C Tf + C - 2 ft C - 4 ft 77.~ TO C - 6 ft 73.$ TO + TI + C - 6 ft ft ~10 TO + TI + C - 6 ft ft TO C - 6 ft ft ~13 a Abbreviations: TO = top outs\ide, 0 = outside. I = inside, TI-= top inside, C = canopy, C - 2ft = canbpy less lower 2 ft, 0-2 ft outside less lower 2 ft, etc.

11 85 Cit~ Maturit and Pack use Procedures Preharvest Modifi.ers of Frui:t (cant.) Selected References 91i1D8:t~ Bain9 F. M. Citrus and climate (2 parts) ; 34(10): s...:449 ~r.c,i;tro&. 34(9): 382, Caprio, J. M. Regreening of Valencia oranges Ca1H~:C1:it:ro&. 40 a): Hilgeman, R. H., H. Tucker and T. A. Hales. The effect of temperature, precipitation, blossom date and yield upon the enlargement of Valencia oranges. Soc. Hort. Sci. 74: Proc. Amer Jones, W. W. Heat maturity of oranges. ~l1f. Agt. 15m): Jones, W. W., T. W. Embleton, and C. B. Cree. Temperature effects on a~idbrix in Washington Navel oranges Calif.Citr~v.. 41: Meredith, F. I. and R. H. Young. Effect of temperature on pigment development in Red Blush grapefruit and Ruby Blood oranges. Proc. 1st 1nt.C1trus Sympos. 1: Reuther, W. Climate and citrus behavior. Chap. 9. _I~ The citrus industry, W. Reuther, ed., Division of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA., Vol. III Grierson, W. and S:' V. Ting. Quality standards for citrus fruits, juices and beverages Proc. Int. So~Citriculture {in press).

12 86 Soils,Mineral Nut!1t,~ Reuther, W. and P. F. Smith. Relation of fertilizer treatment to fruit quality of Valencia oranges. ~roc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 64:29-35 Sites, J. W., I. W. Wander and E. J. Deszyck. The effect of fertilizer t~ng and rate of application on fruit quality and production of Hamlin oranges. ~ Fla. State Hort. Soc. 66: Smith, P. F Relation of boron level grapefruit and oranges. to production and fruit quality of Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 68: ~ - Bryan, 0 c. Malnutrition symptoms of citrus. 64p. (See p. 11, 25, and 29.) Fla. DePt. Agr. Bul. 93. Jones, W. W. and T. W. Embleton. Nitrogen-grade-packout relations in Valencias. 45(7): c.uf. ~itrog. Reitz, H. J. and R. C. J. Koo. Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on yield, fruit quality and leaf analysis of Valencia orange. ~. ~ '. Soc. Hort. Sci. 75: Reitz, H. J. and R. C. J. Koo. Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on yield and fruit quality of Valencia oranges on calcareous sol1s. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 72: Smith, P. F. and G. K. Rasmussen. Relationship of fruit size, yield and quality of Marsh grapefruit to potash fertilization. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 73:

13 81 Ci~rU8~tur!ty and Packinghouse Procedures Preharvest Modifiers of Frui~ Quali~I (~ont.) Smith, P. F. Yield expectancy and the baais of citrus fertilization. Proc. F~~~_State Hort. Soc. 79: Chapman, H. D. Mineral nutrition of citru$. Chap. 3. ~ The citrus industry W. Reuther~ L.. D. Batchelor and H. J.. Webber, eds. Division of Agricultural Sciences, Ui1iv. of California, Berkeley, CA., Vol. II Embleton, T. W., H. J. Reitz and W. W. Jones. Citrus fertilization. Chap. 5. ~ The citrus industry, W. Reuther, ed., Division of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA. Vol. III. S.J?~a.Ys Scalicides Thompson, W. L. and J. W. Sites. Relationship of ~olids and ratio to timing of oil sprays on citrus. Citrus Ind. 26(5):5-9.!950. Sites, J. W., W. L. Thompson and H. J. Reitz. A comparison of parathion and oil sprays in reprcd to their effect on the internal quality of citrus fruit. Citr~s Mag. 12(8): Harding, P. L. Eff~Cct of oil emulsion and parathion spray on composition of early oranges. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 61: Taylor, o. C., et al. Effect ofoi1andparathion sprays on orange size and quality. Calif. Citrog. 41(12):

14 88 Citrus Maturftya:nd Packinghous~ Pr2cedures Preharvest Modifiers 0'; Fruit Quali!:;I (cont.) Fisher. F. E. A suuuner application of zineb for the control of citrus fruit russet. Citrus Ind.. 38(5): }4. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Florida citrus spray and dust schedule. Fla. Coop. Extens. Arsenicals serv..cir l4p. (revised annually) F1or1da Dept. of Agr. " Enforcement of Arsenical Spray Law Fla. QUart. B~l J 42(2):1-55. ' Longfield-Smith, L. Report of Winter Haven Chemical Laboratory Dept. ~gr. Chern. Div. 90p K!.! Harding, P. L. Effect of lead arsenate spray on the seasonal changes in Florida grapefruit. Proc. Fla. Stat_e- Hort. Soc. 58: Reitz, H. J Arsenic sprays on grapefruit in relation to the new Citrus Code. Proc.. Fla. State Hart. Soc. 62: Deszyck, E. J. and J. W. Sites. The effect of borax and lead arsenate sprays on the total acid and maturity of Marsh grapefruit. Proc. Fla.~~ate Hort Soc. 66: Deszyck, E. J. and J. W. Sites. The effect of lead arsenate sprays on quality and maturity of Ruby Red grapefruit. Proc. Fla. State Uort. Soc. 67: Deszyck, E. J. and S. V. Ting. Seasonal changes in the juice content of pink and red grapefruit during P!:oc. F1a~ St~te Mort. Soc. 69:68-72.

15 89' Citru$ Maturit and P'ackin edures Preharveat &d.ifiiers of Fruit (cant.) Deszyck, E. J. and S. V. Ting. Seasonal changes in acid content of Ruby Red grapef.ru'it as affected by lead arsenate sprays. Proc. Amer. Soc. Ho!t. Sci 72: Singleton, G. The use of arsenic on citrus fruiit for processing - a review. Proc. Fla. State Hart. Soc. 71: 262-Z Deszyck, E. J. and S. V. Ting. Effect of lead arsenic sprays on deadwood,. yie1d, fruit size and drop of Marsh grapefruit. Proc. Fla. St~te _Ho~_t. S~. 72: Vines, H. M. and S. V. Ting. Organic acid changes in developing citrus fruits as affected by arsenate. Plant Physiol. 40 (suppl.) XVII Wenzel, F.. W., et al. Effect of arsenation of fruit on the quality of canned grapefruit sections. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 84: ra 8 for Fru-it Dr Sue and S~t Stewart, W. S. and H. Z. Hie1d. The experimental use of 2., 4-D sprays to increase orange and grapefruit size. Citrus Leaves.. 2.9{5): Stewart, W. S., L. J. Klotz, and H. Z. Hield. Effects of 2, 4-D and related substances on fruit drop, yield, size and quality of Washington navel oranges.!!i!&!rdia 21(7): Stewart, W. S., H. z. Hie1d and B. L. BraDmlaman. Effects of 2, 4-D and related substances on fruit drop, yield, size and quality of Valencia oranges. ~_lgardi~ 21(11): Stewart, W. S., and E. R. Parker. Effects of 2,4-D and related substances on fruit drop, yield, size and quality of grapefruit. Hil~rdia 22(18):

16 90 Sites, J. W. Hield, Citrus Haturity and Packinghouse Procedur!s PI:eharvest Modifiers of Fruit Quality (cont.) Controlling preharvest drop of Pineapple oranges with 2,4,5- trichlorophenoxy-propionic acid. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 67: H. Z. and W. S. Stewart. 2,4-D and 2~4,5-T as fruit sizing sprays for oranges and grapefruit. ~itrus Leaves. 36(2):lo-ll~ 22, 26, 28. Coggins. C. W.. Jr.. H. Z. Hie1d and S. B. Boswell. Gardner, The influence of potassium gibbere11ate on Valencia orange leaves and fruit. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.. 76: F. E., P. C. Reece and G. E. Horanic. Thinning of Dancy tangerines at blossom time with maleic hydrazide. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sc~. 77: Soost, R. K. and R. H. Burnett. Krezdorn, Effects of gibberellin on yield and fruit characteristics on clementine mandarin. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 77: A. H. and M. Cohen. The influence of chemical fruit-set sprays on yield and quality of citrus. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 75:53-60 Ismail, H. A., R. H. Biggs and H. P. Oberbacher. Effects of gibberellic acid on color changes in the rind of three sweet orange cultivars. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 91: Coggins, C. W., Jr. and H. Z. H.ield. Plant-growth regulators. Chap. 6. ~ W. Reuther, H. J. Webber and L. D. Batchelor (eds.) The c.itrus industry. Division of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Californfa, Berkeley, CA. Vol. Coggins. C. W., Jr. Growth regulators in relation to citrus production problems (Symposium of 10 papers).!--roc. 1st Internat. Citrus Sympos. Vol. III., P

17 ~1 Citrus Maturit and PUkin ouse Procedures Preharvest Mbd!fiers of Fruit Quality (cont.) Ph for AbsciSsion (see Mechanical Harvesting t Chapter Water Rel~_tions 19~7. Jones~ w. w.~ C. B. Cree and T. W. Embleton. Relation of tillage practice to water infiltrat.ion~ orange yield and quality. ~alif.~itro.v.. 43(1): Grierson, W. and R. C. J. Koo. Peel injury of tangerines as influenced by water relations in the grove and subsequent handling practices. Cit~ ~. 2.1(2):8-10. Grierson, W., ~. F. Oberbacher and W. L. Thompson. Fruit color; grove practices and fresh fruit packout with particular reference to tangerines. Proc. Fla. S~ate Ho!:!:. ~. 73: Koo. R. C. J. Effects of frequency of irrigations on yield of orange and grapefruit. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 76: Koo, R. C. J. and A. A. McCornack. Effects of irrigation and fertilization on p-roduction and quality of "Dancy" tangerine. Proc. fu. StateHoTt. S~ 78: Marsh, A. W. Irrigation. Chap. 8.,.!!! W. Reuther (ed.) The cit-cus industry Division of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of California. Berkeley, CA. Vo1. III. (also see papers by Albrigo in Chapter IV and VII) P!:~i~g Dennis, J. A. CoUDDerci~l'girdling of navel orange trees. ~li!~~itrog. 19(7) : 177,i91.

18 92 ~!~!Us Maturity and E~ ki!!ghouse Pr2 e~2r!! Preharvest Modifiers Qf Fruit ~!ity (cout.) Shamel, A. D. and C. S. Pomeroy. Girdling Valencia orange trees. 186.!!:~:;,C!t~~*9(n:,, Parkert E. R.t M. B. Rounds and C. B. Cree. Orchard practices in relation to yield and quality of Valencia oranges. Calif~Citrog. 28(9): t Krezdorn, A. H. The influence of girdling on the fruiting of Orlando tangelos and navel oranges.!,_r~~. State Hort. Soc. 73: Norris, R. E. Factors which influence pounds - solids in citrus frtjit prodtjction. Citrus Ind. 43(1): :1;963. Kretchman, D. ~. and P. J. Jutras. The influence of pruning on size and quality of Florida. c grapefruit. Proc. Fla.. State Hort. Soc. 75: Lewis, L. N. and C. D. HcCarty~ Pruning and girdling of citrus. Chap..1!.s W. Reuther (ed.) The. citrus industry, Division of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA. Vol. III. ~l::~on o( Jndividual Fruit o~_a Tree Sites, J. W. and H. J. Reitz. The variation in individual Valencia oranges from different locations of the tree as a guide to sampling methods and spotpicking for 9uality. 1. Soluble solids in the juices. ~. Amer. Soc. Hor_~ki.. 54: a. Sites, J. W. and H. J. Reitz. The variation in individual Valencia ora~ges from different locations of the tree as a guide to sampling methods and spot-picking for quality. II. Titratab1e acid ratio of the juice.. P!oc.Amer.Soc. Bort.Sci. 55:73-80.

19 93 Citrus Maturity and Packinghouse Procedures Preharvest Modifiers of Frui~ Quality (cont.) 1950b. Sites, J. W. and H. J. Reitz The variation in individual Valencia oranges from different locations of the tree as a guide to sampling methods and spotpicking for quality. III. Vitamin C and juice content of the fruit. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 56: