sfg"gl ;xfotf lbubz{g lgdf{0fsf] Oltxf;

Transcription

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2 lgdf{0fsf] Oltxf; sf] ;f]r o'/f]lkog o'lgog Conflict Mitigation Programme II sf] kl/of]hgfsf] ;DaGwdf Partner organization ;Fu cfjzos u[xsfo{ eo/x]sf] ;dodf cfpsf] xf]. g]kfndf jif{egbf a9l ;dob]lv sfg"gl ;xfotf ;~rfng ep tfklg o;;fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg lbubz{g gepsf] kl/k ]Iodf sfg"gl ;xfotf;dagwl lbubz{gsf] cfjzostf dx;"; u/l g]kfn af/ P;f]l;o;g, o'/f]lkog o'lgog, CMP II kl/of]hgfaf6 o;sf] k f/ldes vfsf tof/ ul/of]. ljz]if u/l sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] If]qdf ;nug sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] biftf clej[l4 ug{ / c;xfo gful/ssf] sfg"gl xs ;'/lift ug{sf nflu of] lbubz{g pkof]ul x'g] ljzjf;sf ;fy ljz]if u/l gjf]lbt sfg"gjoj;folx?nfo{ nlift u/l lgdf{0f ul/psf] xf]. af6 kl/of]hgfsf] z'?jft eo{ df sf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ ;+of]hg, k/fdz{ tyf g]=af=p=;fu ;DalGwt sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] If]qdf sfo{/t gjf]lbt sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ tflndsf] ;~rfng ug{ cgt/f{li6«o sfg"gljbsf] rog CMP II af6 ul/of]. ltg}sf] ;Nnfx, ;'emfj / k ToIf ;xof]u Pj+ cgo g]kfnl sfg"g Joj;foLx? tyf s]xl /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;:yfsf] k/fdz{, n]vg tyf ;Dkfbgaf6 of] tof/ eo{ tkfo{sf] xftdf of]?kdf cfok'u]sf] 5. sf] tof/lsf qmddf ;j{k yd g]kfn af/ P;f]l;o;gaf6 o;sf] cfjzostfsf] ljzn]if0f u/l sfg"gl ;xfotf If]qdf cfa4 ljlegg sfg"g Joj;foL, /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;:yfsf k ltlglwx?, g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;ozgsf kbflwsf/l, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/lx?, / CMP II sf ;b:ox? / cgt/f{li6«o lj1 nufotsf] s/la ^) hgfsf] pkl:yltdf clk ndf ;DkGg epsf] sfo{zfnf uf]i7laf6 sf] cfjzostf / o;sf] dxîjsf] ljifodf Jofks 5nkmn eo{ o;df ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ ljifox?sf] ;d"xut ljefhg u/l ;f]af6 cfpsf] /fo;'emfjaf6 o; lbubz{gdf ;dfj]z ul/psf ljifox?sf] lgwf{/0f ul/psf] xf]. tt\ kzrft g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg tyf CMP II df epsf ljlegg a}7s tyf 5nkmn sfo{qmddf ;xeful sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ n]vgsf nflu cg'/f]w u/]adf]lhd lghx?af6 cfpsf n]v/rgfx?nfo{ CMP II aff6 ul7t ;Dkfbg d08naf6 ;Dkfbg u/l of] lbubz{g tof/ ul/psf] xf]. o;/l cfpsf n]v /rgf tyf Guidelines for Handling of Legal Aid Cases ;d]tsf ;fdu Lx?sf ;dfof]hg, z'4fz'4l, qmda4tf tyf ;Dkfbgsf] g} ;dfkt ul/psf] xf]. o; sf] k sfzgdf cfly{s?kdf o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 eg] o;sf] n]vg sfo{df g]kfn af/ P;f]l;o;g tyf CMP II sf] ;lqmo ;xof]u tyf ;xeflutf / x]sf] 5. sfg"gl ;xfotfdf sfd ug]{ gjf]lbt sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ nlift u/l t}of/ ul/psf] o; lbubz{gn] sfg"gl ;xfotfsf If]qdf sfo{/t ;a} sfg"g Joj;foLx?, ;ª\3;+:yf tyf GofosdL{x?nfO{ klg sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug]{ qmddf of] lbubz{gn] ;xof]u k'ug] cfzf ul/psf] 5. o;af6 g]kfndf sfg"gl clwsf/sf] ;/+If0f tyf ;Daw{g ug{ / c;xfosf nflu Gofodf ;xh kx'fr x'g] cfzf ub}{ gjf]lbt sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] Jofj;flostfdf clej[l4 x'g] ljzjf; ug{ ;lsg5.

3 kanuni shayta id ds n Legal Aid Manual Published by Nepal Bar Association k sfzs g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg The European Union Published April 2009 This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the Nepal Bar Association, the Conflict Mitigation Program II, and the authors, and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. The European Union is made up of 27 Member States who have decided to gradually link together their know-how, resources, and destinies. Together, during a period of enlargement of 50 years, they have built a zone of stability, democracy and sustainable development, whilst maintaining cultural diversity, tolerance, and individual freedoms. The European Union is committed to sharing its achievements and values with countries and peoples beyond its borders. For further information, please visit

4 pkfwoif xl/k ;fb pk ]tl, d's'gb zdf{ kf}8]n czf]ss'df/ kf]v/]n k xnfbaxfb'/ sfsl{, /0faxfb'/ l;+x g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg s]gb Lo sfo{ cwoif ljzjsfgt d}gfnl dxf;lrj /dgj'mdf/ >]i7 sf]iffwoif ;ljtf e08f/l -a/fn_ ;b:ox? gltf uf}td bllift, gd; sfsl{, g/axfb'/ zfxl, ;fg'efo{ zfso, afnj[mi0f 9sfn, eljzj/ u'?ª /fhlszf]/ ofbj, sljtf yfkf -sfsl{_, zflgtb]jl vgfn cfef/lsf zabx of] g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg tyf ågå Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmd (Conflict Mitigation Programme II) sf] ;+o'qm k of;df o'/f]lkog sld;gsf] g]kfnsf nflu k ltlglw d08n (Delegation of the European Commission) sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf tof/ kfl/psf] xf]. of] lbubz{g tof/ ubf{ g]kfndf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;]jfsf] If]qdf sfo{/t JolQm tyf ;ª\3;+:yfx?sf] ;d]t ;xof]u k fkt epsf] 5. of] lbubz{g tof/ ug]{ qmddf of]ubfg k' ofpg'x'g] ;a}sf] gfd oxff pnn]v ug{ g;lsp tfklg lgdg dxfg'efjx?nfo{ cfef/ JoQm gu/l /xg ;lsfb}g. ;Dkfbg d08n k f= 8f= /lhteqm k wfgfª\u, ;ltzj[mi0f v/]n, clgnj'mdf/ l;gxf, dfs{ ;]un, cflzif clwsf/l, afnj[mi0f 9sfn, x]dj[mi0f >]i7, ljhosfgt d}gfnl ågå Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmd (CMP II) sf l:6u dfs{/ x]g;g, x]gl/s df]lg6ul8{ nf]paf, dfs{ ;]un, PE; 8]n df]gfsf], d'j'mgb lai6, hof sfsñ, e'jgfl/ emf, ;+ultf /f0ff, uf]kl k/fh'nl, j[mi0fxl/ lu/l, glgf nfdf WYG International sf k f]h]s6 8fO/]S6/ hf]gfyg ag;{, k f]h]s6 d}g]h/ k\mnf]/] n]hf]/ gj] {lhog l/k\mo'hl sfplg;nsf k f]h]s6 d}g]h/ nlhf l;:n'gf x]dj[mi0f >]i7, j[mi0f/d0f clwsf/l, udel/l;+x P]/, kbd kf08], xl//fh e6\6/fo{, cggf bfxfn, b]jl /]UdL, las? ofbj, k[yjl/fh ltldln;gf, ;'lgtf zdf{, c~rg e6\6/fo{, Ct' yfkf du/, ;fg'nidl u;l efiff ;Dkfbg Pj+ n]cfp6 l8hfog 808kfgL pkfwofo n]vslo Pj+ cgo ;xof]ulx? c~rg e6\6/fo{, cggf bfxfn, clgnj'mdf/ l;gxf, cflzif clwsf/l, piff dnn kf7s, j[mi0f/d0f clwsf/l, udel/l;+x P]/, hd'gf kf}8]n, 6+s b'nfn, l8nnl/fd >]i7, b]jl /]UdL, g/]gb kf7s, gf/fo0fk ;fb kf}8]n, lgzf aflgof, kbd kf08], k[yjl/fh ltldln;gf, ab L e08f/l, an/fdk ;fb /fpt, afnj[mi0f 9sfn, las? ofbj, lagbf du/, e]if/fh Gof}kfg], dfs{ ;]un, /hgl ltjf/l, /fhljsfgt d}gfnl, k f= 8f= /lhteqm k wfgfª\u, /d]z sfsñ, /jlgb e6\6/fo{, /fdk ;fb e6\6/fo{, Ct' yfkf du/, nidl kf]v/]n, jfdb]j 1jfnL, ljhosfgt d}gfnl, ljgo :yflkt, 8f= zª\s/j'mdf/ >]i7, zfgtf ;]9fO{, Zofdk ;fb kf08], ;ltzj[mi0f v/]n, ;Gtf]if dxtf], ;ljtf e08f/l -a/fn_, ;fg' 8+uf]n, ;'blk uf}td, ;'lgtf zdf{, ;'/]Gb yfkf, ;f]d n'o6]n, xl/k ;fb ;'j]bl, xl//fh e6\6/fo{, x]dj[mi0f >]i7 tyf gl/axfb'/ sfsñ o'/f]lkog sld;gsf] g]kfnsf nflu k ltlglw d08nsf hf];] dfl/of 6«f]+sf];f] k/]/f

5 Nepal Bar Association Central Executive Committee, Vice Presidents Hari Prasad Upreti Mukunda Sharma Paudel Ashok Kumar Pokharel Prahlad Bahadur Karki Ran Bahadur Singh President Bishwa Kanta Mainali Secretary General Raman Kumar Shrestha Treasurer Sabita Bhandari Baral Members Neeta Gautam Dixit, Namash Karki, Nar Bahadur Shahi, Sanu Bhai Shakya, Balkrishna Dhakal, Bhabishwar Gurung, Raj Kishor Yadav, Kabita Thapa Karki, Shanti Devi Khanal ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Legal Aid Manual started out as a joint venture between the Nepal Bar Association and the Conflict Mitigation Programme II, with support and funding from the Delegation of the European Commission. However, it soon expanded into a collaborative process involving much of the legal community and many of the institutions engaged in providing Legal Aid services to the people of Nepal. It is impossible to name all of the parties who have contributed to this work, or to place them in order on the basis of their work. Therefore, the following list is designed to acknowledge contributions in an overall, not a comparative context. Editorial Board Members Prof. Dr. Rajit Bhakta Pradhananga, Satish Krishna Kharel, Anil Kumar Sinha, Mark Segal, Ashish Adhikari, Bal Krishna Dhakal, Hem Krishna Shrestha, and Bijaya Kant Mainali Conflict Mitigation Programme II Team Leader Stig Marker Hansen, Court Management and Access to Justice Expert Henryk Montygierd Loyba, Legal Aid Expert Mark Segal, Human Rights Expert Yves Del Monaco, Assistant Director Mukunda Bista, Project Coordinator Jaya Karki, Office Manager Bhuvanari Jha, Programme Coordinator Sangeeta Rana, Implementation Adviser Gopi Parajuli, Accountant Krishna Hari Giri, and Administrative Assistant Neena Lama WYG International Project Director Jonathan Burns, Project Manager Flore Lesure Norwegian Refugee Council Project Manager Liza Scicluna Hem Krishna Shrestha, Krishna Raman Adhikari, Gambhir Air, Padam Pandey, Hari Raj Bhattarai, Anna Dahal, Devi Regmi, Bikaru Yadav, Prithvi Raj Timilsina, Sunita Sharma, Anchan Bhattrai, Ritu Thapa Magar, and Sanu Laxmi Gasi Formatting, layout, proof-reading, and editing Dandpani Upadhyaya Chapter and Section Contributers Ashish Adhikari, Krishna Raman Adhikari, Gambir Singh Air, Nisha Baniya, Badri Bhandari, Sabita Bhandari, Anchan Bhattrai, Hari Raj Bhattarai, Rabindra Bhattarai, Ram Prasad Bhattarai, Sanu Dangol, Anna Dahal, Bal Krishna Dhakal, Tanka Dulal, Sanu Laxmi Gasi, Sudeep Gautam, Bamdev Gyawali, Ramesh Karki, Satish Krishna Kharel, Some Luitel, Binda Magar, Ritu Thapa Magar, Santosh Mahoto, Bijaya Kant Mainali, Rajiv Kant Mainali, Usha Malla, Bhes Raj Nepane, Padam Pandey, Shyam Prasad Pandey, Narendra Pathak, Jamuna Paudel, Narayan Prasad Paudel, Laxmi Pokhrel, Prof. Dr. Rajit Bhakta Pradhananga, Balaram Prasad Raut, Devi Regmi, Shanta Sedhain, Mark Segal, Sunita Sharma, Dilli Ram Shrestha, Hem Krishna Shrestha, Dr. Shankar Kumar Shrestha, Anil Kumar Sinha, Binay Sthapit, Hari Prasad Subedi, Surendra Thapa, Prithvi Raj Timilsina, Rajanee Tiwari, Bikaru Yadav, and Nir Bahadur Karki Delegation of the European Commission Project Manager Jose Maria Troncoso Perera

6 z'esfdgfsf b'o{ zab Zf'esfdgf g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgn] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} sfg"gl/fho, :jtgq Gofokflnsf / dfgjclwsf/ k lt sl6a4 /xfb} sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] ljsf; k a4{gsf nflu sfo{ ub]{ cfpsf] nfdf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] 5. c;xfosf nflu Gofo egg] d"n gf/fsf ;fy sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug]{ p2]zon] sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt nfu" epkzrft\ lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt u7g u/l ljlegg kl/of]hgfåf/f k ToIf Pj+ k/f]if?kdf ;d]t sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug]{ sfo{df ;+nug /lxcfpsf] 5. ljutdf sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljlegg kl/of]hgfdfkm{t sfg"gl ;xfotf;fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgf ub]{ sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ tflnd, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f tyf Jofks?kdf o;sf] k rf/ k ;f/ tyf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ul/fb} cfopsf] lyof]. ljlegg k d'v bft[;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ul/psf] sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] sfo{qmdn] g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] sfg"gl ;xfotfk ltsf] k lta4tfsf] kmn:j?k g]kfndf sfg"gl ;xfotf nfu" eo{ u7g epsf %# lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltn] gful/ssf] sfg"gl clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, sfg"gl / fhosf] k a4{g tyf g]kfndf sfg"g Joj;fosf] ljsf;df ;d]t 7f]; of]ubfg lbpsf] 5. klxnf] k6s tof/ epsf] sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] I]fqdf Ps dxîjk"0f{ kxnsbdl xf]. of] lbubz{g vf;u/l gjf]lbt sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ nlift u/l tof/ ul/psf] eptfklg gjf]lbtnufot ;Dk"0f{ sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf nflu of] clt pkof]ul x'g] 5 egg] xfd f] dfgotf 5. o;n] sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] If]qdf sfo{/t sfg"g Joj;foL, GofofwLz tyf cgo GofosdL{x?nfO{ ;xof]u k'ug]df xfdlx?sf] ljzjf; 5. g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgåf/f European Commission tyf CMP-II sf] ;xof]udf ljlegg sfg"g Joj;foL, /fli6«o Pj+ cgt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;:yfsf] cys k of;af6 klxnf] k6s lgld{t o; df w]/} s'/fx? ;d]6\g g;lsptf klg o;n] sfg"gl ;xfotfdf cfa4 sfg"g Joj;foL Pj+ ;ª\3;:yfx?nfO{ d2t k'ug'sf ;fy} eljiosf nflu Pp6f /fd f] k f?k tof/ epsf] cg'e"lt g]kfn af/ P;f]l;o;gn] ;uj{ u/]sf] 5. cgtodf o; sf] tof/lsf qmddf ljlegg kl/r5]bdf cfk\mgf] n]vgaf6 ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] ;Dk"0f{ sfg"g Joj;foL ldqx? tyf o;sf] n]vg tyf ;Dkfbgdf dxîjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug'{x'g] /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;:yf, ;Dkfbg ;ldlt, cgt/f{li6«o ljz]if1, efiff ;Dkfbg Pj+ n]cfp6 l8hfogstf{, European Commission tyf CMP - II/WYG International UK nufot o;df ;+nug ;a}nfo{ x[bob]lv wgojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxfg5f}f. /, eljiodf sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] If]qdf of] dxîjk"0f{ kyk bz{s agg k'uf];\ egg] xfd f] xflb{s z'esfdgf 5. /dgs'df/ >]i7 dxf;lrj g]kfn af/ P;f]l;o;g ljzjsfgt d}gfnl cwoif g]kfn af/ P;f]l;o;g

7 MESSAGE FROM THE CONFLICT MITIGATION PROGRAMME II: The Conflict Mitigation Programme, with funding and support from the Delegation of the European Commission, is dedicated to the development of the legal system in Nepal and the protection of human rights. Over the past two years it has worked closely with a wide range of counterparts to advance legal reforms, enhance access to justice, promote institutional development, and share technical expertise. Along with the Nepal Bar Association, a key partner in this work, we are extremely pleased to present this Legal Aid Manual as a concrete and valuable outcome. Thanks to the leadership of the Nepal Bar Association, the support of the Project Team, and the expertise provided by all parties, the Legal Aid Manual has been prepared through a groundbreaking collective and consultative process. As a result, it belongs to the entire legal profession, in a very real sense. The Legal Aid Manual will enhance the quality of legal services in Nepal, and thereby help lawyers to meet the legal needs of citizens. In addition to substantive legal information concerning a range of crucial topics, it also contains important materials concerning general skills which lawyers require and ethical principles for handling cases. This should ensure that the Legal Aid Manual makes a continuing contribution to the legal profession and the protection of citizens rights. Stig Marker Hansen, Team Leader Henryk Montygierd Loyba, Court Management and Access to Justice Expert

8 ljifo;"rl klxnf] kl/r5]b sfg"gl ;Lk tyf ceof; (Legal Skills and Practices) qmd ljifo k[i7!= lgb]{lzsf Guidelines for Handling Legal cfrf/;+lxtf Code of Conduct!$ #= g]kfndf sfg"gl ;xfotf Introduction to Legal Aid in Nepal!^ $= sfg"g Joj;foL sfof{no Joj:yfkg Managing the Practice of %= kif;fu ;+jfb / k/fdz{ Client Interviewing and ^= cf3ft k/fdz{ Trauma Counseling #$ &= sfg"gl /fo Legal Opinions #& *= kf/flnun Paralegals $) (= tof/l tyf k :t'tls/0f Preparation & Presentation $!!)= d:of}bf ;Lk Drafting Skills $*!!= ;fiflk/lif0f Witness/Cross Examination %# bf]; f] kl/r5]b b]jfgl d'2f (Civil Cases) qmd ljifo k[i7! c+zag8f Partition of Property ck'tfnl Inheritance ^# # lnvt btf{ ab/ Cancellation of Registration, Deeds and Establishing Rights ^& $ lgvgg];dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf Servitudes ^( % g]kfndf e" efusf] ljbdfgtf / ljt/0f Land Law &@ ^ g]kfndf huuf btf{ k lqmof / sfo{ljlw Land Registration Procedures &% & n]gb]g Jojxf/ Commercial Transactions and Loans &* * s/f/ Contracts *! t]; f] kl/r5]b k d'v kmf}hbf/l d'2fx? (Specific Criminal Cases) hlp Hofg;DaGwL d'2f (Crimes against Life and Human Welfare) qmd ljifo k[i7!= st{jo Hofg Culpable Homicide s'6lk6 Assault (@ #= ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws Kidnapping and Abduction ($

9 rf}yf] kl/r5]b dlxnf tyf afnaflnsflj 4 ul/g] ck/fwx? (Crimes against Women and Children) qmd ljifo k[i7!= dlxnf tyf afnaflnsflj 4 ul/g] ck/fwx? Crimes against Women and Children ha/h:tl s/0fl Rape (( #= hlp df:g]a]rg];dagwl ck/fw Trafficking!)$ $= of}g b'/frf/ Sexual Harassment!)( %= ue{ktg;dagwl ck/fw Offences Relating to Abortion!!! &= 3/]n' lx+;f;dagwl ck/fw Domestic Violence!!& *= afn Gofok 0ffnL Juvenile Justice System!!* kffrf}f kl/r5]b cgo ck/fwx? (Other Crimes) qmd ljifo k[i7!= ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwx? Offences Relating to lnvt;dagwl ck/fw Crimes Relating to Documents!@^ #= nfu" cf}ifw / cf}ifwl;dagwl ck/fwx? Crimes Relating to Narcotic Drugs and Pharmaceutical Drugs!#% $= jg;dagwl ck/fw Crimes Rleating to Forest Resources!$% %= JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fx? Private Criminal Cases!%@ 5}7f}F kl/r5]b kfl/jfl/s d'2fx? (Family Cases) qmd ljifo k[i7!= ljjfx ;DaGwljR5]b Divorce!^% #= dfgfrfdn Maintenance!^^ $= Ho]i7 gful/s;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf Senior Citizens!^* ;ftf}f kl/r5]b sfo{ljlw sfo{ljlw (Procedures) qmd ljifo k[i7!= lkm/fbkq k ltpq/kq Reply!&# #= sf]6{ kml Court Fee!&$ $= Dofb / Dofb tfd]nl Summons and Notification!&* %= ldnfkq Conciliation!*) ^= km};nf / km};nf sfof{gjog Decision & Execution!*# &= k'g/fj]bg Appeal!*^ *= ;lifkt, ljz]if / ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw Summary, Special and Ordinary Trial!()

10 cf7f}f kl/r5]b JolQmut36gf btf{;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf (Registration of Personal Events) qmd ljifo k[i7!= JolQmut36gf Personal hgd, ljjfx, ;DaGwljR5]b, a;fo{;/fo{ tyf d[to' btf{ Birth, Marriage, Divorce, Migration, and Death!(% #= gful/stf;dagwl sfg"gl k fjwfg gjf}f kl/r5]b l/6;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf, To;sf] k of]u / k rng (Writs and Injuctions) qmd ljifo k[i7!= l/6;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf, To;sf] k of]u / k rng Writs agblk ToIfLs/0f Habeas #= ptk ]if0f $= k/dfb]z %= k ltif]w ^= clwsf/k[r5f Quo &= lgif]wf1f *= ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf ljjfbx? Public Interest bzf}f kl/r5]b j}slnks ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ljlegg :j?kx? (Alternative Dispute Resolution - ADR) qmd ljifo k[i7!= j}slnks ljjfb ;dfwfg Alternative Dispute jftf{ #= d]nldnfk Court Managed P3f/f}F kl/r5]b ;"rgfk ljlwdf cfwfl/t cg';gwfg (IT Based Legal Research)!= ;"rgfk ljlwdf cfwfl/t sfg"gl cg';gwfg (IT Based Legal afx«f}f kl/r5]b ljljw ljljw (Miscellaneous)!= sfg"gl ;xfotf;dagwl

11 klxnf] kl/r5]b sfg"gl ;Lk tyf ceof; Legal Skills and Practices Discussion on Human Rights Infringement Free Legal Aid to Victims Let's get Legal Counselling for Human Rights Violations 1

12 CONFLICT MITIGATION PROGRAMME II GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING LEGAL AID CASES IN NEPAL Prepared by Mark Segal, Esquire With assistance and support from the Nepal Bar Association, Henryk Montygierd, Prof. Dr. Rajit Bhakta Pradhananga, Anil Kumar Sinha, Ashish Adhikari, Bal Krishna Dhakal, and Bijaya Kant Mainali GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING LEGAL AID CASES IN NEPAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number Introduction 3 I. Preliminary Qualification for Handling Legal Aid Cases Responsibilities of Lawyers 3 II. Preliminary Qualification for Handling Legal Aid Cases Responsibilities of Providers 4 III. Handling Legal Aid Cases Responsibilities of Lawyers 4 IV. Management and Supervision of Legal Aid Responsibilities of Providers 8 V. Quality Control and Evaluation of Legal Aid Cases Responsibilities of Providers 11 2 APPROVED BY THE NEPAL BAR ASSOCIATION

13 Introduction Access to Justice is a crucial and basic human right, which enables individuals to assert and protect many other human rights. The legal profession has a crucial role to play in ensuring Access to Justice, by providing legal services (legal information, legal advice, and legal assistance for handling administrative matters and court cases). Individuals of limited means who are not able to pay for legal services, particularly members of disadvantaged, vulnerable, and marginalised groups, require special institutional mechanisms and services to ensure their Access to Justice. This includes Legal Aid and Pro Bono Publico legal services. The Legal Aid system must provide 1) adequate coverage that reaches all appropriate target groups and 2) quality services. Coverage depends upon effective delivery of legal services to all interested parties by Providers (institutions) that are well managed and have qualified staff. Quality is mostly a function of the legal services provided by Lawyers and other members of the legal profession. However, it also depends greatly upon the operations and management of Providers that organise the delivery of legal services. Both coverage and quality depend upon sufficient financing, without which no system can function optimally. These Guidelines for Handling Legal Aid Cases in Nepal address issues relating to the quality of legal services. They set forth Principles, policies, and practices that standardise and elevate the quality of work performed by 1) Lawyers handling cases financed through the Legal Aid system or delivered on a Pro Bono Publico basis, and 2) Providers, principally institutions that arrange and manage the provision and delivery of Legal Aid services. In Nepal, these institutions include, but are not limited to, the courts, the Legal Aid Committees/Centres, professional associations (such as the Nepal Bar Association), Law Faculties, and Non-Governmental Organisations (including foundations and independent legal entities). For logical consistency, the Guidelines are divided into three parts. They address: a) Preliminary obligations of Lawyers and Providers before accepting Legal Aid cases b) Operational and managerial requirements for Lawyers and Providers during the handling of Legal Aid cases, and c) Quality Control and Evaluation by Providers after Legal Aid cases are completed Most of the Principles set forth in these Guidelines also apply to non-legal Aid cases for paying Clients. This is because, as a matter of law and professional ethics, the obligations of Lawyers and the rights of Clients do not depend upon who pays. Nonetheless, there are a number of policies and procedures which require special emphasis in Legal Aid cases, because of the particular needs of the Clients. In addition, certain kinds of cases and issues are encountered more frequently in the Legal Aid system. Currently in Nepal, this includes a wide variety of criminal cases, and civil cases involving property rights (distribution) and family matters. Although not legally binding, the Guidelines codify many practices and procedures that are legally and/or ethically required in Nepal. They follow and amplify the Code of Conduct for Lawyers (issued by the Bar Council pursuant to the Bar Council Act, approved by the Supreme Court), the Legal Aid Act of 1997, and the Supreme Court Rules. Further, the Guidelines are designed to be comprehensive and concise, while addressing the most important policies and procedures that should be followed in all Legal Aid cases. Therefore, they should be read, understood, and followed by all Lawyers working with Legal Aid Clients, and all professionals involved in the provision of Legal Aid and the handling of Legal Aid cases. I. Preliminary Qualification for Handling Legal Aid Cases Responsibilities of Lawyers Lawyers have a central role to play in ensuring Access to Justice, particularly for people who require assistance through the Legal Aid system because they have limited means, or are members of disadvantaged, vulnerable, and marginalised groups. In order to fulfil their responsibilities, Lawyers should be prepared in advance for work on Legal Aid cases or Pro Bono Publico. Basically, Lawyers are professionally obliged to have or be able to obtain all necessary qualifications for successfully carrying out their work. For this reason, a number of measures are necessary in Nepal before Legal Aid cases are actually handled. 1.1 Professional Credentialing. Lawyers must have all professional credentials and licenses required for handling Legal Aid cases. Adequate proof should be submitted to Providers and other institutions with whom they are associated. 1.2 General Understanding of Legal Aid. Before accepting Legal Aid cases, Lawyers should have a good understanding of a) the Legal Aid system, b) how to handle Legal Aid cases, c) eligibility requirements and procedures for Clients requesting Legal Aid, and d) ethical and professional obligations applicable to handling Legal Aid cases. For this purpose, Lawyers should obtain and become familiar with the Code of Conduct for Lawyers (issued by the Bar Council pursuant to the Bar Council Act, and approved by the Supreme Court), and informational materials and Manuals regarding Legal Aid cases. Lawyers handling Legal Aid cases should also appreciate that: Access to Justice and Legal Aid are basic human rights Various international treaties, conventions, and case decisions relevant to Nepal establish requirements for Legal Aid, mostly in criminal cases but also in civil cases Nepalese law establishes the right to Legal Aid under specified circumstances Legal Aid has an important role in promoting legal reform and development of the legal system While serving the Client, Legal Aid might also appropriately address systemic issues 1.3 Preparation for Specific Cases. Lawyers must have all the professional knowledge and skills required for handling their Legal Aid cases. This includes general knowledge and skills (such as advocacy, working with witnesses, handling evidence, and making oral arguments) and specialised expertise (regarding specific legal issues and types of cases). Lawyers who lack special knowledge and 3

14 4 skills regarding a specific issue or aspect of a case should only accept the case if a) they can and will develop the required expertise, or b) they can and will seek and obtain additional assistance from a qualified specialist (acting as of counsel). 1.4 Mediation and Alternative Dispute Resolution. Lawyers should be prepared to offer a range of legal services, and engage in Alternative Dispute Resolution procedures, in order to most expeditiously and effectively advance the interests of their Clients. Clients in Legal Aid cases are likely to have a wide range of problems, which are legal, administrative, and practical in nature. Not all of these problems are suitable for or best handled through litigation. Therefore, even before they accept Legal Aid cases, Lawyers should know about the various alternatives to litigation, be prepared to determine which of them are most appropriate for the Client, and be willing to utilise them. See also Principle 2.4, Principle 3.3, and Principle 3.18 below. 1.5 Continuing Legal Education. Lawyers handling Legal Aid cases should be committed to regular participation in Continuing Legal Education (CLE). While CLE is important for all Lawyers, it is particularly necessary for those handling Legal Aid cases, since they involve social issues and practical problems of a highly fluid and changing nature, and may require efforts to change laws and administrative procedures. CLE should cover general Lawyer skills, substantive areas of law, and professional ethics. II. Preliminary Qualification for Handling Legal Aid Cases Responsibilities of Providers Legal Aid Providers in Nepal, who manage or administer the provision of services in Legal Aid cases, need to take a number of measures before they accept a case or entrust it to a Lawyer. These measures generally relate to a) having in place sound operational and managerial systems and procedures, and b) ensuring the qualifications and preparations of Lawyers and staff. Operational and managerial systems and procedures, along with the requirements for staff, are addressed in Section III. This Section addresses the steps that Providers should take beforehand to ensure that only highly qualified and prepared Lawyers are engaged on Legal Aid cases. It is important to note that these Principles apply equally to in-house counsel and Lawyers who work on a referral basis. 2.1 Professional Credentialing. Providers of Legal Aid have a responsibility to obtain copies of the credentials and qualifications of their Lawyers, any Lawyers to whom they refer cases, and other legal professionals involved in the provision of Legal Aid. For Lawyers, this includes, but is not limited to, the license issued by the Bar Council. Providers should ensure the validity of these documents, and investigate their authenticity if required. All documents should be securely maintained in a personnel file for each Lawyer or other legal professional. 2.2 General Understanding of Legal Aid. Providers have a responsibility to ensure that all Lawyers and other legal professionals handling Legal Aid cases for them understand the Legal Aid system in Nepal, and the general requirements for handling Legal Aid cases. For this purpose, they should provide any required informational materials, Legal Aid Manuals, training, and guidance. 2.3 Preparation for Specific Cases. Providers should ensure that all Lawyers and other legal professionals handling Legal Aid cases for them have or will obtain a) the required general knowledge and Lawyer skills, and b) any necessary specialised expertise relating to the kind of case. For this purpose, it is important to develop and provide informational materials, Legal Aid Manuals, and training. Providers should make sure that their system for distributing/assigning cases takes account of the professional skills, areas of expertise, experience, level of commitment, workload, and availability of Lawyers. 2.4 Mediation and Alternative Dispute Resolution Providers. Providers should try to offer their Clients a range of legal services, including Alternative Dispute Resolution procedures, in order to most expeditiously and effectively represent their interests. Before cases are referred to a Lawyer, Providers need to consider which of the Client s problems can be addressed without litigation, and how. For this purpose they should know about the various alternatives to litigation, be prepared to determine which of them are most appropriate for the Client, and be able to make arrangements to utilise the most appropriate ones. See also Principle 1.4 above, Principle 3.3 below, and Principle 3.18 below. III. Handling Legal Aid Cases Responsibilities of Lawyers The procedural, legal, and ethical requirements for handling Legal Aid cases are the same as for any other kind of case. This is because Lawyers owe professional obligations to their Clients as part of the attorney client relationship, regardless of who pays for their services, and even if there is no charge at all. In addition, the legal rights of Clients are not affected by the source or amount of remuneration for the Lawyer. From the point of view of Clients trying to assert or protect legal rights in Nepal, the key issues are a) access to legal services, and b) the quality of those legal services. Legal Aid Clients should not be concerned about Lawyer fees or honoraria (unless their inadequacy raises doubts concerning the likely quality of the legal services). However, there are a number of special circumstances that must be addressed with respect to Legal Aid cases. Certain issues and problems have a disproportionate effect on economically or socially disadvantaged groups, and end up being handled more frequently through the Legal Aid system. There are special considerations for dealing with Clients facing these issues and problems. This is particularly the case for Clients who have limited means, are members of disadvantaged, vulnerable, and marginalised groups, are unfamiliar with the legal system, are imprisoned, or face difficult living conditions. Thus, while professional responsibilities and legal rights are invariable, there are important differences between handling Legal Aid cases and handling cases for Clients who can afford their own Lawyer. 3.1 Identification of the Client. The first step in any legal representation is identifying the Client. Usually this is a straightforward matter. However, some cases involve several interested parties, particularly when there are family disputes. Minors, elderly persons, and individuals who have diminished capacity (disabled or infirm) may require someone to assist them, or even speak on their behalf. A Power of Attorney, or other legal authorisation, may be necessary. Under these circumstances, Lawyers have to a) pay attention to potential conflicts of interest, b) take appropriate measures to protect confidentiality, and c) ensure that they are acting in the interests of the actual Client.

15 3.2 Scope of Representation Full or Limited. Lawyers must work with the Client at the outset of the case to determine the parameters and limitations of the representation. Full representation involves a) identifying all of the Client s legal problems, b) determining all of the Client s objectives, and c) rigorously pursuing all those objectives until an optimal or final resolution is achieved. Full representation usually involves assistance with court or administrative proceedings. It may, by agreement between the Lawyer and Client, include appellate proceedings. Full Representation is most appropriate in cases which are complicated, have high stakes, affect significant interests of the Client, cannot be handled by the Client, or cannot be resolved through limited representation. Limited representation involves handling only certain defined tasks, legal issues, components, or stages of a case. Reasons for limiting the representation should be fully explained to the Client. The source of any objective reasons for limiting representation (such as legal/ethical restrictions or policies established by the Provider) should be identified. The rights and responsibilities of the Lawyer and Client concerning the scope of representation should be clearly understood by both parties. The Client should know exactly what the Lawyer will do and will not do, and should provide informed consent. The scope of representation and the provision of informed consent by the Client should be documented in the file. 3.3 Scope of Representation Range of Legal Services. In Legal Aid cases, it is important for Lawyers to be prepared and able to provide a wide range of legal services short of formal litigation before the courts. Administrative assistance, counselling, mediation, or Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms might be preferable to litigation, and fully adequate for meeting the Client s needs. In this context, the Lawyer, the Client, and the Provider should understand that the key difference between providing information/counselling and providing legal assistance is that only the latter involves creation of an attorney-client relationship. 3.4 Initial Lawyer Client Meeting. The initial Intake Meeting between the Lawyer and Client is extremely important. The Lawyer has to obtain all relevant information for handling the case, identify the legal problem(s), determine whether there are any limitations in the scope of the legal services or representation, identify any potential conflicts of interest, make a preliminary assessment of what can and should be done, and decide what the initial steps should be. For this purpose, the Lawyer should have excellent communication, interviewing, and listening skills. At the Intake Meeting, the Lawyer should provide full information concerning the Client s rights and responsibilities. This includes, but is not limited to: The Client s right to be kept informed about the work of the Lawyer and any developments or progress achieved The Client s right to contact the Lawyer at any reasonable time to obtain information or advice. For this purpose, contact information has to be provided The means and frequency of communication between Lawyer and Client. This needs to be addressed in some detail if the Client faces objective difficulties, such as a lack of telephone service, no fixed address, difficulties in reading, etc. The Client s responsibility to update the Lawyer concerning any developments The Client s responsibility to help find evidence, locate witnesses, keep records, etc. The Client s responsibility to pay costs not covered by the Provider or another source The Client s potential obligation to reimburse the costs of representation out of any settlement or recovery that is obtained The Lawyer s responsibility to zealously represent the Client, and take all appropriate measures to protect the Client s legal interests The Lawyer s responsibility to maintain the confidentiality of information provided by the Client during the representation, unless the Client authorises disclosure What steps the Client should take regarding any legal issues or tasks that are not being performed by the Lawyer What steps the Client should take if additional legal matters arise, and whether they will be handled by the same Lawyer What to do if the Client has problems with the representation or the Lawyer s work It is strongly recommended that the discussion of these issues and the conclusions/ agreements reached be documented, in a written memorandum, for the file. The best practice is to cover these issues, plus the scope of representation, in a Retainer Agreement, Letter of Engagement, or perhaps even a Client s Bill of Rights. However, given the sensitivities of Legal Aid Clients, it may be advisable not to require them to sign such a legal document. In these circumstances, it is probably sufficient to a) present the Client with a General Information Sheet that covers these points, and b) document the file after the meeting. The General Information Sheet should be short, concise, and written in plain language that the Client can understand. Even if the Client has difficulties reading, this document serves for future reference, and can be utilised by other parties who are assisting the Client. 3.5 Formalisation of the Attorney Client Relationship. The attorney client relationship must be correctly documented and formalised, by execution of the appropriate/applicable legal document. The format for a Power of Attorney required by the Courts of Nepal is found in Section 9 of the Code of Conduct for Lawyers. Lawyers handling Legal Aid cases should explain the importance of this document to their Clients, and secure its execution in a timely manner, whenever court proceedings may be required. 3.6 Establishing a Professional Attorney Client Relationship based upon Trust. Lawyers need to be trusted by their Clients in order to obtain all required information and effectively carry out their duties. Establishing Client trust is particularly important in Legal Aid cases. Clients often start out with mistrust for officials, official institutions, and bureaucracies. They may view the Lawyer as part of an unfriendly legal system. This can be especially problematic if the Client s status is vulnerable, if official institutions have not been helpful in the past, and if rights have been violated. Such sentiments are common amongst incarcerated persons. Therefore, Lawyers must show respect, sympathy, and genuine concern for their Clients, and try to overcome their anxieties. Hospitality in the office, good communication and listening skills, and effective use of body language are very important. Trust is also enhanced when the Lawyer takes time to fully counsel the Client, and explain the benefits and risks associated with various options for handling the case. 3.7 Zealous Representation of the Client. Zealous handling of the case is the key factor in successful and professional representation of Legal Aid Clients. Zealous representation means that the Lawyer diligently takes all appropriate and available measures to promote and protect the interests of the Client, on the basis of complete loyalty. This includes, but is not limited to: 5

16 6 Fully investigating the facts and circumstances of the case Locating and interviewing all witnesses and individuals having relevant information Obtaining evidence, and assessing/challenging evidence presented by other parties Conducting any appropriate inspections, examinations, tests, or experiments Carrying out detailed case planning, and updating the planning as required. The planning should identify all possible strategies and avenues for handling the case, and help select the most appropriate one. It should cover legal issues, practical issues, remedies, and objectives. Possibilities for Alternative Dispute Resolution procedures should be fully evaluated. Establishing a realistic timetable, based upon the case planning and court deadlines Pursuing discovery/disclosure from opposing counsel Negotiating with opposing counsel, when this is in the best interests of the Client Securing expertise, expert opinions, and expert witnesses, as required Securing the assistance of Paralegals and other legal professionals, as required Determining the exact status of the law relating to the case Performing all required legal research Conducting full legal analysis Drafting any required legal documents, motions, memoranda, and briefs Fully working up the case file Making all preparations required for trial, and Professionally carrying out all dealings with the court and other officials Zealous handling of the Client's case is the essence of professional representation. 3.8 Client Oriented Representation, and Control of the Case by the Client. It is imperative for Lawyers to understand and base their work on the principle that the case belongs to the Client. Thus, legal services have to be focused on the Client. The Lawyer is responsible for achieving results that are in the best interest of the Client, as articulated by the Client, after being meaningfully informed about all relevant issues and possible alternatives. Legal strategies should be carried out by the Lawyer only after full and frank deliberations with and authorisation from the Client. Tactical actions and routine procedures are generally within the competence and responsibility of the Lawyer. Many Clients in Legal Aid cases lack experience with or are uncomfortable with the legal system and official institutions. Therefore, Lawyers handling Legal Aid cases should make an extra effort to a) explain different options and the probable consequences thereof, b) fully involve the Clients in strategic decisions, and c) demonstrate that the interests of the Client are being given full priority. 3.9 Client Counselling. Legal counselling is an essential part of effective legal representation. It should take place at all appropriate times throughout the course of the representation. Essentially, the Lawyer should offer candid guidance based on the state of the law and the specific circumstances of the Client, taking account of both favourable and damaging laws and facts. Legal counselling should not be overly technical. Rather, it should be provided in a manner that enables the Client to understand the options for handling the case, the benefits and risks inherent thereto, and the prospects for success. Legal counselling should be practical as well as legally correct. Accordingly, it can be based upon moral, economic, social, political, and practical considerations as well as legal analysis. It is important that legal counselling not include promises to achieve a specific outcome which is outside the control of the Lawyer Confidentiality. Lawyers should not divulge the confidential information of their Clients. Section 3.1 (n) of the Code of Conduct for Lawyers establishes absolute protection for confidential Client information. This is necessary because candid communication between the Lawyer and Client can only be maintained through trust based upon respect for confidentiality. For this reason, confidentiality applies to Client information provided in the course of seeking representation, even if the Lawyer does not end up taking the case. In addition, confidentiality continues to apply even after the case is resolved or closed. Lawyers should be aware of limited circumstances where it may be appropriate to disclose confidential information. For example, during the course of representation it may turn out to be in the Client s interest to release certain confidential information. In such cases, the Lawyer should fully brief the Client first, and then obtain his/her willing and informed consent. Clients always have to power to authorise the release of their personal information. Only under extremely limited circumstances can Lawyers release confidential Client information without the Client s approval. For example, disclosure may be appropriate to prevent substantial harm to others, or to comply with a court order. These circumstances are addressed in the Law on Evidence. Finally, Lawyers should work with Providers to ensure the confidentiality of Client information. See Principle 4.20 below Communication with the Client. Communication between Lawyers and Clients should take place on a regular basis. The frequency depends upon the circumstances of the Client, the nature of the representation, and the status/stage of the case. However, communication should be frequent enough to keep Clients fully informed about the case, and encourage them to believe that their interests are being taken care of (by developing trust). This means that Lawyers should communicate with Clients after a short period of time, even if there have not been any major developments. Communication should make use of the most appropriate means and technologies. Legal Aid Clients may present challenges in this regard, due to their circumstances, living conditions, physical state, and inability to afford modern communications technology. Therefore, Lawyers should be motivated, proactive, and creative when it comes to communicating with Legal Aid Clients Representing Clients with Diminished Capacity. Lawyers should try to maintain a normal attorney client relationship with all Clients. However, they must be attentive to circumstances which affect the Client s capacity and capability to make sound or legally

17 binding decisions relating to the representation. This can be the case with minors, the elderly, disabled, and the infirm. In such cases, extra time may be required, along with assistance from other professionals. Lawyers should arrange their work with Clients having diminished capacity in such a way as to ensure that all professional obligations continue to be fulfilled Providing Documentation for Clients. Lawyers should provide Clients with copies of all important documents relating to the representation. This includes but is not limited to the Power of Attorney, Pleadings, Motions, and Reports. Lawyers should explain the meaning and importance of these documents to their Clients. This is particularly important in Legal Aid cases, where Clients may not have experience with or understanding of legal documents Record Keeping. Lawyers should maintain comprehensive and well-organised case files that contain all required and relevant documents. Lawyers should make written records of important phone conversations and meetings, and document any important developments in the file. The basic principle is that the file should be complete enough to enable another Lawyer to pick it up and continue the representation, if this were to be necessary. Lawyers are prohibited from signing documents for their colleagues handling other cases under Section 3.1 (u) of the Code of Conduct for Lawyers Time Management. Lawyers should manage their time in order to be able to fulfil all of their responsibilities in a professional manner. Lawyers should always have sufficient time to zealously handle each and every case, and serve each and every Client. In the event that Lawyers do not have sufficient time to handle a case, they should return it to their Client in such a fashion that avoids prejudice. See Section 3.1 (h) of the Code of Conduct for Lawyers. If a Lawyer is assigned a case in such a manner that there is insufficient time to meet the Client, work on the file, or zealously advocate on behalf of the Client, he/she should register a complaint with the appropriate party (be it an official institution or a Provider), and notify the Client as soon as possible Assistance of Additional Lawyers (Of Counsel). Lawyers who are not able to address certain aspects or issues of a Legal Aid case should be willing and able to secure assistance from specialists. This assistance, on an of counsel basis, does not necessarily interfere in the representation of the Client, since the additional counsel is retained on a limited basis. The primary Lawyer should ensure competence and respect for Client confidentiality on the part of additional counsel. Junior Lawyers should consider the possibilities for having mentors when they do not have significant experience with Legal Aid cases. See Principle 4.23 below Work with Paralegals, Assistants, and other Professionals. Lawyers are always responsible for the performance, output, and ethical conduct of individuals who are assisting with their Legal Aid cases. Therefore, it is necessary for Lawyers to maintain a proactive stance, and provide instruction, guidance, supervision, monitoring, and evaluation whenever required. Lawyers need to make sure that Paralegals, assistants, and other professionals comply with all applicable standards regarding case handling, and in particular the protection of confidential information. Further, Lawyers should make sure that non-lawyers do not engage in the unlicensed practice of law, by offering legal advice that relates to the specific circumstances of the Client. Finally, under Section 3.2 of the Code of Conduct for Lawyers, Senior Advocates must have an assistant when pleading cases Alternative Dispute Resolution. Lawyers should always consider alternative means for resolving the problems of Legal Aid Clients, short of litigation, and employ them whenever it is in the best interests of the Client. Lawyers should be attentive to the preference for reconciliation amongst certain groups, and the lasting effects litigation can have on parties who need to continue a relationship afterwards. Alternative Dispute Resolution includes counselling, mediation, conciliation, community settlement procedures, administrative procedures, and arbitration. Lawyers need to understand how all of these mechanisms work, how they can be accessed, and who should participate. Lawyers also need to understand how to enforce and implement resolutions that are achieved through these mechanisms. The participation of community organisations and social services agencies in these processes can be extremely beneficial Negotiation and Settlement of the Case. Negotiation can be employed by the Lawyer to further the interests of the Client and obtain a satisfactory outcome. Negotiations should be authorised by the Client, and only be carried out when they are in the interests of the Client. They should only take place when the Lawyer understands the strengths and weaknesses of all parties, the possible areas of agreement, and leverage points. Settlement offers should be authorised by the Client in advance, and final settlements must be approved by the Client. Settlements should always be fully set forth in writing, and contain provisions regarding implementation and enforcement Proceedings, Trial, and Appeal. Lawyers must take all necessary measures to prepare for and successfully handle proceedings and trials in their Legal Aid cases. They should be familiar with all relevant facts and all legal precedents, have all required documents and evidence, secure the attendance of and prepare all witnesses, know the rules of procedure and evidence, know how to make oral arguments and examine witnesses, and know how to work with Judges, Court Administrators, and other court personnel. In addition, Lawyers should take all possible measures to secure the attendance of their Legal Aid Clients at proceedings and trials, and prevent matters from being decided in the absence of their Clients. Lawyers who lack sufficient experience in conducting trials should seek assistance from Senior Advocates who can offer the required support. After trial, Lawyers should help their Clients enforce favourable judgments, or assist with counselling and arrangements for appeals. Issues regarding appeals should be reviewed carefully with Providers, to determine the scope of representation and how the case will be handled Advancing the State of the Law. While zealously representing their Clients, Lawyers may also take measures to improve laws and administrative practices that affect Legal Aid cases, as appropriate. This may require appearances before quasi-judicial bodies, participation in legislative working groups, preparation of articles, and other activities not directly related to representing a specific Client. The responsibilities of Lawyers in this regard mirror those of Providers, discussed in Principle 4.25, Principle 4.26, and Principle 4.27 below Fees and Payments General. Lawyers must always ensure that funds in their control relating to the representation of Clients are properly accounted for and handled in an ethically correct manner. See Section 3.1 (i) of the Code of Conduct for Lawyers. For this purpose, it is strongly recommended that Lawyers maintain separate bank accounts for Client funds, and use trust accounts when 7

18 8 appropriate. Lawyers should never charge fees that are contingent upon the outcome of the case, according to Section 3.1 (q) and Section 3.1 (s) of the Code of Conduct for Lawyers. Lawyers should never act as or use the services of brokers, to assign or receive cases, according to Section 3.1 (v) of the Code of Conduct for Lawyers Fees and Payments Legal Aid Cases. Lawyers should never request payments for legal services from Clients in Legal Aid cases. Lawyers should never request payments for their incidental business expenses (relating to transportation, photocopying, communications, business meals, etc.) from Clients in Legal Aid cases. In the event that funds are required for court costs, services of administrative agencies, or the like, the Lawyer should a) first try to obtain coverage of these costs by other parties, and if this is not possible then b) fully explain the nature of these costs to the Client, and seek appropriate means for meeting them. It is extremely important that the Client not have the impression that the Lawyer is demanding payment for legal services, since this is a clear violation of the fundamental rules and principles applicable to Legal Aid cases Improper Lawyer Conduct. Legal practice must be conducted within the bounds of morality, and not involve corruption, according to Section 3.1 (a), Section 3.1 (bb), and Section 3.1 (cc) of the Code of Conduct for Lawyers. Lawyers should not misuse the judicial process, according to Section 3.1 (e) of the Code of Conduct for Lawyers. Generally speaking, the ethical standards of Lawyers should be above reproach. Further, Lawyers must not engage in any conduct that creates an appearance of impropriety. This is because the appearance of impropriety can be as damaging to the attorney client relationship and the reputation of the legal system as actual impropriety. Lawyers should understand that there can be an appearance of impropriety without actual impropriety in fact. For example, an ex-parte meeting behind closed doors appears problematic, even if no improper conversations take place. Therefore, both kinds of situations must be avoided Conflicts of Interest. The absolute duty of Lawyers to represent their Clients prevents them from having any conflicting or competing interests. Lawyers should take all possible measures to prevent any conflict between their own interests and those of the Client. In addition, Lawyers must ensure that there are no conflicts between the interests of their various Clients. In this context, Lawyers who work together in a legal entity or Law Firm are for all intents and purposes one single Lawyer. In other words, different Lawyers in a legal entity or Law Firm can not handle legal matters where there are conflicts between their respective Clients. In order to prevent this, the Lawyers must carefully keep track of and categorise their cases, and this information needs to be shared with colleagues and processed through a system that allows cross references. This principle applies to any kind of legal services where an attorney client relationship is formed Improper Client Motives. Lawyers should not present frivolous or malicious claims, allow a Client to present false evidence, or aid a Client in illegal activity. These are prohibited by Section 3.1 (b) and Section 3.1 (c) of the Code of Conduct for Lawyers. If a Client suggests an improper objective or strategy, the Lawyer is ethically obligated to explain the prohibitions against pursuing the objective or conduct. If the Client persists, the Lawyer should consider withdrawing from the case, but only after explaining this possibility to the Client. IV. Management and Supervision of Legal Aid Responsibilities of Providers Legal Aid Providers in Nepal (institutions and individuals that manage, deliver, or arrange for the provision of Legal Aid) have a number of important obligations to the individuals who receive Legal Aid, the Lawyers who handle Legal Aid cases, the Legal Aid system and other institutions involved in it, and the society at large. Legal Aid must be considered as both the provision of legal services in concrete cases and the general protection of human rights in Nepal. In this context, Legal Aid Providers must do more than simply set the stage for and facilitate the provision of legal services by individual Lawyers. They must organise and monitor/oversee these services, channel them into a strategic mission, make sure that they complement the work of other Providers, and integrate them into the legal and institutional infrastructure required for protecting human rights in Nepal. 4.1 Governing Body Responsibilities. Providers require a governing body that defines the institutional mission, engages in strategic planning, sets policies, and oversees the work of the institution. The governing body is also responsible for approving budgets, ensuring financial integrity and accountability, arranging for audits, retaining and overseeing the work of the chief executive, helping obtain financial resources, engaging in outreach and publicity, and working to improve the Legal Aid system. It is particularly important for the governing body to develop a strategic approach to the work of the institution, which takes account of the exact (and sometimes changing) needs of the target group(s). This is because the governing body must maximise the results that are obtained from limited resources, and establish clear priorities. The work and procedures of the governing body need to be defined in a written Protocol. 4.2 Governing Body Documentation. Policies, procedures, and decisions established/taken by the governing body have to be fully documented in written form and included in a comprehensive manual. The manual has to be made available to all individuals responsible for complying with/carrying out the policies, procedures, and decisions. Mechanisms should be established for obtaining clarifications whenever they are necessary. 4.3 Governing Body Limitations of Powers. The governing body can not intervene in the attorney client relationship, influence the handling of specific Legal Aid cases, or affect the representation of Clients. The governing body can specify and establish limitations on the kinds of cases that can be accepted, as long as this is done as a matter of general policy, and in advance of a case being accepted. Once a case is accepted, the governing body can not require the termination of representation without sound justification. 4.4 Governing Body Membership. It is important that the governing body be composed of members who understand and are committed to the principles of Legal Aid, and who have diverse backgrounds. They should be devoted to the interests of the institution, and provide sufficient time and energy to carry out their obligations. Members of the governing body must be completely free from general conflicts of interest with the Provider. They have to abstain from participation and decision-making regarding any issues in which they have or are perceived to have an interest.

19 4.5 Intake System. Providers should design and operate a standardised and efficient Intake system for receiving, processing, and organising legal services for their Clients. The Intake system should a) collect required information, b) determine the nature of the Client s legal problems, c) identify any potential conflicts of interest, d) assign the Client to the appropriate source for legal services, and e) document all significant information and circumstances. The Intake system should result in a clear understanding of the rights and responsibilities of the Provider, Lawyer, and Client. This includes the handling of any additional legal matters that might arise. Intake procedures have to be carried out in a respectful and sensitive manner, which takes account of the situation and background of Clients. Staff and Lawyers should be informed and trained concerning Intake policies and procedures. See Principle 3.4 above. Providers that make referrals to Lawyers should explain this process to the Client, and ensure that the Client understands a) the relationship between the Provider and the Lawyer, b) the level/amount of communication between the Provider and the Lawyer, c) the extent to which the Provider will be involved in the case along with the Lawyer, and d) the extent to which the Provider is responsible for the legal work performed by the Lawyer. Providers should also explain the procedures for raising grievances concerning the legal representation (see Principle 5.8 below). Providers should consider the advantages of having a written agreement concerning referrals, particularly if they involve another legal entity, such as a law firm, that agrees to handle Legal Aid cases or work Pro Bono. 4.6 Provision of Services Structure. Providers should put in place an organisational structure and delivery mechanisms that most effectively and efficiently support the work of Lawyers and meet the legal needs of Clients. Delivery mechanisms should be based upon sound policies and procedures. Technology and Information Technology should be effectively utilised for this purpose, to the maximum extent possible. 4.7 Provision of Services Location. Providers should proactively identify ways to reach out to Clients in their own locations. Particular attention should be given to potential Clients who live in rural areas or whose mobility is restricted. This can be achieved through rural satellite offices, mobile facilities, and regular site visits to specific communities, neighbourhoods, target groups, and institutions (such as prisons). 4.8 Provision of Services Language. Providers should be sensitive to the language preferences and capacities of their Clients. Accordingly, mechanisms for providing services in different languages, and for communicating with people who have difficulty with Nepalese, are required. These mechanisms ought to address different kinds of services, proceedings, and documents. Policies and procedures should be established to prevent linguistic difficulties from interfering with the quality and efficacy of legal services. Linguistic issues may also be handled in the larger context of improving the communications skills of staff. 4.9 Provision of Services Outreach and Awareness. Providers should publicise their services and identify effective means for providing information to target groups. This can involve the strategic placement and distribution of printed materials and posters, the use of various media, electronic networking, cooperation with official institutions such as courts and government offices (particularly at the local level), and community meetings. Measures should be taken to reach out to groups facing specific difficulties, such as Internally Displaced Persons, prisoners, refugees, migrants, homeless people, handicapped people, etc. Outreach should be combined with the provision of legal information, in the form of legal literacy campaigns and raising awareness. An additional objective of outreach should be to identify Lawyers, legal professionals, experts, volunteers, and other parties who may be interested in collaborating with Providers Provision of Services Technology. Providers should determine the most effective means for utilising technology and information management to organise and carry out their work, and provide high-quality services for their Clients. Technology can support outreach, the preparation of documents, case management, training, accounting, human resources management, record keeping, reporting, monitoring, and evaluation. Issues such as confidentiality of information, access, back up copies, and security need to be addressed. The use of technology should always take account of financial limitations, availability, and the levels of technical skills of other involved parties, especially Clients Provision of Services Quality Control. Providers are responsible for the quality of legal assistance and representation provided by their Lawyers and staff. Quality services are the key to obtaining institutional stature and credibility, and meeting the Provider s objectives. Accordingly, Providers must take all appropriate measures to make sure that their Lawyers and staff: Are knowledgeable concerning their duties and fully competent to carry them out Have full access to legal databases and other important information resources Have full means to provide legal services and handle cases, and Comply with all applicable laws, regulations, ethical standards, and best practices These measures include attentive supervision of work, effective human resources management, development of information resources, and training. Providers should pay particular attention to younger and less experienced Lawyers and staff, who often predominate in the handling of Legal Aid cases, and who can benefit from guidance/support from senior colleagues. Quality control is only limited by restrictions concerning interference in the legal representation of the Client. In this regard, Providers should be aware that if they participate in the provision of legal assistance based upon confidential information, they may establish an attorney-client relationship with the Client, independent of the relationship between the Lawyer and the Client. Providers should also be attentive to their responsibility for Quality Control concerning Lawyers to whom they refer Legal Aid cases. See Principle 4.5 above. Providers should understand that from the perspective of Legal Aid Clients, Lawyers do not work independently, but as part of the institutions that hire, select, appoint, refer, direct, and support them. 9

20 4.12 Case Management and Record Keeping. Providers should establish and put in place an effective system for managing cases and files, and organising and keeping track of documents. Correspondence, memoranda, and official documents should be properly placed, organised, and correctly maintained. There should be a calendaring function, to keep track of all deadlines. Protocols, benchmarks, and checklists should be developed and utilised to standardise the handling of routine cases. The system should allow for the monitoring of cases, the tracking of progress and developments, the determination/evaluation of outcomes, and the preparation of any required reports. Staff should have all necessary training. Steps should be taken to ensure uniform and consistent application of the case management and record keeping system Lawyers Honoraria. If Providers offer any honoraria to Lawyers who work on Legal Aid Cases, the fee schedule and means for calculating the amount should be settled in advance and in writing. Payments should be made in a timely manner, and accurate records should be kept. It is important that all financial issues be handled in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, and in a completely transparent manner Lawyers Raising Qualifications through Training and Information Resources. Providers should work to raise the qualifications of their Lawyers. This can be accomplished by identifying and supporting training opportunities, and increasing the amount and availability of information resources. Training and information generation activities should be shared whenever possible, since this reduces the per capita cost and leads to economies of scale. Participation in and contribution to the development of Legal Aid Manuals is particularly important for the Legal Aid community Lawyers Communications. Providers should establish clear policies and procedures for maintaining regular and effective communication with Lawyers providing Legal Aid on their behalf, whether in-house or through referrals. Communications need to serve the interests of the Provider, the Lawyer, and the Client, by ensuring that all parties are kept informed, and all responsibilities are understood and fulfilled. The effectiveness of communications should be monitored and assessed, so that improvements can be instituted when required Staff Raising Qualifications through Training and Information Resources. Providers should work to raise the qualifications of their staff. Training opportunities and information resources should be identified and provided. Training should be based on a Needs Assessment, and should address knowledge, skills, experience, understanding, and values. Training and information generation activities should be shared with counterpart institutions whenever possible, since this reduces the per capita cost and leads to economies of scale Staff Communications. Providers should establish an efficient internal communications system, to promote effective information exchange between staff members, so that they can provide all required support for Lawyers and their Clients. Information concerning institutional policies and procedures, and general developments, has to be promptly and effectively shared, in order to make sure that Clients receive the highest quality legal services Staff Paralegals and other Legal Professionals. Providers must ensure that Paralegals and other legal professionals retained for specific purposes have the required knowledge and skills, and perform their duties in a competent and effective manner. This requires guidance, training, and oversight (by the Lawyer and/or the Provider). 10 Providers must not allow non-lawyer professionals to engage in the unauthorised practice of law. Accordingly, Providers must ensure that Paralegals who are not lawyers and other legal professionals can distinguish between providing general legal information or general counselling that is not based on particular facts, on the one hand, and providing legal advice and legal services, which can only be carried out by Lawyers. Legal advice based upon the Client s specific circumstances creates an attorney client relationship. Vigilance is required when disadvantaged Clients facing difficult circumstances receive legal services, particularly over the telephone. Clients should always be made aware of the professional status and competencies of the individuals who provide them services, and know whether or not an attorney client relationship has been formed. Providers must also ensure compliance with Regulations of the Bar Council concerning work before administrative bodies, and the applicable ethical requirements Staff Composition. Staff recruitment and retention should reflect standards of equal opportunity, fairness, respect, non-discrimination, merit, gender equality, and transparency. Within these parameters, efforts should be made to enhance staff diversity, in order to establish greater trust with Clients from different backgrounds or having special linguistic requirements. This sends a message concerning equal opportunity, and sets a positive example for the community. Human resources management should scrupulously follow all applicable laws, regulations, legal standards, and best practices Confidentiality. Providers must take all required measures to protect the confidentiality of Client information. This includes security provisions for electronic information, restricted access for documents, and procedures for deleting electronic files and destroying documents that are no longer needed. Care is necessary when interpreters are utilised. Confidentiality policies and procedures should be documented, and provided to all Lawyers and staff members. Training may also be appropriate Conflicts of Interest. Providers must take all necessary measures to prevent and eliminate conflicts of interest. Written guidelines concerning the nature of conflicts of interest and procedures for handling them should be developed and made available. To avoid conflicts of interest, it is necessary to maintain complete records concerning cases and consultations, with mechanisms for crossreferences and checks. In addition, transparent internal communication concerning legal activities is required. Lawyers and staff should be trained and sensitised concerning conflicts of interest, and be provided with written copies of relevant documents.

21 4.22 Retention of Information and Documentation. Providers should have policies and procedures concerning what information and documents should be developed, maintained, and retained. It is also necessary to determine how long information and document should be kept, in accordance with the law and good practice. At the appropriate time, and when no longer required, electronic information and regular documents should be disposed of in a secure manner Arranging Supplemental Pro Bono Services. Providers should seek out opportunities for obtaining limited legal services (not requiring full responsibility for a case) from practicing Lawyers on an of counsel or Pro Bono Publico basis. For example, Lawyers could provide special expertise on a specific issue arising in a Legal Aid case, help draft a document, inspect evidence, provide training and mentoring, sponsor an assistant, engage in advocacy before a public institution, or help mobilise resources. Particularly for young Lawyers with less experience, it is most beneficial to have a mentor, or senior attorney, who can provide backstopping and support. Under any such arrangement, there must be full understanding and clear agreement concerning the scope of services being performed by the respective parties, decision-making responsibilities, documentation, and how to handle any costs that arise Promoting Access to Justice by Identifying Legal Needs. Providers need to engage in outreach, consultations, and analysis to identify the types of cases and specific issues that are most pressing for their Clients. This enables Providers to go beyond the representation of individual Clients, and move towards a) systematically meeting the legal needs of target groups, and b) promoting greater access to justice. Such activities are particularly important in countries where different target groups require diverse kinds of Legal Aid services, and are not always able to protect their rights directly. Needs assessment can benefit greatly from the participation of community organisations and social services agencies Promoting Access to Justice and Legal/Institutional Reform via Case Handling. While doing everything possible to help Clients with their specific cases, Providers should also take an interest in and contribute to legal and institutional reform. Lasting results that promote the interests of target groups cannot be realised simply by securing a favourable outcome in a single case. In other words, it is not possible to fully serve the interests of specific Clients or defined target groups without also working to improve the system. Individual cases often highlight recurring/systemic problems that affect other similarly situated individuals. For example, there may be gaps or inconsistencies in the law, or institutions that are not fulfilling their mandates. When handling such cases, attention should be devoted to methods for advancing the state of the law, or correcting administrative/bureaucratic deficiencies Promoting Access to Justice and Legal/Institutional Reform Public Interest Litigation. When legal deficiencies or institutional/ bureaucratic dysfunction cause repeated instances where individual Clients seek a limited remedy that does not solve the underlying problem, it may be appropriate for Providers to engage in affirmative advocacy that addresses the root of the problem. This can be achieved by the selection and handling of cases in a strategic fashion, in order to achieve a planned result. Providers should carefully consider whether this is a sound strategy, based upon the nature of the issue, the resources available, the situation of individual Clients, the possibilities for bringing other parties into the effort, and the prospects for success Promoting Access to Justice and Legal/Institutional Reform Beyond Litigation. In order to advance the state of the law and institutional functions, and promote the interests of target groups, Providers should consider strategies that go beyond their litigation. A collective and long-term approach can be achieved through participation in working groups to revise legislation, arranging joint initiatives or task forces to change institutional policies and practices, informational and public awareness campaigns, policy statements, work with the media, and direct relationships with quasi-judicial and governmental institutions. Providers should cooperate with each other, with community organisations, and with social services agencies in order to realise and strengthen such initiatives. V. Quality Control and Evaluation of Legal Aid Cases Responsibilities of Providers In order to ensure and elevate the quality of legal services provided in Legal Aid cases, Providers in Nepal must establish and operate Quality Control systems that accurately assess what has been done, and generate meaningful guidance for making improvements. Generally speaking, monitoring should be performed during the course of operations and legal services, to ensure that they are on track, while evaluation takes place after operations and legal services are performed, to determine how well the work has been done and set the stage for improvements. Evaluation depends upon sound record keeping, and well-designed and carried out assessment procedures that focus on key priorities. Evaluation in and of itself is insufficient. Once areas for improvement have been identified, and means for making improvements have been designed, all appropriate measures must be taken to actually implement the improvements. 5.1 Evaluation of Legal Services General. Providers should evaluate and review all aspects of the legal services that they provide. This includes the work of Lawyers, Paralegals, other legal professionals, and support personnel. This evaluation and review should a) determine whether Clients have received high quality and timely legal services, and b) identify measures that can be taken to enhance the quality and effectiveness of those services in future. Evaluation and review should be most systematic and rigorous when the Provider employs or retains the Lawyer or personnel. However, Providers are also responsible for evaluating the work of parties to whom they make referrals, and with whom they are associated. 5.2 Evaluation of Legal Services Objectives. Sound and systematic evaluation of the quality of legal services is necessary in order to: Find out whether and to what extent the Provider is meeting the general legal needs of its target groups, and is achieving lasting results for them Find out whether and to what extent the Provider is keeping up with changing legal needs, and successfully adapting its work and strategies to meet actual needs Verify the extent to which the legal interests of its Clients are being successfully protected through legal services Determine whether the Provider s delivery of legal services is efficient, effective, and in accordance with applicable standards and best practices Clarify how well Lawyers, legal professionals, and staff are performing their duties 11

22 12 Determine how successfully the Provider is recruiting and working with volunteers Ascertain whether Clients are aware of and able to utilise the Provider s services Identify means for improving operations, management, and supervision/oversight Facilitate and support planning, budgeting, and the efficient allocation of resources Identify innovative strategies for working with counterparts and leveraging resources Determine the effectiveness of training previously delivered to Lawyers and staff Identify and prioritise the further training requirements for Lawyers and staff Send a strong message concerning professionalism and accountability Show what results have been achieved with the funding that has been provided Justify the need for further funding Perform meaningful reporting (to stakeholders, sponsors, the public, etc.) Evaluation should be carried out in a manner that meets these objectives, in accordance with the priorities of the Provider. 5.3 Evaluation of Legal Services Parameters. Providers should carry out several different kinds of evaluation: Process Evaluation is designed to determine whether operations and activities are being carried out in accordance with policies, procedures, standards, and workplans. It encompasses governance, management, financing, and programme delivery. Outcome Evaluation focuses on accomplishments, the realisation of objectives, and the results in Legal Aid cases. It looks at individual cases and aggregate results. Quality Control Evaluation looks at key characteristics of legal representation. It covers issues such as whether Lawyers have been acting diligently, whether deadlines have been met, whether Clients have been kept fully informed about their cases, whether clients have been fully consulted on key points, whether confidentiality has been protected, whether case planning has been effectively carried out, etc. The selection of methodology depends upon the requirements of the Provider, and the issues/ areas of work that are proving most challenging. In any event, the evaluation should be both qualitative (based upon descriptions) and quantitative (based upon statistics). 5.4 Evaluation of Legal Services Techniques. Providers can utilise a wide range of techniques to evaluate their legal services: Internal reporting concerning operational issues Productivity reporting on caseloads, files, and categories and numbers of activities carried out Outcome reports that categorise cases and compile results Review of official documents and court files Financial audits to calculate expenditures, and relate them to the productivity reports Compliance reporting focusing on implementation of legal and statutory requirements Staff performance reviews and evaluations Peer review by experienced/knowledgeable professionals from outside the Provider Interviews and questionnaires directed to former Clients Surveys and interviews of court personnel and agencies that regularly work with the Provider Brainstorming encounters with target groups and other stakeholders Legal assessments to determine the status of the law, and whether favourable precedents have been introduced The selection of techniques depends upon the objectives of the evaluation, the requirements of the Provider, and the comparative efficacy of different techniques in the particular context. 5.5 Client Feedback. Feedback and information from Clients is extremely valuable for determining how well Providers and Lawyers are performing their work. Therefore, it is good practice to provide Clients with a standard questionnaire upon completion of their services. The questionnaire should address specific topics concerning the services provided and legal assistance, and include general questions about the level of satisfaction, what can be done to improve services, etc. Both rating systems using numbers and descriptive answers using words are helpful. Unfortunately, Clients may be hesitant to directly comment upon their legal representation, or provide frank criticism. Therefore, anonymous questionnaires and/or independent interviewers may be appropriate. However, this makes it difficult to assess the results in specific cases. Nonetheless, Providers should always incorporate Client feedback and information concerning Client satisfaction into their evaluation procedures. 5.6 Record Keeping. Providers should keep accurate and comprehensive records concerning their operations and the legal services that they arrange. Records should be carefully organised, collated, properly maintained, and fully analysed, Records should cover: The results of each Legal Aid case The overall results of work on Legal Aid cases The performance of each Lawyer handling Legal Aid cases The performance of other legal professionals and staff members The records should facilitate overall evaluation, and statistical analysis concerning how well the Provider is meeting the needs of its target groups. 5.7 Assessment of Outreach. Providers should periodically assess the effectiveness of their outreach and awareness activities, and the state of legal awareness of their target groups. They should also look at the utilisation of their services, in comparison with the size and structure of the target groups. This information helps to determine whether they are getting their message across, and what steps should be taken to enhance Access to Justice.

23 5.8 Grievance System. Providers should establish an internal system for processing and dealing with complaints presented by their Clients. It should be impartial, and provide for a full and fair review of the issues presented. The system should be immediately available to Clients upon request, and easily initiated. Staff should know the procedures for handling or referring a complaint. This can be accomplished through training, the provision of written instructions, and/or placement of a sign/poster in a prominent place. The first step is trying to resolve the issue informally, expeditiously, and fairly, through consultations and explanations. If the complaint relates to operations of the Provider or non-representation issues, it can probably be handled in a straightforward and non-adversarial manner. If the complaint relates to legal assistance, then the Provider can be placed in an awkward position between the interests of the Client and the interests of the Lawyer. For such matters, it is best to have a Grievance Committee or a designated Grievance Officer, acting under authority of the governing body. In any event, concerns about the adequacy or propriety of legal assistance should first be handled internally. If internal proceedings are unlikely to resolve the issue, or if serious ethical issues are raised, outside parties have to become involved. However, it is important to recognise that complaints against a Lawyer lodged with the Nepal Bar Council lead to formal and serious proceedings. Legal Aid Clients are likely to be intimidated by the prospects of presenting a formal complaint against their Lawyer under such circumstances. 5.9 Incentives for Providing Legal Aid. Providers should investigate possibilities for offering recognition to Lawyers who work on Legal Aid cases. For example, it might be possible to offer credit for Continuing Legal Education, provide certificates of appreciation signed by Judges, publish a newsletter, hold an awards ceremony, or provide positive publicity through the media. 13

24 ] Legal Aid Manual cfrf/;+lxtf Code of Conduct sfg"g Joj;foLsf] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ sf] n] lbpsf] clwsf/ k of]u u/l g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\n] b]xfosf lgodx? agfpsf] 5.!= ;+lifkt gfd / k f/dem -!_ ol lgodx?sf] gfd æsfg"g Joj;foLsf] /x]sf] 5. -@_ of] lgodfjnl kl/ifb\n] tf]s]sf] ldltb]lv k f/de kl/efiffm ljifo jf k ;ª\un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; lgodfjnldf, -s_ æp]gæ eggfn] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ ;Demg' k5{. -v_ æcg'zf;g ;ldltæ eggfn] P]gsf] bkmf!! df Joj:yf ul/psf] cg'zf;g ;ldlt ;Demg'k5{. -u_ æcbfntæ eggfn] c4{goflos lgsfonfo{ ;d]t ;Demg' k5{. -3_ æaf/ Pzf]l;PzgÆ eggfn] g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg tyf o;sf PsfOx? ;d]t ;Demg' k5{. ] #= sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k]zfut cfrf/m -!_ sfg"g Joj;foLn] b]xfosf k]zfut cfrf/ clgjfo{?kn] kfng ug'{ kg]{5m -s_ sfg"g Joj;foLn] g}ltstfsf cfwf/e"t l;4fgtsf] k lts"n x'g] u/l s'g} sfo{ ug{ x'fb}g. -v_ em"7f d'2f rnfpg kifnfo{ k ]/0ff lbg x'fb}g. -u_ s;}nfo{ b'mv lbg]] jf k ltzf]w lng] p2]zon] d'2f l;h{gf ug{ x'fb}g. -3_ d'2f 6'ª\Uofpg] k lqmofdf k ToIf jf ck ToIf?kn] cbfntnfo{ c;xof]u ug{ xf'b}g. -ª_ Goflos k lqmofnfo{ b'?kof]u ug{ jf u/fpg x'fb}g. -r_ ;To s'/fsf] aofg jf askq ug{ u/fpgaf6 kifnfo{ /f]sg x'fb}g. -5_ Gofo k zf;g;fu ;DalGwt sfd sf/afxlsf l;nl;nfdf cbfnt jf GofofwLz jf sfg"g Joj;foLk lt cgf:yf k}bf x'g] lsl;dsf em"7f k rf/ k ;f/ ug{ x'fb}g. -h_ cfkm"n] ug{ geofpg] jf g;sg] cj:yf k/l d'2f lkmtf{ ug'{kbf{ ;fdfgotof csf]{ sfg"g Joj;foL d's// ug{ geofpg] lsl;daf6 lkmtf{ ug{ x'fb}g. -em_ ;ª\3 ;+:yfsf] /sd df:g vfg x'fb}g. -`_ cbfntdf oyf;dodf pkl:yt x'g], sfnf] sf]6;lxtsf] k"0f{ kf]zfsdf pkl:yt x'g], Ohnf; tyf ljkiflsf sfg"g Joj;foLk lt ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ ug]{, Ps csf{k lt nf~5gf gnufpg], /L;, /fu, å]if g/fvg], cbfntsf sd{rf/lk lt ;f}xfb{k"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{, lzi6tfk"j{s af]ng] / cfkm\gf] kfnf]df plrt 9ª\un] af]ng] h:tf cg'zf;gsf lgod tf]8\g x'fb}g. -6_ cfkm\gf] kifnfo{ kmfobf k' ofpg hfgl hfgl sfod g/x]sf] ghl/ / d'2fdf nfu" gx'g] vf/]h epsf] jf ;+zf]wgk"j{sf] sfg"gsf] cbfntdf lhls/ lng x'fb}g. -7_ ldl;ndf gepsf] tyo hfgl hfgl ax;df k :t't ug{ x'fb}g. -8_ cfkm" ;fifl /x]sf] lnvt;fu ;DalGwt d'2fdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf?kdf ;+nug x'g' x'fb}g. -9_ kifn] d'2fdf pknaw u/fpsf] hfgsf/lsf] uf]kglotf eª\u ug{ x'fb}g. -0f_ Jofj;flos k rf/sf p2]zoaf6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] gf/f, kl/kq, ;dfrf/ k sfzg, lj1fkg / kqfrf/ h:tf sfd ug{ x'fb}g. -t_ Jofj;flos k rf/sf p2]zon] 7"nf] gfdk]l6sf -;fogaf]8{_ /fvg], gfdk]l6sf jf kl/rok f -lelhl6ª\u sf8{_ jf kmfon jf kqfrf/ 7]nL -n]6/ Kof8_ df k"j{ x}l;ot jf sfg"g Joj;fo;Fu c;dalgwt kb jf x}l;ot n]vg 5fKg x'fb}g. t/ o; agb]hn] ljz]if cwoog / cg'ejsf sf/0faf6 cfkm" vf; k j[mltsf d'2f lng] egl tl lnvtx?df cfkm\gf] sfo{if]q 5fKg afwf k' ofpsf] dflgg] 5}g. -y_ kif;fu k ltztdf kfl/>lds lng] jf 7]Ssf k f af]n saf]n u/l d'2f lng x'fb}g. -b_ cbfntsf] ;dodf dfbs jf nfu" kbfy{ ;]jg u/l cbfntdf pkl:yt x'g' x'fb}g. -w_ d'2fsf] xf/hltsf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf] kfl/>lds to ug{ xf'b}g. -g_ kl/ifb\n] dfu]sf] ljj/0f lbfbf em"7f] ljj/0f lbg x'fb}g. df a;]sf] kl/ifb\sf] df ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 :jls[lt k fkt of] b]lv nfu" x'g] u/l k f/de epsf] 5. 14

25 -k_ cfkm"n] jf cfkm\gf] k ToIf lgb]{zg / lgu/fgldf cfkm\gf] kmd{ jf r]da/sf] sfg"g Joj;foL jf cfkm";fu} sfd ug]{ n]vgbf;afx]s cgo JolQmn] t}of/ u/]sf] d:of}bf k dfl0ft ul/lbg] p2]zon] ;xl ug{ x'fb}g. -km_ d'2f k fkt ug{ bnfn lgo'qm ug{ jf d'2f pknaw u/folbp afkt s;}nfo{ bnfnl b:t"/ -sldzg_ lbg x'fb}g. -a_ rn crn ;DklQ x:tfgt/0f;dagwl sfddf bnfnl ug{ x'fb}g. -e_ Ps} d'2fdf kif / ljkif b'j}sf tkm{af6 :jo+ d:of}bf ug{ jf ax;df k ltlglwtj ug{ x'fb}g tyf cfkm";fu} sfd ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foL jf n]vgbf; jf cgo JolQmåf/f hfgl hfgl d:of}bf jf ax; jf k}/jl ug{ u/fpg x'fb}g. -d_ kifn] lbpsf] lnkmfdf td;'s, s/f/gfdf cflb v8f u/l cfkm"nfo{ kmfobf jf kifnfo{ a]kmfobf x'g] sfd ug{ x'fb}g. -o_ kifn] lbpsf] ;2] lnvt ljkifl;fu ldnl lauf/l k df0f gnfug] jf sfd gnfug] t'nofolbg' x'fb}g. -/_ kifn] lbpsf] lnvt;d]t cgo k df0f ljkifnfo{ kmfobf k' ofpg] p2]zon] pknaw u/fpg' x'fb}g. -n_ e i6frf/ ug{ u/fpg x'fb}g. -j_ g} }}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/l ck/fw ug'{ x'fb}g. -@_ jl/i7 clwjqmfn] pklgod -!_ df plnnlvt cfrf/sf cltl/qm b]xfosf cfrf/;d]t kfng ug'{ kg]{5m -s_ s'g} klg d'2fdf Ohnf;df ax; ubf{ sdtldf Pshgf clwjqmfnfo{ Jofj;flos?kdf ;+nug gu/fo{ pkl:yt x'g' x'fb}g. -v_ ;fdfgotof k zf;slo c8\8fdf ax; k}/jlsf nflu pkl:yt x'g' x'fb}g. $= ph'/lm LM -!_ s'g} sfg"g Joj;foLn] k]zfut cfrf/ pnnª\3g u/]sf]df To; ljifodf kl/ifb\df ph'/l lbg ;lsg]5. -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lbog] ph'/ldf?=!)). gub jf a}+s 8«fkm\6 ;+nug u/l s'g sfg"g Joj;foLn] s'g cfrf/ pnnª\3g u/]sf] xf] To;sf ;Dej ep;ddsf cfwf/ k df0f v'nfpg kg]{5. t/ cbfntn] jf af/ Pzf]l;Pzgn] sf/afxl rnfpg] hfgsf/l jf ;"rgf lbfbf s'g} b:t"/ nfug] 5}g. -#_ ph'/lsf] ;DaGwdf sf/afxl ubf{ cg'zf;g ;ldltn] ph'/jfnf;fu yk ljj/0f jf sfuhft dfu ug{ ;Sg]5. %= uf]ko /fvg'kg]{m kl/ifb\ tyf cg'zf;g ;ldltn] ph'/jfnfsf] gfd uf]ko /fvg' kb{5. ^= hffra'emm k]zfut cfrf/ pnnª\3g u/]jfkt ;hfo ug'{k"j{ kl/ifb\n] b]xfosf k lqmofx? k"/f ug'{k5{ M -!_ sfg"g Joj;foLsf lj 4 kl/ifb\df s'g} ph'/l k/]sf] jf s'g} hfgsf/l k fkt epsf]df To;sf] cfwf/df cg'zf;g ;ldltn] sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ sf/afxl ug{ cfjzos 5 jf 5}g hffra'em ug{ u/fpg ;Sg]5. -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd hffra'em ubf{ s'g} sfg"g Joj;foLpk/ sf/afxl ug'{kg]{ b]lvpdf cg'zf;g ;ldltn] To:tf] sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ ;kmfo k]z ug]{ plrt df}sf lbg'k5{. -#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;kmfo{ k]z ug]{ df}sf lbfbf ;DalGwt sfg"g Joj;foLlj 4 nfu]sf] cf/f]k / To;sf] cfwf/ tyf lghnfo{ x'g ;Sg] ;hfo ;d]t pnn]v ug'{k5{. & ;hfom -!_ s'g} sfg"g Joj;foLn] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -k_ / pklgod -@_ df plnnlvt cfrf/ pnnª\3g u/]sf] 7x/ epdf lghnfo{ klxnf] k6s gl;xt lbog]5. -@_ s'g} sfg"g Joj;foLn] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -km_ / -a_ df plnnlvt cfrf/ pnnª\3g u/]sf] 7x/ epdf jf Ps k6s gl;xtsf] ;hfo kfo;s]kl5 cfrf/ pnnª\3g u/]sf] 7x/ epdf lghn] s'g} vf; cjlwsf] nflu sfg"g Joj;fo ug{ gkfpg] u/l lghsf] k df0fkq lgnldat ul/g]5. -#_ s'g} sfg"g Joj;foLn] lgod # sf] pklgod-!_ sf] v08 -e_ b]lv -j_ df plnnlvt cfrf/ pnnª\3g u/]sf] 7x/ epdf jf vf; cjlwsf nflu sfg"g Joj;fo ug{ gkfpg] u/l k df0fkq lgndag x'g] ;hfo kfo;s]kl5 k'gm cfrf/ pnnª\3g u/]sf] 7x/ epdf To:tf] sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k df0fkq /2 ul/g]5. *= ;hfosf] hfgsf/lm s'g} sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ ul/psf] ;hfosf] hfgsf/l cbfnt, Gofokl/ifb\, g]kfn clw/fhosf dxfgofoflwjqmfsf] sfof{no / g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;PzgnfO{ lbog]5. (= jsfntgfdfm d'2fdf ax; k}/jl ug{ sfg"g Joj;foLn] cg';"rl! sf] 9fFrfdf jsfntgfdf k]z ug'{ kg]{5.!)= vf/]hlm sfg"g Joj;foL vf/]h ul/psf] 5. 15

26 g]kfndf sfg"gl ;xfotf Legal Aid in Nepal 16 k[i7e"ld / kl/ro xfd f] d'n'ssf] ljlzi6tfnfo{ x]g]{ xf] eg] clwsf+z hgtf s[lifdf cfwfl/t 5g\. To;df klg s]xl t jif]{ v]tlaf6 cfk\mgf] / kl/jf/sf] hljgofkg ul//x]sf 5g\. o:tf u/la d'n'ssf s[lifdf cfl>t gful/ssf] ;Dkltsf] d'vo ; f]t eg]sf] g} e"ld;fu+ ;DalGwt epsf] x'gfn] clwsf+z ljjfb e"ld;fu ;DalGwt x'g5g\. / hl6n cfly{s / sfg"gl emd]nfsf ;fy} l9nf] tyf vlr{nf] Gofo k 0ffnLsf] sf/0faf6 ;d]t ;fdfgo gful/s Gofosf] kx'fraf6 6f9f /x]sf] cj:yf cbflk ljbdfg 5. c;xfo / u/la JolQmx?nfO{ Gofodf ;xh kx'frsf] nflu Joj:yfkg ug]{ k4ltnfo{ sfg"gl ;xfotf elgg5. sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] dxtj nf]ssnof0fsf/l d'n'sdf dxtjk"0f{ ttjsf]?kdf lng] ul/g5. sfg"gl ;xfotf sfg"gl zf;gjoj:yfsf] k jw{g / clea[l4 klg xf] / ;fy} of] gful/ssf] clwsf/ ;d]t epsf] x'gfn] dfgjclwsf/k lt k lta4 /x]sf d'n'sx?df sfg"gl ;xfotfnfo{ df}lns xssf]?kdf ;d]t kl/eflift ul/psf] kfog5. xfd f] h:tf] cnkljsl;t d'n'ssf cfly{s, ;fdflhs?kdf lk5l8psf, cnk;ª\vos, dlxnf, ckx]lnt Pj+ ;lbof}fb]lv ;fdflhs lje]bdf k/]sf blntnufot cgo c;xfox?sf nflu sfg"gl ;xfotf ckl/xfo{ epsf] 5. j}tlgs sfg"g Joj;foLsf] lgo'lqm x'g yfn]kl5 sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] z'?jft epklg sfg"gåf/f ;+/lift gepsf] x'fbf /fho:t/sf] sfg"gl ;xfotf eg] lypg. ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf] Goflos Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] klg sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] ljz]if Joj:yf /fho:t/af6} epsf] kfog5. cd]l/sf, o'/f]k tyf clk msl d'n'sx?df ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/l b]jfgl tyf kmf}hbf/l b'j}] k s[ltsf ljjfbdf c;xfo JolQmx?nfO{ sfg"gl ;xotf k bfg ug]{ k lta4tf ul/psf] kfog5. cd]l/sl ;+ljwfgdf epsf] 5}7f}F ;+zf]wgdf kmf}hbf/l cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;d]t sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ul/g] Joj:yf epsf] kfog5. g]kfndf nlnfdl0f kf}8]n lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/ epsf] l/6 d'2fdf sfg"gl ;xfotf;dagwl sf] lgod ^ sf] pklgod -@_ ttsfnlg sf] wf/f **-!_ adf]lhd cdfgo (Ultra virus) 3f]lift eo{ c;dy{ cleo'qmnfo{ ;d]t sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug'{kg]{ ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] cfb]zn] /fho:t/af6 s'g} g s'g}?kdf sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] ;DaGwdf k fyldstf lbpsf] kfog5. sfg"gl ;xfotf;dagwl sfg"gl Pj+ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf M g]kfnsf] Oltxf; x]bf{ Hofb} ;fgf] c+zsf]?kdf sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] k f/de eptf klg ;g\!(*& df g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] ;sf] :yfkgf g} dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf sfg"gl /fhsf] :yfkgfsf nflu epsf] x'fbf g]kfn af/ P;f]l;o;g n] gj]{lhog af/ Pzf]l;Pzg ;xof]udf g]kfndf sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgf ;~rfng u/l s]gb df Ps /!) cf]6f cnu cnu :yfgdf cfjzostf klxrfg u/l zfvf sfof{nox?sf] :yfkgf u/l sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] nflu yfngl u/]sf] kfog5. h;n] g]=af=p=sf] cfk\mgf] dftxtsf] ljlegg :yfglo af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] ;xof]uaf6 sfg"gl ;xfotf h;df k/fdz{ Pj+ d'2fsf k'k{if, sfg"gl ;fif/tf sfo{qmd -dlxnf, ;fdfgo, afw'jf dhb"/, sf/vfgf dhb"/, :s"n dlxnf, nufot kf/flnun tflnd sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/l k ToIf Pj+ k/f]if?kdf sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] ljlegg sfo{qmdx? yfngl u/l g]kfndf sfg"gl ;xfotf sf] ;"qkft u/l sfg"gl ;xfotf nfo{ ;:yfut lasf; tyf cleofgsf]?kdf yfngl ul/cfpsf] 5. o;/l sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] z' jft epkzrft\ g]=af=p=sf] kxn Pj+ ;lqmotfaf6 sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] /fho:t/af6 g} ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ cfwf/af6 lghl d:of}bf u/l ttsfnlg ;+;bdf k]z u/l o;sf] ;fndf sfg"gl ;xfotf g]kfndf nfu" eof], h;cgt{ut sfg"gl ;xfotf ;d]t agfo{ nfu" epsf] 5. h;sf] ;+/rgfdf s]gb df Ps s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt / aflx/ lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt /xg] u/l sfg"gl Joj:yf u/l g]=af=p=af6 ;~rflnt sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfsf ljlegg!) zfvf sfof{nox?nfo{ x/]s jif{!) zfvf s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltnfo{ x:tfgt/0f u/l lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] ;yfkgf sfg"g adf]lhd u/l sfg"gl tj/n] lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] :yfkgf eo{ xfn %# cf]6f lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf :yfkgf eo{ sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] sfo{ ;lqmotfk"j{s ul/cfpsf] kfog5. o;/l g]=af=p= tyf s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] cfk;l sfo{af6 o;sf] ljsf; k lqmof yfngl epsf] ;fnsf] hgcfgbf]ngaf6 z' epsf] k hftflgqs zf;gjoj:yf kzrft\ cem o;sf] dxtj a'eml ttsfnlg sf] wf/f!$ sf] lgb]{zs l;4fgtdf ;d]t sfg"gl ;xfotf /fhosf] glltsf]?kdf Joj:yf ul/psf] lyof]. xfn g]kfnsf] cgtl/d sf] pkwf/f!) df ;d]t sfg"gl ;xfotf gful/ssf] df}lns clwsf/sf]?kdf Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. o;/l sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] ljsf;qmddf xfn %# cf]6f lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf /fho:t/af6 :yfkgf eo{ sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] sfo{qmdnfo{ lg/gt/tf lbpsf] 5.

27 sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL ;+/rgf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt sf] bkmf ^ adf]lhd M s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt M s= sfg"g tyf Gofo dgql cwoif v= cwoif g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb ;b:o u= cwoif g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg ;b:o 3= s]gb Lo ;ldltaf6 dgf]lgt sfg"gljb Ps hgf_ ;b:o ª g]kfn af/ P;f]l;P;gsf dxf;lrj ;b:o ;lrj sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt sf] bkmf & adf]lhd M lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf M s= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /x]sf] lhnnfdf k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/l jsln sfof{nosf ;/sf/l clwjqmf jf ;f] gepsf lhnnfx?df lhnnf ;/sf/l clwjqmf cwoif v= lhnnfl:yt af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf PsfO{x?dWo] dflynnf] PsfO{sf] cwoif ;b:o -t/ t/ sf=lh=c=sf] xsdf lhnnf af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] cwoif ;b:o x'g]5_ u= lhnnfsf sfg"g Joj;foLx?dWo]af6 hgf sfg"g Joj;foL ;b:o 3= lhnnfl:yt af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf PsfO{x?dWo] dflynnf] PsfO{sf] ;lrj ;b:o ;lrj -t/ sf=lh=c=sf] xsdf lhnnf af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] ;lrj ;b:o ;lrj x'g]5 _ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfcgtu{t :yflkt s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;lfdlt g]=af=p=sf cwoif cwoif g]=af=p=sf kffr If]qsf kffr pkfwoifx? ;b:o dxf;lrj ;b:o sf]iffwoif ;b:o pktofsfleq /x]sf 5 af/ PsfO{sf 5 cwoifx? ;b:o= g]=af=p=af6 dgf]glt ;b:ox? ;b:o g]=af=p=sf k"j{ cwoif, dfxf;lrj / sf]iffwoif ;b:o o; kl/of]hgfcgt{ut!) lhnnfdf ;~rflnt sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfsf zfvf sfof{nox? 5g\. sfg"gl ;xfotf adf]lhd nfu" eo{ :yflkt epsf lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf lgdg adf]lhd 5 M klxnf] r/0f M -gf]e]da/ (,!((*_ lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] gfd Nffu" epsf] ldlt!= bf]nvf #= af/f $= kfnkf %= affs] bf]; f] r/0f -km]a lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] gfd!= wflbë @)%%.&.@# Nffu" @)%^.!!.& t]; f] r/0f -clk lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] gfd!= dsjfgk'/ #= emfkf $= sf:sl %= s~rgk'/ Nffu" @)%*.!.! 17

28 Rff]yf} r/0f 5}7f}F r/0f lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] gfd Nffu" epsf] ldlt lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] gfd Nffu" epsf] ldlt!= sfe ]knf~rf]s #= df]/ª $= :ofª\hf %= s}nfnl ^= dxf]q/l &=?kgb]xl *= 8f]6L (= pbok'/ #= l;gw'nl $= lrtjg %= gjnk/f;l ^= afun'ª &= kj{t *= c3f{vffrl (= $.! kffrf}f r/0f ;ftf}f r/0f lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] gfd Nffu" epsf] ldlt!= ^.! #= ^.! $= ^.! %= ^.! ^= ^.! &= ^.! *= ^.! (= ^.!!)= ^.! lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] gfd!= aemfª #= g'jfsf]6 $= ndh'ª %= DofUbL ^= uf]/vf &= /fd]5fk *= h'dnf (= /f]nkf!)=a]}t8l Nffu" @)^$.!).! @)^$.!).! xfn g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg'gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgf cgt{ut!) lhnnfdf sfg"gl ;xfotf zfvf sfof{no :yflkt 5g\ / cfufdl jif{ pqm!) lhnnfdf :yflkt kl/of]hgf sfof{no lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotfdf kl/0ft x'g] u/l g]kfn ;/sf/ cgt{ut s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltnfo{ x:tfgt/0f ul/g] 5. 18

29 cgt/f{li6«o cg'agwx? gful/s tyf /fhgllts clwsf/;dagwl cgt/f{li6«o cg'agw M!(^^ sf] wf/f!$ -#_ -3_ k'k{ifsf] a]nfdf cfk\mgf] clgjfo{ pkl:ylt /xl cfkm} jf /f]h]sf] sfg"g Joj;foLdfkm{t k lt/iff ug{ kfpg], / sfg"gl ;xfotf gepsf] cj:yfdf d'2fsf] hfgsf/l kfpg] / pko'qm ; f]t / ;fwg gepdf lgmz'ns sfg"gl ;xfotf kfpg ;Sg]. h'g;'s} :j?ksf] y'g5]s jf s}b ;hfocgtu{tsf ;a} JolQmsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL l;4fgt ;ª\u x!(** sf] l;4fgt!& y'lgpsf] JolQmsf] lghn] O{R5fPsf] sfg"g Joj;foL dfkm{t k'k{if ug{ c;dy{ epdf lghn] sfg"gl k/fdz{bftf k fkt ug]{ xs x'g]5. sfg"g Joj;foLsf] e"ldsf;dagwl cfwf/e"t l;4fgt!(()-^_ M cfk"mn] sfg"g Joj;foL 5gf]6 gu/]sf] cj:yf lghsf] sfg"gl d'2fdfldnf;dagwl sfo{sf nflu sfg"gl ;]jf k/fdz{sf] cfjzostf /x] epdf / lgh cfly{s?kdf c;dy{ epdf lghnfo{ lgmz'ns sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg' kg]{ /fhosf] bflotj x'g]5. sfg"gl ;xfotf / o;sf dfkb08 M lgmz'ns sfg"gl ;xfotf x/]s k sf/sf c;dy{ JolQmsf] nflu x'g' kg]{ sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] ;fdfgo l;4fgt xf] t/ g]kfndf h'g a]nfb]lv g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgn] sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfsf] z' jft u/]sf] lyof] Tof] s]jn cfly{s kifdf c;dy{ kifnfo{ dfq sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ul/psf] 5 / lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltaf6 x]l/g] ljjfbx?df ;d]t cfly{s kifsf] c;dy{tfnfo{ x]l/g] ul/psf] 5. kl5 nlnfdl0f kf}8]n lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/ epsf] ttsfnlg g]kfn clw/fhosf] sf] wf/f **-!_ adf]lhd sfg"gl ;xfotf sf] lgod ^-@_ n] d'2f jul{s/0f u/]sf] k fjwfgnfo{ cdfgo 3f]lift u/l kmf}hbf/l ljjfbdf ;d]t sfg"gl ;xfotf lbog] Joj:yf z'? eo{ s]xl km/flsnf] bfo/f ;d]l6psf] kfo{g5 ;fy} sfg"gl ;xfotf sf] lgod ^-!_ df cfly{s ; f]tsf] ;DaGwdf jflif{s $) xhf/egbf sd cfo; f]t epsf JolQmx?nfO{ dfq sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg ;lsg] sfg"gl Joj:yf u/l Go"gtd dfkb08 tf]lspsf] kfog5. o;sf afjh"b g]kfndf a]nfavtdf eo/xg] /fhgllts cl:y/tfsf] sf/0faf6 ljutdf hgo'4sf] ;dodf ttkzrft\ bf]; f] hg cfgbf]ngsf] ;dodf y'k } /fhgllts agblx?nfo{ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg tyf o;sf PsfO{dfkm{t agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] dfwodaf6 lgmz'ns sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg u/l o;sf] ljsf; qmddf dxtjk"0f{ sfo{ x'fb} cfpsf] / o;sf] If]qflwsf/ cem km/flsnf] eo{ cfpsf] 5. o;y{ kl/jlt{t ;donfo{ ljrf/ u/l ;do;fk]if cfjzostf cg';f/ cgt/f{li6«o cg'agw ;d]tnfo{ ljrf/ u/l sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if sfo{qmdx? /fho:t/af6 NofO{ /fhon] sfg"gl ;xfotfnfo{ k"0f{ k fyldstf lbo{ o;sf] bfo/f / If]qflwsf/ cem km/flsnf] agfpg kg]{ cfjzostf /x]sf] 5. 19

30 != Joj:yfkgM sfg"g Joj;foL sfof{no Joj:yfkg Managing the Practice of Law sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] sfg"g Joj;foLnufot ;a}n] cfk\mgf] sfg"g Joj;fosf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ cfˆgf] kl/nio (Mission), k"j{b[li6 (Vision) / p2]zo (Objective) :ki6 lgsof}{n ug'{ plrt x'g5, o;f] u/]df Joj;fosf] of]hgf (Planning) agfpg, ;ª\ul7t (Organizing) x'g sfo{;dkfbgsf nflu lgb]{zg (Directing) lbg / Joj;fodf cfˆgf] lgogq0f (Controlling) / cg'zf;g (Discipline) sfod /fvg d2t ldn5. sfg"g Joj;fosf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ s'g k j[mltsf] sfd s] s;/l ug]{ / To:tf] sfo{sf nflu s'g k lqmof ckgfpg] egg] cjwf/0ff :ki6 x'g' kb{5. c?;fu ;xsfo{ ug{ cfjzos epdf ;xsfo{sf] cfwf/, sfo{ ljefhg OToflb :ki6?kdf ug'{ k5{. :ki6tf ge} ;xsfo{ ubf{ c;kmntf lgdtofpg] ;Defjgf /xg5. Joj;fodf cjwf/0ffut :ki6tfsf nflu JolQmut Jofj;flos biftfj[l4 ug'{ cfjzos 5. ;a} JolQm ;a} ljifodf Ps}k6s kf/ª\ut x'g ;Sb}g. ;do;dodf cfkm"nfo{ cfjzos kg]{ jf ;xof]ul x'g] 1fg / ;Lk k flkttkm{ rgfvf] x'g} kb{5. o;tkm{ ;do klg lbg} kb{5. Joj;fo Joj:yfkgsf ljlegg kifx? x'g5g\m s_ k fljlws kif (Technical Aspects): s_ nufglm nio, p2]zo, cfjzostf / pknaw ; f]tsf] cfwf/df Go"gtd nufglaf6 clwstd k ltkmn kfpg ;Sg' g} h'g;'s} Joj;fosf] ;kmntfsf] dfkb08 xf]. ef}lts k"jf{wf/m sfof{nosf] :yfg / cfjzos ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cfjzostf sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfˆgf] Ifdtf Pj+ cg's"ntf / kifx?sf] ;'ljwfnfo{ Wofgdf /fvl] lgsof}{n ug'{ k5{. sfof{no pks/0fx?m :t/lo tyf b' t ;]jf pknaw u/fpg / Jofj;flos sfo{x?df Ps?ktf Nofpg Ifdtf cg';f/sf sfof{no pks/0fx? -6]lnkmf]g, km}s;, 6fOk/fO6/, sdko"6/ ;]6, Sofns'n]6/ OToflb_ sf] Joj:yf ug]{tkm{ sfg"g Joj;foLsf] Wofg hfg' cfjzos 5. cfjzos k ljlwx?af/] hfgsf/l / k of]um ablnfbf] ljzjkl/j]zdf /fd f] ;]jf k bfos agg OGkmd]{;g 6]Sgf]nf]hL -h:t} OG6/g]6, O{d]n cflbsf] k of]u_ h:tf ;dofg's"n k ljlwsf] hfgsf/l cfjzos 5. o;af6 ghl/ Joj:yfkg, lnvt d:of}bf, n]vf, JolQmut ;do Joj:yfkg, d'2f Joj:yfkg, k'gtf{hul tflndnufot ljlegg pkof]ul sfo{ ug{ ;lsg5. o;sf] ;dofg's"n 1fg dfq xf]og, k ljlwsf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;dofg's"n dd{t ;Def/ klg ctofjzos kif xf]. dfgjlo kif (Human Aspects): ;ª\u7gfTds 9fFrfM ;fdfgotof g]kfndf Psn k j[mltsf] ;+/rgf kfog5. s'g} klg sfg"g Joj;foL kmd{n] s'g Ifdtfsf] ;ª\u7gfTds 9fFrf ckgfpg] egg] ljifo cfkm}n] lgsof{}n ug]{ s'/f xf]. o;df st{jo Pj+ tx ljefhg cfjzos x'g5. kmd{sf] d'vo sfg"g Joj;foL jf Joj;foLx?, ;xof]ul Joj;foLx?, ;xfos sd{rf/l cflbsf] dfwodaf6 tnnf] tx;dd s'g sd{rf/l s;sf] dftxtdf /xg] egg] lgsof}{n ul/g' pko'qm x'g5. ldn]/ ;+o'qm?kdf kmd{ ;~rfng ug{] ljifo cfˆgf] cfjzostf, cle?lr, rfl/lqs u'0f, ldn]/ sfdug{] / sfo{ ljefhg ug{ ;Sg] Pj+ Joj:yfkg Ifdtf ;d]tsf cfwf/df lgsof}{n x'g5. kmd{sf] ;ª\u7gfTds 9fFrf tof/ u/]df s;n] sf]k lt lhdd]jf/ x'g], s;n]] s;nfo{ sf]dfkm{t ;Dks{ ug]{, sfo{k ultsf] n]vfhf]vf s;n]] s;/l ug]{ OToflb sfdx? sfo{ ljefhg / k Tofof]hg u/l tx txdf km}nfpg' kg]{ x'g5. goff kmd{ vf]ng nfu]sf] xf] eg] z' d} of] lgsof}{n ug{' cfjzos x'g5. sf/f]af/ k f/de epkl5 k'gm;+/rgf ubf{ a9l ;do / d]xgt v]/ hfg5. cg'udgm Joj;foLn] cfkm";dif k fkt epsf sfdx? s] slt ;DkGg ep, slt slxn] s;/l s'g k fyldstfqmddf ug]{ OToflb ljifosf] cfjlws / slxn]sfxl+ cfsl:ds sfo{k ult cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ug'{ cfjzos x'g5. sfg"g Joj;foL sfof{nosf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfm JolQmut?kdf ;~rfngm sfg"g Joj;foL k df0fkq kfpkl5 JolQmut?kdf k]zf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg5. s'g} s'g} :yfglo lgsfon] Jofj;flos af]8{ /fv]df btf{ u/fpg'kg]{ jf z'ns cflb ltg'{kg]{ tyf Joj;fo s/ ltg'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf x'g5g\. 20

31 v_ k foe]6 kmd{m k foe]6 kmd{ /lhi6«]zg P]gcGtu{t btf{ u/l Psnf}6L kmd{ ;~rfng ug{ pbf]u ljefu jf To;sf] clwsf/k fkt :yfglo sfof{nodf kmd{ btf{ u/fpg' cfjzos x'g5. o;nfo{ cfjlws?kdf lglzrt z'ns lt/]/ gjls/0f klg ug'{ k5{. u_ ;fem]bf/l kmd{m PseGbf a9l JolQmx? ldn]/ ;fem]bf/ldf kmd{ ;~rfng ug{ rfx]df ;fem]bf/l P]gcGtu{t ;fem]bf/l ;Demf}tfsf] lnvt t}of/ u/l of] P]gcGtu{t kmd{ btf{ u/l ;~rfng ug{ ;Sb5g\. of] k rng ljb]zdf ctolws?kdf /x]sf] kfog5. of] kmd{ klg cfjlws?kdf gjls/0f ug'{ kg]{ x'g5. 3_ sdkglm g]kfndf sdkgl P]gcGtu{t btf{ u/l Ps jf ;f]egbf a9l sfg"g Joj;foLx?af6 ;]jf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{;sg] sfg"gl ;+/rgf b]lvg5. sdkglsf]?kdf btf{ epkl5 sdkgl sf Joj:yfx? ctofjzos?kdf kl/kfngf ug'{kg]{ x'g5. o;cgtu{t sfdsf] cfwf/df kfl/>lds lng] t/ d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug]{ sdkglsf]?kdf klg sdkgl btf{ ug{ ;lsg5. #= Joj:yfkgsf ljlegg kifx?m s_ v_ k zf;slo Joj:yfkg / sfof{no k lqmofm o o o sfof{nosf] ;+/rgftds 9fFrf lgsof}{n epkl5 sfof{no Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf] ;ª\u7gfTds 9fFrf (Organizational structure) lgsof}{n u/l d'vo sfg"g Joj;foL (Managing Lawyer), ;xof]ul sfg"g Joj;foLx? (Supporting Lawyers) / ;xof]ul sd{rf/lx? (Assisting and Secretarial staffs) ;d]tsf] ;ª\u7gfTds 9fFrf t}of/ u/l s;n]] s] s:tf] sfo{;dkfbg ug]{ egg] ljifo klg lgsof}{n u/l sfo{;"rldf ;dfj]z ug'{ cfjzos x'g5. s;sf] s] s:tf] e"ldsf x'g] / To;sf] k ltkmn s;n]] s;/l s'g sfo{ljlwsf cfwf/df kfpg] egg] ljifo klg ;ª\u7gfTds 9fFrfsf] cfwf/df lgsof}{n ug'{kg]{ x'g5. sfo{;dkfbgsf nflu sfo{;"rl (Check-list) agfpg' ctofjzos x'g5. s'g} klg sfd k fkt epdf s;n]] s;/l s'g ;dodf s] s'g k fyldstfsf] cfwf/df sf] sf] JolQmnfO{ ;lddlnt u/l ;DkGg ug]{ / To;sf] kfl/tf]lifs s;/l lx;fa ug]{ egg] a]xf]/f ;d]tsf] ;+lifkt sfo{;"rl agfpdf ;DkGg epsf jf ug'{kg]{ sfdx?sf] clen]v /fvg / sfo{k ultsf] cg'udg ug{ ;lhnf] x'g5. d'2fdfldnf;dagwl ldl;n Joj:yfkg -cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfo;dagwl_ ubf{ lgdg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' cfjzos 5M!_ ldl;n btf{, t}of/l, ;f/;+if]k / sfo{;"rl k]zl 8fo/L cbfjlws /fvg] #_ nuftf/sf] cg'udg -Dofb, xbdofb cflb ;d]t_ $_ sfo{;dkgg cj:yfdf ldl;n Joj:yfkg / lkmtf{ %_ kfl/>ldssf] lx;fa lstfa km/kmf/s ug]{. kifx?sf] Joj:yfkg (Client Management) : sfg"g Joj;foLn] kif (Client) sf] cfsfª\iffadf]lhd sfo{ ug'{kg]{ / kifn] cfˆgf] sltkoleql tyf uf]ko s'/f ;d]t egg ;Sg] Ps ;Rrf ;fylsf]?kdf cfzf u/]sf] x'fbf lghnfo{ k fyldstf lbpsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg / lghn] lbpsf hfgsf/l ctogt uf]ko /fvg cfjzos x'g5. kifn] sfg"g Joj;foL cfˆgf] ljifodf cfslif{t /x]sf] / cfˆgf] ;d:ofnfo{ ljrf/ ug{ OR5's /x]sf] b]vg rfxg5. lghn] sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 ;sf/ftds kl/0ffdsf] cfzf u/]sf] x'g5 eg] cfˆgf] sdhf]/ kif klg yfxf kfpg rfxg5. d'2fsf] ljzn]if0f u/]kl5 d'2fsf] sdhf]/ jf ljk/lt k j[mltsf cj:yfx? kifsf] hfgsf/ldf /fvg' plrt x'g5. kif;fu k f/deb]lv g} cgj/t ;+jfb /fvl cfˆgf] ;]jf, zt{ / k :tfljt /0fgLlt / sfo{gllt 5nkmn u/l lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ x'g5. sfg"gl ;xfotf s] slt xb;dd kfpg] xf], To;af/] :ki6;fu hfgsf/l lbg' cfjzos 5. sfo{ k ultaf/] klg cgj/t ;~rf/ / ;+jfb sfod /fvg'kg]{ x'g5. u_ ;"rgf Joj:yfkg (Information Management): sfg"g Joj;fosf] ;kmntf ljifout cwoog, hfgsf/l tyf To;sf] Jofjxfl/s kifsf] ljzn]if0fsf] ;ldd>0fdf cfwfl/t x'g5. kifx? (Clients) cfˆgf] lxt ;+/If0f x'g] kl/0ffdsf] cfzf ug]{ epsfn] sfg"g Joj;foL slt hfgsf/ 5 egg] s'/fsf] ;fy;fy} To:tf] cwoogsf] Jofjxfl/s k of]u slt xb;dd sfg"g Joj;foLn] ub{5 egg]tkm{ a9l rf;f] /fvb5g\. ;a} cfjzos hfgsf/l sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfkm";fu ;b}j /fvg ;Sg] x'fb}g, ctm s'g hfgsf/l jf ;"rgf sxffaf6 s;/l k fkt ug]{, cfˆgf cwoog cg';gwfg Pj+ cfkm";fu epsf] ;"rgf jf sfuhftx?sf] Joj:yfkg s;/l ug]{ egg] dxîjk"0f{ ljifo x'g\. cfhsf] 21

32 ljsf;f]gd'v kl/k ]Iodf sfg"g cfkm}df ;Lldt g/xl o;nfo{ ljlegg cgo ljifox?;fu ;dgjo ul//fvg' kg]{ x'g5. sfg"g Joj;foL;Dd'v cfpg] k To]s ljifodf s'g} g s'g} :t/sf] sfg"gl cg';gwfg cfjzos x'g5. lagf cwoog, cg';gwfg tyf ljifout ljzn]if0f sfg"gl ;]jf k' ofpg] sf]lzz o; Joj;fosf] cgj/ttfsf nflu sfnfgt/df 3fts l;4 x'g ;S5. ;"rgfsf] Joj:yfkgleq lgdg ljifox? ljrf/0flo 5g\M o P]g sfg"g;dagwl b:tfj]h cfk}mn] v/lb ug]{egbf klg s'g sfg"gl b:tfj]h sxffaf6 s;/l slt l56f] k fkt ug{ ;lsg5 egg] s'/f dxîjk"0f{ x'g5. cfsif{s k':tsfno b]vfpg] p2]zon] ;a} ljifosf b:tfj]h jf k':ts v/lb ug]{ p2]zo /fvg' /fd f] x'fb}g. o To:tf sfg"gl b:tfj]hx?sf ;+zf]wg tyf kl/dfh{gx?sf] clen]v /fvg' cfjzos x'g5. o ljlegg dxfuf k':tsx?, ljifout l6kk0flx? ljlegg k':tsfnox?df pknaw x'g5g\. af/ PsfOx? Pj+ cbfntdf k':tsfnosf] k of]u ug{] afgl a;fpg' plrt x'g5. s'g} ldl;n;dagwl s'g} hfgsf/l kfpdf To;sf] ttsfn pnn]vg ;DalGwt ldl;ndf u/]/ /fv]df sfo{;dkfbg -ax;sf qmddf jf cgo tof/lsf cj:yfdf_ ;lhnf] x'g5. ljlegg ljifox?df epsf cwoog cg';gwfg ;DalGwt sfuhft tyf b:tfj]hx? sxff s;/l kmfoln+u ug]{, h;n] ubf{ kl5 cfjzos epsf] a]nf ttsfn km]nf kfg{ ;lsof];\ eggnfo{ ljifout ;ª\sng kmfon t}of/ ug'{ plrt x'g5 / o;sf] cg'qmdl0fsf agfpg' klg /fd f] x'g5. sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf nflu g]kfn /fhkq ctofjzos ;fdu L epsfn] cfkm"n] v/lb u/l k fkt x'gf;fy ttsfn To;sf] 5f]6s/Ldf l6kf]6 agfo/fvg' kmfobfhgs x'g5. k To]s P]gnfO{ j0ff{g'qmdfg';f/ n]vl P]g nfu" epsf] ldlt / ttkzrft\sf ;+zf]wg epsf ldlt / /fhkqsf] cª\s, To; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf lgod, P]g lgod cgtu{tsf ;"rgf cfb]z OToflbnfO{ ;d]t km/s km/s k[i7df v'nfpfb} clen]v /fv]df slxn] s'g P]g lgod ;+zf]wg eof], P]g lgodcgtu{t s] a]xf]/fsf] ;"rgf cfb]z slxn] hf/l eof] egg] klg ttsfn km]nfkfg{ ;xof]u ub{5. o;sf] ljj/0fnfo{ sdko"6/df ljif]z ;ˆ6j]o/ agfp/ klg /fvg ;lsg5. 3_ ;do Joj:yfkg (Time Management) : k To]s sfg"g Joj;foLsf nflu ;do Joj:yfkg clt h?/l 5. ;do Joj:yfkg cfˆgf] kifx?sf] cfjzostfnfo{ Wofgdf /fvl k fyldstf lbo{ agfpg' kg]{ x'g5. ;do ;Ldfn] ubf{ cfkm"n] sfo{;dkgg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf g/x]df kifnfo{ To;sf] k"j{;"rgf lbg' ctofjzos x'g5. Joj;fodf lgdgfg';f/ ;do Joj:yfkg ug'{ plrt x'g5 M sfdsf] k"j{cwoog / sfd ;DkGg ug{ slt ;do nfug ;S5 egg]af/] ;fdfgo cg'dfg u/l sfo{of]hgf t}of/ ug]{, ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] ljj/0f (jobs-to-do list) ug]{, lgdg sfo{sf] k fyldstfqmd lgwf{/0f ug]{, o dxîjk"0f{ / h?/l (Important and Urgent)M ttsfn ug'{kg]{ sfo{, o dxîjk"0f{ t/ sd h?/l (Important but not Urgent)M s]xl kl5 ug{ ;lsg5 ls < o h?/l t/ dxîj gepsf] (Urgent but not Important)M dxîj sd 5 eg] To:tf] sfo{ c?nfo{ k Tofof]hg ug{ ;lsg5 ls < o w]/} dxîj jf h?/l gepsf] (Neither Important nor Urgent)M kl5sf nflu 5f8\g ;lsg5 ls < sfdsf] dxîj lgsof}{n u/l a9l ptkfbgzln sfo{nfo{ k fyldstf lbg] cfˆgf] ;dotflnsf cfkm} agfpg] o sfdsf] k fyldstfqmd o sfo{;d"x jf ;xof]ulsf] cfjzostf / lghx?sf] pknawtf ;dfg k j[mltsf] sfo{nfo{ ;d"xut u/l Ps} k6s ug]{ k otg ug]{ o 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;Dks{ ug]{ sfo{x? Ps} k6s ug]{ o kqx? n]vg] n]vfpg] sfo{nfo{ Ps} k6s ug]{ o x/]s lbg sfdsf] k j[mltcg';f/ oyf;dej ;do lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfdsf] alrdf x'g] cj?4tf Go"g ug]{ o k To]s lbg h?/l sfo{sf nflu lglzrt ;do lgwf{/0f ug]{ o s]xl sfo{ cfˆgf] ;xfos jf dftxtsf sd{rf/lnfo{ k Tofof]hg ug]{ 22

33 o kifx?nfo{ cfˆgf] k"j{lgwf{l/t Jo:t ;doaf/] k"j{hfgsf/l u/fo/fvg] cs:dft cfokg]{ sfo{x? o k]zf / sfdsf] k j[mltcg';f/ s]xl sfdx? cs:dft cfokg]{ epsfn] cfkm";fu epsf] sfo{ ;dosf] s/la ;f7l ;Q/L k ltzt ;do dfq k"j{lgwf{/0f ug'{ plrt x'g5, o;f] epdf cs:dft cfokg]{ / k fyldstf lbg'kg]{ sfdsf nflu ;do pknaw ug{ ;lsg5. o:tf cj:yfx?nfo{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjzos epklg oyf;dej cfˆgf] k"j{lgwf{l/t sfo{x?nfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;do pknaw ug'{kg]{ x'g5. sfdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg o cfjlws?kdf cfkm"n] u/l cfpsf sfdx? ;dodf ;DkGg ep gepsf] af/] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ x'g5. s'g} sfd ;DkGg ug{ affsl ep To;sf] cfjzostf, uxgtf / ufdelo{tfnfo{ ljrf/ u/l ;do lgwf{/0f ug'{ plrt x'g5. ª_ n]vf Joj:yfkgM k]zfsf] d"n nio ;]jfsf] ;fy;fy} cfly{s nfe ;d]t epsfn] cfkm"n] u/]sf sfdx?af6 k fkt x'g] cfo tyf vr{x?sf] clen]v /fvg' cfjzos x'g5. Joj;foLx?n] cfos/ adf]lhd :yfol n]vf gda/ lng' cfjzos epsf] / k"j{fg'dflgt s/sf] ljj/0f / jflif{s?kdf s/ ljj/0f e/l s/of]uo cfodf s/ klg ltg'{kg]{ x'g5. sdkglsf]?kdf btf{ epsf kmd{n] n]vfk/lif0f k ltj]bg t}of/ u/l jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 kfl/t u/fpg' k5{. kifaf6 kfl/>lds lng] / n]vfsf] clen]v /fvg] ;DaGwdf sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] cfrf/ ;+lxtfnfo{ klg Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'g5. ;f]afx]s lgdg ljifox?df Wofg k' ofpg plrt x'g5m o o o kif;fu lnog] kfl/>lds ;DaGwdf kif :ki6 x'g' k5{. sfg"g Joj;foLn] sfd u/] jf ug]{ epjfkt lng'kg]{ kl/>lds plrt x'g'kg]{ x'g5, kfl/>lds dfu u/]sf] cj:yfdf kif PsfPs crldet x'g] u/l ctogt clws / cktofl/nf] alhs lbg' x'fb}g. kifnfo{ w]/} l9nf] u/]/ alhs hf/l ug'{ x'fb}g. nfdf] cjlwdf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] ;DaGwdf ;s];dd ;do ;dodf alhs lbo{ sfdsf] clgtd cj:yfdf PsfPs 7"nf] /sdsf] dfu gug'{ plrt x'g5. tyflk of] sfo{ kif;fu lgwf{l/t k"j{zt{df lge{/ ub{5. kifsf] cfzf cg's"n kl/0ffd gcfpdf s]xl kif plrt kfl/>ldssf] e'qmfgl lbgaf6 klg5g ;S5g\. o:tf] k lts"n cj:yfnfo{ cfk;l ;+jfbaf6 cfˆgf] lgogq0fdf /fvg'kg]{ x'g5. o sfdjfktsf] kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f M k To]s sfg"g Joj;foLn] lng] kfl/>ldssf] b/ km/s km/s x'g ;S5. d'vo sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfˆgf] sfof{nosf] kfl/>lds;dagwl gllt lgwf{/0f u/l b//]6 lgsof}{n ug'{ / To;df Ps?ktf sfod /fvg' plrt x'g5. dftxtdf sfd ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] d'vo sfg"g Joj;foLåf/f lgwf{l/t gllt Pj+ lgb]{zgsf] cwlgdf /xl kfl/>lds jfktsf] alhs hf/l ug'{k5{. d"no clej[l4 s/df btf{ epsf Joj;foLx?n] d"no clej[l4 s/ P]gcGtu{t tf]lspsf] 9fFrfdf s/ alhs hf/l ug'{ clgjfo{ x'g5. sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] klg sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] sfo{ljlwcg'?k n]vf /fvg'kg]{ x'g5 eg] ;fgf] sf/f]af/ ug]{x?sf nflu k"jf{g'dflgt s/ nfu" x'g] ub{5. s/ k of]hgsf nflu btf{ e} :yfol n]vf gda/ (PAN) lng' kg]{ x'g5. sfg"g Joj;foLn] ltg'{kg]{ xfn k rlnt k d'v s/x? lgdg 5g\M o cfos/ k To]s Joj;foLn] cfˆgf] s/of]uo cfodf cfos/ ltg'{ k5{. k To]s Joj;foLn] sf/f]af/sf] n]vf /fvg' k5{. cfos/ k of]hgsf nflu cgt/f{li6«o n]vf;dagwl k rlnt l;4fgtcg'?k /flvpsf] n]vfn] dfgotf kfpf5. k fkt cfodf Joj;fo jfktsf vr{x? ;DalGwt cfly{s jif{ ->fj0f c;f/_ df s6\6l ug{ kfog5. cfos/;dagwl sfo{ljlw h6ln epsfn] sdtldf klg cfkm"nfo{ k o'qm x'g] sfo{ljlwx?af/] hfgsf/l /fvg' cfjzos x'g5. k To]s cfly{s jif{df cg'dflgt cfosf] ljj/0f eg'{kg]{, cfjlws?kdf cu Ld s/ bflvn ug'{kg]{ / cfjzos epdf cg'dflgt ljj/0f ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ / cfly{s jif{ ;dfkt epsf] # dxlgfleq jflif{s ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ x'g5. o d"no clej[l4 s/ 23

34 lglzrt y ];xf]n8 -ljut!@ dxlgfsf] cjlwdf jf cfufdl!@ nfv ;Ddsf] sf/f]af/ epsf] jf x'g;sg]_ tyf e'qmfgl /sdsf cfwf/df sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfkm"nfo{ d"no clej[l4 s/df btf{ x'g' cfjzos x'g5. ;f]egbf 3l6 sf/f]af/ epklg P]lR5s?kdf btf{ ug{ ;lsg5. d"no clej[l4 s/df btf{ epkl5 cfkm"n] hf/l ug]{ k To]s alhssf] k ltkmndf ttsfn k rlnt sfg"gn] nfug] b/ -xfn!# k ltzt_ n] d"no clej[l4 s/ yk u/l e"qmfgl lno{ cfjlws ljj/0fdf ;dfj]z u/l ;DalGwt cfgtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvn ug'{ k5{. ;]jfsf] laqmlsf (Output) nflu laqml vftf / v/lb u/]sf] j:t' jf ;]jfsf nflu (Input) v/lb vftf /fvg' k5{. o :yfglo lgsfon] lng] Joj;fo s/ :yfglo :jfoq zf;g P]gadf]lhd nufopsf] Joj;fo s/ ;DalGwt lgsfonfo{ ltg'{ k5{. cfoaf6 Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt vr{ tyf sfg"gadf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ /fh:jx? e'qmfg u/]kl5 affsl /x]sf] ljt/0fof]uo d'gfkmf s;/l aff8kmff8 ug]{ egg] ljifodf :ki6 wf/0ff /fvg' cfjzos x'g5. o Joj;foLn] lng] lx:;f o ;fem]bf/lx?sf] lx:;f o ;xof]ulnfo{ lbog] lx:;f o sd{rf/lnfo{ lbog] lx:;f 24

35 kl/ro kif;fu ;+jfb / k/fdz{ Client Interviewing and Counselling sfg"g Joj;fosf] 5f]6f] Oltxf; af]s]sf] xfd f] b]zdf cem};dd klg :t/lo sfg"g Joj;fo km:6fpg ;s]sf] 5}g. xfdl s]xl cl3;dd sfg"gl tyf ;fdflhs?kdf ;d]t af]sfxf cyf{t c?sf] sfd af]sg] Joj;fosf]?kdf hflgg] ub{yof}f. k wfg Gofonosf] :yfkgfkzrft\ dfq o; Joj;fodf s]xl kl/jt{gx? b]vf kg{ yfn]. g]kfn sdg n l;:6d dfgg] d'n's epsfn] oxff a]nfotl tyf ef/tlo sfg"gsf] k efj /x]sf] 5. To; k efjaf6 d'qm x'g xfd f] Joj;fonfO{ Jofj;flos tyf dof{lbt agfpg] k of;x? x'fb} cfpsf 5g\. g]kfndf sfg"g Joj;fosf] :t/ / Jofj;flos Ifdtf cgo d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf Go"g /x]sfn] ;'wf/sf nflu ;do ;dodf s]xl vf; k otgx? epsf] kfog5. xfd f sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] cfk\mgf] k]zf z' ubf{ s]jn ljzjljbfnodf k9]sf sfg"g / s]xl jl/i7 sfg"g Joj;foLn] lbpsf] ;fwf/0f Jofjxfl/s 1fgeGbf afx]s cgo cfwf/e"t 1fg lypg. sfg"g Joj;fodf k j]z ug'{k"j{ lng'kg]{ Go"gtd cfwf/e"t tflnd glnpsf sf/0f k/dk/fut?kdf ul/g] ax; k}/jldf dfq ;Lldt /xg' kg]{ cj:yf cbflk ljbdfg 5. kif;fu cgtjf{tf{ s;/l ug]{, sfg"gl d:of}bfsf cfwf/e"t biftf s] s] x'g\, jftf{ s;/l ul/g' kb{5, cbfntleq ax; ubf{ To;sf] dof{bf s;/l ug{ ;lsg5 < ol ;a ljifox?sf] 1fg ljsl;t d'n'sx?df sfg"g k]zfdf k j]z ug'{k"j{ g} lbog5. o:tf tflndx? k fkt ug{ g;sbf k]zfsf] :t/ t'ngftds?kdf sdhf]/ x'g' :jfefljs} xf]. xfd f] h:tf] ågåu :t d'n'sdf sfg"gl ;xfotfdf gjk j]zl sfg"g Joj;foLx? ;d]tsf] Jofks ;nugtf 5. pko'{qm tflndsf] cefjdf ;]jfu fxln] plrt sfg"gl ;xfotf kfpfb}gg\. t;y{ k]zf k j]zsf] qmddf o:tf cfwf/e"t biftf (Basic Skill) ;DaGwL tflnd, ;~rf/;lk, kif;fusf] cgtjf{tf{, jfssnf, d:of}bf / d]nlknfk;dagwl ;Lk, ;fiflk/lif0f, 6«df sfplg;lnª\ tyf k :t'tls/0fsf] 1fg sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ To;df klg gjf]lbt sfg"g Aoa;flox?nfO{ ckl/xfo{ 5. sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfˆgf] kif;fu ;+jfb s;/l ug]{ egg] klg sxlf l;sfpg' kg]{ s'/f xf] / < egg] k Zg p7\g' :jfefljs xf]. y'k } sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] s]xl jif{sf] Jofj;flos cg'ejkl5 ;+jfbsf] cfˆg} z}nl ljsfz ul/;s]sf x'g5g\. kif;fu x'g] cgtjf{tf{sf] qmddf s]xl k fljlws ;d:ofx? cfpg] epsfn] bf]xf]/f] ;+jfbnfo{ ;xh agfpgsf nflu lgdg ;Lksf] k of]u u/]df ;+jfb;lk :t/o'qm x'g;s5. ;+jfb ;Lk (Oral Communication Skills) sf]xl cfˆgf]] s'/f c?n] a' g] u/l :ki6?kdf /fvg a9l bif x'g5g\ eg] sf]xl c?n] af]n]sf] s'/fsf] cfzo a' g a9l bif x'g5g\ \. cfˆgf]] s'/f csf]{ kif;dif a' g] / cfjzostfcg';f/ rfvnfubf] x'g] u/l /fvg] / csf]{n] eg]sf] s'/f / To;sf] cfzo a' g] ;Lk ;+jfb ;Lk xf]. h'g;'s} Joj;fodf ;+nug JolQmsf nflu ;+jfb;lk ctogt dxîjk"0f{{ x'g5. sfg"g Joj;foLn] ug'{ kg]{ clwsf+z sfdx?df k efjsf/l?kdf ;+jfb ug]{ Ifdtfsf] cfjzostf x'g5. jf:tjdf ;+jfb;lk ;xh1fg / ceof;n] kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsg] ;Lk xf]. y'k } ;kmn dflg;x? s'g} cf}krfl/s tflnd lagf klg ;+jfb;lkdf bif x'g5g\. ;+jfbnfo{ s;/l k efjsf/l agfpg] egg] p2]zon] ul/g] ceof; s[lqd / sd k efjsf/l nfug ;S5, t/ lgoldt?kdf ceof; ub}{ updf o;n] ;Lk ljsf; ug{ d2t u5{. of] lg/gt/ ceof;af6 cfh{g ug{ ;lsg] biftf xf]. ;+jfb;lk ljsf; ug'{sf] k fylds p2]zo M lgdg s'/fx?sf] nflu sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ ;+jfb;lk rflxg5 kif;fu k efjsf/l ;+jfb sfod ug{, lghaf6 cfjzos ;"rgf ;xh?kdf k fkt ug{, kifnfo{ ;fdlos?kdf plrt lg0f{o lng d2t ug{, kl5 ug]{ sf/afxl lglzrt ug{. dfly pnn]v ul/psf p2]zon] kif;fusf] pko'qm ;+jfbsf] nio ;w}f k"/f x'fb}g. o:tf] p2]zo k"/f x'g g;sg'sf k5fl8 slxn] sfg"g Joj;foLsf] c;ifdtf sf/s ttjsf]?kdf /x]sf] x'g5 eg] slxn] kifsf] sf/0fn] klg o:tf] c;kmntf x'g5. h;sf sf/0fx? lgdglnlvt x'g ;Sb5g\. kifsf] s'/f /fd /L g;'g]/, rflxg]egbf a9l s'/f u/]/, ckl/ksj lgbfg u/]/, cyf{t k"/} s'/f g;'gl lgisif{df k'u]/, / kifn] JoQm ug{ rfx]sf] ljifodf af]ng agb]h nufp/. 25

36 cgo sf/0fx? k"/} jf:tljstf vf]n]df cfˆgf] sf/f]af/, zfv jf 5ljdf xflg k'ug] 8/n] kifn] cfˆgf] ;a} s'/f sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ egg ;ª\sf]r u/]/ jf cs}{ ju{, lnª\u, hft / pd]/sf] sfg"g Joj;foLsf cufl8 v'n:t x'g c;lhnf] cg'ej u/]/. o; k sf/sf] ;d:of ;+jfb;lksf] ;fdfgo 1fg gepsf] cj:yfdf cfpg] ;d:of xf]. o;sf/0f x/]s sfg"g Joj;foLn] ;+jfb;lksf] ljsf;, cwoog / cfkm"nfo{ ;f]xl cg'?k 9fNb} nfg] lg/gt/ k of; ul/pdf of] ;d:of w]/} xb;dd lg/fs/0f x'g ;Sb5. df}lvs ;+jfb (Oral Communication Skill) df tn plnnlvt ;d:of x'g] x'fbf oxff ;fgb{les x'g5. Ps ltxfo h'g af]lng5, csf]{n] ;'g]sf] x'fb}g. affsl Ps ltxfo hf] ;'lgg5 t/ a'lempsf] x'fb}g. / affsl Ps ltxfo hf] a'lemg5 t/ :jlsfl/psf] x'fb}g. Bill Scott ;Gb]z dfwod ; f]t -k ]ifs_ ;+jfb >f]tf k[i7kf]if0f c;/ jf sfd Oral Argument Written Statement ;~rf/sf dfwodx Body Language Picture ;'lgb}g :jlsfl/gg a'lemb}g 26

37 vf;u/l kif;fusf] cgtjf{tf{sf] qmddf g;'lgg], ga'lemg] / :jlsf/ gug]{ cj:yfx? b]vf kg]{ x'gfn] ceof;af6 o:tf ;d:ofnfo{ sd ug{ ;lsg5. o:tf c;kmntfnfo{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ lggg pkfox? cjndag u/l o;sf] plrt lgbfg ug{ ;lsg5. kif;fu x'g] 5nkmnsf qmddf s]xl k fljlws ;d:ofx? x'g]x'fbf kif;fu x'g] ;+jfb 5nkmnnfO{ ;xh / :t/o'qm agfpg tn plnnlvt ;Lksf] k of]u ug{ ;lsg5.!= ;Lksf] plrt k of]u (Effective Use of skills): s_ ;'Gg] (Listening): kifsf] s'/f ;'Gg' cgtjf{tf{df ;a}egbf a9l dxîjk"0f{{ x'g5. o;sf nflu p;nfo{ af]ngsf nflu k ]l/t ug{ ;Sg' k5{. To;}n] kifn] af]ng z' ubf{ oyf;dej p;nfo{ cfˆgf] s'/f egg lbg'k5{. p;n] cfˆgf] s'/f elg;s]kl5 cfjzostfcg';f/ agb k Zgx? ;f]wb} d'2fsf] ;TotYo hfgsf/l lng ;Sg'k5{. sfg"g Joj;foLx? /fd f] z}nldf af]ng ;Ifd x'fbf x'fb} klg /fd f] ;+jfbsdl{ gx'g ;S5g\. lsgeg] w]/} h;f] /fd f] af]ng] dflg;df ;'Gg] biftfsf] lgtfgt cefj x'g5. k efjsf/l ;+jfb ug]{ biftf ljsf; ug{sf nflu csf{sf] s'/f ;'Gg] biftfsf] ljsf; ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'g5. ;+jfb;lksf] ;a}egbf dxîjk"0f{{ kif xf] ;'Gg] biftf. rfx] kif;fusf] jftf{ xf];\ jf ;fiflsf] askq jf cbfntdf ul/g] ax; xf];\. s'g} klg sfg"g Joj;foL cfk\mgf ljkifl jf ;xsdl{ sfg"g Joj;foL, ;fifl / GofofwLzx?sf] s'/fnfo{ /fd /L ;'Gg / a' g ;Ifd x'g'k5{. ;+jfbdf /fd /L af]ng ;Sg' hlt dxîjk"0f{ x'g5, /fd /L ;'Gg / a' g;sg' klg Tof]eGbf a9l dxîjk"0f{{ x'g5. s'g} kif a9l jf c;da4 s'/fx? af]ng] klg x'g ;S5 / cgfjzos ;do v]/ hfg5. o:tf] x'fbf s]xl x:tif]k u/]/ ljifoj:t'df s]lgb t u/fpg ;lsg5. t/ o:tf] sfd ckl/xfo{ epdf dfq ug'{k5{. cgoyf o:tf] x:tif]kn] kifnfo{ v'n]/ af]ngaf6 /f]sg ;S5. ;+jfb;dagwl ljz]if1x?n] ;'Gg] sfo{nfo{ b'o{ efudf jul{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ \ M lgliqmo ;'Gg' (Passive Listening) / ;lqmo ;'Gg' (Active Listening) lgliqmo ;'Gg' (Passive Listening): lgliqmo eo{ ;'Gg' klg Pp6f biftf xf]. o;df lgliqmotfsf] tftko{ g;'gg' jf Wofg glbg' egg] xf]og. a af]ng] JolQmsf] k jfxdf s'g} afwf gcfcf];\ egl r'k nfu]/ a:g' xf]. lgliqmo ;'gfodf ;'Gg]n] s]xl gaf]nl Wofgk"j{s ;'g]/ csf]{ kifnfo{ dgf]j}1flgs?kdf af]ln/xg afwo agfopsf] x'g5. z"gotf ;dfkt ug{ s]xl g s]xl af]ng} k5{. lgliqmo ;'gfosf] ceof; ;'Gbf ;lhnf] nfu] klg oyfy{df sl7g x'g5. lg/gt/ ceof; / o;sf] dxîjnfo{ a'lem/fv]sf] cj:yfdf eg] xfdln] lgliqmo ;'gfosf] biftf ljsfz ug{ ;S5f}F. lgliqmo ;'gfosf] qmddf klg csf]{ kifnfo{ ; f]tfn] ;'lg/x]sf] 5 egg] s'/fsf] af]w eg] x'g'k5{. h;sf nflu tnsf o'lqmx?sf] k of]u ug{ ;lsg5. cffvfsf] ;Dks{ (Eye Contact): ;+jfbsf] csf]{ kif;fu cffvfsf] ;Dks{ agfo/fvg]. z/l/sf] ;~rfng (Posture): cfˆgf]] a;fo / efjaf6 p;sf] s'/f ;'lg/x]sf] 5' egg] cfef; lg/gt/ lbg], 6fpsf] xnnfpg' (Nodding): ;do ;dodf 6fpsf] xnnfp/ p;n] eg]sf] s'/f cfkm"n] a'lem/x]sf] cfzo k s6 ug]{, :jlsfg'{ (Acknowledgements): h:t} cf, xf] ("Oh, Yes"), cflb elg/xg], k ToIf cg'/f]w (Express Invitation): af]ng] kif r'k nfu]sf] cj:yfdf clg <, To;;kl5 s] ef] < egg] h:tf k Zg /fv]/ p;nfo{ af]ngsf nflu k f]t;flxt ug]{. ;lqmo ;'Gg' (Active Listening): ;lqmo ;'gfodf ; f]tfsf] df}lvs x:tif]k x'g5. ;'Gg]n] cfkm"n] ;'g]sf] / a'em]sf] s'/f ;do ;dodf af]ng]nfo{ hfgsf/l u/fpf5. ;'g]sf] s'/f bf]x ofpg', a'em]sf] s'/f ;+If]kLs/0f u/l jqmfnfo{ atfpg' ;lqmo ;'gfosf] t/lsfleq k5{. kifn] cfˆgf]] s'/f elg;s]kl5 To;sf] ;f/;+if]k ;'gfpdf To;af6 csf]{ Pp6f kmfobf x'g;s5. Tof] s] xf] eg], kifn] af]n]sf] s'/f sfg"g Joj;foLn] / sfg"g Joj;foLn] af]n]sf] s'/f kifn] slt a'em]sf] 5 jf a'em\5 egg] s'/fsf] cgbfh x'g5. s'g} klg ;+jfb ;'Gbf b'o{dwo]] s'g t/lsf ckgfpg' k5{ egg] zfzjt l;4fgt 5}g. cj:yf cg'?k b'o{dwo]] s'g} Pp6f jf b'j}sf] ldl>t ;'Gg] t/lsf /f]hg'k5{. of] JolQm / kl/l:yltdf lge{/ ug]{ s'/f xf]. s] ubf{ af]ng] dflg;n] cfˆgf]] ;Dk"0f{{ s'/f ;xh?kdf /fvg ;S5 egg] cfwf/df sfg"g Joj;foLn] ;'Gg] tl/sf ckgfpg' k5{. df}gtf df}gtf (Silence): k To]s ;+jfbdf df}gtfsf] cfˆg} dxîj x'g5. t/ slxn]sfxlf df}gtfsf] nfdf] cjlw c;lhnf] / c;fdfgo dxz'z x'g ;S5. kif;fusf] 5nkmndf s'g} s'/f af]n]/ kif r'knfu5 eg] p;n] cfˆgf]] s'/f ;Demg / To;nfO{ qmda4 agfpg ;do nufpsf] x'g ;S5. To;} u/l cfkm"n] eg]sf] s'/fsf] k efj x]g{ r'k nfu]sf] x'g ;S5. o:tf]df cgtjf{tf{ cufl8 a9fpg / ;xh?kdf df}gtf eª\u ug{ sfg"g Joj;foLn] g} k otg ug'{ k5{. o:tf] k otgsf]?kdf cfˆgf]] efjgfsf] clejolqmsf ;fy} v'nf k Zg ;f]wg' pko'qm x'g;s5. 27

38 ] Legal Aid Manual zf/ll/s efiff (Body Language): cfˆgf]] z/l/sf] efjeª\uldfn] cgtjf{tf{df kif;fu plrt ;+jfb sfod ug{ ;xof]u / afwf klg k' ofpg ;S5 egg] s'/fdf ;r]t /xg' k5{. pbfx/0fsf nflu, cffvfsf] ;Dks{ M :jfefljs cffvfsf] ;Dks{ ug]{, -cgoyf af]w x'g] u/l cffvfsf] ;Dks{ gug]{ _ z/l/sf] em'sfj M kif eplt/ clnslt zf/ll/s em'sfj agfpg]. o;n] kifsf] s'/fk lt sfg"g Joj;foLn] Wofg lbo/x]sf] 5 egg] cg'e"lt x'g5. 6fpsf] xnnfpg] ] M ctolws xf]og, :jfefljs dfqfdf. Wofg x6fpg] Jojxf/ gug]{ M h:t} xftn] snd rnfo/fvg], r:df af/daf/ lems]/ k'5\g], kifn] af]ln/x]sf] ;dodf s'g} kmfon jf lstfa x]g{ z' ug]{, ult u'gu'gfpg] cflb. af]w (Acknowledgement): x:tif]k gu/l cfˆgf]] Wofg, rfv / a'emfo kifsf] s'/fk lt 5 egg] s'/fsf] clejolqmsf?kdf ;ª\s]t ug{ ;do ;dodf p;n] eg]sf s'/f;fu ;fgble{s x'g] 5f]6f clejolqmx? k s6 ug]{. h:t} M P xf] < sf7df08f} d}, xf===xf. af]nb} hfg clek ]l/t ug]{ (Invitation to continue): egg' kg]{ s'/f k"/f epsf] gb]vb} kif r'k nfu]sf] cj:yfdf egg';\ g,, To;kl5 s] eof] < To;sf] ;DaGwdf dnfo{ k"/} s'/f egg';\ h:tf af]ng k ]l/t ug]{ clejolqm ug]{. cfˆgf] efjgf k s6 ug]{ (Reflecting feelings): kifn] cfˆgf]] s'/f egbf p;sf] efjgfnfo{ tkfo{+n] a' g'epsf] 5 egg] s'/fsf] cg'e"lt lbg] lsl;dsf] clejolqm ug]{. xf], s:tf] cgofo t, of] s'/f ;'Gbf dnfo{ b'mv nfuof], b'3{6gf:ynaf6 tkfo{+ lsg x'naf6 ar]/ efug'eof] egg] s'/f d}n] a'em]+, h:tf ;fgble{s clejolqm o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\. v= k Zg ;f]wg] (Questioning): s'g} klg k f/ldes cgtjf{tf{df sfg"g Joj;foLn] lgdglnlvt hfgsf/l k fkt ug'{ p;sf] nio x'g5. ;+jfb;lksf] dxtjk"0f{ kif eg]sf] ;f]wg] snf klg epsf] x'fbf o;sf] ;d]t plrt k of]u ug{ ;s]df kifl;tsf] 5nkmn pkof]ul / k]z]j/ x'g ;Sb5. kif;fu b'o{ k sf/sf k Zg ;f]wg ;lsg5. v'nf k :g (Open Question) agb k :g (Closed Question) kif;fusf] k f/ldes 5nkmndf sfg"g Joj;foLn] lgdg s'/fsf] hfgsf/l /fvg] d"ne"t p2]zo /x]sf] x'g5.!= kifsf] ;d:ofsf] k j[mlt jf k :tfljt k[i7e"lddf /x]sf] ;Da4 ljj/0f / #= kifsf] efjgf / p2]zo. oldwo] clwsf+z s'/fx? dfly pnn]v ul/padf]lhd ;'Gg] qmddf g} cfo;sg] eptfklg ljifoj:t'sf] af/]df yk hfgsf/l k fkt ug{sf nflu kifnfo{ k Zg ;f]wg} kg]{ x'g5. k f/ldes cgtjf{tf{df / To;df klg z' sf] cj:yfdf agb k Zgsf] t'ngfdf v'nf k Zg a9l pko'qm x'g5g\ / of] s'/f a' g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf jfl~5t p2]zo k fkt ug{ ufx«f] x'g5. oblk v'nf k Zg / agb k Zgx?sf] ;DaGwdf k"j{ kl/r5]bd} pnn]v ul/;lspsf] 5, t}klg To:tf k Zgx?af6 k fkt x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt kmfobf / a]kmfobfsf ;DaGwdf tn pnn]v ul/psf] 5 M v'nf k ZgM v'nf k Zgaf6 lgdglnlvt kmfobfx? x'g ;S5g\\. kifnfo{ cgtjf{tf{sf] ljifoj:t' rog ug{ 5'6 lbg5, kifnfo{ dxîjk"0f{{ / ;Da4 7fg]sf] s'/f k s6 ug]{ ;'ljwf x'g5, :jtgqtf k fkt x'g] / cfkm" a9l ;lqmo?kdf ;+nug epsf] cg'e"lt u5{, tyo :d/0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'g5 / To:tf tyox? klg sfg"g Joj;foLn] kfpg ;S5. kif;fusf] cgtjf{tf{df cfjzostfcg'?k k :gx? ;f]wg k5{ 28

39 t/ v'nf k Zgaf6 lgdglnlvt a]kmfobfx? klg x'g ;S5g\ M agb k ZgM cgtjf{tf{df a9l ;do nfug uo{ k f/ldes cj:yfdf sd tyo cfpg ;S5g\, c;da4 s'/f k s6 ug{ k ]l/t ug{ ;S5, nhfn' / sd af]ng] kifsf] ;DaGwdf sd k efjsf/l x'g ;S5. v'nf k Zg h:t} agb k Zgaf6 klg tn n]lvpsf kmfobf jf a]kmfobf x'g ;S5g\ M kmfobfx?m d'2f;fu ;DalGwt ljj/0f k fkt x'g ;S5, o;n] ;+j]bgzln ljifoaf6 kifnfo{ sd tgfjsf ;fy kf/ u/fpg ;S5, sd af]ng] kifnfo{ cftdljzjf; lbg ;S5, c:ki6 / clglzrt s'/fnfo{ :ki6 kfg{ d2t ug'{sf] ;fy} kifnfo{ cfjzostfcg'?k af]ng] cj;/ lbg5. a]kmfobfx?m pko''qm ;+jfb gx'g ;S5, kifnfo{ cfˆgf]] wf/0ff /fvg /f]sg ;S5, tyonfo{ kifsf] b[li6sf]0fn] xf]og ls sfg"g Joj;foLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]g]{ 8/ x'g5, kifsf] cfjzostf a' g] ;Defjgf v'nf k Zgdf h:tf] x'fb}g, s'g} dxîjk"0f{{ tyosf] af/]df sfg"g Joj;foLn] hfgsf/l g} gkfpg] ;Defjgf /xg5, slxn]sfxlf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ubf{ c;da4 / kifn] grfx]sf] ljifodf cgtjf{tf{ s]lgb t x'g ;S5. k Zgsf] ;+o'qm ;+/rgfsf] k of]um klxn] v'nf k Zg ;f]wg] / To;af6 k fkt hfgsf/lnfo{ s]lgb t u/]/ yk k Zg ;f]wg] t/lsfnfo{ ;+o'qm ;+/rgf elgg5. o;df klxn] v'nf k Zgx? ;f]wg] ul/g5 / lj:tf/} agb k Zgx? ;f]wg] sfd ul/g5. h:t} M -v'nf k Zgx?_ sfg"g Joj;foL M To;kl5 s] eof] < kif M bfh'n] tf gfafns 5Fb} c+zag8f e};s]sf]n] d}n] tfnfo{ lbg' kg]{ s]xl 5}g. cfhb]lv of] 3/df a:g kfpfb}g;\ egg'eof] / clxn] d kl/jf/sf ;fy 8]/fdf a:5'. sfg"g Joj;foL M clg < kif M kifsf] s'/fx? /fd /L ;'Gg' kb{5 upsf] bz}fdf d bfh'sxff hffbf sfsfx? klg TolxF x'g'x'gyof]. d}n] jxffx?sf cufl8 g} c+zsf] s'/f ubf{ bfh'n] d}n] c+z lbg' kg]{ afwotf 5}g. c+z afa';fu lng] s'/f xf], bfo;fu xf]og. afa' /x];dd o;n] s]xl eg]g, k/nf]s epkl5 cfp/ d;fu dfu]/ d}n] s] lbg] < egg'eof]. -agbk Zg_ sfg"g Joj;foL M s] tkfo{+sf] a'jfn] tkfo{+ gfafns 5Fb} c+zag8f ul/lbg' epsf] lyof] t < kif M bfh'n] gf]s/l ug{ yfn]kl5 a'jf;fu al:bg c+z lbg';\ eg]/ bfh'n] eg]kl5 a'jfn] cfhb]lv tf}n] c+zafkt of] of] v]t cfkm} cfjfb u/]/ vfg' eg]/ sfuh n]lvlbg'epsf] lyof]. sfg"g Joj;foL M Tof] sfuh slxn] ul/lbpsf] xf] / Tof] dfnkf]t sfof{nodf up/ kf; u/]sf] lyof] ls lypg < kif M ldlt t ofb 5}g ;fndf 3/;f/df sfuh ul/lbpsf] xf]. sfg"g Joj;foL M Tof] sfuhdf sf] ;fifl a;]sf 5g\ < kif M c+lzof/x? a;]sf 5}gg\. yk :ki6ls/0f / ljifosf] hfgsf/lm v'nf / agb k Zgx? ;f]lw;s]kl5 klg lgdglnlvt sf/0fx?n] slxn]sfxlf yk :ki6ls/0f vf]hg' h?/l x'g5 M 29

40 :ki6 gepsf] s'/f :ki6 kfg{, kifsf] :d/0fzlqmnfo{ hufpg, kifsf] cfjzostf s] xf] egg] s'/f lgzro ug{, kif s:tf] sf/afxl rfxg5 egg] s'/fsf] lgzro ug{. o;sf nflu lgdglnlvt pkfox? ckgfpg ;lsg5 M Ps r/0f k5fl8 kms{g]m olb kifsf] s'/f :ki6 5}g eg] k'gm p;nfo{ kl5nnf] r/0fb]lv cfˆgf]] s'/f egg cg'/f]w ug]{. hjfkm ;'emfpg] k Zg ;f]wg]m cfkm"n] a'em]sf] s'/f g} kifn] eg]sf] xf] jf xf]og egg] s'/f lgzro gepsf] cj:yfdf hjfkm ;'emfpg] k Zg g} ;f]wg ;lsg5. h:t} tkfo{+n] bfh'nfo{ tlg efusf] b'o{ efu c+z d}n] kfpg' k5{. Ps efu dfq tkfo{+n] kfpg] xf]. egg' epsf] lyof] < = k'gm k Zg ug]{m s'g} kifn] af]n]sf] s'/fdf cl3 eg]sf] / kl5 eg]sf]df cgt/ cfpsf] 5 egg] nfu]df To:tf] ljifodf k'gm k Zg u/]/ lgzro ug{ ;lsg5. ljkiflsf] e"ldsf v]ng]m ljj/0f :ki6 ug]{ qmddf g} cfˆgf]] kifaf6 yk hfgsf/l cfcf];\ egg] p2]zon] ljkifln] p7fpg ;Sg] k Zgx? p7fpg ;lsg5. o:tf k Zgx?n] kifnfo{ k lt/ifftds agfpg] epsf] x'gfn] kifaf6 ;Dk"0f{{ tyox? gv'n];dd o:tf] k Zg ;f]wg pko'qm x'fb}g. o:tf] k Zg ;f]wbf sfg"g Joj;foLn] ljkifln] eljiodf p7fpg ;Sg] vfnsf k Zgx? g} cfˆgf]] kifnfo{ ;f]wg] sfd u5{. h:t}, sfg"g Joj;foLM kif;fusf] 5nkmnsf] uf]kglotf sfod /fvg' k5{ olb tkfo{+n] ;fjwfglk"j{s ;jf/l rnfo/fvg'epsf] lyof] / jf:tjdf af6f] sf6\g] JolQm gzfn] u :t lyof] eg] tkfo{+n] b'3{6gfkl5 ;jf/l ToxLF g/f]sl lsg efug' eof] t < t/ o;/l k Zg ;f]wg'sf] sf/0f eg] kifnfo{ atfpg' h?/l x'g5 cgoyf kifn] sfg"g Joj;foL cfkm"k lt c;+j]bgzln epsf] cy{ nufpg ;S5. ;+If]kLs/0f ug]{m kifn] atfpg rfx]sf] s'/f cfk"mn] a'em]sf] ga'em]sf] kqf nufpg] dxîjk"0f{{ t/lsf ;+If]kLs/0f klg xf]. kifaf6 ;Dk"0f{{ tyo k fkt eo;s]kl5 cfkm"n] a'em]sf] s'/f ;xl 5 ls 5}g egg] s'/fsf] k/lif0fsf?kdf sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfkm"n] a'em]sf] s'/f / kifn] rfx]sf] s'/fnfo{ ;+lifkt?kdf bf]x ofpg] / To;df s'g} s'/f km/s k/]df hfgsf/l lbg kifnfo{ cg'/f]w ug{' k5{. u= ljzn]if0f ug]{ (Analysing): Psk6s kifaf6 cfjzos tyo k fkt e};s]kl5 To:tf] tyonfo{ ;Da4 sfg"gsf] ;Gbe{df ljzn]if0f ug'{ k5{. o:tf] ljzn]if0faf6 ljjfbsf] sfg"gl cj:yfsf] l:ylt k fkt ug{ ;lsg5. c? ;a} biftfx? h:t} cg'ej, ceof; / lg/gt/tfn] ljzn]if0f ug]{ biftfnfo{ kl/dflh{t ub}{ hfg5. 3= JofVof ug]{ (Explaining): ljzn]if0fkzrft\ k fkt tyo / sfg"gn] ljjflbt ljifodf s] eg5 egg] s'/f sfg"g Joj;foLn] atfpg] / ;Defljt pkfox?dwo] r'ggsf nflu kif;dif /fvg] sfd JofVofleq k5{. o;/l JofVof ubf{ sfg"gsf] s'/f ;fdfgo zabdf a' g] u/l /fvg' k5{. hlt;'s} ;xl / ljjfb/lxt ;Nnfx epklg olb Tof] s'/f kifn] a' b}g eg] To;sf] s'g} dxîj x'fb}g. To;}n] ;/n efiffsf] k of]u ug'{ kb{5. ª= l6kf]6 ug]{ (Note Taking): tyosf] af/]df cfkm"nfo{ hfgsf/l epsf] s'/fdf ljzj:t epkl5 ;Defljt sf/afxlsf nflu cf}krfl/s?kdf ljj/0fx? l6kg] sfo{ o; r/0fdf x'g5. ;DalGwt JolQmx?sf] gfpf, y/, jtg, pd]/, jf/bft epsf] ;do / ldlt, b]vg] JolQmx?, gi6 epsf] ;DklQsf] ljj/0f cflb ;fgf;fgf ljj/0fx?nfo{ lnlka4 kfg]{ sfd o;df k5{. o:tf] l6kf]6 ljj/0fd"ns x'g'k5{, JofVofd"ns xf]og. kifn] cfˆgf] s'/f /fvg z' ugf{;fy sfuhdf s'g} l6kf]6 ug{ yfng' x'fb}g. cfkm" kifsf] s'/fdf udel/ 5' eg]/ b]vfpg] k otgsf]?kdf o;/l l6kf]6 z' ug]{ ;fdfgo k rng 5 h'g jf:tjdf ;xl xf]og. o;n] Psftkm{ kifsf] s'/f egg] qmdnfo{ l9nf] agfp/ afwf kf5{ eg] csf]{tkm{ sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;'Gg] Psfu tfnfo{ ljeflht u/l n]vgdf s]lgb t u5{ h;n] ubf{ tyo a' g] Ifdtfdf x«f; cfpf5. To;}u/L ;Nnfx jf k/fdz{sf nflu cfpsf] kifn] sfg"g Joj;foLn] p;n] af]ng yfngf;fy n]vg z' u/]sf] b]v]kl5 ljifonfo{ a9l udel/ dxz'z ug{ ;S5 / cfˆgf]] s'/f v'n:t k s6 ug{ p;n] ;ª\sf]r ug]{ ;Defjgf x'g5. To;}n] kif;fusf] ;+jfbsf] z' v08df ha;dd p;n] cfˆgf]] s'/f ;/;tl{ /flv;s]sf] 30

41 x'fb}g ta;dd l6kf]6 ug{ z' ug'{ x'fb}g. kifn] Ps;/f]?kdf cfˆgf]] s'/f /flv;s]kl5 olb p;sf] ;d:of cfˆgf]] ljifout If]qleq k5{ / cfkm"n] To;df p;nfo{ pko'qm ;Nnfx, ;]jf lbg ;Sg] 7fg]df To;kl5 dfq tyosf] l6kf]6 z' ug'{ pko'qm ;+/rgf / Joj:yfkg (Structure and Management): kif;fusf] cgtjf{tf{sf nflu lgdglnlvt ;+/rgf / Joj:yfkgf ug]{m cgtjf{tf{sf nflu cfjzos jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{ cyf{t e]6\g] :yfg / ;dosf] lgwf{/0f ug]{. kifsf] JolQmTjsf] cfwf/df cgtjf{tf{nfo{ cf}krfl/s, cw{ cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s agfpg]. cgtjf{tf{sf] :yfg kifsf nflu c;xh dxz'z gxf];\ egg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg]. sfg"g Joj;foL / kifn] Ps csf{sf] s'/f ;xh?kdf ;'Gg ;Sg] b"/lleq a:g] / b'j}n] rfx]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} s'/f l6kg jf n]vg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{, cgtjf{tf{ lng] :yfgn] Jofj;flostfsf] cg'e"lt kifnfo{ xf];\ egg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg] -6]a'ndf c:tjo:t sfuh 5/ki6 5l/Psf] cj:yfdf sfg"g Joj;foL nfk/jfx epsf] cg'e"lt kifnfo{ x'g ;S5_. cgtjf{tf{sf nflu cfjzos k"j{ tof/l ug]{, o;df kifn] s] ljifodf s'/f ug{ cfkm"nfo{ e]6\g rfx]sf] xf] egg] s'/fsf] Go"gtd hfgsf/l klxn] g} lng] / To; ;DaGwdf cfjzos sfg"gl Joj:yf / k rlnt Jojxf/sf ;DaGwdf cfkm"n] cfjzos cwoog ul/ /fvg] / cgtjf{tf{sf] ;dodf s;}sf] x:tif]k x'g glbg]. cgtjf{tf{sf qmddf x'g] 5nkmndf cgoqsf] pkl:ylt gu/fpg] / ;+jfbsf] ljifodf uf]kglotf sfod /fvg], cfkm" k"0f{?kdf oslg gep;dd ckl/ksj ;Nnfx ;'emfj glbg]. cgtjf{tf{sf nflu pko'qm 9fFrfsf] k of]u ug]{. pbfx/0fsf nflu kif;fu ug]{ ;+jfb / ;Nnfxsf nflu Pp6f pko'qm qmd / 9fFrf o; k sf/sf] x'g ;S5 M!= tyo ;ª\sng -cfjzostfcg';f/ v'nf / agb k Zg ;f]w]/_, #= yk ljj/0f k"/f ug]{ -l6kf]6 ug]{ / gv'n]sf] tyo v'nfpg]_, $= ;NNffx -cgtl/d ;Nnfx lbg]_, kifsf] plrt cfb/ %= cgto -To; a}7ssf] cgto / csf]{ e]6sf] ;do / ;Defjgf lglzrt ug]{_, ;Ddfg ug' {k5{ #= k/fdz{ (Advising): k/fdz{ lbg] qmddf lgdglnlvt sfdx? x'g5g\ M s= kifsf] sfg"gl l:yltsf] hfgsf/l lbg], v= ;Defljt pkrf/ / ljsnkx? -sfg"gl / Jofjxfl/s b'j}_ sf] hfgsf/l lbg], u= pkrf/sf pkfox? rog ug]{ ;DaGwdf, 3= kifsf] ;xdlt / lgb]{zgadf]lhdsf] sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{. s= kifsf] sfg"gl l:yltsf] hfgsf/l lbg]m sfg"g Joj;foLn] ;/n efiffdf a' g] u/l kifnfo{ p;sf] sfg"gl l:yltsf] hfgsf/l lbg' k5{. lsni6 / sfg"gl kfl/eflifs zabx?sf] k of]u ug{ x'fb}g. kifn] a' g] u/l ;/n efiffdf hfgsf/l lbg' k5{. olb klxnf] cgtjf{tf{ jf ;+jfb xf] eg] lgdglnlvt cj:yfdf s'g} k/fdz{ glbo{ cwoogsf nflu ;do dfug' k5{ M olb ljifoj:t' skfnl td;'s n]vg] jf s't glbpsf] cfwf/df df]xl lgisfzg ug]{ h:tf] lgoldt / ;/n k j[mltsf] xf]og eg], olb To; If]qdf tkfo{+nfo{ kof{kt cg'ej 5}g eg], kifn] klxnf] e]6df g} lgisif{ rfx]sf] 5}g eg] / ;dosf] lx;fan] ttsfn} lgk6f/f ug'{ kg]{ ljifo xf]og eg]. v= ;Defljt pkrf/ / ljsnkx? -sfg"gl / Jofjxfl/s b'j}_ sf] hfgsf/l lbg]m sfg"gsf] nfdf] ljzn]if0f / JofVofdf kifx?sf] rfv k fom x'fb}g. To;}n] k fkt tyosf] cfwf/df s] s] ljsnk kifsf] x'g;s5 egg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/l lbg' k5{. o:tf] ljsnkdf sfg"gl pkrf/ / Jofjxfl/s ;Defjgf b'j}sf] hfgsf/l lbg' k5{. h:t} s'g} cf}krfl/s?kdf ljjfx gepsl dlxnfn] ue{wf/0f u/]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] kl/l:yltcg';f/ gftf sfoddf d'2f ug]{ ls cgo sfg"lg k lqmofsf] km/s km/s ;Defjgf / 31

42 32 ltglx?sf kmfobf / a]kmfobfsf] af/]df kifnfo{ :ki6 hfgsf/l lbg' k5{. ;fy} d'2f dfldnf u/]sf] cj:yfdf nfug] vr{ / ;dosf] df]6fdf]6l hfgsf/l klg kifnfo{ lbg' k5{. u= pkrf/sf pkfox? rog ug]{ ;DaGwdf oblk o:tf] pkrf/sf] af6f] rog ug]{ s'/fdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] e"ldsf s] x'g'k5{ egg] ;DaGwdf b'o{ y/l wf/0ffx? 5g\. klxnf] wf/0ffcg';f/ pkrf/sf] ljsnk rogdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] e"ldsf uf}0f x'g'k5{. d'2fsf ;Defljt pkrf/x? kifsf cufl8 /flvlbg' k5{ / s'g pkrf/ ug]{ egg] s'/f kifnfo{ rog ug{ lbg' k5{. cfkm"n] g} kifnfo{ of] s'g} lglzrt pkrf/ ckgfpg' eg]/ l;kmfl/; ug{' x'fb}g. t/ To:tf] pkrf/af6 x'g] nfe / xflgsf af/]df eg] cfkm"n] hfg]sf] s'/f atfolbg' k5{. bf]; f] wf/0ffn] eg] s'g pkrf/sf] af6f] ckgfpg] egg] s'/fdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] lgb]{zgftds e"ldsf x'g' kg]{ / sfg"g Joj;foLn] g} ;jf]{qd pkrf/ of] x'g] egg] s'/fnfo{ O+lut ug'{ kg]{ dfgotf /fv5. kifn] ;Defljt pkrf/sf] hfgsf/l dfq rfx]sf] x'fb}g. kif / d'2fsf] :j?k x]/]/ b'o{dwo] s'g}klg t/lsf xfdln] ckgfpg ;S5f}F. To;} u/l b'j}sf] ldl>t :j?k klg k of]u ug{ ;lsg5. cem, olb ljifoj:t' ttsfn} sf/afxl ul/xfng' kg]{ k j[mltsf] 5}g eg] kifnfo{ ljrf/ ug{ / lg0f{o ug{ s]xl ;do lbg' plrt x'g5. 3= kifsf] ;xdlt / lgb]{zgadf]lhdsf] sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{ pkrf/sf] s'g pkfo ckgfpg] egg] af/]df kifn] lg0f{o lno;s]kl5 To:tf] lg0f{osf] sfof{gjogsf] ;jf]{qd pkfo s] x'g5 egl sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug'{ k5{. pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} kifsf lj 4 c+z kfpmf egl p;sl ktgln] lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sl 5g\. 5nkmnkZrft\ k ltpq/ kq lkm/fpfbf c+z lbg' kg]{ xf]og egl k ltjfb ug]{ t/ lghn] kfpg] c+z lbg] u/l ldnfkq ug{ jftf{ ug]{ lg0f{o kifn] u/]sf] 5 eg] klg lgdglnlvt s'/fsf] lg0f{o xfdln] ug'{ kg]{ x'g5 M k ltpq/ s'g lbg btf{ ug]{ / To;sf nflu kif s'g ;dodf cfpg' kg]{ xf] < ldnfkq ug]{ ljifodf kifn] g} cfˆgl ktgl;fu ;Dks{ ug]{ ls sfg"g Joj;foLn] ljkiflsf] sfg"g Joj;foL;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{ xf] < olb csf]{ kifaf6 ;sf/ftd k ltlqmof cfof] eg] s'g s'g zt{ /fvg] < o:tf] sfo{of]hgf agfpg] k lqmofdf klg sfg"g Joj;foLn] kifnfo{ k"0f{{?kdf ;xeful agfpg' k5{ / p;sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd g} sfo{of]hgf to ug{' k5{. $= cgtom dfly plnnlvt ;a} k lqmof k"/f u/]kl5 cgtjf{tf{sf nflu a;]sf] a}7ssf] cgto ug'{ kg]{ ;do cfpf5. cgtosf] tftko{ a}7s ;lsof] egg] dfq xf]og. cgto ubf{ klg ljrf/ k' ofpg' kg]{ s]xl s'/fx? x'g5g\. cgto ug'{cl3 kifn] cfkm"n] 5nkmn ug{ rfx]sf] ;a} ljifodf s'/f e};s]sf] s'/fdf sfg"g Joj;foL ljzj:t x'g'k5{. o;sf nflu kif;fu g} p;sf] c? s]xl ;Nnfx ug'{ kg]{ ljifo affsl t 5}g egg] k Zg ;f]wg' plrt x'g5. o;/l cgto ug]{ qmddf lgdglnlvt ljifodf kifnfo{ hfgsf/l lbg' kg]{ lgb]{zg ljlegg ljslzt b]zsf sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] ;ª\u7gn] cfˆgf ;b:ox?nfo{ lbpsf] kfog5 M s= ;f] ljifodf kifn] sfg"g Joj;foLsf] sfof{nosf] s'g JolQm;Fu ;Dks{ ug'{ kg]{ xf] / To; JolQmsf] x}l;ot s] xf] < v= 5nkmn epsf] ljifodf sfg"g Joj;foLn] ug'{ kg]{ efjl sfdx? / ltglx?sf] qmd s] x'g]5 < u= 5nkmn epsf] ljifodf kifn] ug'{ kg]{ s'g s'g sfdsf] ck]iff sfg"g Joj;foLn] u5{ / ltglx?sf] qmd s] x'g'k5{ < 3= s'g} sfo{of]hgf lglzrt ul/psf] 5 eg] To;sf] sfof{gjogsf] ;do ;Ldf slt x'g]5 < ª= cfufdl ;Dks{ slxn] ug]{ / To;sf nflu sfg"g Joj;foLn] kxn ug]{ xf] jf kifn] < r= ;]jfjfkt sfg"g Joj;foLn] k fkt ug]{ cg'dflgt kfl/>lds / To;sf] u0fgf s;/l ug]{ < %= ljbfom ljbfo lzi6frf/k"0f{{ x'g'k5{. kifnfo{ ;s]df sfof{nokl/;/ aflx/;dd / g;s]df cfˆgf] sfo{sifsf] 9f]sf;Dd ljbfosf nflu p7]/ hfg' plrt x'g5. kif;fusf] ;+jfbdf / k/fdz{df ljrf/ k' ofpg' kg]{ s]xl cfwf/e"t s'/fx? tn pnn]v ul/psf 5g\. ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] s'/fx?!= kifsf] s'/f w}o{tfk"j{s ;'Gg'k5{, alrdf x:tif]k ug{ x'fb}g. sltko cj:yfdf d'2fsf kifsf] nflu ljz]if1sf]?kdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k/fdz{ uf}0f x'g ;S5, a p;sf] s'/f udel/tfk"j{s ;'lglbg] sf]xl 5 egg] s'/f a9l dxîjk"0f{{ x'g ;S5. lagf x:tif]k s'/f ;'Ggfn] sfg"g Joj;foL cfˆgf]] ;d:ofk lt udel/ 5 egg] cg'e"lt kifnfo{ x'g5. tyflk nfdf] e"ldsf ;'Gg ;Dej gepsf] cj:yfdf s'/f ug{ z' ug'{cl3 g} cfkm";fu kifsf] nflu lbg ;lsg] ;do;ldf atfp/ ;f] cjlwleq cfˆgf]] s'/f 6'FUofpg cg'/f]w ug{ ;lsg5.

43 @= k Zg ;f]wbf klxn] v'nf k Zgx?af6 ;fdfgo tyo cfo;s]kl5 dfq agb k Zgx? ;f]wb} ljifoj:t'df k j]z ub}{ hfg'k5{. #= tyosf] k"/f hfgsf/l eog;sb}, kifn] cfˆgf]] k"/} s'/f / ;d:of /fvl g;sb} lgisif{df k'ug / ;Nnfx lbg z' ug'{ x'fb}g. s'g}klg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] Jofj;flostfsf] Pp6f dfkb08 p;sf] udel/tf klg xf]. ctm tyosf] hfgsf/l k"0f{{ gx'fb} dgf]ut lgzsif{ lgsfnl ckl/ksj k/fdz{ lbfb} hfg' x'fb}g, o;n] sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ljzj;glotfdf zª\sf ptkgg x'g5. Toltdfq xf]og, 5nkmnkZrft\ ttsfn} lbog] ;Nnfx cgtl/d k j[mltsf] dfq x'g'k5{, clgtd k j[mltsf] xf]og. olb k/fdz{ rflxpsf] ljifo ctogt ;/n / cfkm"nfo{ k"0f{{ cftdljzjf; epsf] s'/fdf 5 eg]dfq ttsfn k/fdz{ lbg ;lsg5. cgoyf cfkm"nfo{ cwoogsf nflu nfug] ;dosf] cgbfh u/l csf]{ e]6df dfq k/fdz{ lbg] ug'{ k5{. kifsf] ;Dd'v g} P]g / cgo ;Gbe{ ; f]tx?sf] vf]hlag ug{ yfng] xf] eg] To;n] kifnfo{ sfg"g Joj;foLk lt a9l ljzj:t agfpfb}g. $= kif;fusf] s'g}klg ;+jfb p;n] cfˆgf] ;fydf NofPsf] / ;fy} /fvg rfx]sf] afx]s cgo s'g} JolQmsf] cufl8 ug'{ x'fb}g. Ps} k6s PseGbf a9l kifx?nfo{ ;Fu} /fv]/ kfn}kfnf] pglx?sf] s'/f ;'Gg] ug'{ x'fb}g. To;} u/l cgo s'g} JolQm, kif;fu k/fdz{ ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} 6]lnkmf]g l/l;e ug'{ jf c?n] jftf{ ;'Gg] u/l 6]lnkmf]gdf s'g} kif;fu s'/f ug'{ x'fb}g. o:tf] sfdn] lgdglnlvt ;d:ofx? l;h{gf x'g ;S5g\ \ M Pp6f kifn] csf]{sf] ;+jfbdf x:tif]k ug]{ / cfkm} ;Nnfx lbg] h:tf sfd x'g ;S5g\. ;+jfbdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] lgogq0f u'dg] ;Defjgf x'g5. csf{sf] pkl:yltdf kifn] v'n]/ cfˆgf]] s'/f /fvg c;lhnf] dxz'z u5{ / kifalrsf] ljlzi6 s'/fsfglsf af/]df c?n] yfxf kfpg] cj:yf x'g5. uf]kglotf /xg ;Sb}g. kif;fu kmf]gdf u/]sf] s'/f t]; f] kifn] ;'g]sf] cj:yfdf kif;fusf] jftf{sf] uf]kglotf eª\u x'g;s5. %= jftf{df To;kl5 ug]{ lgdglnlvt s'/fx? lglzrt ul/;s]sf] x'g'k5{ M Tof] jftf{ g} clgtd xf] jf k'gm e]6\g cfjzos 5 < olb cfjzos 5 eg] csf]{ e]6 slxn] sxff ug]{ xf] < To:tf] e]6df kifn] s'g} tyo, k df0f hfgsf/l Nofpg' kg]{ 5 ls 5}g < 5 eg] To;sf] hfgsf/l kifnfo{ :ki6?kdf u/fopsf] 5 ls 5}g < csf]{ k6s e]6\g cfpfbf sfg"g Joj;foLn] s], s'g sfd ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] x'g]5 < olb csf]{ e]6cl3 g} sfg"g Joj;foLn] kif;fu ;Dks{ ug'{ k/]sf] cj:yfdf s] s;/l ;Dks{ ug{ ;S5, 7]ufgf, kmf]g gda/, O{d]n cflb l6kf]6 ug'{ kb{5. 5nkmnsf qmddf lg/gt/ cffvfsf] ;Dks{ /fvg' k5{ 33

44 34 cf3ft cf3ft (Trauma) cf3ft k/fdz{ Trauma Counseling cf3ft cyf{t 6«df dflg;n] cg'ej ug]{ Ps o:tf] b'mvb 36gf xf] h;n] s'g} JolQmnfO{ dfgl;s, zf/ll/s jf efjgftds?kdf bl3{sfnlg kl8f lbg5. clwsf+z dflg;x?n] cfˆgf] hljgsf] ef]ufo;fu} cf3ft kfg]{ (Traumatic event) b'mvb 36gfsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kb{5. o:tf b'mvb 36gfx? ta dfq cf3fthgo dflgg5g\ ha cs:dft Pj+ csnkglo?kdf 36\b5g\. lgd{d oftgf, afn of}gb'/frf/, k fs[lts k sf]k, cftª\s, cfuhgl, ;8s b'3{6gf, em}femu8f jf o'4nufot, cfsl:ds cfqmd0f, s'6lk6, anftsf/, xtofsf jf cgo h3go ck/fwsf k ToIfbzL{ x'g' jf zf/ll/s dfgl;s / of}lgs b'jo{jxf/af6 k tfl8t x'g' cf3fthgo 36gfleq kb{5g\. slxn]sfxlf cfˆgf kl/jf/hg tyf Oi6ldqdfly 36]sf 36gfsf] k ToIfbzL{ epsf] sf/0fn] klg dflg;df cf3ft kg{ ;S5. ljzjjofkl k j[mltsf cf3fthgo 36gfdf o'4, af9l klx/f], Kn]g b'3{6gf jf ckx/0f, ;d'gb L cffwlt"kmfg cflb kb{5g\. s'g} ctogt 8/ nfubf] 36gfdf k/]/, b]v]/, ;'g]/ jf To;sf] af/]df k9]/ JolQmn] cfk"mdf dxz'z u/]sf] kl8f 6«df xf]. cyjf ha s'g} JolQmn] g;f]r]sf] -csnkglo_ b'mvbfol 36gf 36\b5, ta To;n] p;sf] dgf]efjgfdf kl/jt{g NofpFb5 / of] k fom b'mvbfol x'g5. To:tf] b'mvbfol efjgfnfo{ dgf]efjgftds kl8f elgg5. ol efjgfx? 36gfx?k lt JolQmn] b]vfpg] efjgftds tyf Jofjxfl/s k ltlqmofx? x'g\, h'g ;a} JolQmdf x'g5. efjgftds kl8fnfo{ g} efjgftds cf3ft klg elgg5. efjgfdf kg]{ ulx/f] rf]6nfo{ g} dgf];fdflhs cf3ft elgg5. JolQmut?kdf dfq gep/ o;sf] c;/ k':tf}+ k':tf;dd klg /xg;s5. cf3ftdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf JolQm udel/ dfgl;s bafadf x'g5. cf3fthgo 36gf To:tf] eofjx 36gf xf] h;n] JolQmdf r/d lrgtf / c;xfosf] efjgf NofpF5. cf3fthgo 36gfn] p;sf]] hljgdf crfgs ljrng jf vnanl k}bf ub{5. cf3ftdf ptkgg x'g] k ltlqmofx? JolQmlkR5] km/s x'g ;S5g\, lsgls x/]s JolQmdf o:tf 36gfnfO{ a'e\mg] tl/sf km/s x'g5 / o;k lt b]vfog] k ltlqmofx? klg km/s x'g5g\. h:t} s;}nfo{ lbopsf] ;fdfgo wdsl dfq}n] p;sf] efjgfdf lgs} pynk'yn NofpF5 / pm To; 36gfsf sf/0f ;f]lr/xg], lrlgtt x'g], 8/fpg] tyf cflqg] u5{. ;femf efjgftds k ltlqmof (Common Emotional Response Crashes) o:tf 36gfaf6 kll8t kifn] k foh;f] ;f] 36gfaf6 cfkm" argsf nflu lj/f]w ug]{ cyjf cfkm" g} hfonfug] ;d]t ub{5g\. of] dflg;sf] ;femf efjgftds k ltlqmof (Common Emotional Response Crashes) xf] / o;f] ug'{ ;f] kll8t kifsf] s'g} untl klg xf]og. dfgjlo zf/ll/s dgf]lj1fgn] :jtm To:tf] k ltlqmof lbg] ub{5. o:tf] k ltlqmof lbg] qmddf slxn]sfxlf cem a9l b'mvb\ l:ylt klg cfpg ;S5. t/ To;sf] lhdd]jf/ kll8t kif :jo+ geo{ cf3ft k' ofpg] kif jf 36gf g} /xg5. o:tf Traumatic event tyf Common Emotional Response n] kll8tsf] Jojxf/ut cfr/0fdf kl/jt{g, efjgftds tyf zf/ll/s c;/sf ;fy} x[bodf ;d]t gsf/ftds k efj kfg{ ;S5g\. p2]zo p2]zo (Objectives) sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug]{ s'g} klg sfg"g Joj;foLn] 6«df kll8t kifx? s:tf x'g5g\ / ltglx?nfo{ s;/l k/fdz{ / ;xof]u ug'{k5{ egg] s'/f hfgsf/l u/fpg]. cfjzostf (Justification) sfg"gl pkrf/ lng cfpg] clwsf+z JolQmx?df dfgl;s jf dgf]j}1flgs kl8f /x]sf] x'g5. hf] x]bf{ ;fdfgo b]lvg5 t/ dfgl;s jf dgf]j}1flgs kl8faf6 u :t /x]sf x'g5g\. o:tf kifx?sf] klxrfg u/l plrt k/fdz{ lbg] ;Lk j[l4sf nflu Trauma Counseling sf af/]df hfgsf/l /fvg' cfjzos x'g5. sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ Trauma Counseling sf] af/]df hfgsf/lsf nflu M s:tf] s:tf] 36gfx?af6 cf3ft ptkgg x'g5 < cf3ft (Trauma) sf sf/0fx? b]vg, ;'Gg jf cg'ej ug{ ;Sg] cf3fthgo 36gf jf cj:yfx? lgdg x'g ;Sb5g\ M crfgs / cgk]lift 36gf 36\g' -lx+;fhgo s'6lk6, n}lª\us tyf of}ghgo, cfuhgl_ dlxnf lx+;f epsf] 36gfdf kg'{ jf k/]sf] b]vg' jf ;'Gg' hftlo tyf ;fdflhs lje]b s'g} dlxnf ;d'bfo ;+:yfn] zf]if0f u/]sf] cj:yf cyjf 36gf e"m6f] cfzjf;g lbg x' Fb}g

45 zª\sf, c;'/lift, / eofjx jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{ 3/af/, huufljxlgsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] kl/jf/ljxlg cj:yf cfokg'{ ghlssf] JolStsf] d[to' x'g' ågå/t kifx?alr le8gt e}/x]sf] b]vbf jf ;'Gbf ad agb's k8\s]sf], uf]nl xfg]sf] b]vbf jf ;'Gbf :jo+ ckx/0fdf kbf{ dfgl;s eo ljlegg cf/f]kdf oftgf kfpfbf cfk\mgf] cffvf cufl8 kl/jf/sf] ;b:onfo{ s;}n] s'6lk6 u/]sf], k'5tf5 u/]sf] jf ckx/0f u/]/ nu]sf] b]vbf crfgs epsf] cfly{s Iflt sfg"g;fu ljjfbdf k/]sf kfl/jfl/s ljv08gnufot cgo ljlegg sf/0fx?n] klg cf3ft x'g ;S5. 6«df kll8tsf k j[lq gsf/ftds ;a}nfo{ zª\sfsf] b[li6n] x]g]{ / ljzjf; gug]{ x'g5g\. To:tf kll8tnfo{ ;'wf/ ug{ 7"nf] k of; ug'{ kb{5. olb ;dodf g} ;'wf/sf] k of; Pj+ ;xof]u ul/pg eg] To:tf kll8tn] cftdxtof klg ug{ ;Sb5g\. o:tf kll8tsf gsf/ftds Jojxf/nfO{ k/fdz{bftfn] ;xh?kdf lnp/ ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5. ;sf/ftds o:tf] k j[lqsf kll8tnfo{ l56f] ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg5. o:tf kll8tx?df lg/fzf b]lvp klg loglx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ cfzf d/]sf] x'+fb}g t/ w}o{tf rfflx x'g'kb{5. ;xof]ul tyf k/fdz{bftfnfo{ loglx?n] ljzjf; Pj+ e/f];f u/]sf x'g5g\. cf3ftdf k/]sf JolQmx?df b]lvg] dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofx? cyf{t k ltlqmofx? cf3ftdf k/]sf JolQmx?df d'votof lgdgk sf/sf dgf];fdflhs ;d:of Pj+ k ltlqmofx? b]vg ;lsg5 M uf]kglotf sfod ug' PSsfl; tl;{g] jf eml:sg], lggb fdf klg lrrofp/ p7\g], 8/fPsf] / c;xfo h:tf] b]lvg] af/daf/ b'3{6gfsf] ememnsf] cfo/xg] jf g/fd f] ;kgf b]lv/xg]. 8/, lrgtf, eo, qf;, cflqg], 56\k6L], lg/fz, b'mvl, tgfju :t dg:yllt, t'?gt} dl/xflng5 ls egg], cftdxtofsf] ;f]r cfpg], PSnf]kg cflb. #_ ljlegg b'vb 36gfnfO{ ;ldemg / s]nfpg grfxg], To; 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} JolQm, j:t' tyf :yfgaf6 6f9f /xg], zf/ll/s ;d:of b]vfpg] h:t} z/l/ b'vof], 6fpsf] b'vof] cflb. k/fdz{ (Counseling) s] xf] < k/fdz{sf r/0fx? k/fdz{ Pp6f k lqmof xf] pkrf/ xf]og. s'g} klg JolQmsf] c;fdfgo Jojxf/nfO{ kl/jt{g u/l k'gm ;fdfgo Jojxf/df Nofpg] k lqmof xf]. ;fdfgotof Jojxf/df k rlnt k/fdz{df ;/;Nnfx, ;"rgfd"ns, dgf];fdflhs / z}lifs s'/fx? kb{5g\. ;fdfgotof kll8t / 36gfsf] cj:yf x]/l k ToIf?kdf / ck ToIf?kdf u/l b'o{ k sf/n] k/fdz{ lbog5. k"j{tof/l r/0f k/fdz{bftfn] kll8tn] b]vfpg] ttsfn Pj+ s]xl ;dokl5 b]vfpg] k ltlqmofsf] cfwf/df k/fdz{sf] k"j{tof/l ug'{ kb{5. 35

46 != k yd r/0f ;d:of bf]; f] r/0f ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ljlegg pkfox? kqf nufpg], #= t]; f] r/0f ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;jf]{qd pkfosf] lg0f{o ug]{, $= rf}yf] r/0f Tof] lg0f{o nfu" ug{ pko'qm t/lsfx? kqf nufpg], %= kffrf}f r/0f tldwo] ;jf]{qd af6f]sf] lg0f{o ug]{, ^= 5}7f}F r/0f sfd z' ug]{, &= ;ftf}+f r/0f sfdsf] ;xl d"nofª\sg / 5nkmn ug]{. 6«fpdf k/fdz{sf cfwf/e"t lgodx? M!= em'7f cfzjfzg lbg kll8tsf cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf 7Ls jf j]7ls egg] lg0f{o ug{ gx'g], #= kll8tnfo{ xf]rofpg] lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ ug{ gx'g], $= kll8t af]ln/xfbf afwf k' ofpg], Wofgk"j{s g;'gg], k Zgsf] e'd/ldf kfg]{ h:tf sfo{ ug{ gx'g], %= efjgftds?kdf cf3ft k'ug] u/l kll8t;fu PSsfl; ;DajGw 6'6fpg gx'g]. 6«fpdf kll8tnfo{ k/fdz{ lbg] t/lsf M!= kll8tsf] syf JoyfnfO{ Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg] / kll8tnfo{ cfkm\gf] s'/f egg k"/f ;do zfgt jftfj/0f / uf]kglotf sfod ug]{, #= o:t} k sf/sf ;d:ofaf6 c? klg kll8t 5g\ egl ;Demfpg], 9f8;\ lbg], $= kll8tnfo{ cfkm\gf] kl8f / l/; kf]vg pt;flxt ug]{, %= cf3ftdf k/]sf] dflg;nfo{ ;d"lxdf k Zg g;f]wg] ;fy} 36gfsf] af/]df egg afwo gu/fpg], ^= kll8tnfo{ cfkm\gf] lg0f{o cfkm} ug{ lbg], &= kll8tnfo{ k x/ldf hfg, c:ktfn hfg ;xof]u ug]{, *= ;xof]usf nflu pknaw ; f]t, ;fwg tyf ljsnkx?sf af/]df hfgsf/l u/fpg], (= cfˆgf] hfgsf/ldf epsf ;xof]ul ;ª\3;+:yf / pkrf/ s]gb x?sf af/]df hfgsf/l u/fpg],!)= kll8tnfo{ cfkm" lglzrt gepsf] s'/fdf cg';/0f jf lg0f{o ug{ k ]l/t gug]{,!!= kll8tnfo{ cfjzos kbf{ ;lhn} ;Dks{ ug{ ;Sg] 6]lnkmf]g lbg], /!@= cgtdf, efjgfdf k/]sf] rf]6 / dgsf ;d:ofx?sf] klg pkrf/ u/] ;~rf] x'g5 egg]af/] hfgsf/l lbg]. olb c3ftdf k/]sf] JolQmnfO{ dgf]ljdz{ cfjzos 5 / pm dgf]ljdz{sf nflu tof/ 5 eg] To;sf] nflu dgf]ljdz{stf{ jf To:tf] ;]jf lbg] ;+:yf;fu ;Dks{ u/folbg' k5{. 36

47 "" Legal Aid Manual sfg"gl /fo eg]sf] s] xf]? sfg"gl /fo Legal Opinions ;d:ofu :t s'g} klg sfg"gl ;jfndf sfg"g Joj;foL;Fu lnlvt?kdf /fo ;Nnfx dfu ul/psf] v08df sfg"g Joj;foLn] k bfg ug]{ /fo;lxtsf] ;'emfjnfo{ sfg"gl /fo elgg5. sfg"gl /fo ;fdfgotof kqfrf/sf] 9fFrfdf tof/ ul/g5. sfg"gl /fo cfkm}df lg0f{o xf]og. To;}n] o:tf] /fo ;]jfu fxlnfo{ agwgsf/l eg] x'fb}g. xfn;ddsf] ceof;nfo{ x]bf{ k fou/l lghl, ;fj{hlgs tyf ;/sf/l sdkgl tyf ;+:yfgnufot a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfg (Private, Public or State Owned Companies or Bank and Financial Institution) x?n] o:tf sfg"gl /fo ;Nnfx dfu ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. o:tf sfg"gl /fo ;Nnfx dfu ubf{ ;DalGwt sdkgl cyjf ;+:yfgn] cflwsfl/s?kdf kq k ]lift u/l lglzrt ;dofjlw ls6fg u/l cfjzos epsf] ljifodf tt\ tt\ ljifosf 1ftf;Fu k/fdz{ dfu u/]sf x'g5g\. k/fdz{ bftfn] klg pko'{qm ;f]wgl ep cg'?ksf] ljifodf cfslif{t x'g] sfg"gl k fjwfg, ;f]sf] cy{ / k +f;lª\us JofVof ;fy} c f cbfntsf] ceof;sf] cfwf/df lgh ;Nnfxsf/n] 7x ofp adf]lhdsf] /fo ;'emfj;lxtsf] kq kifnfo{ k7fpfb5. sfg"gl ;xfotf P]g adf]lhd k bfg ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLsf xsdf eg] dfly plnnlvt afx]s k fs[lts JolQmn] ;d]t sfg"gl /fo ;Nnfx dfu ug{ ;Sb5g\. o; k sf/ dsf{ kg]{ kifn] lnlvt jf df}lvs h'g;s}?kdf klg To:tf] /fo dfu u/]sf] x'g ;Sb5. lnlvt /fo dfu ep hjfkm klg lnlvt?kdf g} k7fpg' kb{5. df}lvs /fosf] t'ngfdf lnlvt /fo ;'emfj a9l ;+j]bgzln x'g] ub{5. sfg"gl /fosf] p2]zo sfg"gl /fo dfu ug' ''{ / ;f] adf]lhdsf] /fo k]z ug' ''{sf] p2]zox? lgdgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\. rfx] cg';f/sf] 5f]6f] ;dodf cfkm"nfo{ c8\rg k/]sf] sfg" ""gl ;jfnsf] hjfkm k fkt ug{ jf u/fpg, sfg"gl k Zgdf /x]sf] cgof}nnfo{ ;dfwfg ug{, ljjflbt ljifodf x'g;sg] lg0f{osf] cfwf/ k bfg ug{, sdkglsf af]8{ d]da/x?nfo{ k"j{ ;fjwfg / st{jok lt lhdd]jf/ agfpg. sfg"gl /fo s;n] k bfg ub{5? x'g5g\. g]kfn af/ sfpg;ln P]g cgtu{t af/ sfpg;lndf btf{ sfod /x]sf sfg"g Joj;foLn] Jofj;flos x}l;otaf6 o:tf] /fo k bfg ug{ of]uo sfg"gl /fosf k sf/x? /fostf{sf] dfucg';f/ lgdglnlvt?kdf sfg"gl /fo k bfg ug{ ;lsg5. lnlvt?kdf df}lvs?kdf On]S6«f]lgs dfwodaf6 -ˆofS;, Od]n, 6]n]S; / 6]lnkmf]g dfkm{t_ sfg"gl /fo k bfg ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljifox? clwsf+ztm sfg"gl /fo dfu ug]{ JolQm tyf ;+:yfn] eljiodf cfokg]{ ljjfbsf] cg'dfg u/l ;f]xl ljifodf /fo ;Nnfx dfu ug]{ / k fkt /fo adf]lhd g} cfˆgf cfufdl lqmofsnfkx? ug]{ ub{5g\. To;}u/L eljiodf ;f] ljifodf d'2f kbf{ ;d]t cfˆgf] tkm{af6 ax; k}/jl ug{ ;DalGwt sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ g} 5gf}6 ug]{ x'gfn] o:tf] /fo lbfbf ljz]if Wofg k' ofpg' kb{5 cgoyf cfkm}n] lbpsf] /fosf sf/0fn] kl5 d'2fdf gsf/ftds c;/ kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xg5. ljjfbsf kifx?;fu sfg"g Joj;foLsf] Conflict of Interest epdf To:tf] ljifodf /fo k7fpg' x'fb}g. o;sf cltl/qm o:tf] /fo ;' ''emfj lbfbf nfu" /x]sf ;+ljwfg tyf cgo sfg"g, ;DalGwt ljifodf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nfnfo{ cfwf/ agfpg' kb{{5. sfg"gl /fosf] k lqmof tyf ;+/rgf lgdgfg';f/sf] k lqmof tyf ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t eo{ sfg"gl /fo k bfg ug'{kb{5. ;dosf] ljz]if Vofn k' '' ofpfb} ;s];dd 5f]6f] ;dodf g} hjfkm k7fpg' kb{5, kqdfkm{t dfu ul/psf] sfg" ""gl k Zgsf] hjfkm k7fpfbf ;j{k yd h'g clwsf/laf6 k Zg k ]lift ul/psf] 5 p;nfo{ g} ;Daf]wg ug'{ kb{5, 37

48 "" "" "" "" "" "" Legal Aid Manual ldlt plnnlvt x'g'kb{5, ljifo v'nfopsf] x'g'kb{5, kqsf] ;Gb{e -r=g+=, b=g+= cflb_ v'nfopsf] x'g'kb{5, tyo / ljjfbnfo{ 5f]6s/Ldf pnn]v ug'kb{5, To;kl5 tkfo{sf] k Zgsf] pq/ lgdgfg' '';f/ k]]z u/]sf] 5' egg] jfsof+z /fv]/ cfjzostf adf]lhdsf] /fo ;'emfj k bfg ug{' kb{5, cnu cnu ljifdf Pp6} kqaf6 /fo dflupsf] epdf k To]s ljifodf cnu cnu cg'r5]b (paragraph) df /fo k bfg ug'kb{5, 5f]6f] / :ki6 /fo k bfg ug{' kb{5, ;DalGwt sfg"g / cbfntl lg0f{o pnn]v ug'{ kb{5, /fo k bfg ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLsf] gfd, 6fO6n / nfo;]g; gda/ n]vl x:tfif/ ug'kb{5, cgtdf cfˆgf] n]6/ Kof8df 6fOk u/l, vfdagbl u/l uf]ko lrgx (confidential mark) nufo{ /fo dfustf{nfo{ k7fpg' kb{5. /fo k bfgstf{ eljiodf pq/bfol (Future Liability) x'g] jf gx'g] < dfu epsf] ljifodf ;DalGwt sfg"gl k fjwfg, k ltkflbt ghl/ / cgo pknaw ; f]tsf] cwoog u/l tf]lspadf]lhdsf] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} sfg"gl /fo k7fpg' sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k d'v bflotj x'g5. o;} u/l cfkm" ""n] k]z u/]sf] hjfkmsf] cfwf/df /xl /fo dfustf{n] s' ''g} sfo{ ub{5 / ;f] sfo{ sfg" ""gljk/lt epsf] 7x/ x'g5 eg] unt /fo k]z u/]sf cfwf/df s' ''g} klg sfg" ""g Joj;foLnfO{ To;sf] pq/bfol agfpg eg] ;lsfb}g. cyf{t sfg" ""gl /fo k bfg ug]{ sfg" ""g Joj;foLsf] bflotj /fo k bfg ug]{ ;jfn;dd dfq ;Lldt /xg5 t/ ;f]xl ljifodf cbfndf cfkm"n] ax; k}/jl ubf{ /fosf] lvnfkmdf hfg eg] ;lsfb}g. cg'lrt /fo k bfg u/]s} sf/0fn] ;]jfu fxln] ck/fw ug{ k'ub5 eg] To:tf] sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ cfrf/ ;++lxtfsf] pnnª\3gdf sf/afxl x'g ;S5. sfg" ""g Joj;fo nfdf] ;do;dd kl/0ffd k bfos Joj;fo epsfn] unt /fo jf ;' ''emfj k bfg ug' ''{ p;sf] Joj;flos k ultsf nflu 3fts l;4 x' ''G5. ;fy} p;sf] Joj;flos biftfdf ;d]t k Zg lrgx nfub5. gd"gf sfg"gl /fo kq Sample Legal Opinion Letter >L ============= Ho", ldlt k d'v shf{ clws[t /fli6«o jfl0fho a}+s ljifo M sfg"gl /fo ;DaGwdf. To; a}+ssf] ldlt ==============, r=g ======================= sf] kqdf uf]kfn zdf{ nufot cgo JolQmx?;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmut shf{sf] lwtf] ;'/If0f ;DaGwdf sfg"gl /fo dfu epsf]df lgdglnlvt /fo k]z ug{ rfxg5' M!= 8]enkd]G6 xfplhª\u k f= ln= sf] gfddf btf{ /x]sf] sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f l:yt 7d]n l;+x ;fy} afx' eujfg u'7laf7 /}tfgl epsf] ls=g+= ======== If]qkmn ls=g+= ========== If]qkmn ) ^ huufsf] ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt sf=lh=c= df d'2f rnl u'7l / df]xlalr ;fn ut] ldnfkq epsf] b]lvg5. pqm ldnfkqadf]lhd u'7ln] kfpg' kg]{?=!,%),)),))) k fkt u/l ekf{o ul/lbpsf] ldnfkqsf] sfuhdf plnnlvt ekf{o Joxf]/faf6 b]lvg] x'fbf ldnfkq sfof{gjog eo;s]sf] 5}g egg] cfwf/ gepsf] sfg"gl /fo lbg rfxg5'. o;/l ldnfkqaf6 u'7ln] k};f lno{ cfˆgf] bfal ;d]t 5fl8;s]sf] x'fbf ;f] huuf u'7laf6 /}tfgdf kl/jt{g u/]sf]df eljiodf sfg"gl ljjfb p7\g ;Sg] ;Defjgf g/x]sf] a]xf]/f cg'/f]w ug{ rfxg5'. 38

49 o;/l u'7laf6 leif'0fl /fgfsf] gfddf /}tfgl epsf] huuf kl5 up/ 8]enkd]G6 xfplhª\u k f= ln= sf] gfddf gfd;f/l eo{ upsf] / ;f] k f= ln= sf] z]o/ :jfldtj lgh leif'0fl /fgf / lghsf Psf3/sf c+lzof/ 5f]/f /d]z /f0ffsf] dfq /x]sf] sdkglsf] k agw kq / lgodfjnlaf6 ;d]t b]lvg] x'fbf o;df c+lzof/sf] bfal ljjfb p7\g] ;Defjgf b]lvfb}g. lgh leif'0fl /fgfsf] 5f]/L cg'/fwf /f0ffsf] klxn] g} ljjfx eo;s]sf] egg] a'lemg cfpsf] x'fbf lghaf6 c+z xs bfal nfug ;Sg] l:ylt klg /xg g;sg] pko'{qm huufdf cfjt hfjt ug{ u'7l / leif'0fl /fgfalr ;fn ut] ldnfkq epsf] / ;f] ldnfkqcg';f/ u'7lsf] huuf ls=g+= ========= af6 ls=g+= =========== df hfg lkm6sf] af6f] sfod u/]sf] / ;f] afkt leif'0fl /fgfn] cfˆgf] ls=g+= ======== af6 ) $ % ) huuf lbg' epsf] b]lvg5. o; cy{df sfg"gl?kdf af6f] sfod gepsf] egg ;Sg] cj:yf g/x]sf] sfg"gl /fo k]z ug{ rfxg5'. ;fy} wfld{s ljjfb ptkgg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf ljbdfg 5 5}g < egl ;f]lwpsf] /fosf ;DaGwdf wd{;dagwl /fo lbg] clwsf/if]q sfg"gl ;Nnfxsf/;Fu gepsf] a]xf]/f cg'/f]w ug{ rfxg5'. #= 8]enkd]G6 xfplhª\u k f= ln= af6 cgo JolQmsf] gfddf huuf laqml ubf{ lgvgg]sf] Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] x'fbf huuf laqml ubf{ ^ dxlgf #% lbgsf] sfg"gl Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] sfg"gl /fo lbg rfxg5'. wgojfb. sfg"gl /fo k :t'tstf{ clwjqmf, ============== -of] gd"gf ;a} sfg"gl /fodf nfu" gx'g ;S5_ 39

50 40 kl/ro kf/flnun Paralegals kf/flnun -n]vfk9l Joj;foL jf cw{bif sfg"gsdl{_ eg]sf] sfg"gl dfgotf k fkt To:tf] JolQm xf] h;n] cfkm\gf] kifnfo{ k f/ldes sfg"gl ;]jf k bfg ub{5. kf/flnunx? jsln xf]ogg\ t/ pglx?n] sfg"gsf af/]df hfgsf/l xfl;n u/]sf x'g5g\. cbfntdf ax; ug]{, lkm/fb kq, k'g/fj]bg d:of}bf ug]{ h:tf cf}krfl/s sfo{x? kf/flnunx?n] ub}{gg\. pglx?n] s]jn ; ;fgf sfo{ljlwut ;d:ofx?df kifx?nfo{ /fo ;Nnfx / ;]jf k bfg ub{5g\. kf/flnunx?n] s'g} lglzrt ;d'bfosf nflu sfo{ ug]{, sfg"g / sfg"gl sfo{ljlwsf] af/]df cfwf/e"t hfgsf/l /fvg], sfg"lg ljjfb ;dfwfgsf k lqmofaf/] hfgsf/l /fvg] / cfkm"n] sfd ul//x]sf ju{sf sfg"gl clwsf/af/] hfgsf/ x'g5g\. kf/flnunx? lglzrt cg'zf;g, ;Lk, Ifdtf / k lta4tfo'qm x'g5g\. k foh;f] kf/flnunx? ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t x'g5g\ / ltglx?df sfg"gsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx? x'g5g\. b]zdf kof{kt jslnx? gx'g', sfg"gl lziffsf] oy]i7 cwoog cwofkg gx'g' cflbn] ubf{ ;d'bfodf sfd ug{ kf/flnunsf] cfjzostf dxz'z epsf] xf]. Gf]kfnsf jslnx? ;a} u fdl0f ;d'bfo;dd k'ug ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g. efiff nufotsf sltko ;d:ofn] jslnx? / ;d'bfoalrdf b'/l k}bf x'g] ub{5. ;d'bfosf sltko ; ;fgf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfgsf nflu ;w}fe/l jslnsf] h?/t klg kb}{g. o:tf] k[i7e"lddf ;d'bfodf sfd ul//x]sf, k9]n]v]sf JolQmx?nfO{ sfg"g / sfo{ljlwsf] 1fg lbnfp/ kf/flnunsf]?kdf kl/rfng ug{ ;lsg5. xfd f] b]zdf ljzjljbfnoaf6 k df0fkq tx -cfo{=pn=_ x6]sf] / :gfts tx -PnPn= al=_ df egf{ x'g]x?sf] ;ª\Vof Go"g /x]sf] x'fbf g]kfndf efjl lbgx?df sfg"gl hgzlqmsf] cefj x'g] b]lvg5. o:tf] cj:yfdf Gofo;]jfsf tnnf txx?df egf{ x'g rfxg] JolQmx?, n kmd{ jf c8\8f cbfntdf n]vgbf;sf]?kdf sfd ug]{ JolQmx?nfO{ kf/flnun tflndn] 7"nf] d2t k' ofpg ;Sb5. Oxford dictionary df kf/flnunnfo{ Person trained in subsidiary legal matters egl kl/efiff u/]sf] kfog5. cd]l/sg af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf cg';f/ kf/flnun eggfn] M "A legal assistant or paralegal is a person qualified by education, training or work experience who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency or other entity who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for which a lawyer is responsible." Under this definition, the legal responsibility for a paralegal's work rests directly and solely with the lawyer. egl JofVof ul/psf] 5. cd]l/sfsf] kf/flnunx?sf] /fli6«o dxf;ª\3sf cg';f/ kf/flnun eggfn] "A Paralegal is a person, qualified through education, training or work experience to perform substantive legal work that requires knowledge of legal concepts and is customarily, but not exclusively, performed by a lawyer. This person may be retained or employed by a lawyer, law office, governmental agency or other entity or may be authorized by administrative, statutory or court authority to perform this work. Substantive shall mean work requiring recognition, evaluation, organization, analysis, and communication of relevant facts and legal concepts." egl pnn]v u/]sf] 5. sfg"gdf kf/flnun;dagwl Joj:yf M kf/flnunsf af/]df g]kfnl sfg"gdf vf;} s]xl Joj:yf 5}g. n]vfk9l Joj;foL;DaGwL lgodfjnln] n]vgbf;x?nfo{ s]xl lnvtx? -/fhlgfdf, js; tyf ;fdfgo lgj]bg_ d:of}bf ug]{ 5'6 lbpsf] 5. sfg"gl ;xfotf;dagwl n] sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] kl/efiff ubf{ kf/flnun ;]jfsf] k j[mltnfo{ ;d]6]sf] 5. sfg"gl ;xfotf;dagwl P]g, )%$ sf] df sfg"gl ;xfotf eggfn] c;dy{ JolQmnfO{ lbog] sfg"gl /fo ;NnfxnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 / ;f] zabn] To:tf] c;dy{ JolQmsf] tkm{af6 c8\8f cbfntdf ul/g] ax; k}/jl, n]vfk9l tyf sfg"gl sf/afxlsf ;DaGwdf ul/g] cgo ;]jf ;d]tnfo{ hgfpg] 5 egl kl/efiff ul/psf] 5. n]vfk9l Joj;foL;DaGwL sf] lgod $ df n]vfk9l Joj;foLn] b]xfosf sfuhftsf] d:of}bf ug{ kfpg]5 egl pnn]v epsf] 5. s= /fhlgfdf, as;kq nfufotsf dfnkf]t sfof{nodf kfl/t x'g] lnlvt, v= cbfntdf tf/]v yfkg], ;fifl xflh/ u/fpg], ;/sf/gfdf ug]{ h:tf ;fdfgo k j[mltsf lnvt, u= cbfntafx]s c4{goflos lgsfo;d]tsf cgo c8\8fdf btf{ ul/g] ;fdfgo vfnsf lgj]bg b/vf:t / 3= td;'s, ekf{o{, a}gfkq, jf/];gfdf h:tf ;fdfgo k j[mltsf 3/fo;L lnvt. n]vfk9l Joj;foLn] c8\8f cbfntdf /x]sf sfuhftsf] gssn k rlnt sfg"gsf] cwlgdf /xl ;fg{ kfpg]5g\. kf/flnun;fu s;/l sfd ug]{ jslnx? ;d:of ;dfwfgdf sfg"gl af6f]df a9l hf]8 lbg5g\. t/ sltko ;d:ofx? o:tf x'g5g\ ls h;nfo{ sfg"gl tj/n] ;dfwfg ug'{egbf cgo pkfox? k efjsf/l x'g5g\. tl pkfox? u}/sfg"gl eg] x'fb}gg\. t/ sfg"gn] sfo{ljlw klg tf]lslbpsf] x'fb}g. ; ;fgf ljjfbx? ;d'bfodf g} ldnfpg] k yf g]kfnl ;dfhdf klg k z:t kfog5g\. o:tf sltko cj:yfdf nfdf] sfo{ljlw ckgfo{ d'2f n8]/ Gofo k fkt ug'{egbf cgo 5l/tf] af6f]af6 Gofo k fkt x'g ;Sb5. h:df kf/flnunn] d2t k' ofpg ;Sb5g\. dfly rrf{ ul/;lspsf] 5 ls kf/flnunx?n] jslnsf] ;xof]ul ep/ sfo{ ub{5g\. sfg"gl ;xfotfsf If]qdf t kf/flnun / jslnsf] ;+o'qm k of;sf] h?/t kg{ ;Sb5. o:tf] cj:yfdf kf/flnun;fu ;dgjo /fvl sfg"gl ;xfotfsdl{ jslnn] sfo{ ug'{ kb{5. kf/flnunx?nfo{ hlxn] klg sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] h?/t kb{5. kf/flnunnfo{ tflnd lbg], cg';gwfg;dagwl 1fg lbnfpg] sfo{df sfg"g Joj;foLn] kf/flnunx?nfo{ ljz]if ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\.

51 kl/ro tof/l tyf k :t'tls/0f Preparation & Presentation sfg"g Joj;foLsf nflu dxîjk"0f{ ;Lk df}lvs ;~rf/;lk tyf k :t'tls/0f xf]. sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k]zfdf df]}lvs clejolqm;dagwl biftfsf] dxîjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g5. clejolqm biftfleq k :t'tls/0fsf] dxîjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] x'g5, h;df ;~rf/;lksf] plrt k of]u ug'{kg]{ x'g5. sfg"g Joj;fodf cfkm\gf] wf/0ff k :t't ug{ ljlegg cj;/ cfpf5g\\. h;dwo] d'votof Ohnf;df ax; k :t'tls/0f ug'{ xf]. o;sf cnfjf klg cgo ljlegg k :t'tls/0fsf] e"ldsf x'g] x'fbf k :t'tls/0fsf] ;dodf ;~rf/;lksf] k of]u k efjsf/l x'g'k5{ egg] xfd f] dfgotf /x]sf] x'g5. k efjsf/l ax;sf nflu k :t'tls/0f Ifdtf clgjfo{ x'g5. k :t'tls/0fdf ;a}sf] ;dfg Ifdtf /x]sf] x'fb}g. sf]xl sfg"g Joj;foLsf] Ifdtf t'ngftds?kdf cgoegbf a9l / s]xldf sd /x]sf] kfog5 t/ lg/gt/ ceof;af6 af]ng] jf k :t'tls/0fsf] Ifdtfdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg5. Joj;fodf ljlegg Ifdtf af]s]sf JolQmx? x'g5g\. x/]ssf] cfkm\g} z}]nl / t/lsf x'g] ep tfklg kl/>d / ceof;n] k :t'tls/0fnfo{ kl/dfh{g / ljsf; ug{ ;lsg5. sfg"g Joj;foL /fd f] jqmf x'g} k5{. GofofwLzsf ;dif, sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfr/0f ;+lxtfsf] bfo/fleq /x]/ lgwf{l/t ;doleq cfkm\gf] kifsf] ;jf]{kl/ lxt x'g]u/l ax; k :t't ug'{k5{. Gofo k flktsf nflu /f]rs 9ª\un] ax; u/l cfkm\gf] kifdf k efjsf/l lsl;dn] k :t't x'g' xf]. d"ntm sfg"g Joj;foLn] s'g} klg ljjfbsf] ;DaGwdf cfkm"n] clejoqm ug{ rfx]sf] s'/f ;d'lrt ta/n] k jfx ug'{ g} xf]. s'g} JolQmn] eg]sf] pxl s'/f ;'lg/x'f h:tf] nfu5 / a'lemg5 klg, t/ s;}n] af]n]sf] pxl s'/f k6\of/ nfubf] x'g5. t;y{ 36gfnfO{ rfvnfubf] / a'em\g ;lsg] u/l /f]rs Pj+ tfls{s 9ª\un] k :t't ug'{ xfd f] p2]zo /x]sf] x'g5. ax; ug{sf nflu lgdglnlvt biftfx? cfjzos k5{g\ M ts{ ts{ (Argument) k :t'tls/0fsf] d'vo biftf xf] ts{ ug]{. tyonfo{ ts{x?n] k'li6 ug{ ;Sg' sfg"g Joj;foLsf nflu csf]{ cfjzos biftf xf]. s'g} j:t'l:yltnfo{ jf sfg"gnfo{ cfkm\gf] kifsf] xsdf k'li6 x'g] u/l cbfntdf k :t't ug{sf nflu ts{ ckl/xfo{ x'g5. af]ng' dfq kof{kt x'fb]}g. ax;df ts{ ug'{ eg]sf] tfls{s lsl;dn] ljjfbnfo{ ;xdltdf Nofpg] k of; ug'{ xf]. To;sf/0f /fd f] jqmf Tof] xf] h;n] k :t'tls/0fnfo{ ts{k"0f{ tj/n] /fvfl ;xdltdf Nofpg] k of; ub{5. Joj:yfkg biftf (Organisation Skills) M df}lvs clejolqmsf] ;Lkafx]s tyox?nfo{ Jojl:yt ug]{ ceof; x'g' klg Tolts} h?/l x'g5. ax;sf] qmddf s'g} jslnn] tyox? ;f]wg]lalqs} hafkm lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf k ltefn] xf]og ls a? Jojl:yt /fvg] / cwoog ug]{ ceof;af6 x'g5. o:tf] Jojl:yt ug]{ biftf k :t'tls/0fdf dxîjk"0f{ x'g5. ;d u k :t'tls/0f lgdg tlg s'/fdf cfwfl/t x'g5. AUDIBLE ;'Gg of]uo PRESENTATION :jlsf/of]uo ACCEPTABLE UNDERSTANDABLE a' g of]uo 41

52 42 k :t'tls/0fsf a]nfdf ;'Gg] / a' g] b'j} vfnsf ;d:ofx? k fom b]lvg] x'gfn] ;'Gg] / ;'gfpg] tyf a'eg] / a'emfpg] ;d:ofnfo{ lg/fs/0f u/l /fd f] k :t'tls/0fsf nflu sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfkm"nfo{ t}of/ ug'{ kb{5. o;y{ lgdg egfo oxff ;fgble{s x'g ;S5. k :t'tls/0fnfo{ ;du df lgdg k sf/n] x]g{ ;lsg5. C- Context tyo A- Analysis ljin]if0f P- Presentation k :t'tls/0f ax;sf r/0fx? -!_ ax; k :t'tls/0fnfo{ # r/0fdf ljeflht ug{ ;lsg5. cbfntk"j{sf] cj:yf (Before the Court) -@_ k :t'tls/0f -ax;_ sf] cj:yf (During the Presentation_ -#_ k :t'tls/0fkzrft\sf] cj:yf (After the Presentation) -!_ cbfntk"j{sf] cj:yf (Before the Court) -s_ -v_ cfwf/e"t t}of/l (Basic preparation) -s_ tyo ;ª\sng / ljzn]if0f (Fact gathering and analysis) -v_ ;Da4 sfg"gsf] hfgsf/l (Knowledge of relevant law) -u_ sfuhft / lnvtsf] plrt Joj:yfkg (Proper handling of paperwork) tyo ;ª\sng / ljzn]if0f (Fact gathering and analysis) s'g} klg sfg"g Joj;foLn] d'2fsf] /fd f] tof/l ug]{ ;a}egbf k fylds cfwf/ eg]sf] tyosf] k"0f{1fg (Mastery in fact) k fkt ug'{ xf]. ha;dd tyosf] k"0f{ 1fg x'fb}g cfkm\gf] kifsf] an s] xf] / sdhf]/l s] xf] egg] s'/fsf] d"nofª\sg ;Dej g} x'fb}g. ldl;ndf b]lvpsf afx]ssf tyox?, h;n] d'2fdf cfkm\gf] kifsf] xsdf ;xdltdf Nofpg ;xof]u ub{5 To:tf tyosf] c1fgtfn] ax;df k :t't x'fbf afwf k' ofpf5. slxn]sfxlf d'2fdf gb]lvpsf tyo klg ;ª\sng ug]{ k of; ug'{ kb{5 h;n] d'2fsf] ;kmntfdf d2t ug{ ;Sb5. vf;u/l kmf}hbf/l ljjfbdf To:tf gb]lvpsf tyox? dxîjk"0f{ x'g5g\. cbfntdf k :t't x'fbf tyosf] ;DaGwdf s'g} klg l6kf]6sf] d2t lng gkg]{ u/l tof/l ug'{k5{. l6kf]6 ug'{ ;fdfgotof /fd f] dflgfb}g t/ slxn]sfxlf s]xl lglzrt tyo tyf a'fbfx?sf] :d/0fsf nflu 5f]6f] l6kf]6 ug'{ /fd } dflgg5. tyosf] ljzn]if0f (Fact analysis)!= sfg"gl k Zg -h:tf] xbdofb, xsb}of, k fëgofo, If]qflwsf/ tyox?nfo{ GofofwLz;dIf k dfl0ft (convince) ug{ lglzrt 9fFrfdf (framing) /fvg]. sfg"g Joj;foL pqd syfsf/ x'g\. To;}n] cbfntdf ax; ubf{ d'2fsf] tyox?nfo{ gf6slo?kfgt/0f (dramatize) u/l k :t't ubf{ ax;sf] /f]rstf Pj+ d'2fnfo{ cfkm\gf] kifdf Nofpg d2t ub{5. #= k df0fsf] ef/, $= 7x/ ug'{kg]{ ljifo, / %= d'v gldn]sf] tyo. ;Da4 sfg"gsf] hfgsf/l (Knowledge of relevant law) s'g} klg d'2fsf] ax;sf] tof/ldf ;Da4 sfg"gx? s] s] x'g\ / k df0fx?sf] ;DaGwdf ltglx?sf] ;Da4tf s] 5 egg] cwoog u/]sf] x'g'k5{ tfls lgdglnlvt ljzn]if0f ug{ ;Dej xf];\.!= tyox? s] s] x'g\ b'o{ kifsf alrdf d'v gldn]sf tyox? s'g\ s'g\ x'g\ < #= k df0fsf] ef/ s;dfly 5 < $= 7x/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfo{ k dfl0ft jf v08g ug]{ s'g\ s'g\ u fxo k df0f 5g\ < Joj:yfkg biftf lagf ;kmn k :t'tls/0f x' Fb}g lzi6tf / ljgd tf ;kmn sfg"g Joj;foLsf xltof/ x'g\ t/ tyo;dagwl dfly pnn]v ul/psf ljifosf] 1fgdfq slxn] klg kof{kt x'fb}gg\. ax;sf] bf}/fgdf g} sltko sfg"g;dagwl k Zgx? ptkgg x'g ;S5g\, h;sf nflu ttsfn} ;Da4 u Gyx?sf] cwoog ;Dej x'fb}g. oblk s'g} klg sfg"g Joj;foLn] ;Dk"0f{ P]g lgodx? :d/0f u/]/ /fv]sf] x'g'k5{ egg] wf/0ff Jofjxfl/s xf]og t/ k df0f;dagwl sfg"g / sfo{ljlw sfg"gsf k fjwfgx?sf] hlt a9l :d/0f ug{ ;lsg5 To;sf]

53 ;sf/ftds k efj ax;df k5{. sfg"gsf k fjwfgnfo{ :d/0f ug]{ Pp6f tl/sf s] klg x'g5 eg] s'g} klg ax;sf] k"j{tof/lsf] qmddf ;Da4 sfg"gsf] s'g} bkmf, lgod pklgodsf] ;DaGwdf cfkm" hlt;'s} ljzj:t epklg bf]x ofp/ d"n kf7 g} Ps k6s k9\g] afgl agfpsf] cj:yfdf ;xh?kdf sfg"gsf k fjwfgx? :d/0fdf /xg5g\. o; ;dgwdf lgdg sfg"g Pj+ ;Da4 s'/fx?df ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjzos x'g5. d'2f;fu k ToIf ufl;psf] ;Da4 sfg"g. ;f] ljifoj:t';fu ldnbf]h'nbf] cgo sfg"gsf] hfgsf/l -o;af6 ;DalGwt sfg"gsf] JofVofdf d2t ub{5_. d'2f;fu ;DalGwt kl/kq, clen]v cflb h;sf] sfg"g;/xsf] dfgotf k fkt /x]sf] x'g5. d'2f;fu ufl;psf] ljifo h:tf] M k fljlws 1fgsf] ;"Id hfgsf/l. -u_ sfuhft / lnvtsf] plrt Joj:yfkg (Handling Paperwork) Jojxf/df ;a}egbf pk]iff ul/psf] biftfleq sfuh / lnvtsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ k5{. t/ jf:tjdf of] biftf ctogt dxîjk"0f{ 5. ctogt ;/n d'2f klg sfuhsf] u~hfuf]ndf ctogt hl6n k dfl0ft x'g ;S5. To;}n] d'2fsf] tyosf] af/]df k"0f{ 1fg x'g'sf ;fy} dxîjk"0f{ sfuh If0fe/df lgsfng ;lsg] u/l d'2fsf] kmfonnfo{ Jojl:yt ug'{ klg h?/l x'g5. GofofwLzaf6 s'g} klg sfuhsf] jf To;sf] ljifoa:t'sf] ;DaGwdf k Zg ;f]lwpsf] cj:yfdf ttsfn g} To:tf] sfuhnfo{ cflwsfl/s?kdf k]z ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] x'g'k5{. o;sf nflu lgdglnlvt tl/sfx? ckgfpg ;lsg5. lnvtx?nfo{ qmd;ª\vof lbp/ z' sf] k[i7df g} cg'qmdl0fsf /fvg], ldl;nsf lnvtx?nfo{ ldltsf] qmddf /fvg], kifsf] 7x/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfo{ ;dy{g ug]{ k df0fsf]?kdf cbfnt;dif k :t't ug'{kg]{ k df0fnfo{ qmlds?kdf a]un} v08df /fvg], ljkifln] k]z u/]sf] k df0f h;sf] k fdfl0fstf ;+lbuw 5 egg] s'/f ax;sf] qmddf p7fpg' kg]{5, nfo{ qmlds?kdf 5'6\6} v08df /fvg], / k To]s lnvtnfo{ ;f]em} kn6fpg ;lsg] u/l ;fdfgo kfgfsf] cfs[ltaf6 aflx/ gfd lg:sg] u/l lnvtsf] gfd n]v]/ 6fF:g], vf; tyosf] k"0f{ hfgsf/l ;fy} To;;Fu hf]l8g] pbfx/0f tyosf] hfgsf/l /fvg], ljz]if tyo / sfg"g k df0f Marking ug]{. -@_ k :t'tls/0f -ax;_ sf] cj:yf (During the Presentation) d'2fsf] ;kmntf c;kmntfdf k efjsf/l ax;sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'g5. cbfntdf k j]z u/]b]lv ax; k}/jl ubf{;dd s;/l s'g k sf/n] k :t't x'g] egg] dxîjk"0f{ kifnfo{ sfg"g Joj;foLn] ;b}j Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'g5. d'2fsf] k :t'tls/0f s;/l k efjsf/l x'g ;Sb5, k :t'ltsf qmddf s'g s'/fnfo{ ljif]if wofg lbg' kg]{ x'g5, ;~rf/;lk s;/l plrt tj/n] k of]u x'g ;Sb5, zf/ll/s efiffsf] k of]u s] s;/l ug'{ kg]{ x'g5 / ax;sf] z' jft tyf cgt s;/l ug'{ k5{ < ol tdfd ljifox?sf] ;DaGwdf sfg"g Joj;foLn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'g5. o;sf s]xl lgodx?sf] kfngf u/l lg/gt/ ceof; u/]df k :t'tls/0fdf Jofks ;'wf/ cfpg ;Sb5. k :t'tls/0fdf Wofg k' ofpg'kg]{ vf; s'/fx? s= lzi6tf Vf= dgf]lj1fg u= w}o{tf ljkifl GofofwLz dgf]lj1fg ljkifl sfg"g Joj;foL tyosf] k"0f{ 1fg k :t'tls/0fsf] d'vo cª\u xf] GofofwLzaf6 x'g] k Zg, ljkifl sfg"gjooj;folaf6 x'g] ts{ ol dflysf tlg a'fbfx? ax;sf nflu dxîjk"0f{ dflgg5g\\. lzi6tf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] 7"nf] xltof/ xf]. lzi6tfk"j{s cbfntdf k :t't x'g] sf/0faf6 Gofostf{ k efljt x'g], lghsf] ax;?lrk"j{s ;'Gg] / slxn]sflx+ lzi6tfsf sf/0f cfkm\gf] kifsf] s]xl ;fgfltgf dfux? k fkt x'g5. To;sf/0f lzi6tfn] Jofj;flos biftf a9fpg ;xof]u ub{5. To;}u/L ljkifl sfg"g Joj;foL s'g k sf/sf] / slt d]xgtl 5 ;fy} d'2fdf s;/l k :t't x'g5g\, tl s'/fsf] Wofg /fvl dgf]lj1fgsf] cwoog ug{ ;s] ax;nfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg ;lsg5. To;} u/l d'2fsf kifsf] :jefj, k j[mlt, z}]nl kfx'r cflbnfo{ ;d]t sfg"g Joj;foLn] Wofg lbg' kb{5. / dflg;sf] :jefjdf /x]sf] ljljwtfn] ubf{ s'g} klg ljifonfo{ x]g]{, a' g] b[li6sf]0f km/s km/s /xg] x'fbf d'2f jf 36gfk lt GofofwLz s'g k j[mltsf JolQm x'g\ jf s:tf] wf/0ff /fv5g\, ;f]nfo{ Wofgdf /fvl ax; ug{ ;s] d'2fdf ;sf/ftds kl/0ffd cfpg ;Sg] x'fbf o:tf sltko d'2f;fu k ToIf ghf]l8psf t/ d'2fdf c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] dflysf ol s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg k' ofpg ;s] ax; k :t'tls/0f k efjsf/l x'g ;Sb5. 43

54 44 ax; k :t'tls/0fsf s]xl cfwf/e"t lgodx? tyf zf/ll/s efiff ax;sf] bf}/fg / cbfnt;dif ;fifl k/lif0fnufotsf] sfddf pkl:yt /x]sf] cj:yfdf lgdglnlvt k :t'tls/0fsf lgodx?df ;b}j Wofg k' ofpsf] cj:yfdf ax;sf] :t/df ;'wf/ x'g5 M zf/ll/s efiff (Body Language) zf/ll/s efiff k :t'tls/0fdf clt dxîjk"0f{ x'g5. vf;u/l ax; k :t'tls/0f a9l cf}krfl/s epsf] a]nf o;sf] k ToIf c;/ b]lvg5. To;sf/0f zf/ll/s efiffsf dxîjk"0f{ kifnfo{ sfg"g Joj;foLn] ax;sf] qmddf Wofg lbg' kb{5. zf/ll/s efiffsf] gfpfdf w]/} ;r]t x'fbf slxn]sfxlf df}lnstf x/fpg] vt/f x'g] x'fbf cfjzostf cg'?k dfq o;tkm{ Wofg lbg' kb{5. vf;u/l df}lvs ;+jfbdf zf/ll/s efiffn] af]ng vf]hsf] cy{, efjgf, ;f]r, dg;fo, k j[lt b]vfpfb5. To;}n] Communication sf] ;du kif lgdg s'/faf6 a'e\mg ;lsg5 M Body language, Tone, Word choice. ax;sf] qmddf lgdg zf/ll/s efiffx?sf] Vofn ug'{ kb{5. ;Daf]wg u/]sf] JolQm;Fu cffvfsf] ;Dks{ (Eye Contact) lg/gt/ agfo/fvg] -of] s'/f GofofwLzx?sf] xsdf dfq xf]og ls ;fiflk/lif0f ubf{ ;d]t pkof]ul x'g5_, :yl/ ep/ pleg]. ax; ubf{ cfkm\gf] :yfgaf6 otf ptf gxlnng] -xlnnp/ ax; ug]{ afgln] dfgl;s cl:y/tfnfo{ hgfpf5 / ax; k :t'tls/0fdf c;/ k'ug ;Sb5 / s]xl sfg"g Joj;foLx?df of] afgl :jefjsf] sf/0fn] cln a9l h:tf] b]lvg5, t/ z/l/sf] Hofb} cl:y/tf (Movement) ax;df /fd f] dflgfb}g._ af/daf/ kmfon jf sfuh x]g'{ gk/f];\ egg] x]t'n] d'2fsf] ;DaGwdf tyo Pj+ sfg"g, k df0f tyf ghl/ ofb ug]{, cfkm\gf] cg'xf/sf] s'g} efudf xftn] 5'g] jf 5f]O/fVg] sfd tyf z/l/sf] cª\u af/daf/ x]g]{ 5'g] gug]{, ax;sf] bf}/fgdf skfn sgofpg], r:df rnfpg] h:tf sfd gug]{ -o;n] sfg"g Joj;foLdf cftdljzjf;sf] cefj epsf] s'/fnfo{ k dfl0ft u5{_, af]nbf xft sd xnnfpg]. xft xnnfpg] afglnfo{ lgolgqt ug{ ;Sb} g;sg] cj:yf epdf oyf;dej xftsf] ultnfo{ cfkm\gf] 5fltsf] pfrfoegbf tn ;Lldt /fvg] / s'g} klg cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] cg'xf/ ghls cfok'ug] u/l gxnnfpg], O{zf/faf6 a'emfpg] k otg gug]{ / ax;sf bf}/fgdf O{hnf;df Vofn ug'{ kg]{ s]xl cgo s'/fx? M cfkm\gf] efjgfnfo{ lgolgqt /fvg] -slxno} klg kif agg] k of; gug]{_, lj:tf/} af]ng]. olb GofofwLzn] s'g} s'/f l6lk/x]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] l6kg ;lhnf] x'g] u/l sd ultdf (Pace) af]ng], af]ng] qmddf cfjzostfcg';f/ alr alrdf /f]lsg] (Pause) -To;n] GofofwLznfO{ a9l ;hu agfpf5_, Pp6} s'/f af/daf/ gbf]xf] ofpg] -To;n] tof/lsf] cefj bzf{pf5 / k :tf]tf+sf] s'/fdf GofofwLzsf] rfv 36\5_ df}lnstf agfo/fvg], ;fgf] ;fgf] ljifodf ;d]t k :t'tls/0fnfo{ udel/tfk"j{s lng], tyo n'sfpg] k of; gug]{, ax; s'g} sfuhdf n]v]/ k9\g] sfd gug]{, em'7f s'/f slxn] klg gaf]ng] -Ps k6s s'g} d'2fsf] ;DaGwdf k s6 epsf] cljzjglotfn] ;Dk"0f{ Jofj;flos hljgnfo{ c;/ ug{ ;S5_. ax;sf] l;nl;nfdf x'g] ;fdfgo q'l6x? M s'g} klg cbfntdf ax; ubf{ sfg"g Joj;foLn] ef]ug] s]xl ;fdfgo ;d:ofx? 5g\. To:tf clwsf+z ;d:ofx? JolQmut sf/0faf6 l;h{gf epsf x'g5g\ eg] s]xl ;d:ofx? cgo sf/0faf6 cfpsf x'g5g\. ;fgf] cfjfh, cflqg], cfj]zdf cfpg], y]uf] cfpg], egg] h:tf sf/0faf6 xlgtfaf]]w x'g5. oyfy{df cfkm\gf] plrt d"nofª\sg ug]{ xf] / cfkm\gf sdhf]/lx?nfo{ kqf nufp/ To;nfO{ lhtg] pkfosf] ceof; ug]{ xf] eg] ;d:ofx? qmdzm x/fp/ hfg5g\ \. cflqg] k :t'tls/0f / zf/ll/s efiff Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\ ax; ubf{ cffvfsf] ;Dks{ clgjfo{ dflgg5 z' z' df ax; ug{ Ohnf;df pkl:yt epsf] sfg"g Joj;foL cflqg' klg :jfefljs s'/f xf]. t/ o:tf] cflqg] qmdnfo{ Go"g ub}{ n}hfg] pkfo eg] ug'{k5{.

55 xfdl lsg cflqg5f} < d"n?kdf cflqg'sf] Pp6f sf/0f cfkm"n] ug]{ s'g}klg sfdsf] kl/0ffd;fu cfkm"nfo{ uff:g' / kof{kt t}of/l gx'g' xf]. kof{kt tof/l gx'gfn] o;af6 l;lh{t eon] cflqg] ul/g5. ax;sf] bf}/fgdf cflqgaf6 /f]sg] pkfox? M slxn] klg kl/0ffd;fu cfkm\gf] sfdnfo{ ghf]8\g], cfkm\gff] sfd eg]sf] pts[i6 k :t'lt xf], kl/0ffd xf]og egg] s'/f a'em\ \g] \. /fd f] tof/l ug]{ tfls tyosf] jf sfg"gsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} hfgsf/lsf] cefj cfkm"nfo{ gxf];\. kof{kt tof/l x'fbf x'fb} klg z' z' df ax; ug{ nfubf dl:tis ljrf/z"go epsf] cg'e"lt y'k } sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ Jofj;flos hljgsf z' z' df cfpg] x'gfn] cfkm"n] w]/} s'/f egg] ljrf/n] 7"nf] tof/l ubf{ s'g s'/f sxffaf6 / s;/l egg] 6'+uf] x'g g;sbf klg o;/l ljrf/ k jfx /f]ls5. ctm s] s'g qmddf cfkm\gf] s'/f k :t't ug]{ egg] qmd dl:tisdf x'g'k5{. cbfnt;fu cfk"mnfo{ kl/lrt agfpgsf nflu ;fgf] ;fgf] / ;/n d'2fdf ax; ug{ hfg] cj;/ gr'sfpg]. h:tf], s'g} ;DklQsf] x:tfgt/0f /f]ssf u/fpgsf nflu ug'{kg]{ cfb]z, ;fdfgo cgt/sfnlg cfb]z u/fpgsf nflu ug'{kg]{ ax;x?df cfk"megbf jl/i7 sfg"g Joj;foLsf ;fydf cfkm}f ;lqmo?kdf ax; ug]{ k otg ug]{. cfkm\gf ;fylx?;fu cfkm\gf] k :t'ltsf] af/]df /fo lng]. ;fgf] cfjfh / g/fd f] cfjfh M ax;sf] l;nl;nfdf cfjfhsf] dxîj lgzro klg x'g5. cfkm"n] eg]sf] s'/f Ohnf;df /xg] WjlgnfO{ pl5g]/ GofofwLz;Dd :ki6?kdf k'ug] / Ohnf;df pkl:yt JolQmx?n] ;'Gg ;Sg] x'g'k5{. qmlds ceof;af6 cfjfhnfo{ 7"nf] agfpg ;lsg5. cfjfh ;fgf] x'g] sf/0f zf/ll/s egbfklg a9l cftdljzjf;sf] sdln] x'g5. ;fy} cfjfhsf] :t/nfo{ a9fpgsf nflu ljlegg ceof;x? ug{'k5{. h;dwo] k To]s lbg s]xl ;do 7"nf] :j/df af]ng] ceof; ug'{ xf]. y]uf]sf] k of]u M ax; k :t'tls/0fdf cfpg] Pp6f 7"nf] q'l6 y]uf]sf] k of]u klg xf]. ax;sf qmddf k To]s jfsodf s'g} lg/y{s zabsf] lg/gt/ pnn]vnfo{ y]uf] elgg5. /fd f] cfjfh, kof{kt ts{x? x'fbfx'fb} klg y]uf]sf] k of]un] ax;nfo{ sd k efjsf/l agfpf5. clejolqmsf] qmddf s'g} klg JolQmn] ;lhn};fu cfkm\gf] s'/f clejoqm ug{ ;Sg] ;Ldf x'g5. s;}n] cfkm\gf] clejolqmnfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg l56f] af]ng vf]h5 t/ dl:tisn] ttsfn} k5fl8 af]ng] s'/f ;f]lr;s]sf] x'fb}g, To; ;dodf af]lng] zab g} y]uf] xf]. y]uf]sf] k of]unfo{ s;/l /f]sg ;lsg5 < jiff}{b]lv af]ln/x]sf y]uf] kl/tofu ug{ ;s]sf pbfx/0fx? 5g\. o;sf nflu d"ne"t?kdf b'o{6f pkfo ckgfpg ;lsg5. cfkm\gf] df}lvs clejolqmsf] ultfo{ l9nf] agfpg] h;n] ubf{ y]uf]sf] k of]ua]u/ qmlds clejolqm x'g ;sf];\, bf]; f] y]uf]sf] k of]u ulb{g egg] ;r]ttf. c?n] a'em\\\g g;sg] u/l l56f] af]ng] y'k } sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ l56f] af]ng' Ifdtfsf] clejolqm xf] egg] e d k/]sf] x'g5. t/ l56f] af]ng' jf:tjdf k efjsf/l x'fb}g / To;n] of]uotf klg emnsfb}g. ax;sf] l;nl;nfdf clejoqm u/]sf s'/f GofofwLz;dIf k'u]sf] 5 / GofofwLzx?n] To:tf] s'/f a'em]sf 5g\ eg] dfq k of]hg k"/f x'g5. s'g}klg s'/f ;'g]kl5 To;nfO{ a'em\g dl:tisnfo{ s]xl ;do nfu5, To;}n] sd ultdf af]n]sf] s'/f a'em\g ;lhnf] x'g5 eg] l56f] l56f] af]n]sf] s'/fdwo] clwsf+z efu a'em\g ;lsfb}g. To;}n] /fd f] clejolqmsf] Pp6f u'0f sd ultdf af]ng] klg xf]. ax;df xf:osf] k of]u cgo k :t'tls/0f / ax;df Pp6f cfwf/e"t cgt/ xf:osf] k of]u xf]. ;fdfgotof s'g} k :t'tls/0fdf xf:osf] k'6n] ; f]tfx?nfo{ a9l cfslif{t u5{ / pglx? jqmfsf] s'/f a9l pt;'s ep/ ;'G5g\. t/ pglx?sf] ;'gfosf] p2]zo jqmfn] csf]{ s] /dfonf] s'/f u5{ egg] xf]. ;j{;fwf/0fdf k of]u ul/g] oxl pkfo sltko sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] ax;df klg k of]u u/]sf] kfog5. t/ ax;df xf:osf] k of]u cfkm\gf] ts{nfo{ sdhf]/ agfpg' xf]. To;}n] s'g}klg ax;df olb ljifoj:t' ctogt xn'sf 5 / k lqmof dfq k"/f ug'{kg]{ k sf/sf] 5 eg] ckjfbsf]?kdf xf:o :jlsf/ ug{ ;lsg5 cgoyf ax;df xf:o k of] ug'{ x'fb}g. Toltdfq xf]og ls s'g} GofofwLzaf6 d'2fsf] ljifoa:t'sf] ;DaGwdf s'g} xff;f] p7\g] k sf/sf] l6kk0fl epdf klg To;df cfkm"n] ;fy lbg' x'fb}g. GofofwLzx?sf] pk]iff / k ltlqmof gjf]lbt sfg"g Joj;foLx?;Fu ax;sf] l;nl;nfdf pglx?sf] cg'ej cfbfg k bfg ug]{ xf] eg] ;a}egbf a9l u'gf;f] ax;sf] ;dodf GofofwLzx?sf] Jojxf/ / k ltlqmofnfo{ lnp/ ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. t/ ;a} u'gf;fx? j:t'k/s x'fb}gg\. k fom h;f] ax;sf] ;Gbe{df PstkmÑ wf/0ffsf] ljsf; epsf] / h;sf] sf/0faf6 ax;sf] jftfj/0f /fd f] x'fb}g. pk]iffk"0f{ Jojxf/, lg/gt/ k Zgsf] jiff{, a]grdf cffvf lrdng] h:tf sfdx? lsg x'g5g\ egg] s'/fnfo{ xfdlx?n] GofofwLzx?sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t lgdg k sf/n] x]g{ ;Sg'k5{. 45

56 46 GofofwLzx?sf] d'vo nio ljjfb /x]sf] k Zgsf] lg/f]k0f ug]{ xf]. s'g} sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ax;af6 GofofwLzx?n] /fvg] ck]iff eg]sf] To:tf] lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ k Zgdf 7x/ ug{ d2t ldng] xf]. rfx] h'g ;'s} kifdf xf];\ 7x/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf] lg/f]k0fsf nflu d2t ldng] tyo sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 cfof] eg] GoofwLzx? hfu?s ep/ ;'Gg] / l6kg] sfd :jfefljs?kdf u5{g\ t/ To:tf] s'/fsf] cefjdf ofofwlzx?n] ax;df rfv lbfb}gg\. sfg"g Joj;foLsf] Ifdtf eg]sf] sd ;dodf a9l udel/ s'/f :ki6 / ;xh?kdf clejoqm ug]{ xf]. d'2fsf] ljifoj:t'df k j]z gu/l e"ldsfdf g} 306f} ax; ubf{ rfvk"0f{ gx'gfn] cbfntsf] dxîjk"0f{ ;do ;d]t v]/ hfg5. GofofwLzx? sfg"g Joj;foLsf] hljgt ax; ;'Gg OR5's x'g5g\. kmfon kn6fpfb} cfkm\gf] kifsf] lkm/fb k'g/fj]bg jf l/6 lgj]bgsf] kf7 g} sfg"g Joj;foLn] ug]{ xf] eg] ;'GgnfO{ lr gnfug' :jfefljs x'g5. t/ ckjfbsf?kdf /fd f] ax; ubf{ub}{ klg s]xl GofofwLzx? ax; g;'gg] :jefjsf x'g5g\. goff sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ GofofwLzx?af6 k Zg ;f]wg' eg]sf] pglx?nfo{ ;Da4 s'/f af]ng emg\ a9l df}sf k bfg u/]sf] xf]. o;af6 s'g} klg ax;df cbfntn] a'em\g rfx]sf] s'/f s] x'fbf] /x]5, s'g s'g s'/fsf] k"j{tof/l ax;df ug'{ kg]{/x]5 egg] s'/fsf] af]w pglx?nfo{ x'g5. gjf]lbt sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf nflu o:tf] df}sf tflndsf] h:t} x'g5. sltko d'2fdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] pkl:ylt GofofwLznfO{ lg0f{odf ;xof]u k' ofpg]egbf klg pkl:yt hg;d"xnfo{ k efljt ug]{ lgot x'g5. o:tf sfg"g Joj;foLn] lg0f{osf nflu cbfntnfo{ 7x/ ug{ d2t x'g] ljifoegbf pkl:yt ;d"xnfo{ dgkg]{ t/ c;dalgwt s'/fdf a9l hf]8 lbpsf x'g5g\. To:tf] a]nfdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ax;nfo{ 7x/ ug'{kg]{ ljifodf s]lgb t ug{ k Zgx? ;f]wg], ctolws nfdf] / c;fgble{s s'/f af]ln/fv]sf] cj:yfdf cffvf lrdng] jf GofofwLzx? Ps cfk;df s'/f ug'{ ax; ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{ tl/sf klg xf]. dfly pnn]v ul/psf a'fbfx?nfo{ b[li6ut u/]/ ax;nfo{ jfsk6'tf / j}rfl/s ul/i7tfsf] k bz{gsf] cj;/sf]?kdf k of]u gu/l Gofo;Dkfbgsf] p2]zodf cbfntsf] ;xof]ulsf]?kdf k efjsf/l 9ª\un] s;/l k :t't ug{ ;lsg5 egg] ;DaGwdf s]xl ;'emfjx? tn /x]sf 5g\ \ M!= lglzrt ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t ax; ug]{ M df}lnstf x/]s sfg"g Joj;foLsf] klxrfg xf] ax;sf] ;fdfgo ;+/rgf M jfblsf] tkm{af6 M k f/ldes ax; d'2fsf] tyodf hlt;'s} lj1 ep klg, ;DalGwt sfg"gsf] hlt;'s} ljifb cwoog u/]sf] ep klg cfkm"n] cbfnt;dif ax;sf] k :t'tls/0f s;/l ug]{ egg] s'/fsf] ;+/rgf klxn] tof/ ul/psf] 5}g jf cg'ejsf] cfwf/df dl:tisdf :ki6 ;+/rgf 5}g eg] k :t'tls/0f sd k efjsf/l x'g5. ljz]ifu/l k]zfdf gjk j]zl sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf nflu sxffaf6 s'g s'/f s;/l z' ug]{ egg] / s;/l cgto ug]{ egg] s'/fdf låljwf b]lvg5. ctm tn n]lvpsf] ;+/rgfdf cfk\mgf] ax;nfo{ 9fNg] xf] eg] To;n] ax;nfo{ a9l k efjsf/l agfpf5 M d'2fsf] ;+lifkt / pnn]vglo tyox?sf] ;f/f+zsf] k :t'tls/0f ug]{, d'2fdf jfbl / k ltjfblsf] alrdf d'v ldn] gldn]sf s'/fsf] cfwf/df l;h{gf epsf 7x/ ug'{kg]{ k Zgx? s] s] 5g\ < c? s'g} sfg"gl k Zgx? s], s'g\ 5g\ < 7x/ ug'{kg]{ k Zgx?sf] ;DaGwdf jfblsf] tkm{af6 k]z epsf k df0fx? s'g\ s'g\ 5g\ < tl k df0fx?, k df0f P]gsf] s'g\ s'g\ bkmf cgtu{t u fxo 5g\\, s] s'g cfwf/df tl k df0fx? ljzjf;of]uo / cbfntn] lg0f{osf] cfwf/sf]?kdf :jlsf/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf 5g\ / tl k df0fx?n] 7x/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf] k'li6 s;/l u5{g\ < jfblsf] xsdf cbfntn] lg0f{o ug{sf nflu cgo ts{x? s] s] 5g\ < s'g} ljlzi6 sfg"gl k fjwfg hf] d'2fsf] ljifoa:t';fu ;Da4 5, ghl/ jf k"j{ b[i6fgtx? s'g\ s'g\ 5g\\ / tl s;/l d'2fsf] ljifoa:t';fu ldn5g\\ < k ltjfbltkm{af6 k]z epsf] s'g\ s'g\ k df0f s] s'g\ cfwf/df cu fxo 5g\ -olb 5g\ eg]_ < u fxo 5g\ eg] klg s] s'g sf/0fn] ljzjzglo 5}gg\ / cbfntsf] lg0f{osf nflu cfwf/ x'g ;Sb}gg\. k ltjfblsf] tkm{af6 M hjfkm jfblsf] tkm{af6 epsf] tyosf] k :t'tls/0fdf cfkm\gf] ;xdlt 5 eg] tyodf ;xdlt k s6 ug]{. olb jfblsf] tkm{af6 s'g} tyo k]z ug{ 5'6]sf] cj:yf 5 jf unt?kdf k :t't ul/psf] 5 eg] Tolt s'/fdf dfq cbfntsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg]. 7x/ ug'{kg]{ tyo / jfbln] k :t't u/]sf sfg"gl k Zg g} ;xl 5g\ eg] tl k Zgx?df ;xdlt hgfpg] t/ s'g} tyosf] csf]{ j}slnks k Zg 5 jf jfblsf] sfg"g Joj;foLn] pnn]v u/]sf] afx]s c? s'g} sfg"gl k Zg 5 eg] To:tf] 7x/ ug'{kg]{ k Zgsf] pnn]v ug]{.

57 7x/ ug'{kg]{ k Zgx?sf] ;DaGwdf k ltjfblsf] tkm{af6 k]z epsf k df0fx? s'g\ s'g\ 5g\ < tl k df0fx? k df0f P]gsf] s'g\ s'g\ bkmfcgtu{t u fxo 5g\ < s] s'g cfwf/df tl k df0fx? ljzjf;of]uo / cbfntn] lg0f{osf] cfwf/sf]?kdf :jlsf/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf 5g\ / tl k df0fx?n] 7x/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf] v08g s;/l u5{g\ < k ltjfblsf] xsdf cbfntn] lg0f{o ug{sf nflu cgo ts{x? s] s] 5g\ < 7x/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f;fu ;DalGwt cfkm\gf] kifsf] lxtdf ljifoa:t';fu ;Da4 sfg"g s] 5g\, ghl/ jf k"j{b[i6fgtx? s'g\ s'g\ 5g\ / jfbln] k :t't u/]sf ts{x?sf] v08g s] s] 5g\ < csf]{ kifn] k]z u/]sf] ghl/nfo{ s;/l of] d'2fsf] ljifoa:t'df nfu" x'g ;Sb}g < cflb. jfbltkm{af6 k]z epsf s'g\ s'g\ k df0f s] s'g\ cfwf/df cu fxo 5g\ -olb 5g\ eg]_ < u fxo 5g\ eg] klg s] s'g\ sf/0fn] ljzjzglo 5}g / cbfntsf] lg0f{osf nflu cfwf/ x'g ;Sb}gg\ < PseGbf a9l sfg"g Joj;foL x'fbf sfdsf] plrt aff8kmff8 / ;dgjo M kifn] sltcf]6f sfg"g Joj;foL /fvg] egg] s'/f o2lk p;sf] clwsf/ xf] t/ s'g} klg d'2fdf /flvpsf ;a} sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] alrdf ax;sf] k :t'tls/0f;dagwl sfdsf] aff8kmff8 x'g' h?/l x'g5. o:tf] cj:yfdf s'g\ v08df s;n] af]ng] xf] egg] s'/f klxn] g} to u/]/ ax; ubf{ k To]s sfg"g Joj;foLn] ax;sf] ;dfg a'fbfnfo{ af/daf/ bf]x ofo{ /fvg] ;Defjgfsf] Go"gLs/0f x'g5. To;} u/l ax; ubf{ k/:k/ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ s'/f Ps} kifaf6 k :t't x'g] ;Defjgf klg 36\5. ax;df xf:osf] k of]u /fd f] dflgb}g nfdf] af]ng] rfxgfnfo{ /f]sg] M sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ax; tt\ljifodf cg'ej / 1fg /fvg] GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd'v k :t't ug]{ xf]. ctm ;fdfgo dflg;x?sf ;dif ul/g] s'g} k :t'ltegbf cbfnt;dd'v k :t't ug]{ ax; lgzro klg km/s x'g5. sfg"g Joj;foLsf] biftf eg]sf] g} sd zab / sd ;dodf dxîjk"0f{ / ;fgble{s s'/f cbfnt;dif /fvg] xf]. ctm hlt;'s} nfdf] ax; u/] klg aflx/l / c:ki6 s'/fx?df GofofwLzsf] Wofg sfod /xg ;Sb}g. ax; 5f]6f] / a'fbfut?kdf k :t't ug'{ kb{5. k :t'tls/0f rfvnfubf] agfpg] M hlt;'s} dxîjk"0f{ s'/f klg olb rfvnfubf] u/l k :t't ug{ ;lspsf] 5}g eg] To;sf] k efjsfl/tf sd x'g5. rfvnfubf] agfpgsf nflu lgdglnlvt pkfox? sfg"g Joj;foLsf alrdf k rlnt 5g\. s= s'g} ax;sf] z' jftdf Ps jfsodf To; d'2fsf] ljz]iftfsf] ;DaGwdf egg] tfls To;n] GofofwLzx?sf] lh1f;fnfo{ a[l4 u/f];\. h:t} d a]gr;dif To:tf] d'2fsf] ;DaGwdf a;x k :t't ug{ u}/x]sf] 5' h;df ljjfx epsf]!% lbgdf g} ktgln] nf]ug];fu ;DaGwlaR5]b dfu u/]sl 5g\. t/ o;/l rfvnfvbf] z' jft ug]{ nf]edf To:tf] s'/faf6 z' gug]{ h'g cfkm\gf] kifsf] k lts"n x'g5. v= efiffnfo{ k6\of/nfubf] x'g glbgsf nflu k To]s jfsodf lqmofsf] ;dfg:j?k gbf]x/\ofpg]. pbfx/0fsf nflu ax;sf] l;nl;nfdf k :t't ul/psf s]xl jfsox?nfo{ x]/f+} M k ltjfblx? b'j} hgfn] 36gf:yn ghlssf] uf]7df v's'/ldf wf/ nufp 5g\. To;kl5 /S;L vfp 5g\. To;kl5 d[tsnfo{ af]nfp/ 7"nf] :j/df s/fp5g\. d[ts klg TolxF cfp5g\. d[tsn] cfkm"nfo{ lsg 8fs]sf] eg]/ k ltlqmof hgfp5g\. u= ax;nfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg] pkfosf]?kdf cfjfhsf] plrt k of]u klg Pp6f xf]. cfjzostfcg';f/ cfjfhnfo{ 7"nf] jf ;fgf] agfpg]. ;+j]bgzln / efj's s'/f ubf{ t'ngftds?kdf ;fgf] cfjfh k of]u ug]{, clwsf/ / csf]{ kifsf] bflotjsf] s'/f ubf{ cfjfh t'ngftds?kdf 7"nf] agfpg] h:tf ptf/ r9fj sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] k of]u ul/cfpsf tl/sf x'g\. Ohnf;df epsf GofofwLzx?sf ;fy} bz{sx?n] ;d]t ;'Gg ;Sg] u/l cfkm\gf] cfjfhsf] ;Dk ]if0f ug'{ pko'qm x'g5. tn pnn]v ul/psf pkfox?sf] ceof;n] klg ax;sf] k :t'tls/0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsg5. cbfnt;dif 7x/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f lglzrt u/l To:tf] 7x/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f;fu ;Da4 s'/fdf ax; s]lgb t ug]{, tyonfo{ l;nl;n]jf/?kdf rfvnfubf] u/l k :t't ug]{, efiffsf] ;/;tf sfod /fvg cfjzos pkdf, b[i6fgtx?sf] k of]u ug]{. -#_ ax;kzrft\sf] cj:yf (After the Presentation) sfg"g Joj;foL /fd f syfsf/ x'g\ ax; kzrft\ klg slxn]sfxlf GofofwLzaf6 :k:6 x'g rfx]sf] s]xl yk s'/fx? sfg"g Joj;foL;Fu ;f]wg] k rng xfdlsxff /x]sf] x'gfn] ljz]if kl/l:ylt afx]s ax; ul/;s]kl5 klg s]xl ;do a]grdf /xg' pko'qm dflgg5. cgoyf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] cg'kl:yltdf kifn] cgfjzos tyox? af]ng ;Sg] x'fbf d'2fdf ;d]t k efj kg{ ;S5. t;y{ GofofwLzaf6 cfpg ;Sg] ;Defljt k Zgsf nflu s]xl ;do;dd a]grdf al;/fvg' pko'qm x'g5. 47

58 d:of}bf ;Lk Drafting Skills 48 tkfo{ olb sfg"g Joj;fo ug{ rfxg' x'g5 eg] lgzro klg tkfo{n] lnvtx?sf] d:of}bf ug}{ kg]{ x'g5. tkfo{ sfg"g Joj;fosf] h'g;'s} ljlzi6 If]qdf Joj;fo u5'{ eg] klg d:of}bf tkfo{sf] b}lgs sfdsf] Pp6f clegg cª\u x'g]5. b]jfgl sfg"gsf] ceof; ug]{n] klg b]jfgl d'2fsf] lkm/fbkq, k ltpq/kq, k'g/fj]bgkq, cflb d:of}bf ug}{ kg]{ x'g5. To;}u/L ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf cfkm"nfo{ s]lgb t ug{ rfxg] sfg"g Joj;foLn] klg k'g/fj]bgkq, ax;gf]6, a]/ltsf] cfb]z ab/ u/l kfpg] lgj]bgkq h:tf lnvtx?sf] d:of}bfaf6 cfkm"nfo{ cnu /fvg ;Sb}gg\. jfl0fho If]qdf sfd u5'{ egg]sf nflu klg ljlegg k sf/sf ;Demf}tfx?, sdkglsf k agwkq / lgodfjnlx?, sdkglsf sfdbf/ sd{rf/l lgodfjnlx? nufotsf] d:of}bf ug'{kg]{ x'g5. sfg"g Joj;fodf ;+nug x'g rfxg]x?sf nflu cfˆgf] Jofj;flos hljgsf] dxîjk"0f{ c+z d:of}bf ug]{ sfddf vr{ ug'{kg]{ x'g5. ;fy} Jofj;flos hljgsf] ;kmntfsf] Pp6f dxîjk"0f{ kif d:of}bf biftf klg x'g5. xfdl g]kfnl sfg"g Joj;foLx? cem} klg cfk\mgf] Joj;fo k/dk/fut lsl;dn] g} ub}{ cfo/x]sf 5f}F. sfg"g Joj;foLsf nflu rflxg] cfjzos biftfdwo] d:of}bf ug]{ biftf klg Pp6f xf]. sfg"g Joj;foLn] k bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf] 7"nf] efu d:of}bf;fu ;DalGwt x'g] u5{. k]zfdf cfpg'k"j{ s'g} tflnd cyjf Jofj;flos 1fg;DaGwL s]xl hfgsf/l x'fb}g. To;f] x'gfn] d:of}bf ug]{ z}nl klg xfdl clwsf+znfo{ cfpfb}g. xfdlx?n] ug]{ u/]sf] d:of}bf sfg"gl efiffsf] nfdf] h~hfndf cfwfl/t x'g] x'gfn] pko'qm dfgg ldnb}g. h'g kmd{df xfdl sfo{/t 5f}F ToxL kmd{sf l;glo/ sfg"g Joj;foLn] ug]{ u/]sf] d:of}bf x]/l, ;f]xl z}nlnfo{ g} cfwf/ dfgl cfkm"nfo{ ToxL cg'?ksf] d:of}bfsf/sf?kdf 9fNg] u/]sf 5f}F. t;y{ k'/fgf] 9/f{sf] d:of}bfaf6 goff z}nldf k j]z ug{sf nflu] cfwf/e"t hfgsf/l x'g' xfdl sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ ctofjzos 5. cgo ;Lk h:t} d:of}bfsf] ;Lk klg lg/gt/ ceof; / cg'ejaf6 kl/dflh{t x'fb} hfg ;S5. t/ pko'qm hfgsf/l a]u/sf] ceof;sf] kl/0ffd l9nf]dfq cfpg] x'gfn] ljzje/ g} sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ lbog] tflndsf] Pp6f cfwf/e"t kifsf]?kdf d:of}bfnfo{ lng] ul/psf] kfog5. d:of}bf cfkm}fdf Pp6f lj1fg xf]. d:of}bf;dagwl biftfn] s]jn cfkm"n] s'g} lnvt tof/ ug]{ biftfnfo{ dfq hgfpfb}g, c?n] u/]sf] d:of}bfsf] q'l6 ;'wf/ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / d'2f dfldnfdf cfˆgf] ljkiflsf] d:of}bfsf] sdlsdhf]/l kqf nufpg] biftfnfo{ klg hgfpf5. sfg"g Joj;foLsf] x}lzotn] xfd f] bflotj /fd f] d:of}bf ug]{ x'g5. /fd f]sf] tftko{ d:of}bf u/]sf] lnvt cfˆgf] p2]zo k"/f ug{ ;kmn x'g'k5{. To:t} To:tf] lnvt;fu ;DaGw kif / clwsf/ln] ;xh?kdf a' g ;Sg] x'g'k5{. pko'qm d:of}bfsf] :t/ s;/l ;'wfg{ ;lsg5 egg] ;DaGwdf s]xl cfwf/e"t Jojxf/x?sf] ;DaGwdf tn pnn]v ul/psf] 5. d:of}bf;lk lsg < /fd f] d:of}bf gepsf] sf/0fn] kifn] ljlegg d'2fx?df k ToIf?kdf gf]s;fgl Joxf]g{ k/]sf] x'gfn] hlxn] klg lkm/fb, k ltpq/, l/6 lgj]bg, lnlvthjfkm jf cgo s'g} sfg"gl lnvtx? t}of/ ubf{ lnvt s] pb]zo k flktsf] nflu ul/psf] xf] < dfu bfal k :6 5 5}g < sfg"gsf] pko'qm ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t ep/ sfg"gl a'fbfx?sf] pnn]vg epsf] 5 5}g < Jofs/0fLo kif ;an 5 5}g h:tf ;Dk"0f{ kifdf Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'g5. cgfjzos nfdf], kifsf] efjgf gk/]sf] / a'e\mg sl7g vfnsf] lnvt eof] eg] kifn] gf]s;fgl Joxf]g'{ k5{ ;fy} sfg"g Joj;foLsf] c;kmntf dfgg' kg]{ x'g5. d:of}bfsf] k efjsfl/tf sfg"gl d:of}bf;dagwl clwsf+z n]vsx? tn n]lvpsf a'fbfx?df ;xdt x'g5g\ M!= s] lnvt b'?:t 5 s] lnvtsf] ;+/rgf ;xl 5 < #= s] lnvtsf] z}nl :ki6 / a'lemg] 5 < $= s] lnvt x'g;sg] hlt 5f]6f] 5 < %= s] lnvt k efjsf/l 5 < ^= s] lnvtdf :k:6?kdf cfk\mgf] dfu bfal / sfg"gl ljifosf] plrt Joj:yfkg 5 < &= s] Jofs/0fLo kif ;an 5 < b'?:ttf (Accuracy): xfdln] u/]sf] s'g} lnvt p2]zocg'?k b'?:t 5 ls 5}g egg] s'/fsf b'o{6f kif 5g\. klxnf], xfdln] d:of}bfdf clejoqm ug{ rfx]sf] s] xf] / bf]; f], xfdln] rfx]sf] s'/f d:of}bfdf clejoqm epsf] 5 jf 5}g. xfdln] rfx]sf] s'/f dfq x'ax' clejoqm x'g'k5{, c? s'g} s'/f xf]og. ctm cfkm" ;Gt'i6 gep;dd kifnfo{ k Zg ;f]wg], :ki6 kfg{ nufpg] / cfkm" :ki6 x'g' xfd f] lhdd]jf/l x'g5. d:of}bf ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffx? M cd"t{ xf]og d"t{, sfg"gl d:of}bf pko'qm ;+/rgfdf ug' {k5{

59 c:ki6 xf]og :ki6, ;fdfgo xf]og ljlzi6, / ;+lifkt xf]og lj:t[t. pko'qm ;+/rgf (Sound Structure): /fd f] d:of}bfsf/x? hlxn] klg cfkm"n] u/]sf] d:of}bfsf] ;+/rgf slqsf] pko'qm 5 egg] s'/fdf ctogt ;r]t /x]sf x'g5g\. pglx? ;Dk"0f{ lnvt s'g s'g efudf s;/l ljeflht 5 egg] s'/fdf hfu?s /x]sf x'g5g\. k To]s cg'r5]b / jfsox?sf] qmddf klg pglx?sf] Wofg /x]sf] x'g5. k To]s jfso s;/l cg'r5]b;fu ;DalGwt 5, k To]s cg'r5]b s;/l lnvtsf] efu;fu ;Da4 5 egg] s'/fdf d:of}bfsf/ :ki6 /x]sf x'g5g\. Jofs/0fsf] kifdf ;w} ;hu /x]sf] x'g' kb{5 / sfg"gl a'fbfnfo{ pko'qm tj/n] /flvg' kb{5 tfls GofofwLz jf ljkifl sfg"g Joj;foLn] To;nfO{ gsf/ftds 9ª\un] JofVof gu?g\. cgoyf To;sf] k ToIf c;/ kifdfly kg{ hfg5. /fd f d:of}bfsf/n] s]jn lnvtsf] ;+/rgfnfo{ cfkm"n] a'em]sf] dfq x'ggg\, lsg / s] sf/0fn] To:tf] ;+/rgf lgwf{/0f ul/psf] xf] egg] s'/fnfo{ ;d]t lnvtdf :ki6 kf/]sf x'g5g\. o;sf nflu To:tf d:of}bfsf/n] cfjzostfcg'?k lgdglnvt o'lqmx?sf] k of]u ;d]t ug]{ u/]sf] x'g5g\ M d:of}bfdf ljlegg zlif{s, pkzlif{s, a'fbf gda/x?, k ltagwftds jfsof+zx?sf] k of]u, e"ldsf, kl/rfos jfso jf cg'r5]bsf] k of]u, Ps v08af6 csf]{ v08df :ki6 k jfx, ;dfgfgt/ ;+/rgf / tflnsfx?, cy{k"0f{ 9fFrf / ljifo;"rl, cg';"rl / cgo v08sf] k of]u. :ki6 / pko'qm n]vgz}nl (Clear and Appropriate Writing Style): Jofs/0fLo kif d:of}bfsf] dxtjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] s'g} klg sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfˆgf] Jofj;flos hljgdf km/s km/s kifsf nflu km/s km/s lnvtx? d:of}bf ug'{kg]{ x'g5. s'g} lnvtsf] kf7s k ltkifl x'g ;S5g\ eg] s'g} lnvtsf kifx? cfˆgf] x'g ;S5g\. slxn]sfxlf k/:k/ ljjfbsf] k[i7e"ld epsf JolQmx?sf] ;xdltsf] lnvt d:of}bf ug]{ bflotj sfg"g Joj;foLsf] x'g5. To;}n] km/s km/s cj:yfdf n]lvg] d:of}bfx?sf] z}nl klg cfjzostfcg'?k km/s x'g5. ;Demf}tf tof/ ubf{ ;Demf}tfsf] kifx?sf] lxt / p2]zo pglx?sf] ;xdltcg'?k :ki6?kdf n]lvg' kg]{ x'g5 eg] k'g/fj]bgdf tnnf] cbfntsf] km};nfsf] lj 4 dflynnf] cbfntsf GofofwLznfO{ lrq a' g] u/l ts{ k :t't ug]{ k otg ul/psf] x'g5. cfd dflg;sf nflu n]lvpsf] d:of}bf / GofofwLzsf nflu n]lvg] d:of}bfsf] :t/ / z}nl ;dfg x'g ;Sb}g. To;}n] d:of}bfsf kf7sx?sf] :t/cg'?ksf] z}nlsf] k of]u lnvtsf] d:of}bfdf x'g'k5{. 5l/tf]kgf (Conciseness): /fd f] sfg"gl lnvt 5l/tf] x'g5. o:tf] lnvtdf ;s];dd sd zabx? k of]u u/l cfjzos s'/fx?, lagf s'g} km"na'6\6f clejoqm ul/psf] x'g5. s'g zab cfjzos xf] egg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o o:tf d:of}bfdf ug{ lnvtsf] p2]zo / kf7sx?sf] :t/ s] 5 egg] s'/fdf d:of}bf ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'g5. 5l/tf]kgfsf] tftko{ s'g} lnvt nfdf] x'g' eg]sf] v/fa d:of}bf xf] egg] cy{ eg] xfdln] slxn] klg ug{ x'gg. slxn]sfxlf lnvtsf] p2]zo, lnvtn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfd sf/afxlsf] k j[mlt cflbn] ubf{ lnvt nfdf] x'g ;S5. lnvtnfo{ cfjzostfegbf a9l nfdf] gagfpg] egg] dfq 5l/tf]kgfsf] tftko{ xf]. To;}n] kl/l:yltsf] dfunfo{ ljrf/ gu/l 5l/tf] agfpg] pb]zon] s'g} lnvtnfo{ ;f/f+zsf]?kdf tof/ ug{ eg] x'gg. To;}n] a' g g;sg] ;fgf] lnvt tof/ ug'{egbf ;lhn} a'lemg] nfdf] lnvt n]vg' a'l4dfgl x'g ;S5. k efjsfl/tf (Elegance): lnvtsf] k efjsfl/tfsf] k/lif0f ug{ ;lsg] s'g} Pp6f ljz]iftf 5}g. k efjsfl/tf jf:tjdf kf7ssf]?lrdf lge{/ /xg] ljifo xf]. s'g} lnvtn] ;xh?kdf egg rfx]sf] s'/fsf] ;~rf/ kf7snfo{ u5{ eg] Tof] g} k efjsfl/tf k/lif0fsf] ;jf]{qd dfkb08 x'g ;S5. olb kf7s st} g/f]lso{ s'g} :ki6ls/0f / k Zglagf lnvtsf] s'/fnfo{ ;xh?kdf k9\b} a' g ;S5 eg] Tof] ctogt k efjsf/l lnvt epsf] dfgg' k5{. lsni6 zabx?, nfdf nfdf jfsox?, hl6n 9fFrf / cfˆgf] rnfvl k bz{gsf] k otg h:tf s'/fx?n] lnvtnfo{ sd k efjsf/l agfpg ;S5. d:of}bfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ c? a'fbf s] x'g\ < dfly pnn]v ul/psf a'fbfx?sf] cltl/qm cfˆgf] d:of}bf :t/lo agfpg sfg"g Joj;foLn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f efiffsf] :t/ klg x'g5. d:of}bfsf] g]kfnl k rngnfo{ x]g]{ xf] eg] clwsf+z sfg"gl lnvtx? cfd JolQmsf] ;demegbf aflx/sf] x'g] u/]sf] kfog5. ;fdfgo af]nlrfnlsf] efiffdf k of]u x'g] zabx?sf] k of]u gu/l k/dk/fut?kdf sfg"gl If]qdf dfq k of]u e} cfpsf] zabfjnlsf] k of]u sfg"gl d:of}bfdf x'g] u/]sf] kfog5. b'o{ kifsf alrdf epsf] ;Demf}tfsf] cy{ ;Demf}tf ug]{ kifx?n] ga' g] / To;sf] jf:tljs cy{ nufpgsf nflu pglx? sfg"gljbsxff k'ug' kg]{ xf] eg] To:tf] d:of}bfn] cfˆgf] cfwf/e"t nif g} k"/f gu/]sf] dfgg' k5{. To;}n] cfw'lgs d:of}bfljbx?n] d:of}bfsf] :t/ ;'wfg]{ Pp6f pkfosf]?kdf sfg"g Joj;foLn] gu/]sf] h:tf] b]lvg] d:of}bf ug]{ pkfo ;'emfpg] u/]sf 5g\. 49

60 50 To;}n] efiffsf] lx;fan] d:of}bfnfo{ xfdl b'o{ lsl;dsf d:of}bfsf]?kdf jul{s/0f ug{ ;S5f}+ M k/dk/fut sfg"gl d:of}bf cfw'lgs / ;/n sfg"gl d:of}bf ;/n efiffdf s;/l d:of}bf ug{ ;lsg5 < cbfntl sf/afxldf k of]u x'g] lnvtx?df k/dk/fut sfg"gl zabfjnlsf] k of]u krg ;Sg] ep klg To:tf lnvtx? / oyf;dej kifx?;fu /xg] k j[mltsf lnvtx? d:of}bf ubf{ ;/n efiffsf] k of]u ug'{ plrt x'g5. ;/n efiffdf d:of}bf ug{ xfdln] lgdglnlvt s'/fx?df ljrf/ ug{'kg]{ x'g5. ;fdfgo af]nrfnsf] efiff k of]u ug]{, cgfjzos zabx? lemsg], s'g} klg lqmofnfo{ kl/0ft ul/psf] gfd oyf;dej k of]u gug]{ h:t} gjls[t kl/:s[t cflb ;+o'qm jfsosf] ;6\6f PseGbf a9l ;/n jfso k of]u ug]{, sd{jfrosf] ; f sq[{jfrosf] k of]u ug]{, hl6n ljifonfo{ ;fgf ;fgf 6'qmfdf ;/n?kdf 6'q\mofpg], ljifosf] lx;fan] km/s km/s bkmf, zt{ jf cg'r5]bsf] k of]u ug]{. b'ef{uojz xfdl y'k } sfg"g Joj;foLx? Joj;fodf k j]z u/]kl5 d:of}bf ubf{ xfdln] ljzjljbfnodf cwoog ug]{ qmddf k9]sf, km]nf k/]sf y'k } v/fa sfg"gl n]vg ceof;sf] gssn ug]{ k otg u5f}{f. ztfabl cufl8b]lv k of]u e} cfpsf lnlvtd / cfu]nfo{ xfdln] lnvtdf sfg"gl k'6 lbg] cfwf/sf]?kdf lng] u/]sf x'g5f}+. To;}n] ljslzt /fi6«x?df sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ d:of}bfsf] tflnd lbfbf s;/l sfg"g Joj;foL h:tf] d:of}bf gug]{ egg] ljifo ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{ yflnpsf 5g\. cbfntl d:of}bfdf dxîjk"0f{ x'g] ljz]if1x?n] ;'emfpsf s]xl To:tf pkfox?sf] pnn]v tn ul/psf] 5, h;af6 xfdln] xfd f] d:of}bfnfo{ ;/n agfpg ;S5f}F.!= kf7snfo{ dxîj lbg] M s'g} klg d:of}bf z' ug'{cl3 xfdln] pqm d:of}bfsf] ;Defljt kf7ssf]?kdf cfkm"nfo{ x]g'{ plrt x'g5. pqm lnvt kf7sn] s;/l x]5{ / a'em\5 egg] cfwf/df d:of}bf z' ug'{k5{. s'g} k'g/fj]bg xfdl n]vb}5f}+f eg] Tof] k'g/fj]bg k9\g] GofofwLzn] To; k'g/fj]bgnfo{ s;/l x]5{ < s] k'g/fj]bgsf] dfwodn] GofofwLznfO{ lbg] ;Gb]z p;n] kfpf5 < xfdl cfkm} GofofwLz x'g] xf] eg] To; k'g/fj]bgaf6 kfpg' kg]{ ;a} ;"rgf k fkt x'g5 t < egg] s'/f ljrf/ k"0f{ lnvt tof/ ug]{ M d:of}bf n]vsd'vl geo{ kf7sd'vl x'g'k5{ xfdln] d:of}bf u/]sf] s'g} sfg"gl lnvt a' gsf nflu cgo ; f]t;fdu Lsf] cwoog kf7sn] ug'{kg]{ x'g' x'fb}g. d:of}bf ul/psf] lnvt k"0f{ x'g'k5{. xfdl s'g} k'g/fj]bgsf] d:of}bf u5f}{+ eg] To;df pnn]v ul/psf ghl/x? s] /x]5g\ egg] s'/f GofofwLzn] sfg"g klqsf x]/]/ dfq yfxf kfpg] cj:yf x'g'x'fb}g. s'/f a' g cgo ; f]t grflxg] u/l ghl/sf] cfjzos v08sf] p4/0f lnvtdf g} x'g'k5{. #= ;dfgfgt/ ts{x?sf] k of]u ug]{ M k'g/fj]bg h:tf lnvt d:of}bf ubf{ xfdlnfo{ s'g} ljifodf cfkm"nfo{ s'g} ts{ ctogt plrt / alnof] nfug ;S5 eg] cgo ts{ lkmtnf nfug ;S5g\. t/ xfdlnfo{ alnof] nfu]sf] ts{ d'2f x]g]{ GofofwLznfO{ lkmtnf] / xfdlnfo{ lkmtnf] nfu]sf] ts{ d'2f x]g]{ GofofwLznfO{ alnof] nfug] x'g ;S5. To;}n] cfkm"n] alnof] 7fg]sf] ts{ dfq k of]u ug'{ slxn]sfxlf cg'ko'qm x'g5. To;}n] ;dfgfgt/ ts{sf] k of]u cfjzos x'g5. $= cfˆgf sdhf]/l gn'sfpg] M cbfntl lnvtx? d:of}bf ubf{ cfˆgf] alnof] kifx?dfq p7fpg cfˆgf sdhf]/ kifsf] rrf{ g} gug]{ k rng klg sfg"g Joj;foLx?aLr 5. t/ cfˆgf] sdhf]/ kif / To;sf] k lt/iffdf epsf cfwf/x? ;d]t hf]8bf/?kdf xfd f] d:of}bfdf emlnsg' k5{. %= pbfx/0fx?sf] k of]u ug]{ M d:of}bfsf sltko tyo / ts{x? :ki6 kfg{sf nflu pbfx/0fx?sf] k of]u plrt x'g5. ctm pbfx/0fsf] k of]unfo{ gsfg'{ x'gg. cfjzostfcg'?k To:tf pbfx/0fx? lnvtdf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{. ^= cfwf/e"t?kdf lnvt ug]{ M d:of}bf ubf{ kf7snfo{ k[i7e"ldsf] hfgsf/l 5 jf xf]nf egg] ck]iff /fv]/ ug'{ x'fb}g. s'g} k"j{ hfgsf/l lagfsf] kf7ssf] ;Dd"v pqm d:of}bf k :t't x'fb}5 egg] dfgotf /fv]/ d:of}bf ul/psf] x'g'k5{. d:of}bf ;/n v08af6 qmlds?kdf hl6n a'fbftkm{ a9\b} hfg'k5{.

61 &= k'gn]{vg / ;'wf/ ug]{ M h'g;'s} lnvtdf klg ;'wf/sf] ;Defjgf x'g5. cfkm"n] u/]sf] d:of}bfsf] s8f cfnf]rssf]?kdf d:of}bfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{xf];\. tkfo{sf] ljkifl jf k ltågålsf]?kdf tkfo{ x'g] xf] eg] pqm d:of}bfdf s] s] vf]6 b]vfpg' x'g]5 egg] b[li6sf]0fn] cfˆgf] d:of}bfnfo{ x]g'{xf];\ / To;sf cfwf/df cfjzos kl/dfh{g ug'{xf];\. kifsf] lgb]{zg lng] M s'g} klg d:of}bf ug'{k"j{ kif;fu lng] hfgsf/l / lgb]{zg s;/l lng] egg] s'/f h?/l x'g5. sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfˆgf] lgoldt sfdsf] cfwf/df cfkm"n] d:of}bf ul//xg' kg]{ lnvtx?sf] ;DaGwdf d:of}bfsf nflu kifaf6 lgb]{zg lng] 9fFrf tof/ u/]/ /fvg' pko'qm Jojxf/ x'g ;S5. lgoldt?kdf 3/ axfnsf] ;Demf}tf ul//xg' kg]{ sfdsf] k j[mlt epsf sfg"g Joj;foLn] tof/ u/]/ /fvg ;Sg] lgb]{zgsf] 9fFrf tn pnn]v ul/psf] h:tf] x'g ;S5. klxn]b]lv tof/ /fv]sf] s'/fx? gd"gf (Sample) 3/ axfn;dagwl ;Demf}tfsf] kifsf] lgb]{zg / hfgsf/l sfg"g Joj;foLn] eg]{ kifsf] gfd, 7]ufgf M lghsf] x}l;ot M axfnsf] ;DklQsf] ljj/0f M axfnsf] ;DklQjfnf cfkm}n] ;Demf}tf ug]{ jf lghn] k bfg u/]sf] clvtof/sf] cfwf/df csf]{ kifn] ug]{ M ;Demf}tf ug]{ csf]{ kif / x}l;ot M axfnsf] /sd M axfnsf] /sd a'emfpg] zt{ / ;do M ;dodf axfn ga'emfpdf x'g] yk bflotj M s/ e'qmfglsf] Joj:yf M -;do;ldf_ lah'nl, kfgl / 6]lnkmf]g s;n] s;/l ltg]{ M dd{t;def/ / /+u /f]ug M ;Demf}tf ug]{ ldlt / nfu" x'g] ldlt M axfnsf] cjlw M s= 3/wgLn] v= axfndf lng]n] 3/ ef8fdf lng]sf] yk s'g} bflotj ep M 3/wgLsf] yk s'g} bflotj ep M -Zft{x?_ yk s'g} s'/f a' g' kg]{ cj:yfdf sxff s;nfo{ ;Dks{ ug]{. -kmf]=g+=, Od]n, KofS;, df]afo{n_ o;/l d:of}bf ug]{ ljifoj:t'sf] ;DaGwdf Go"gtd tyo s] s] lng'k5{ egg] s'/fsf] klxn] g} tof/l ul//fv]sf] lnvtsf] cfwf/df tyo ;ª\sng ubf{ k6s k6s kifnfo{ ;f]lw/xg' kg]{ cj:yf x'fb}g / sfg"g Joj;foLsf] Jofj;flos biftfdf kifnfo{ ;d]t cftdljzjf; l;h{gf x'g5. d:of}bf ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s]xl l;4fgtsf] pnn]v tn ul/psf] 5. d:of}bfsf] efiffsf] ;DaGwdf kmfpn/sf lgodx? M s= slxn]sfxlf dfq k of]u x'g] zabsf] ;6\6f k of]u e}/xg] zab k of]u ug]{. v= cd"t{ zabsf] ;6\6f :ki6 zab k of]u ug]{. 51

62 u= kfl/eflifs jfsof+zsf] ;6\6f Pp6f zab k of]u ug]{. 3= nfdf] zabsf] ;6\6fdf 5f]6f] zab k of]u ug]{. ª= /f]dg zabsf] ;6\6fdf :ofs;g zabsf] k of]u ug]{. o;sf] ;fgble{stf s]jn cª\u] hldf ug]{ d:of}bfsf] ;DaGwdf dfq 5. t/ o;nfo{ xfdln] g]kfnl kl/k ]Ifdf z'4 ;+:s[t zabsf] ;6\6fdf g]kfnldf k rlnt zab k of]u ug]{ egg ;S5f}+. k To]s d:of}bfstf{n] s'g} b:tfj]hsf] d:of}bf ubf{ ljlegg s'/fx?df Wofg k' ofpg' kg]{ x'g5. x/uf]kfn / 8f= jdf{ h:tf ef/tlo n]vsx?n] ef/tsf] kl/k ]Ifdf d:of}bf ubf{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ s]xl a'fbfx?nfo{ pnn]v u/]sf 5g\. h;sf] ;f/;+if]k lgdgfg';f/ 5M s= s'g} klg JolQm, h;nfo{ ljifoa:t'sf] ;fdfgo 1fg 5, n] To:tf] d:of}bfnfo{ a' g ;Sg] x'g'k5{. v= o;}n] s'g} klg d:of}bfdf d:of}bfstf{n] klxn] cfkm"n] JoQm ug{ rfx]sf] s'/f s] xf] < grfx]sf] s'/f s] xf] < / h?/l g7fg]sf] s'/f s] xf] < egg] s'/fdf :ki6 x'g' k5{. u= s'g} klg d:of}bf oyf;dej :jtm:ki6 x'g'k5{. s;}n] To;sf] JofVof ug'{ kg]{ h:tf] x'g'x'gg. 3= oyf;dej y'k } Jojxf/x? Pp6} d:of}bfdf ;dfj]z ul/g' x'fb}g. km/s cj:yfsf km/s s'/fx?sf] ;DaGwdf lnvt tof/ ubf{ Ps csf{ lnvtsf] ;DaGwdf pnn]v ug'{kg]{ ep klg b:tfj]h cnu cnu ug'{ plrt x'g5. ª= To:tf ljj/0f / tyox?, h;nfo{ d:of}bfsf] k]6af]nldf ;dfj]z ubf{ c;xh b]lvg5g\, nfo{ 5'6\6} cg';"rldf jf tkl;ndf pnn]v ug{' plrt x'g5. r= d:of}bfsf] qmda4tf tfls{s x'g'k5{. o:tf] qmda4tfn] s'g} tyo 5'6\g] jf bf]xf]l/g] ;Defjgf 36\5. 5= jfsox? oyf;dej 5f]6f] x'g'k5{. h= ;dfg cy{ lbgnfo{ ;dfg zab k of]u ug'{k5{. ;dfg cj:yfsf nflu km/s zab k of]u u/]df km/s cy{ lbg rfx]sf] dflgg5. em= oyf;dej st[{jfrosf] k of]u ug'{k5{ g ls sd{jfrosf]. ~f= efiff tyok/s x'g'k5{ g ls efjk/s. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df d:of}bf ubf{ x'g] s]xl ;fdfgo q'l6x? o; k sf/sf 5g\M s= ctogt nfdf] ;+o'qm jfsosf] k of]u ug]{. cbfntsf] km};nf / Jofj;flos jslnx?sf] d:of}bfdf of] rl/q :ki6?kdf b]lvg5. o;nfo{ ;fdfgo Jojxf/sf]?kdf dflgg] u/]sf] 5. v= ;dfg s'/f Pp6} d:of}bfdf k'g/f]lqm e}/xg]. u= d:of}bfstf{n] c?sf] sygsf] cfwf/df s'g} d:of}bf ubf{sf] cj:yfdf p;sf] s'/fnfo{ /fd /L ga'eml cfˆgf] snkgfzlntfsf] cfwf/df kifn] rfx]egbf km/s d:of}bf ug]{. 3= cgfjzos nfdf] / a9l ;flxltos efiffsf] k of]u ug]{. Jofj;flos d:of}bf;dagwl Pp6f biftf M k"j{snkgf s'g} kif sfg"g Joj;foL;dIf ;Demf}tf h:tf lnvtx?sf] d:of}bfsf nflu cg'/f]w ug{ hffbf sfg"g Joj;foLn] To:tf] d:of}bfsf] ;DaGwdf eljiodf l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] ljjfbx?sf] hlt /fd f] k"j{snkgf ug{ ;S5 Tolt g} p;sf] Jofj;flostfsf] k efj kifpk/ k5{. To;}n] s'g} klg d:of}bf ubf{ To;df eljiodf ptkgg x'g] ljjfbsf ljifox?sf] k"jf{g'dfg sfg"g Joj;foLn] ug{ ;Sg'k5{. d:of}bfdf ug{ gx'g] jf Wofg k'ofpg kg]{ s'/fx? cfk\mgf] kifsf] sdhf]/l n'sfpg] -epsf] tyoaf6 cfk\mgf] kifsf] nflu pko"qm ts{ k df0f vf]hg]_, gsf/ftds ;Gb]z lbg] efiff sf] k of]u gug]{, ljkiflsf] cftd;ddfg, hftlo ljifodf tyf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdfdf cffr cfpg] efiff k of]u gug]{, unt sfg"g tyf ghl/sf] pnn]v gug]{, e dk"0f{ efiff k of]u gug]{, gepsf] syf l;h{gf gug]{, Jofj;flos g}ltstfsf] ;b}j Vofn ug]{, / Uff]kgLotf eª\u gug]{ -of] ;Dk"0f{ Jofj;flos hljgdf cfs[i6 x'g5_. d:of}bfdf lsni6 / cd"t{ zabsf] k of]u ug' {x'gg 52

63 != kl/rom ;fiflk/lif0f Witness/Cross Examination sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfˆgf] ;+jfb ;Lksf] k of]u ug]{ Jofjxfl/s dxîjsf] Ps k d'v If]q ;fiflk/lif0f xf]. k df0fsf] d"nofª\sg ubf{ b]jfgl Pj+ kmf}hbf/l b'j} If]qdf o;sf] dxîj 5. kmf}hbf/l k j[mltsf d'2fx?df d'vo k df0fsf]?kdf ;fiflsf] syg x'g] u5{. sfg"g Joj;foL jf cbfnt o;tkm{ pbf;lg epdf Gofo;Dkfbgdf gsf/ftds c;/ kb{5. g]kfnsf] Gofok 0ffnLdf em'7f] af]ng] ;fiflnfo{ Jofjxfl/s?kdf k efjsf/l b08sf] cefj epsf]n] Gofo ;Dkfbgdf ;fiflsf] e"ldsf Ps sfo{ljlwsf]?kdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] cfef; epklg d'2fsf kifx? / sfg"g Joj;foL ;fiflk/lif0fdf ;lqmo /xg] / pko'qm tj/n] ;fiflk/lif0f ug]{ xf] eg] To;sf] ;sf/ftds k efj Gofodf k5{. d'2fsf] z' sf/afxlsf] ;dodf pko'qm tj/n] ;fiflk/lif0f x'g g;s]df k'g/fj]bg:t/df hlt;'s} bif sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;]jf k fkt u/] klg To;sf] k efjsfl/tf sd x'g5. ctm z' tx d} ;fiflk/lif0f ug]{ sfo{df sfg"g Joj;foLsf] biftf ckl/xfo{ 5. o;qmddf cfkm"n] ;l6s / ;DalGwt k Zg ;f]wg], To:tf k Zgsf] pq/ a' g] / cfkm"n] rfx]sf] hfgsf/l clen]v ug{ To:tf hjfkmsf] cfwf/df csf]{ k Zg ;f]wg] jf g;f]wg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug'{ cfjzos x'g5. ;fiflk/lif0fnfo{ ndaofpg' xf'b}g. ;+jfbsf ;fdfgo lgodx? h:t} cffvfsf] ;Dks{, csf]{ kifn] a' g] efiff / ultdf cfˆgf sl6fgl k Zgx? /fvg], ;fifln] af]n]sf s'/f a'em]/ dfq yk k Zg ug]{ h:tf s'/fx? ;fiflk/lif0fdf pko'qm 9ª\un] k of]u ug'{kg]{ ;fiflk/lif0fsf] tof/l M s= ldl;nsf] k"0f{ cwoogkl5 dfq ;fiflk/lif0fsf] k f/ldes tof/l ug'{ kb{5 / cfkm"n] ;fiflk/lif0f ug{ nfu]sf] d'2fdf 7x/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f (Fact In Issue) sf] klxrfg u/l cfˆgf] kifn] s] s'/f 7x/ u/fpg rfx]sf] 5 egg] lgsof}{n ug'{ k5{. jfbl k ltjfblsf] alrdf d'v gldnl h'g s'/fdf cbfntn] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g5, To;nfO{ 7x/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f elgg5. o;sf nflu kifsf] s'/f k"0f{?kdf ;'Gg' cfjzos 5. slxn] sfxl+ d'2fdf PseGbf a9l jf j}slnks 7x/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f x'g ;S5. h:t} kmnfgf] lbg kmnfgf] ;dodf cleo'qm kmnfgf]n] kmnfgf] JolQmsf] Hofg df/]sf] xf] jf xf]og < jf Hofg df/]sf] egl cleof]u nufopsf] ;dodf cleo'qm kmnfgf]n] cfˆgf] aofgdf pnn]v u/]adf]lhd kmnfgf c:ktfndf pkrf/fy{ egf{ lyof] ls lypg < v= cfˆgf] kifn] s'g\ s'g\ ;fiflaf6 s'g s'g s'/f :yflkt u/fpg vf]h]sf] 5 egg] s'/f oslg ug{' / tl ;fiflsf] syg 7x/ ug'{kg]{ s'g s'/f;fu s;/l ;Da4 (Relevant Fact) x'g5 egg] s'/fsf] k"j{ hfgsf/l /fvg' k5{. u= ljkifln] cfˆgf] s'g\ ;fiflaf6 s'g s'g s'/f :yflkt u/fpg rfx]sf] x'g ;S5 egg] s'/fsf] cg'dfg ug]{ / tl ;fiflsf] s'g s'/f 7x/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f;fu s;/l ;Da4 (Relevant Fact) x'g ;S5 egg] s'/fsf] cg'dfg cfkm}n] ug'{ k5{. 3= s'g ;fiflaf6 s'g s'/f v'ng ;S5 egg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/l kifaf6 lno{ ;f]xl cfwf/df cfˆgf] k To]s ;fiflnfo{ ;f]wg] k Zgx? jgfpg' k5{ / k"j{ cg'dflgt hjfkm cfpdf sxff;dd ;f]wg] / gcfpdf slt ;f]wg] egg] s'/fsf] k"j{snkgf cfjzos x'g5. ª= ljkiflsf] s'g ;fiflaf6 ljkifln] s] s'/f :yflkt u/fpg rfx]sf] 5 egg] s'/fsf] cfwf/df lh/xdf ;f]wg] k Zgx?sf] k f?k tof/ ul//fvg] / k To]s ;fiflnfo{ lh/xdf ;f]wg] k Zgx? tof/ ug]{ / o;/l k Zg tof/ ubf{ lglzrt k Zgsf] pq/ o:tf] cfof] eg] csf]{ k Zg o:tf] ;f]wg] / To;sf] ljk/lt hjfkm cfof] eg] of] k Zg ;f]wg] egl ;Defljt / j}slnks hjfkmsf] cfwf/df k Zgx? tof/ ug'{ cfjzos x'g5. r= cfˆgf] jf ljkiflsf] ;fiflnfo{ ;f]wk'5 jf lh/xsf] bf}/fgdf b]vfpg' kg]{ ldl;n;fu ;Da4 s'g} lnvt epdf ;f] tof/ /fvg'k5{. 5= kifn] cfkm\g} tkm{af6 ;fiflnfo{ ;f]wk'5 ug{ ;Sg] epsf] / o:tf] cj:yfdf cfkm"n] /fv]sf] ;fiflx?dwo] s;nfo{ pkl:yt u/ fpg], s;nfo{ gu/fpg] egg] s'/f kifsf] clwsf/ epsf] x'gfn] kif;fusf] ;xdltsf cfwf/df s'g ;fifl ljzj;glo 5, s'g zª\sf:kb jf cgof}ndf kg{;s5 egg] s'/fsf] cfwf/df ljzj;glo ;fiflnfo{ dfq pkl:yt u/fpg' kb{5. unt tyo k :t't ug{ ;fiflnfo{ ps;fpg' x'fb}g. jt{dfg cj:yfdf xfd f] Gofok 0ffnLdf s'g} ;fiflnfo{ pln6psf] ;fifl (Hostile Witness) 3f]if0ff ug{ kfpg] cf}krfl/s Joj:yf xfn;dd 5}g. #= ;f]wk'5 (Examination in Chief): cfˆgf] kifn] cbfntdf :yflkt ug{ rfx]sf] tyonfo{ cfˆgf] kifsf] ;fiflx?af6 ;dy{g u/fpg] sfo{nfo{ ;f]wk'5 elgg5. ;DalGwt sfg"g Joj;foLn] of] sfo{ ubf{ b]xfosf s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' k5{ M 53

64 54 s= v'nf k Zg (Open ended question) dfq ;f]wg], hjfkm ;'emfpg] k j[mltsf] (Leading question) k Zg g;f]wg]m ;f]wk'5sf] qmddf hjfkm ;'emfpg] k Zg ;f]wg k df0f;dagwl sfg"gn] k ltagw nufpsf] 5. h'g k Zgsf] hjfkmdf s'g} ljj/0f atfpg' k5{ To;nfO{ v'nf k Zg eg5g\ eg] h'g k Zgsf] hjfkm xf] jf xf]ogdf cfpg ;S5 Tof] hjfkm ;'emfpg] k Zg x'g5. h:t} M hjfkm ;'emfpg] k Zg ;fn sflt{s! ut] laxfg * ah] /fdaxfb'/n] s[i0faxfb'/nfo{ 5'/Ln] xfg]sf] tkfo{+n] b]vg' epsf] lyof] < v'nf k Zg ;fn sflt{s! ut] laxfg * ah] tkfo{+ sxff x'g'x'gyof] < v= ;fiflsf] cfˆgf] JolQmut hfgsf/l epsf] ljifodf dfq k Zg ;f]wg]m pglx?sf] JolQmut wf/ 0ff jf /fo dfu ug]{ xf]og. ljz]if1x?af6 dfq /fo dfu ul/g5 eg] ;fiflx?af6 lghsf] cfk\mgf] 1fg]lGb osf] dfwodn] yfxf kfpsf] s'/f ck]iff ul/g5. ljz]if1afx]ssf ;fiflx?sf] wf/0ff jf /fo jf pglx?n] c?sf] dfwodaf6 yfxf kfpsf s'/fx? ;fdfgotof k df0fdf u fxo x'fb}gg\. lh/x sfg"g Joj;foLsf] dxtjk"0f{ ;fwg xf] h:t} M u fxo ;jfn hjfkm M ;jfnm jfblsf] k ltjfbl;fu j}jflxs ;DaGw ljr5]b x'g'kg]{ s'g\ s'g\ sf/0fsf] af/]df tkfo{+nfo{ yfxf 5 < hjfkm MjfbLnfO{ k ltjfbln] $ jif{cl3 s'6lk6 u/l 3/af6 lgsfnf u/]sf x'g\, To;kl5 pgsf] s'g} /]vb]v u/]sf 5}gg\. ;jfn M To;/L s'6lk6 u/l lgsfn]sf] s'/f tkfo{+n] s;/l yfxf kfpg' epsf] xf] < hjfkm M d]/f] 3/ / k ltjfblsf] 3/ hf]l8psf] x'gfn] l5d]sl x'fbf b]v]/ yfxf kfpsf] x'f. cu fxo ;jfn hjfkm M ;jfn M tkfo{+sf] ljrf/df nf]ug]n] s'6lk6 u/]/ lgsfnf u/]sl :jf:gldflg;n] nf]ug]af6 ;DaGwljR5]b kfpg' kg]{ xf] ls xf]og < hjfkm M s'g} klg nf]ug]af6 oftgf ef]lu/fv]sl :jf:gldflg;n] p;sf] nf]ug];fu ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ rfx]df ug{ lbg' k5{. -oxff ;fifln] cfkm"n] yfxf kfpsf] s'g} tyosf] ; f cfˆgf] /fo lbo/x]sf] 5_ u= 7x/ ug'{ kg]{ k Zg;Fu ;Da4 k Zgdfq ;f]wg], c;da4 k Zg g;f]wg]m s'g} klg ;fifln] af]n]sf] s'/f olb ;Da4 5 eg]dfq k df0fdf u fxo x'g5 cgoyf u fxo x'fb}g. ctm ;f]lwpsf] k Zg ;Da4 s'/fdf ;Lldt x'g'k5{. t/ slxn]sfxlf 5f]6f] 5f]6f] k Zg ;f]4} hffbf s'g} s'g} k Zg ;f]em} x]bf{ ;Da4 gb]lvp klg To;nfO{ k5\ofpg] csf]{ k Zgn] eg] ;Da4tf :ki6 kfg'{ k5{. To:tf] cj:yfdf ljkiflsf] tkm{af6 ;f]lwpsf k Zgsf] k lt/f]w epsf] cj:yfdf To;kl5sf s]xl k Zgsf] pq/ cfpkl5 ;Da4tf :ki6 x'g] cg'/f]w sfg"g Joj;foLn] GofofwLz;dIf /fvg' k5{. 3= oyf;dej 5f]6f] / v'nf k Zg ;f]wg]m cfjzos s'/fx? v'ng ;sf];\ egg] p2]zon] nfdf] k Zgsf] ; f ;f]wk'5sf] qmddf klg v'nf / 5f]6f] 5f]6f] k Zg /fvg' plrt x'g5. ;f]lwpsf k Zgx?af6 g} ;fifln] cfˆgf] 1fg]lGb osf] dfwodaf6 hfgsf/l kfpsf] s'/f atfpsf] xf] egg] s'/f v'nfpg] k otg ug'{ k5{. t'ngfsf nflu tn k/dk/fut ;jfn hjfkm / a9l pko'qm ;jfn hjfkmsf] gd"gf /flvpsf] 5. k/dk/fut ;jfn hjfkmm ;/sf/l jslnsf] ;jfn M o;df #) ut]sf] lbg k ltjfbl h+uaxfb'/n] uug l;+xnfo{ v's'/ln] k xf/ u/l df/]sf] egg] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 cleof]u nufopsf] 5. o;sf] af/]df tkfo{+nfo{ s] yfxf 5 < hjfkm M h+uaxfb'/n] uug l;+xnfo{ df/]sf] g} xf] egg] s'/f dnfo{ yfxf 5. a9l pko'qm ;jfn hjfkm M ;/sf/l jslnsf] ;jfn ;fn sflt{s #) ut] laxfg sl/a & b]lv ( ah];ddsf] ;dodf tkfo{+ sxff x'g'x'gyof] < hjfkm M d ;f] ldlt / ;dodf 6's'rfsf] v;lahf/df lypf. ;jfn M tkfo{+ s] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf v;lahf/ k'ug'epsf] lyof] < hjfkm M ufpfs} uug l;+x;fu v;l a]rg] sfdsf nflu v;lahf/ k'u]sf] lypf. ;jfn M tl uug l;+x xfn sxff a:5g\ t <

65 hjfkm M ToxL #) ut]sf] lbgdf g} uug l;+xnfo{ skg a:g] csf{ v;l Jofkf/L h+uaxfb'/n] v's'/ln] k xf/ u/]sf]n] lghsf] ef]lnkn6} d[to' epsf] lyof]. lgh uug l;+x xfn hlljt 5}gg\. ;jfn M h+uaxfb'/n] uug l;+xnfo{ v's'/l k xf/ u/l df/]sf] s'/f tkfo{+n] s;/l yfxf kfpg' epsf] xf] < hjfkm M d]/f] ;fd'gg]df g} v's'/l k xf/ u/]sf] x'gfn] d}n] cfkm}fn] b]v]/ yfxf kfpsf] x'f. ª= = ;fiflaf6 cfˆgf] kifsf] xsdf k fkt x'g' kg]{ ;Da4 s'/fsf] ljj/0f k fkt e};s] g;s]sf] d"nofª\sg ug]{ / k fkt e};s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]wk'5 ;dfkt ug]{. r= = $= lh/x M cfˆgf] kifsf] ;fifln] ;f]wk'5sf] qmddf JoQm u/]sf s'/fx?sf] cfwf/df lghn] cfkm"n] cg'dfg u/]egbf km/s / kifsf] lxtljk/lt x'g] s'/f af]ng] ;Defjgf b]lvpsf] 5 eg] oyf;dej ;f]wk'5sf] cgto ug]{. cfˆgf] kifnfo{ ;f]wk'5 u/] em}+ ljkifltkm{sf] ;fiflnfo{ k Zg ;f]wg] k lqmofnfo{ lh/x eg5g\. of] ;fiflsf] sygsf] ;Totfsf] k/lif0f ug]{ zlqmzfnl pkfo xf]. ljkiflsf] bfallhls/nfo{ sdhf]/ agfpg] k otg ug'{ / cfˆgf] kifsf] bfal jf lhls/sf] k'li6 u/fpg' lh/xsf] d'vo p2]zo x'g5. lh/xdf klg ;f]lwpsf] k Zg ;Da4 s'/fdf ;Lldt x'g'k5{, t/ slxn]sfxlf ;fiflsf] ljzj;glotfnfo{ lnp/ o:tf k Zgx? ;f]wg ;lsg5, h'g k ToIftM 7x/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f;fu ;Da4 gepklg ;fiflsf] sygsf] ljzj;glotfsf] ;DaGwdf eg] dxîjk"0f{ x'g ;S5g\. lh/xnfo{ cg'ejl sfg"gljbx?n] b'o{wf/] t/jf/sf]?kdf lng] u5{g\, h;nfo{ /fd /L rnfpfbf csf]{kifsf] k/fho x'g;s5 eg] /fd /L rnfpg ghfgbf cfkm}fnfo{ rf]6 k' ofp+f5. lh/x ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s]xl s'/fx? lgdgfg';f/ 5g\ M s= = lh/x ubf{ v'nnf k Zg g;f]wg]m v'nnf k Zgn] ;fiflnfo{ cfkm"n] egg rfx]sf] / ;f]wk'5df atfo;s]sf] s'/f k'gm k'li6 ug]{ df}sf lbg] x'fbf s]xl ckjfbnfo{ 5f8]/ lh/xdf 5f]6f] / hjfkm ;'emfpg] k Zg ;f]wg' plrt x'g5. pbfx/0f M jfbl dlxnfsf] bfal cfˆgf] ;+/If0fdf /x]sf] ;;'/f *^ jif{sf] epsf] / lghsf] xf]z 7]ufgdf g/x]sf] x'fbf lghn] cfˆgl 5f]/ Lx? cyf{t jfblsf ggbx?nfo{ ul/lbpsf] as;kqsf] lnvt ab/ x'g'k5{ egg] epsf], t/ k ltjfblx? -jfblsf] ;;'/f nufot_ sf] syg ;;'/fsf] dfgl;s l:ylt l7s /x]sf] / lgh a'xf/lsf] ;+/If0fdf slxn] klg g/x]sf] x'gfn] xfn klg a'xf/ Ln] lbpsf ljlegg d'2fx? rln/x]sf] egg] 5. jfblsf] ;fiflnfo{ k ltjfblsf sfg"g Joj;foLn] u/]sf] lh/xsf s]xl c+z M sfg"g Joj;foL M tkfo{+ jfblsf ;;'/f k ltjfblnfo{ lrgg' x'g5 < ;fifl M lrgb5'. sfg"g Joj;foL M lgh k ltjfbln] tkfo{+nfo{ lrg5g\ ls lrgb}gg\ < k Zg;"rs k Zg ;f]wg' ;fifl M lghn] klg dnfo{ lrg5g\. sfg"gljk/lt x'g5 sfg"g Joj;foL M xfn;fn tkfo{+sf] lgh;fu e]6 epsf] lyof] < ;fifl M sl/a Ps dxlgfcl3 laxfg 3'Dg lgl:sbf e]6 epsf] lyof]. sfg"g Joj;foL M tkfo{+sf] lgh;fu Tof] e]6 kz'kltgfysf] dlgb/cufl8 wfld{s k':ts k;ndf epsf] lyof], xf] < ;fifl M xf]. sfg"g Joj;foL M To; ;dodf k ltjfbl s]xl wfld{s k':tsx? lsgb} lyp xf] < ;fifl M xf]. sfg"g Joj;foL M To; ;dodf lghsf] ;fydf c? sf]xl lyof] ls lypg < ;fifl M lypg, lgh PSn} lyp. sfg"g Joj;foL M tkfo{+n] dfly ;f]wk'5sf] k Zg g+= === sf] hjfkmdf ol k ltjfblsf] xf]z 7]ufgdf g/x]sf] / lghsf] ;+/Ifs a'xf/lsf] dgh'/l a]u/ 5f]/Lx?sf] gfpfdf ul/lbpsf] as;kq ab/ x'g'k5{ egl egg'epsf] 5. s] k ltjfblsf] xf]; 7]ufgdf gep klg lgh PSn} kz'klt hfg, lstfax? lsgg ;Ifd 5g\ < ;fifl M -s]xl ;do c8lsp/, cndlnp/_ d}n] *^ jif{sf] dflg;n] cfˆgf] lxt clxt /fd /L ;f]rg ;Sb}gg\ egg dfq rfx]sf] x'f. v= ;fiflsf] wf/0ff jf /fo slxno} g;f]wg] M Psftkm{ ;fifln] k s6 u/]sf] wf/0ffsf] u fxotf x'fb}g eg] csf]{tkm{ ljkiflsf] ;fifln] cfkm\gf] kifdf /fo lbg] cj:yf x'fb}g. sltko cj:yfdf t To:tf] /fon] pn6} Gofostf{nfO{ k"jf{u xl agfpg d2t ug{ ;S5. 55

66 56 u= = cfkm\gf] kifsf] lxtljk/lt x'g] jf cfkm"n] rfx]sf] hjfkm kfofb}g egg] s'/fsf] k"jf{g'dfg epdf To:tf] k Zg g;f]wg]m sltko To:tf k Zgn] ;fiflsf] ljzj;glotfnfo{ emg\ a9l a9fpf5. pbfx/0f M k ltjfblsf] jsln M s] tkfo{+sf] k ltjfbl;fu $ jif{cl3 ;ffwsf] ljifodf emu8f e} sf7df08f} lhnnf cbfntdf huuf lvrf]nf d'2f rn]sf] lyof] < jfblsf] ;fifl M xf], rn]sf] lyof]. k ltjfblsf] jsln MTo;} d'2fsf] l/;oal lno{ tkfo{+n] d[ts xif{axfb'/sf] Hofg k ltjfbln] df/]sf] egl em'7f askq ug'{ epsf] xf] < jfblsf] ;fifl M huuf ldr]sf] ljifodf d'2f k/]sf] egb}df Hofg h:tf] d'2fdf lghnfo{ em'7f u8fp u/]sf] xf]og. cfkm"n] b]v]sf] s'/f n]vfolbpsf] x'f. jf:tjdf clgtd k Zgsf] hjfkmsf]?kdf ;fifln] xf], d}n] huuf lvrf]nf d'2fsf] l/; lno{ em'7f as]sf] x'f egl :jlsfg]{ s'g} ;Defjgf 5}g egg] s'/f a'em\bf a'em\b} To:tf] k Zg ;f]wg' cfkm}nfo{ xflgsf/s 5, ha ls dflynnf] k Zgsf] hjfkmdf g} d'2f dfldnf epsf] s'/ f v'ln;s]sf] 5. o;sf] pnn]v ax;sf] l;nl;nfdf ;fiflsf] ljzj;glotf;fu hf]8]/ ;kmntfk"j{s ug{ ;lsg5. ctm dflysf] clgtd k Zg h:tf] k To'Tkfbs k Zg slxno} klg lh/xdf ;f]wg' x'gg. 3= = cg';gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf tof/ epsf] lnvtdf s'g} s'/f JoQm ug]{ JolQmsf] /fom k df0f sf] bkmf!* n] d'2fsf] cg';gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf tof/ epsf] lnvtdf s'g} s'/f JoQm ug]{ JolQmsf] /fo tadfq k df0fdf lng x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 ha p;n] cbfntdf pkl:yt e} ;fifl;/x askq u5{. To;}n] em'7f?kdf a;]sf] ;fifl xf] eg] p;n] cg';gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] sfuh / cbfntdf u/]sf] askqdf tfltjs leggtf :yflkt ug{ ;s]df ;fiflsf] sygsf] ljzj;glotf ;dfkt x'g ;S5. pbfx/0f M sfg"g Joj;foL M cleo'qmfsf] xft k"/} s'g} /ftf] kbfy{n] /+lupsf] lyof], xf] < ;fifl M xf]. pgsf] xft k"/} /ut h:tf] kbfy{n] ntkt lyof]. sfg"g Joj;foL M tkfo{+n] ;f] 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf ldlt ==== df k x/l;dif sfuh u/]sf] s'/f ofb 5 < ;fifl M cjzo ofb 5. d}n] sfuh u/]sf] lypf. sfg"g Joj;foL M tkfo{+n] Tof] sfuh ubf{ klg cleo'qmfsf] xft /ut h:tf] kbfy{n] ntkt epsf] s'/f pnn]v ug'{ epsf] lyof] < ;fifl M u/]sf] x'g' kg]{ xf], t/ jf:tjdf eg'f eg] dnfo{ To;/L pnn]v u/] gu/]sf] ofb 5}g. sfg"g Joj;foL M -GofofwLznfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{_ >Ldfg\ Û d lghn] k x/ldf u/]sf] sfuh lghnfo{ b]vfpg] cg'dlt rfxg5'. GofofwLz M x'g5. b]vfpg';\. sfg"g Joj;foL M -sfuh b]vfpfb}_ of] sfuh tkfo{+n] ul/lbpsf] xf] < ;fifl M xf], d}n] ul/lbpsf] x'f. ;fiflk/lif0fdf k of]u x'g;sg] sfg"g Joj;foL M o;df epsf] b:tvt tkfo{+sf] g} xf]. ;fifl M xf]. u'kt ;ª\s]tsf] Vofn ug' {k5{ sfg"g Joj;foL M of] sfuh ubf{ tkfo{+n] ;a} ;ffrf] s'/fsf] pnn]v ug'{ epsf] xf], s'g} em'7f s'/f pnn]v ug'{ epsf] lypg, x}g < ;fifl M dnfo{ To:t} nfu5. sfg"g Joj;foL M s[kof tkfo{+n] k x/ldf u/]sf] sfuhsf] bf]; f] k[i7sf] klxnf] x/kmb]lvsf] v08 k9g';\ t. sfg"g Joj;foL M -k9\gsf nflu lbpsf] ;dokl5_ s] tkfo{+ cem} egg' x'g5 ls cleo'qmf dlxnfsf] xft /ftf] kbfy{n] ntkt lyof] < ;fifl M xf]. lyof]. sfg"g Joj;foL M tkfo{+n] ;f] sfuh k x/ldf 36gfsf] ef]lnkn6 g} ug'{ epsf] lyof], xf] < ;fifl M xf]. sfg"g Joj;foL M To; ;dodf tkfo{+nfo{ 36gfsf] :d/0f clxn]egbf tfhf / /fd /L lyof], xf] <

67 ;fifl M xf]. t/ d clnslt cflqpsf] eg] lypf. sfg"g Joj;foL M tkfo{+n] k x/ldf u/]sf] sfuhdf egg'epsf] s'/f k9]/} ;'gfpg rfxg5'. -k9\b}_ ltgn] sfnf] /+usf] n'uf nufpsl lyog\. pgsf] 6f]kL / df]hf;d]t sfnf] lyof]. s]jn xftdf dfq ;]tf] rldsnf] k~hf nufpsl lyog\. t/ tkfo{+n] clxn] cbfntdf lsg xftdf /ut h:tf] kbfy{ lyof] egg'eof] < ;fifl M dnfo{ yfxf 5}g. t/ d}n] k~hfdf /ftf] nfu]sf] eg]sf] x'g'kg]{ xf]. sfg"g Joj;foL M t/ sfuhdf To:tf] elgpsf] t 5}g < ;fifl M zfob cflqpsf] sf/0fn] d}n] egg la;]{ x'fnf. sfg"g Joj;foL M t/ ;xl s] xf] < tkfo{+n] k x/ldf eg]sf] s'/f ls cfh cbfntdf af]n]sf] s'/f < ;fifl M ;DejtM d w]/} g} e ldt lypf h:tf] nfu5. ª= cfkm"nfo{ k i6 yfxf gepsf] ljifodf gaf]ng]m slxn} klg cfkm"nfo{ k i6 yfxf gepsf] ljifodf / ljkiflsf] ;fifln] jfl~5t hjfkm lbg5 egg] s'/fsf] ljzjf; gepsf] ljifodf k Zg ;f]wg x'fb}g. o:tf]df ;fiflsf] hjfkmn] emg\ a9l p;sf] ljzj;glotf k dfl0ft ug{ ;S5. o:tf vt/gfs k Zgx? ta;dd ;f]wg' x'fb}g ha;dd ;fiflx?af6 k/:k/ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ hjfkm cfpf5 egg] ljzjf; x'fb}g. pbfx/0fm s'g} gftf sfod d'2fdf k ltjfbl ;f}tfn] gftfnfo{ OGsf/ u/]sl lyog\. cfˆgf] nf]ug];fu jfblsf] ljjfx epsf] 5}g egg] pgsf] lhsl/ lyof] eg] cd's dlgb/df ljjfx epsf] jfblsf] bfal lyof]. k ltjfblsf] sfg"g Joj;foLn] jf:tjdf jfblsf ;fiflx? ljjfxsf] cj;/df pkl:yt lypgg\ egg] cg'dfgdf k To]s ;fiflnfo{ ljjfxsf] ;dodf nufpsf] a]x'nf a]x'nlsf] n'uf, k'/]tsf] gfd / dlgb/sf] ljifodf lh/xdf ;f]w]sf lyp. hjfkmdf k To]s ;fiflsf] ;dfg pq/ cfpsf] /x]5. o:tf] lh/xaf6 k ltjfblsf ;fiflx?n] emg\ ;ffrf] s'/f af]n]sf /x]5g\ egg] s'/f k dfl0ft x'g uof]. $=! lh/x ug]{ ljlegg tl/sfx? k fljlws lx;fan] lh/x ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ tl/sf (Style) of] g} pko'qm egg] 5}g. t/ Jojxf/df lh/x ug{sf nflu Voflt sdfpsf sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] cfˆgf] cfˆgf] tl/sf eg] x'g5. sf]xl sfg"g Joj;foL lh/xsf] qmddf ctogt cfqmfds?kdf k :t't x'g5g\ eg] sf]xl af]nldf ctogt ;+oldt / ljglt?kdf k :t't e} ;fiflnfo{ nfk/jfx x'g k ]l/t u5{g\, h;n] ubf{ lgh cfkm"n] af]n]sf] s'/fdf a9l ;+oldt ge} s]xl a]jf:tf ug{ ;Sb5g\ / cfkm" :jo+sf] a]xf]/fn] km;]kl5 dfq ljifosf] udel/tf yfxf kfpf5g\. s'g ;fifl;fu s:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{ egg] s'/f d"ntm cfˆgf] JolQmut cg'ejsf] cfwf/df sfg"g Joj;foLn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifo xf]. t/ cfqmfdstfsf] gfpfdf lg/y{s, lem+e\mofpg], ;do vkt x'g] k Zg ;f]wg' plrt x'fb}g. $=@ lh/x ug]{ qmddf k of]u x'g] s]xl kmf]xf]/l rfnx? M jf:tjdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf]?kdf xfd f] e"ldsf ;Lldt x'g5. xfdln] xfd f] e"ldsf cfˆgf] k]zfut dof{bfsf] ;Ldfleq /xl ug'{ kg]{ eptfklg o; k]zfdf klg k]zfut dof{bf gf g] JolQmx? ckjfbsf]?kdf x'g' :jfefljs xf]. cfkm"n] lnpsf] d'2fdf lglzrt ljhosf] rfxgfn] klg slxn]sfxlf sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ o:tf] k]zfut dof{bf eª\u ug{ b'ik ]l/t u5{. kmf6\6 km'6\6 b]lvpsf o:tf s]xl ljs[ltx? o; k sf/ 5g\ M s= u'kt ;ª\s]tsf] k of]u M l;4fgttm lh/x ubf{ hjfkm ;'emfpg] k Zgdfq ;f]wg] Jojxf/af6 cg'lrt kmfobf p7fpg] sfg"g Joj;foLx? klg x'g5g\. o;/l xf] jf xf]og < lyof] jf lypg < eof] jf epg < h:tf xf] jf xf]ogdf hjfkm lbg ;Sg] k Zgx? ;f]4f To:tf ;fiflkifsf sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] u'kt Ozf/faf6 ;ª\s]t lbg] u/]sf pbfx/0fx? klg obfsbf e]l6psf 5g\. v= cjfl~5t k lt/f]w M cfˆgf] ;fifln] ;f]lwpsf] k Zgsf] plrt hjfkm lbg ;Sb}g egg] cg'e"lt x'gf;fy of] k Zg ;f]wg kfog] k Zg xf]ogú jf of] k Zg ;Da4 5}gÚ jf of] k Zg lem+em\ofpg] k j[mltsf] 5Ú egg] h:tf k lt/f]w a]gr;dif p7fpfb} To:tf] k Zgsf] ;DaGwdf g} ax; z' u/l ;fiflnfo{ pko'qm hjfkmsf] ;DaGwdf ax;sf] dfwodaf6} ;ª\s]t lbg] h:tf ljs[lt klg obfsbf b]lvg5. o:tf ljs[ltnfo{ lhtg] pkfo zfnlg v08g g} xf]. sltk6s o:tf Jojxf/ b]v]/ O{hnfzaf6 g} GofofwLzn] To:tf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] s'/fnfo{ Wofg lbg 5f8\g] u/]sf] kfog5. 57

68 bf]; f] kl/r5]b b]jfgl d'2f Civil Cases 58

69 c+zag8f Partition of Property g]kfndf sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx?df 7"nf] cg'kftdf c+z ;DaGwL ljifodf cfjzos k/fdz{ / sfg"gl ;xfotfsf nflu cfpg] u/]sf x'g5g\. c;xfo / sfg"gl ;xfotf rfxg] w]/} o:tf JolQmx? cfkm"n] kfpg' kg]{ c+z s;/l kfpg] egg] ljifodf ;xfotf df+ug cfpsf x'g5g\. o; kl/r5]bdf c+zag8f;dagwl ljifodf sfg"gl ;xfotf vf]hg cfpsf JolQmnfO{ plrt k/fdz{ / ;xof]u k bfg ug{ ;lsof];\ egg] s'/fnfo{ b[li6ut u/l cfjzos ;"rgfx? pknaw u/fopsf] 5.!= c+z lholhos} nfu5 M d'n'sl P]g c+zag8fsf]! g+= n] c+z lholhos} nfu5 egg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. lholho eg]sf] JolQm lkr5] egg vf]lhpsf] xf]. o;sf] tftko{ k To]s c+lzof/n] ;dfg dfqfdf c+z kfpf5 egg] xf]. of] Joj:yf ;dfg txsf] c+lzof/x?sf] xsdf dfq nfu" x'g] xf]. o; lx;fan] s'g} bdkltsf] tlg cf]6f 5f]/f 5g\ / h]7f 5f]/fsf] tlg dflxnfsf b'o{ / sfg5f]sf] Pp6f dfq ;Gtfg 5 eg]klg ;Gtfgsf] ;ª\Vofn] pglx?n] kfpg] c+zsf] cg'kftdf s'g} km/s kb}{g. cfdf afa' / tlg 5f]/f ;a}sf] a/fa/l c+z x'g] u/l % efu c+z nfu5. ufpf3/df w]/} dflg;x?nfo{ clxn] klg pd]/ k'u]sf 5f]/fx?sf] afa' cfdfn] c+z lng kfpfb}gg\. hljg ofkg ug{ cfo; f]tsf]?kdf a'9\of}nl cyjf Ho'gL /fvg' k5{ egg] h:tf jf afa' cfdfn] ;+o'qm?kdf Psefudfq c+z kfpf5g\ egg] h:tf e d ljbdfg b]lvg5. sfg"gtm s'g} 5f]/fn] kfpg] ;/x g} c+z cfdf / afa' b'j}n] a/fa/l kfpg] xs d'2f kbf{ kb}{ jf c+zag8f x'g'cl3 g} s'g} c+lzof/sf] d[to' epdf lghsf] s'g} 5'6\6} xsvfg] sf]xl gep lghsf] c+z ljno x'g5 M c+zag8f x'g'k"j{ g} s'g} c+lzof/sf] d[to' epsf] cj:yfdf jf d'2fk/l /x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} c+lzof/sf] d[to' epsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] c+zsf] v08 affsl c+lzof/sf] c+zdf ljno x'g5. t/ o:tf] cj:yf To:tf] c+lzof/sf] s'g} ;Gtfg jf /Ltk"j{s z]ifkl5sf] xs vfg OR5fPsf] JolQm gepsf] cj:yfdf dfq x'g5. egg'sf] tftko{ c+z d'2f kl//x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} cljjflxt lg;gtfg 5f]/fsf] d[to' epsf] cj:yfdf cyjf afa's} d[to' epsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] dg]{sf] c+z d"n c+zdf ljno x'g5 / ;a} affsl c+lzof/n] a/fa/l c+z kfpf5g\. /fds'df/l lj 4 lji0f'b]jlsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 of] l;4fgt k ltkflbt ul/psf] 5. 1 To;} u/l jt{dfg lhnnf cbfnt lgodfjnldf d'2f km};nf eo;s]kl5 klg c+zag8fsf] km};nf sfof{gjog x'g'cl3 s'g} c+lzof/sf] d[to' epsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] c+lzof/sf] c+z 5'6ofpg' gkg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. t/ of] k fjwfg To:tf] cj:yfdf dfq nfu" x'g5, ha To:tf] dg]{ c+lzof/sf] s'g} xsjfnf x'fb}g jf lghn] cfk\mgf] c+zx? c? s;}n] vfg kfpg] u/l z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/l lbpsf] x'fb}g. d'2f kbf{ kb}{ s'g} c+lzof/n] cfk\mgf] c+z xs s;}n] z]ifkl5 vfg kfpg] u/l z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ul/lbpsf] cj:yfdf eg] To:tf] c+lzof/sf] c+z xs z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfpg] JolQmn] vfg kfpf5 egl ;jf]{rr ;fnsf] ultf /fhj+zl lj 4 ddtf /fhj+zl epsf] tyf ljb't/fh rfln;] lj 4 sf~rgdfnf rfln;] nufpt cgo s]xl d'2fdf ;d]t ghl/ k ltkfbg epsf] 5. #= dfgf rfdn jf c+z s'g d'2f lsg ug]{ <M dfgf rfdn eg]sf] hljgofkg vr{ xf]. c+z kfpg' kg]{ xs epsf] s'g} JolQmn] cfkm"nfo{ c+z lbg' kg]{ bflotj epsf] JolQmsf] c+zdf bfal gu/l cfk\mgf] hljgofkgsf] nflu vr{ e/fo{ dfug kfpf5. ktgln] kltsf] lj 4 jf 5f]/f 5f]/Ln] cfdf jf afa'sf] lj 4 lge{/ ;Gtfgn] dfgf rfdnsf] dfu ug{ ;S5g\. nf]ug] :jf:glsf] $ s= df ktgln] klt;fu jf ;f;";;'/f;fu dfgf rfdn e/fo{ lng kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. c+z lno;s]sf] JolQmn] dfgf rfdndf bfal ug{ kfpfb}gg\. t/ dfgf rfdnsf] bfal u/]kl5 klg dfgf rfdnsf] ;6\6fdf c+z lng eg] kfog5. c+z kfpkl5 dfgf rfdn lng] clwsf/ ;dfkt x'g5. slxn]sfxlf kll8t dlxnfnfo{ cfk\mgf] nf]ug] jf ;f;";;'/fsf] ag8f nfug] ;DklQ s] slt 5 egg] s'/fsf] s'g} hfgsf/l g} gepsf] cj:yf klg x'g5. To:tf] c+z nfug] ;DklQ kqf nufpfbf nufpfb} c? c+lzof/n] ;DklQ x:tfgt/0f ul/lbg], ljqlo ;+:yfdf lwtf] /fvl C0f lng] h:tf sfd ug{ ;Sg] epsf] x'gfn] dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldlt sfod ug{ klg dfgf rfdn d'2fn] d2t ug{ ;S5. dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldltsf] ;DaGwdf tn pnn]v ul/psf] 5. $= s:tf] ;DklQ ag8f nfu5 < M c+zag8fsf]!* g+= df epsf] Joj:yfx?sf] ;di6lut cy{ nufpfbf tn n]lvpsf ;DklQx? c+lzof/sf] alrdf c+zag8f x'g] ;DklQ x'g\ M s= k}lqs ;DklQ, v= k}lqs ;DklQaf6 a9] a9fpsf] ;DklQ, u= ;uf]nsf] ;DklQsf] nufgl u/l a9] a9fpsf] ;DklQ. s'g ;DklQnfO{ ;uf]nsf] dfgg] s'gnfo{ gdfgg] egg] ;DaGwdf k df0f sf] bkmf ^ sf] == df epsf] cg'dfgsf] Joj:yf ;fgble{s x'g5. ;f] bkmfn] cgoyf k dfl0ft gep;dd h'g;'s} c+lzof/sf] gfddf btf{ /x]sf] ;DklQ klg ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. cyf{t\ 59

70 c+lzof/dwo] s'g} Pssf] gfddf btf{ epsf] s'g} ;DklQ cfk\mgf] dfq Psnf}6L xf] egg] s'/fsf] k df0f To:tf] JolQmn] g} k' ofpg' k5{. To:tf] k df0f k' ofpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ;DklQ ;a} c+lzof/sf] xsnfug] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ dflgg5. %= s:tf] ;DklQ ag8f nfub}g < M c+z ag8fsf]!* g+ tyf :qlwgsf]! df epsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd lgdglnlvt ;DklQdf c+? c+lzof/sf] bfal nfub}g M s= s'g} c+lzof/sf] lghl 1fg, ;Lk jf k otgaf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ -c+zag8fsf]!* g+=_ v= dlxnfsf] xsdf lghsf] bfohf], k]jf jf cfk\mgf] cfh{gsf] ;DklQ -:qlwgsf]! g+=_ d'n'sl P]g c+z ag8fsf]!* g+= ;fn ut] epsf] ;+zf]wgn] lghl cfh{gsf] cjwf/0ff c+zsf] ;DaGwdf nfu" eof]. pqm sfg"gn] s'g}klg JolQmn] cfk\mgf] lghl 1fg, ;Lk / k otgaf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ c? c+lzof/nfo{ c+zsf]?kdf aff8\g' gkg]{ ;'ljwf k bfg u of]. t/ s'g} c+lzof/n] lghl cfh{gs} ;DklQ epklg c? c+lzof/nfo{ aff8\g rfx]sf] cj:yfdf pqm!* g+=n] lgif]w eg] u/]g. t/ of] sfg"g nfu" x'g'k"j{ g} ;fn ut]egbf cufl8 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] xsdf eg] of] sfg"g gnfug] / To:tf] ;DklQ ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ g} dflgg] JofVof ;Ddflgt ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 epsf] 5. 1 lghl cfh{gsf] ;DklQsf] epsf]n] c? c+lzof/nfo{ aff8\g' gkg]{ bfal klxn] klxn] h'g;'s} c+lzof/n] u/l cfpsf] s'/f xf]. >L ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 ul/psf] kl5nnf] JofVof adf]lhd lghl cfh{gsf] ;DklQ epsf]n] ag8f gnfug] bfal s'g} afa' jf kltn] ktgl jf 5f]/f5f]/L;Fusf] c+zag8f d'2fdf ug{ ;Sb}g. kltn] jf afa'n] cfk\mg} 1fg;Lkn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ epklg ktgln] jf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] To:tf] ;DklQdf c+z kfpf5. :qlwgsf]! g+= df epsf] h:t} Joj:yf d'n'sl ;fndf nfu" x'g'k"j{ klg ;fljs d'n'sl P]g sfod g} lyof]. c+zag8fsf]!* g+= n] lghl cfh{gsf] ;DklQ ag8f gnfug] Joj:yf ug'{egbf jiff}{ k"j{b]lv g} dlxnfsf] xsdf eg] :qlwg dlxnfn] cfkm"v'zl ug{ kfpg], ag8f ug{ afwo gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof]. dlxnfsf] xsdf eg] dfotltkm{af6 lbpsf] bfohf], 3/ tkm{af6 lbpsf] k]jf jf cfkm"n] g} cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ :qlwgsf] >]0fLdf k5{g\ / To:tf] ;DklQ ag8f ug{ s/ nfub}g. s'g} ;DklQ :qlwg xf] jf xf]og egg] s'/fsf] k df0fsf] xsdf eg] cbfntsf] JofVof w]/} pbf/ 5}g. v/lb u/]sf] lnvtdf bfohf]af6 jf k]jfaf6 v/lb u/]sf] egl pnn]v u/]af6 To:tf] ;DklQ bfohf] jf k]jfsf] egl dflgfb}g. ggbdfof d}gfnl lj 4 uf]kfn/fh d}gfnl, ljdnfb]jl kf]v/]n lj 4 nlntf pkfwofo ;d]tsf] d'2fdf j:t'ut k df0faf6 ;f] s'/fsf] k'li6 ug{'kg]{ JofVof ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 epsf] 5. ^= dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldlt / tfobftlsf] df+u M s'g} c+z d'2fdf c+z 5'6\ofpg] k lqmofsf]?kdf tfobftl dfug] k lqmof dxîjk"0f{ x'g5. c+z d'2fdf jfbl k ltjfblsf] alrdf ag8f ug'{kg]{ ;DklQ s] stl 5g\ egg] s'/fsf] lg/f]k0f ug]{ k lqmofnfo{ tfobftl dfug] k lqmof elgg5. cbfntn] jfbl k ltjfbl nufotsf c+lzof/sf gfddf /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] ljj/0f df+u ug]{ sfdnfo{ tfobftl dfug] cfb]z elgg5. kmf/;l efiffdf ;"rlnfo{ tfofbftl elgg] x'gfn] ;DklQsf] ;"rl dfu ug]{ sfdnfo{ tfofbftl dfu ug]{ egl c+zag8fsf] g= df ;DklQsf] kmff6jf/l s;/l lng] egl sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. tfobftl lbfbf tfobftl lbg]n] cfkm"n] ag8f ug'{ kg]{ s'g} ;DklQsf] ljj/0f n'sfpsf] -bafp l5kfpsf]_ 5}g egl pnn]v u/l epsf] C0f wgsf] ljj/0f v 'nfpg' k5{. c+z 5'6\ofpg] km};nf ug'{egbf cl3 cbfntaf6 jfbl k ltjfblx?alr dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldlt sfod u/l ;a} kifx?;fu lghx?sf] lhddfdf epsf] C0f wgsf] ;"rl cyf{t\ tfobftl dfug] sfd cbfntaf6 x'g5. o;/l ;"rl dfubf dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldltegbf cl3sf] C0fwgsf] dfu ul/psf] x'g5 / To:tf] C0fwgdfq c+lzof/x?sf] alrdf ag8f ug]{ km};nf x'g5. To;}n] s'g ldltnfo{ dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldlt sfod ul/g5 egg] s'/fsf] slxn]sfxlf s'g ;DklQ jf s'g C0f affl8g] jf gaffl8g] xf] egg] s'/fsf] cfwf/ x'g5. dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldltsf]?kdf s'g ldltnfo{ sfod ug]{ egg] af/]df ;fdfgo Joj:yf b]xfo adf]lhd 5 M s= jfbl k ltjfbl ;a}sf] s'g} lglzrt ldltnfo{ dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldltsf]?kdf d'v ldn]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xl ldltnfo{ dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldlt sfod ug]{. 2 v= jfbl k ltjfblsf] d'v gldn] klg s'g} k df0faf6 dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldlt b]lvpsf] cj:yfdf ;f] ldltnfo{ dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldlt dfgg]. o; ;Gbe{df jfbl k ltjfblsf] alrdf rn ;DklQdfq ag8f epsf] k fdfl0fs lnvt epsf] / rn ;DklQdfq ag8f epsf] k dflf0ft epsf] cj:yfdf ;f] rn ag8f epsf] ldltnfo{ dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldlt sfod ug]{. 3 u= s'g} j:t'ut k df0f pknaw gepsf] cj:yfdf lkm/fb k/]sf] cl3nnf] lbgnfo{ dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldlt sfod ug]{, dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldltegbf cl3sf] ;uf]nsf] C0f / wg b'j} c+lzof/x?sf] alrdf ag8f x'g5. dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldltegbf cl3sf] s'g} ;DklQ jf C0f affl8g' kg]{ xf]og egg] s'/f k dfl0ft ug]{ bflotj To:tf] bfal lng]sf] x'g ;'nf]rgf lj= jfdb]jk ;fb g]sfk -)$%_ k[i7 ^@* 2 g]sfk -@)$%_ k[i7 ^@# 3 g]sfk -@)%)_ k[i7 %

71 &= lkm/fb kl/;s]kl5 hgd]sf] jf l;h{gf epsf] c+lzof/sf] x}l;ot M c+z d'2fdf lkm/fb kl/;s]kl5 s'g} goff c+lzof/sf] hgd epdf jf ljjfxaf6 c+lzof/sf] x}l;ot :yflkt epsf] cj:yffdf To:tf] goff c+lzof/n] sf] s;af6 c+z kfpg ;Sg] xf] egg] ;DaGwdf c+zag8fsf]!! g+=sf] cfwf/df ;Ddflgt ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 s]xl l;4fgtx? k ltkfbg epsf 5g\. h;cg';f/ dfgf] 5'l6\6Psf] ldltkl5 hgd]sf] s'g} c+lzof/n] klg cgo c+lzof/ ;/x ;dfg c+z k fkt u5{. -g]sfk -@)$$_, k[i7 ^#*_ To;} u/l c+z d'2f rnbfrnb} ljjfx u/l NofPsL ktgln] klg ;dfg c+z k fkt ul5{g\. *= c+z bkf]6 M cbfntn] ag8f ug'{ kg]{ ;DklQsf] tfobftl dfu ubf{ s;}n] s'g} cfk\mgf] lhddfdf /x]sf] ;DklQ gb]vfo{ n'sfpdf cyf{t bafp l5kfpdf To:tf] a]xf]/f n'sfpg]n] c+z bkf]6 u/]sf] dflgg5. g+= df To;/L n'sfpg]sf] ;DklQ s;}n] kqf nufpsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] n'sfpg] efu To:tf] c+zsf] ;DklQdf ;dfkt x'g] / gn'sfpg]n] dfq To:tf] ;DklQ aff8]/ lng kfpg] Joj:yf 5. klxn] c+z d'2f kbf{ s;}n] cfk\mgf] gfd btf{ jf lhddf /x]sf] ;DklQ gb]vfo{ n'sfpsf] cj:yfdf To;af6 c;/ kg]{ c+lzof/n] c+z bkf]6 d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;S5g\. 4 t/ h;n] tfobftl lbpsf] xf] pm afx]s tfobftl glbg] c? JolQmsf] gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQ gb]vfpsf]df bkf]6 u/]sf] dfgg gldng] JofVof ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] 5. 5 cbfntdf tfobftl lbpsf] cj:yfdf afx]s 3/;f/df c+zag8f u/l /lhi6«]zg kf; ubf{ eg] ag8f ug'{ kg]{ s'g} ;DklQ gb]vfpsf]df c+z bkf]6 7xb}{g t/ cag8f 7x/L ;a} c+lzof/sf] ;dfg efu nfu5. (= cag8f ;DklQ ag8f ;uf]nsf] ;DklQsf] s]xl v08 c+zag8f eo;s]sf] s]xl ag8f x'g affsl /x]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] aff8\g affsl /x]sf] ;DklQ cag8f ;DklQ dflgg5. To:tf] ;DklQdf ;a} c+lzof/sf] ;dfg xs x'g5. ;uf]nsf] s'g} huuf hdlgdf d'2f dfldnf rn]sf], btf{ affsl /x]sf] nufotsf ljlegg sf/0fn] s'g} ;DklQ ag8f geo{ affsl /x]sf] x'g ;S5. To:tf] ;DklQsf] xsdf c+lzof/ hlljt /x];dd lkm/fb nfug ;Sg] Joj:yf d'n'sl P]g c+zag8fsf] #% g+=n] u/]sf] 5. c+zag8fdf s;}sf] klg efudf k/]sf] egl gv'n]sf] t/ s'g} c+lzof/sf] gfddf btf{ /x]sf] k}lqs ;DklQ cag8f ;DklQ dflgg] JofVof ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 epsf] 5.!)= Jojxf/ k df0faf6 c+zag8f M d'n'sl P]g /lhi6«]zgsf] dxn adf]lhd c+zag8fsf] lnvt /lhi6«]zg kfl/t epsf] cj:yfdf dfq dfgotf kfpg] x'g5. c+zag8fsf] #) g+=n] klg c+zag8fsf] sfuh /lhi6«]zg kfl/t u/]df dfq dfgotf kfpf5. ut] d'n'sl P]gsf] ;ftf}f ;+zf]wg x'g'k"j{sf] cj:yfdf 3/;f/df ag8fkq u/l jf gu/l c+lzof/x?n] Jojxf/df g/d u/d ldnfo{ 5'6\6f 5'66} ef]u u/l btf{ km'6fo{ c+z 5'6\ofPsf]n] dfgotf kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o; bkmf adf]lhd Jojxf/ k df0faf6 c+z 5'l6\6Psf] x'gsf nflu lgdglnlvt cj:yf ljbdfg x'g' k5{ M s= egbf cl3 g} c+z 5'l6\6Psf] x'g'k5{. v= g/d u/d ldnfo{ cfcfk\mgf] lx;fa efuzflgt adf]lhd bflvn vfl/h u/]sf] jf cfk\mgf] efusf] 5'6\6f 5'6\6} ef]u laqml u/]sf] :yflkt x'g' k5{. t/ kfpg]egbf c+z 36L lhpgl lnpsf] jf s'g} c+z glno{ jf gub jf sd c+z lno{ c+z 5f]8kq u/]sf]df eg] clgjfo{?kdf lnvt /lhi6«]zg kfl/t g} epsf] x'g' k5{.!!= /f]ssfsf] cgt/sfnlg cfb]z M c+z d'2fdf c+z nfug] ;DklQ d'2f rnbfrnb} c? s;}nfo{ x:tfgt/0f ug{af6 /f]ssf /fvg' k/]sf] cj:yfdf d'n'sl P]g c=a+=sf]!&! s g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg lbo{ /f]ssfsf] sf/afxl ug{ ;lsg5. To;}u/L c+z nfug] ;DklQsf] kmff6jf/l bflvn eo;s]kl5 jfbln] cfk\mgf] efudf cfpg] hlt cfo:tf /f]ssf /fvl kfpmf egl lgj]bg u/]sf] cj:yfdf d'2f 6'+uf] gnfu];dd cfo:tf /f]ssf /fvg] Joj:yf c+zag8fsf] #! g+= n] u/]sf] 5. c+zag8f ;DaGwL ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 k ltkflbt ghl/ l;4fgtx? c+zag8fsf]! g+= sf] ;DaGwdf c+z d'2f kbf{kb}{ 5f]/f hgd]df hgd]sf]n] ;d]t c+z kfpg] g]sfk -@)$$_ k[= ^#*. d'2f kbf{kb}{ kl5 ylkpsf] JolQm c+lzof/ dflgpsf] kfofb}g. g]sfk -@)%&_ k[= ^). 4 rgb snf b]jl lj= tf/fb]jl ;d]t g]sfk -@)$%_ k[i7!#!(. 5 g]sfk -@)$^_ k[i7 *!#. 61

72 c+zag8fsf]!* g+= sf] ;DaGwdf dfgf] 5'l6\6Pkl5 cfh]{sf] ;DklQ lghl x'g5 g]sfk k[i7 &$! d'n'sl P]g ;ftf}f ;+zf]wgegbf cufj} h'g ;'s} tj/af6 cflh{t ;DklQ ag8f nfub5 g]sfk k[i7 *^ lgzroftds alnof] k df0fsf] cefjdf lghl cfh{gaf6 v/lb epsf] egg gldng] g]sfk -@)%@_ k[i7!($ g]sfk -@)$^_ k[i7 &@@ a}s af6 lnpsf] C[0f af6 agfpsf] 3/ df C0f ltg{ ;xof]u gug]{n] ag8f gkfpg] g]sfk -@)%^_ k[i7 &#( z]= a. af6k fkt epsf] ;DklQ ag8f gnfug] g]sfk -@)%^_ k[i7 &^( df]lxofglaf6 xs 5f]8kq u/l k fkt epsf] huuf ag8f gnfug] ;c a'n]l6g -@)^)_ k[i7 $ g]sfk -@)%#_ k[i7 *)$ g]sfk -@)%&_ k[i7 ^&% c+zag8fsf] #) g+sf] ;DaGwdf g]sfk -@)$@_ k[i7 ^$) g]sfk -@)%#_ k[i7 ^^^ g]sfk -@)%@_ k[i7!!$ g]sfk -@)$$_ 62

73 ck'tfnl Inheritance ljzjsf k fom ;a} d'n'sx?df JolQmsf] :jfldtj, sahf jf ef]udf /x]sf] ;DklQ lghsf] z]ifkl5 ;f] ;DklQsf] k of]ustf{df z"gotf gcfcf];\ egg] p2]zon] To:tf] ;DklQ goff k of]ustf{df ;g]{ ljlwsf] lgdf{0f eps} x'g5. goff k of]ustf{ sf] x'g] < egg] s'/fdf ;Dd lje]b x'g ;Sb5. h:t} k fs[lts JolQm, sfg"gl JolQm jf /fho. g]kfndf klg cflbsfnb]lv g} :jfdlsf] b]xfj;fgkl5 lghsf] gfpf xs lhddfdf /x]sf ;DklQx?sf] k of]udf z"gotf /x]sf] kfofb}g. ;ª\u lxt?kdf x]bf{ klg w]/} cl3sf] Joj:yfnfO{ 5f8L!(!) ;fndf ;ª\u lxt efu % d'n'sl P]g jf To;kl5 ;do;fk]if ;'wf/ x'fb} jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfok'ubf klg wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/dk/f, /Lltl/jfh jf clen]vx?sf cfwf/df ck'tfnl;dagwl Joj:yfnfO{ lg/gt/tf lbfb} cfpsf] kfog5. ;DklQdfly clwsf/ epsf] JolQmsf] z]ifkl5 To:tf] ;DklQsf] k of]ustf{df z"gotfsf] l;h{gf epsf] kfofb}g. g]kfndf ck'tfnl;dagwl ljbdfg sfg"gl Joj:yf g]kfndf ck'tfnl;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yfdf ;do;fk]if ;+zf]wg / ;'wf/ Pj+ kl/dfh{g x'fb} cfpsf] 5. k rlnt sfg"gl gh/df ck'tfnlsf] af/]df ljzn]if0f ubf{ c+zsf] efu lx:;fnfo{ afx]s ug'{kg]{ x'g5. c+z / ck'tfnldf s]xl xb;dd cgt/;dagw /x]sf] x'g5. c+z xsnfo{ afx]s gu/lsg ck'tfnlsf] ljifodf ljzn]if0f ubf{ ck"/f] x'g hfg5. c+z xs hgdl;4 / g};lu{s xs xf] eg] ck'tfnl OR5f ljzjf; / c+lzof/sf] c+z xs 5' L ;s]kl5 cf cfˆgf] xs lx:;f jf :jfldtjsf] ;DklQdf :jfdlsf] efu lx:;fdf lghsf] d[to'kzrft\ c+zag8fsf] dxncg';f/ xs ;g]{ afx]ssf] cj:yfdf dfq ck'tfnl;dagwl Joj:yf cflqmi6 x'g5. plnnlvt ljzn]if0faf6 c+z / ck'tfnlnfo{ legg?kaf6 x]g{ ;lsg5. o;/l x]bf{ c+z c+lzof/ú, ck'tfnl xsjfnfúsf] af/]df a'e\mg' h?/l x'g5. s_ c+z c+lzof/ M c+z xs g};lu{s / hgdl;4 clwsf/ xf]. of] xs /Ltk"j{s c+zag8f gepdf c+lzof/alr ag8fkqsf] dfwodaf6 g/du/d ldnfo{ ;dfg?kn] efu nufo{ :jtgqk"j{s pkef]u ug{ kfpg] xs xf]. v_ ck'tfnl xsjfnf M ck'tfnl eggfn] ;uf]nsf c+lzof/nfo{ afx]s ubf{ jf c+zag8f ug'{kg]{ c+lzof/ gepsf lgm;gtfg JolQmsf] gfpf xs lhddfsf] >L;DklQ g} zflabs cy{df ck'tfnl xf]. To:tf] ck'tfnl xsjfnfdf ;g]{ x'g5. xsjfnf eggfn] k'?iftkm{sf] xffufsf] ;ft k':tf;ddsf] ;a}egbf ghlssf] c+lzof/ xf] egg] a'lemg5. ;ft k':tf gfl3;s]sf] /x]5 eg] c+lzof/, xsjfnf x'fb}g bfh'efo{;dd x'g5. o;;dagwdf ck'tfnlsf] dxnsf]! g+=df Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. JolQm d/]kl5 p;sf] cfˆg} k'?iftkm{sf] ;a}egbf ghlssf] xsjfnfdf ck'tfnl ;b{5. cyf{t ghlsaf6 qmdz & k':tf;dd hfg ;Sb5. lgdg tflnsfcg';f/ ghls / 6f9fsf] xsjfnf 5'6\ofpg ;lsg5. s v u 3 ª r 5 h em lgm;gtfg ` lgm;gtfg 6 lgm;gtfg 7 lgm ;Gtfg 8 9 t dflysf] tflnsfcg';f/ sú k'?ifsf] vú uú / 3Ú # 5f]/f epsf]df vú sf] ªÚ rú / 5Ú # 5f]/f To;}u/L uú sf] hú / 5f]/f / 3Ú sf] Psdfq 5f]/f `Ú sf] hfohgd epsf] /x]5. tflnsfcg';f/ ªÚ lgm;gtfg rú sf] 5f]/f 6Ú lgm;gtfg 5Ú sf] 5f]/f 7Ú / 7Ú sf] klg 5f]/f 0fÚ /x]sf 5g\. hú sf] Ps 5f]/f 9Ú eo{ emú lgm;gtfg /x]sf] To:t} 3Ú sf] 5f]/f `Ú ;d]t lgm;gtfg /x]sf 5g\. oxff ªÚ sf] ck'tfnl kbf{ rú 5Ú hú emú `Ú ;dfg k':tfsf epklg ªÚ sf] cfˆg} xffuftkm{sf] rú 5Ú ghlssf] xsjfnf sfod x'g5. rú 5Ú ;d]t k/nf]s e};s]sf /x]5g\ eg] klg hú emú / `Ú ghlssf] xsjfnf sfod x'fb}gg\. cfˆg} xffuftkm{sf 6Ú / 7Ú ghlssf 7x5{g\. ªÚ sf] k/nf]s x'g' cufj} 6Ú tyf 7Ú sf] ;d]t d[to' epdf ;d]t ªÚ sf] ck'tfnl t]; f] k':tfsf hú emú jf `Ú nfo{ kb}{g. hú emú jf `Ú sf] k/nf] eo;sf] /x]5 eg] klg ªÚ sf] ck'tfnl rf}yf] k':tfsf 9Ú nfo{ gk/l ªÚ sf] ck'tfnl kffrf} k':tfsf epklg cfˆg} xffuftkm{sf 0fÚ nfo{ kb{5. To;}u/L emú sf] ªÚ rú 5Ú / `Ú ;dfg k':tfsf 63

74 64 epklg hú ghlssf] xsjfnf sfod x'g5. lgh ;d]t k/nf]s epdf lghsf 5f]/f 9Ú ghlssf] xsjfnf 7x/L ck'tfnl k5{. `Ú sf] ck'tfnl kbf{ ªÚ rú 5Ú hú emú ;dfg k':tfsf epsf]n] ªÚ rú 5Ú hú emú dwo ªÚ / emú lgm;gtfg k/nf]s eo;s]sf] 6Ú / 7Ú klg k/nf]s eo;s]sf]df 9Ú ghlssf] xsjfn 7x5{g\ 0fÚ 6f9fsf] eo{ ck'tfnl kb}{g. s_ ck'tfnl xs ;g]{ qmd M g+=cg';f/ cgo gda/sf] cwlgdf /xl lgdglnlvt qmdfg';f/sf JolQmx?n] ck'tfnl kfpf5g\.!= dg]{sf] nf]ug], :jf:gl, 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L, 5f]/fsf] 5f]/f, lghsl cljjflxtf dg]{sf] 5f]/f geo{ ljwjf a'xf/l epdf lghn] 5f]/f ;/x. #= ljjflxtf 5f]/L. $= ljjflxtf 5f]/L gepdf lghsf] 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L. %= cgo xsjfnf. pko'{qm qmdnfo{ ljzn]if0f u/l x]bf{ dg]{sf] nf]ug], :jf:gl, 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L, 5f]/fsf] 5f]/f, lghsl cljjflxtf 5f]/L ep;dd c?n] ck'tfnl kfpfb}gg\. 5f]/f geo{ ljwjf a'xf/l epdf lghn] 5f]/f ;/x ck'tfnl kfpfl5g\. To:tf] sf]xl xsbf/ gepdf ljjflxtf 5f]/Ln] ljjflxtf 5f]/L klg gepdf lghsf] 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L lghx? klg gepdf! g+=n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] xsjfnfdwo] ghlssf] xsjfnfdf hfg5. v_ legg eo{ a;]sf] JolQmsf] kfngkf]if0f x]/ljrf/ ug]{df ck'tfnl ;g]{ M legg eo a;]sf dfly -s_!= df plnnlvt JolQmx?n] x]/rfx gu/l ljjflxtf 5f]/Ln] :ofxf/ ;Def/ u/l kfn]sl /lx5g\ eg] To;/L kfn]sf afa'cfdf, ;f;";;'/f, afh]aho}sf] ck'tfnl kfng] 5f]/LHjfO{, gftl gfltgfn] kfpf5g\. -ck'tfnlsf] # g+=_ u_ c+z ld;fo{ a;]sf] cj:yfsf] ck'tfnl M Ps jf PseGbf a9l :jf:gl jf ;Gtfg x'g] afa'cfdfn] cfk"m / ;a} :jf:gl, 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L, a'xf/lx?nfo{ ;d]t P]gadf]lhd c+zag8f ul/lbp/ sf]xl :jf:gl, 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L, a'xf/l;fu cfˆgf] c+z ld;fo{ a;]sf] afa'cfdf d/l ck'tfnl k of] eg] hf];fu c+z ld;fo{ a;]sf] xf] p;nfo{ dfq ck'tfnl kb{5. -ck'tfnlsf] ^ g+=_ 3_ Ps} afa'af6 hlgdpsf bfh'efo jf lbblalxglnfo{ kg]{ ck'tfnl M c+zag8f u/l legg a;]sf dfly sú, vú df plnnlvt gftfsf JolQmn] x]/rfx gu/l Ps} afa'af6 hlgdpsf bfh'efo jf lbblalxgln] :ofxf/ ;Def/ u/l kfn]sf /x]5g\ eg] To;/L kflnpsf lbblalxgl jf bfh'efosf] ck'tfnl kfng] bfh'efo jf lbblalxgln] kfpf5g\, c? xsjfnfn] kfpfb}gg\. -ck'tfnlsf] & g+=_ ª_ PseGbf a9l 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L epdf s]xl 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L c+zag8f u/l s'g} 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L a'xf/l;fu a:bfsf] ck'tfnl M Ps} :jf:glkl sf 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/LdWo] c? 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L a]un} a;]sf] / s'g} Ps 5f]/f jf cljjflxtf 5f]/L;Fu cfkm" a;]sf] cj:yfdf, ;Fu} a;]sf 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L jf a'xf/ln] kfng kf]if0f gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 cfˆgf] dfgf c+z lhpgl h] epsf] lno{ csf]{ -cl3 legg eo{ a;]sf]_ 5f]/f jf cljjflxtf 5f]/L;Fu uo{ a;l ToxLF d of] eg] dg]{sf] ck'tfnl kl5 ;Fu} a:g]n] kfpf5. c+z lhpgl lno{ gupsf] s'g} sf/0fj; s]xl lbg a:bf d of] eg] s]xl lbg a:g upsf] 5f]/f cljjflxtf 5f]/L a'xf/ln] kfpfb}g. cl3;fu} a;]sf 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L a'xf/ln] kfpf5g\. -ck'tfnlsf] ( g+=_ r_ afa'cfdf dfq jf s'g} Ps 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L;Fu a;]sf] cj:yfsf] ck'tfnl M Ps} cfdfkl sf 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/LdWo] afa'cfdf dfq jf s'g} Ps 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L;Fu a;]sf /x]5g\ eg] nf]ug] dbf{ lghsf] c+z lhpgl :jf:glnfo{ / :jf:gl dbf{ nf]ug]nfo{ ck'tfnl k5{. :jf:gln] nf]ug] jf ;Fu} a;]sf 5f]/f;Fu c+z lhpgl 5'6\ofO{ a;]sf] /x]5 eg] lgh dbf{ 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L ep 5f]/f cljjflxtf 5f]/Ln] lghx? gepdf nf]ug]n] kfpf5. 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L / nf]ug] ;d]t /x]g5g\ eg] ;f}t]gl 5f]/f cljjflxtf 5f]/Ln] kfpf5g\. -ck'tfnlsf]!) g+=_ 5_ ghlssf] xsjfnfn] :ofxf/;def/ gu/]df :ofxf/;def/ ubf{sf] ck'tfnl M ck'tfnlsf] dxnsf] cgo gda/x?df h'g;'s} s'/f] n]lvpsf] eptfklg dfly pnn]v ul/p adf]lhdsf ghlssf xsjfnfn] :ofxf/ ;Def/ gu/l cgo hf] sf]xl JolQmn] dg]{sf] :ofxf/ ;Def/ u of] eg] To:tf] dg]{ JolQmsf] ;a} rn crn ;DklQ :ofxf/ ;Def/ ug]{ JolQmn] vfg kfpf5. -ck'tfnlsf]!! g+=_ h_ ;Fu} a;]sf efo jf cljjflxtf alxglsf] ck'tfnl M s'g} efo jf cljjflxtf alxgl c+z lno{ legg a;]sf] / s'g} efo jf cljjflxtf alxgl;fu a;]sf]df ;Fu} a;]sf efo jf cljjflxtf alxgl d/]df ;Fu} a:g] efo jf cljjflxtf alxgln] ck'tfnl kfpfl5g\. legg a;]sfn] kfpfb}g. ljdft[s ep klg ;Fu} a:g] efo jf cljjflxtf alxgln] kfpfl5g\.

75 t/ ;Fu} a;]klg vfg' lkpg' cfˆgf c+zaf6 cfˆgf lx:;fadf]lhd /fvl vfpsf /x]5g\ eg] legg a;]sf efo jf cljjflxtf alxglsf] ck'tfnl kbf{ dg]{sf] ;xf]b/ efo jf alxgln] kfpf5g\. ljdft[s kl sf efo jf cljjflxtf alxgln] kfpfb}gg\. g+=_ ck'tfnl vfg s/ gnfug] M dfly pnn]v ul/psf qmdfg';f/ ck'tfnl vfg kfpg]n] ck'tfnl vfgg egof] eg] ck'tfnl vfg} k5{ egl afwo ug{ ldnb}g. vfg] jf gvfg] egg] ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ :jod\ ck'tfnl vfg kfpg]df /xg5. t/ ck'tfnl vfg kfpg]n] vfp klg gvfp klg dg]{sf] ;but ug'{ u/fpg' k5{. -ck'tfnlsf]!% g+=_ xsjfnfn] ck'tfnl gvfpdf dg]{sf] ;DklQsf] k of]ustf{ z"godf ghfg] M xsjfnfn] ck'tfnl gvfpdf dg]{sf] ;but ubf{ nfu]sf vr{ s6fo{ affsl ;DklQ, dg]{n] C0f vfo{ ;fx' ltg{ affsl /x]5 eg] ;fx'n] bfdf;fxln] kfpf5g\. ;fx'g} gepdf jf ;fx' epklg ;fx' lt/l affsl /xg uof] eg] To:tf] affsl /x]sf] ;DklQsf] k of]ustf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ x'g5. cyf{t g]kfn ;/sf/df xs ;b{5. -ck'tfnlsf]!^ g+=_ ;DklQ /x]sf], xsbf/ g/x]sf], s'g} u[x:yl g]kfn ;/xbleq d/]df dg]{sf] ck'tfnl M olb s'g} klg u[x:yl g]kfn ;/xbleq d of], lghsf] xsbf/ /x]g5g\ eg] tt\ ;DaGwdf lghsf] ck'tfnl lgdg lnlvt k lqmof ckgfo{ xsjfnfnfo{ k bfg ul/g5. xsjfnf gcfpdf jf km]nf gk/]df g]kfn ;/sf/df ck'tfnl k5{. s_ ;Da4 7fpF -d/]sf] / ;DklQ /x]sf]_ sf] lhdlbf/, tfn'sbf/ / lghx? gepdf lghx?sf] bfd sfd ug]{ JolQmn] ;f] s'/fsf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf g=kf= nfo{ lbg'kg]{, v_ pqm sú adf]lhd ;"rgf kfpg] uf=lj=;= jf g=kf= n] ;"rgf lbg] lhdlbf/, tfn'sbf/ jf bfd sfd ug]{ JolQm / hgf :yfglo enfbdl ;fifl /fvl ;f] dg]{sf] wgdfn tfobft u/l ;f] tfobftlsf] Psk lt d'r'nsf;lxt ;a} Joxf]/f vf]nl ghlssf] lhnnf sfo{nodf k7fpg' kg]{, u_ pqm vú adf]lhdsf] hfx]/l lhnnf sfo{nodf k fkt epkl5 lhnnf sfo{nodf klg dg]{ dflg; kmnfgf 7fpFsf] xf] egg] kqf nfu]df dg]{sf xsjfnfsf gfpfdf tlg dxlg] Dofb k7fpg' kg]{, 3_ pqm uú adf]lhd Dofb k7fpfbf dg]{sf] xsjfnf cfp b;f}fb lno{ sfg"gadf]lhd /Lt k' ofo{ dg]{sf] ;DklQ Dofbleq cfpg] xsjfnfnfo{ a'emfo{ lbg'kg]{, ª_ dfly sú vú uú 3Ú sf] k lqmof k"/f ubf{ jf tf]lspsf] Dofbleq s'g} xsjfnf cfpg eg] jf kqf nfu]g eg] To;/L dg]{sf] ck'tfnl g]kfn ;/sf/sf] x'g5. -ck'tfnlsf]!& g+=_ g]kfn /fholeq dg]{ e]ifwf/lsf] ck'tfnl / ;but M s'g} klg e]ifwf/l g]kfn /fholeq d of] / dg]{sf] wgdfn /x]5 eg] tt\ ;DaGwdf lgdglnlvt k lqmof ckgfo{ lgh dg]{ e]ifwf/lsf] ck'tfnl lbg' lbnfpg' k5{. s_ dg]{ e]ifwf/lsf] jfl/; ep lgh} jfl/;nfo{, v_ jfl/; gep h'g e]ifsf] ck'tfnl h'g e]ifsf] dxgtn] lng' egg] sfg"gl Joj:yf epsf] 5 lghn] dg]{ e]ifwf/lsf] ;bub u/l u/fo{ lghnfo{, u_ olb dg]{ e]ifwf/lsf] s'g} wgdfn jf ;DklQ gepdf klg h'g e]ifsf] xf] p;} e]ifsf] ck'tfnl vfg]jfnf e]ifwf/ln] ;bub u/fpg' k5{. -ck'tfnlsf]!* g+=_ ck'tfnl vfg kfpg] xsjfnfn] l/;ojlsf sf/0f df/]df dg]{sf] ck'tfnl M h;sf] ck'tfnl vfg kfpg] xf] p;nfo{ l/;oaln] df/]df dg]{ jf lghsf] ;Gtfgsf] ck'tfnl To;/L dfg]{ jf lghsf] ;Gtfgn] ;d]t vfg kfpfb}g. ck'tfnlsf] k sf/ M ck'tfnlsf] dxndf epsf] sfg"gl Joj:yf tyf pko'{qm ljzn]if0fsf cfwf/df lgdg # k sf/sf cfwf/df ck'tfnl xs ;b{5. s_ lnlvt?kdf xs ;g]{ ck'tfnl v_ clnlvt?kdf xs ;g]{ ck'tfnl u_ OR5fPsf] cfwf/df xs ;g]{ ck'tfnl lnlvt?kdf xs ;g]{ ck'tfnl M h;sf] ck'tfnl kg]{ xf] ;f] JolQmn] cfˆgf] xs hlt jf cfk"mn] cfk"mv'z ug{ kfpg] c+z jf lhpglsf] ;DklQ cfˆgf] z]ifkl5 of] o:tf] /Lt;Fu vfg' egl cfk"m hlljt} x'fbfsf] cj:yfdf clwsf/ k fkt lgsfoaf6 d'n'sl P]g /lhi6«]zgsf]! g+=adf]lhd /lhi6«]zg kf; u/l lbopsf] x'g5. To;/L kf; ul/g] lnvtx?nfo{ z]ifkl5sf] as;kq jf OR5fkqsf] gfds/0f ul/psf] x'g ;S5. To:tf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq jf OR5fkq ul/lbfbf ghlssf] xsjfnf, 6f9fsf] xsjfnf jf xsjfnfegbf aflx/sf] JolQmnfO{ klg lbg ;lsg5. ;fdfgotof ghlssf] xsjfnfn] dg]{sf] x]/ljrf/ gu/]df jf PseGbf a9l ;dfg xsjfnf /x]sf]df h;nfo{ lnvt ul/lbfbf cfk"m ;'/lift eog5 egg] cftdljzjf; x'g5. lnvt u/l lbfbf 65

76 66 ck'tfnl vfg]nfo{ klg zt{;lxt jf zt{/lxtsf] bflotj af]sfpsf] x'g5. h:tf] :jfdljfnf affr'gh]n kfngkf]if0f :ofxf/;def/ cf}ifwf]krf/ u/fpg' kg]{ / k/nf]s epkl5 ;but sfhlqmof u/l ltly >f4 rnfpg' kg]{ zt{ /flvpsf] x'g ;S5. o:tf] lnvtdf plnnlvt zt{x? ck'tfnl vfg tof/ x'g]n] kfngf gu/]df lnvt u/l lbg]n] cfˆgf] hljgsfndf To;nfO{ ab/ u/fpg ;Sb5. sfg"gadf]lhd ab/ u/fpg eg] lnvtdf n]lvpsf] zt{ kfngf u/]sf] /x]g5 eg]klg bftfsf] d[to'kzrft\ cgo xsjfnfx?n] zt{ kfngf eof] jf epg egl k Zg p7fpg ;Sb}gg\. ck'tfnlsf] ^ g+=n] ;d]t ck'tfnl vfg] ;DaGwdf /Ltk"j{s s'g} lnvt epsf] /x]5 eg] lnvt epsf] s'/fdf lnvt} adf]lhd x'g5 egl lnlvt?kdf k fkt x'g] ck'tfnl xsnfo{ ;'lglzrt ul/lbpsf] 5. clnlvt ck'tfnl xs M lnlvt?kdf k fkt x'g] xs / OR5fP cg'?k Kf fkt x'g] xs afx]ssf] cj:yfdf k fkt x'g] xshlt clnlvt?kdf k fkt x'g] ck'tfnl xs x'g\. cfˆgf] z]ifkl5 o;n] vfg' egl lnlvt?kdf lbpsf] /x]g5 jf OR5fPsf] klg /x]g5 eg] dg]{sf] ck'tfnl dfly ljzn]if0f ul/psf qmdfg';f/ ghlssf] xsjfnfdf ;g]{ x'g5. ghlssf] xsjfnfn] x]/ljrf/ gu/]df h;n] x]/ljrf/ :ofxf/;def/ ;but sfhlqmof u/]sf] x'g5 p;}df of] xs ;b{5. OR5fPsf] JolQmdf xs ;g]{ ck'tfnl M lnvt v8f u/l lnvt /lhi6«]zg kf; ug]{ c8\8f sfo{noaf6 kf; epsf] /x]g5 eg] klg cfˆgf] d[to'kzrft\ cfˆgf] xs lhddfdf /x]sf] of] olt ;DklQsf] pqf/flwsf/l kmnfgf] x'g]5 egl slxf st} JoQm u/]sf] jf ;ª\s]t u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] ;DklQdf OR5fPsf] JolQmsf] xs /xg5. k foh;f] rn ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf OR5\ofpg] k rng /x]sf] kfog5. h:tf] a}+s vftf jf z]o/ cflb. of] clwsf/ OR5fpg]sf] OR5f / ljzjf;df lge{/ ub{5. xbdofb M hf] JolQm d/l ck'tfnl k/]sf] xf] p;}sf] gfpfdf nut btf{ >]:tf sfod /xl h;nfo{ ck'tfnl kg]{ xf] p;n] xsef]u u/l cfpsf] k dfl0ft x'+g cfpdf g+=n] hlxn];'s} ck'tfnl xs ;lqmo u/fpg ;Sb5. ck'tfnl vfg gkfpg]n] cfˆgf gfpfdf bfv]n vf/]h u/fpsf] jf t]/f] d]/f]sf] ljjfb p7]sf] epdf To:tf] ljifodf s'g} ;Da4 gda/df 5' } xbdofbsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] hf] d/l ck'tfnl k/]sf] xf] ;f]xl d/]sf] ldltaf6 ck'tfnlsf] g+= adf]lhd # jif{leq ck'tfnl kg]{n]] ck'tfnl xs sfof{gjog ug]{ lgsfo jf clwsf/l;dif ph'/l lgj]bg jf gflnz btf{ ul/;sg' kb{5. pqm xbdofb g3fo{ gflnz u/]df ;f] gflnzpk/ ;'g'jfo{ x'g ;Sb}g. ck'tfnl xs sfof{gjog ug]{ lgsfo jf clwsf/l M ck'tfnl xs sfof{gjog ug]{ lgsfo jf clwsf/l egg]lalqs} ck'tfnl xs ;g]{ ;DklQsf] hxff nut, btf{, >]itf, df}hbft jf /lhi6/ ep /x]sf] x'g5 ToxL lgsfo jf clwsf/ln] gfpf;f/l bfv]n vf/]h nufotsf ck'tfnl xs sfof{gjog ug]{ sfd ub{5. h:tf] dfnkf]t sfof{nodf btf{ /x]sf] crn ;DklQsf] xsdf ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] k d'v, u'7l ;+:yfg jf ;f] cgtu{tsf zfvf sfof{nodf lt/f] lt/fg x'g] ug'{ kg]{ u'7l ;+:yfg cgtu{t h=w=/x]sf] /fhu'7lsf] xsdf u'7l ;+:yfg P]g@)## n] tf]s]sf] sfof{nosf k d'v, e"ld;dagwl sf] -s_ sf] k ltagwftds jfsof+zdf pnn]v ep adf]lhd df]lxofgl huuf jf 3/af/Lsf] xsdf / df]xl t]/f] d]/f]sf] ljifodf ;d]t ;DalGwt e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf k d'v, a}+s df}hbftsf] xsdf ;DalGwt a}+ssf k d'v, s'g} sdkgl, pbf]u jf ;+:yfdf z]o/ /x]sf]df ;f]xl sdkgl, pbf]u jf ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt jf ;f] ;~rfns ;ldltn] clvtof/l k bfg u/l tf]s]sf] JolQmnfO{ ljjfb/lxt cj:yfdf dfq ck'tfnl xs sfof{gjog ug]{ u/fpg] clwsf/ /xg5. pko'{qm lgsfo jf clwsf/l;dif lnlvt?kdf ck'tfnl vfg] JolQm, clnlvt?kdf xs vfg] -ghlssf] xsjfnf_ jf x]/ljrf/ kfngkf]if0f ug]{ JolQm jf OlR5Psf] JolQmx? ;a} jf s]xlsf] alrdf jf:tljs ck'tfnl xsjfnf sf] xf] < egg] ljifodf t]/f] d]/f]sf] ljjfb ptkgg x'+g upsf] sf/0f k df0f a'eml oslg ug'{ kg]{ epdf To:tf] lgsfo jf clwsf/ln] clwsf/if]q u x0f ug{ gldng] epsf] xb;dd ;DalGwt Onfsfsf] lhnnf cbfnt ;dif gflnz ug{ / cbfntaf6 7x/ epadf]lhd x'gsf nflu ;Da4 kifnfo{ ;'gfpg' kg]{ x'g5. ck'tfnl;dagwdf ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 k ltkflbt d'vo ghl/ / l;4fgtx? M ck'tfnlsf]! g+ sf] ;Gbe{df M g]sfk -@)!*_ k[=!%!, g]sfk -@)$%_ k[ (^, g]sfk -@)@*_ k[ #(%, g]sfk -@)@@_ k[!$& g+ sf] ;Gbe{df M g]sfk -@)@)_ k[ %*, g]sfk -@)#!_ k[ %), g]sfk -@)%@_ k[ **^, g]sfk -@)%^_ k[ $!$, g]sfk -@)%&_ k[ %&$, ;c a'n]l6g )^), k[ & ck'tfnlsf] # g+ sf] ;Gbe{df M g]sfk -@)$$_ k[!#@^ ck'tfnlsf] & g+ sf] ;Gbe{df M g]sfk -@)@)_ k[!&% ck'tfnlsf]!) g+ sf] ;Gbe{df M g]sfk -@)%#_ k[ ^(&, ;c a'n]l6g )%*, k[! ck'tfnlsf]!! g+ sf] ;Gbe{df M g]sfk -@)#)_ k[!&%, g]sfk -@)$&_ ck'tfnlsf]!@ g+ sf] ;Gbe{df M g]sfk -@)%#_ k[ *@^ ck'tfnlsf]!% g+ sf] ;Gbe{df M g]sfk -@)$^_ k[!)*! ck'tfnlsf]!& g+ sf] ;Gbe{df M g]sfk -@)#^_ k[ %( ck'tfnlsf]!& g+ sf] ;Gbe{df M g]sfk -@)$$_ k[ #^) g+ sf] ;Gbe{df M g]sfk -@)%^_ k[ %$@, ;c a'n]l6g k[!(, ;c a'n]l6g, )%( k[!^ g]sfk -@)#%_ k[ &%

77 kl/efiff lnvt btf{ ab/ Cancellation of Registration, Deeds and Establishing Rights lnvtsf] zflabs cy{ n]vt xf]. sfg"gl b[li6af6?k}off k};fsf] n]gb]g, huuf hdlgsf] ;'qmllaqml cflb sf/f]af/ ubf{ n]lvpsf] /Ltk"j{ssf] sfuh -td;"s, /fhlgfdf, as;kq cflb_ nfo{ lnvt elgg5. sfg"g JofVof;DaGwL sf] sf] b]xfo -3_ df lnvtnfo{ cif/, cª\s tyf lrgxx?åf/f s'g} ljifonfo{ n]vk9 ug]{ sfdsf] lgldq k of]u x'g ;Sg] jf k of]udf Nofpg] dg;fo ul/psf] pqm ;fwgx? dwo] Ps jf PseGbf a9l ;fwgx?åf/f s'g} j:t'df n]lvpsf], k s6 ul/psf] tyf j0f{g ul/psf] ljifo egl kl/efiff ul/psf] 5 eg] P]=sf] b]xfo -n_ df lnvtnfo{ 5flkPsf], lnyf] ul/psf], t:jl/ lvr]sf] / c? s'g} k sf/n] b]lvg] a'lemg] cfsf/df n]lvpsf zabx?nfo{ ;d]t ;Demg' k5{ egl kl/efiff ul/psf] 5. btf{sf] zflabs cy{ s'g} sfof{nodf cf}krfl/s?kdf cfpsf lr7l, sfuhft cflb btf{ lstfadf bg]{ jf r9fpg] sfd jf b/fo{ xf]. 3/ huuf h:tf crn ;DklQsf] :jfldtj sfg"g adf]lhdsf] btf{ a]u/ k fkt x'fb}g. lnvt eg]sf] ;DklQsf] :jfldtj k fkt ug]{ dfwod xf]. k'vof}{nl?kdf gfd;f/l ep/, c+zag8f, ck'tfnl jf /fhlgfdf as;kq cflbsf] dfwodaf6 dfq To:tf crn ;DklQdf :jfldtj k fkt x'g5. d'n'sl P]gsf] huuf khgl -s_ adf]lhd gfdf;f/laf6 jf d'n'sl P]gsf] c+zag8f, ck'tfnl, n]gb]g Jojxf/ / /lhi6«]zgsf] dxn adf]lhd bfv]n vf/]h btf{ epkl5 dfq To:tf ;DklQdf :jfldtj k fkt x'g5. s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ k fkt To; lsl;dsf] ;DklQsf] :jfldtjdf cgo s'g} JolQmsf] klg xs epsf] v08df ;f] ;DklQdf lglxt /x]sf To:tf JolQmn] cfkm\gf] xssf] k rngsf] nflu pqm ;DklQsf] btf{ / ;f] btf{sf] dfwodsf]?kdf /x]sf] lnvtnfo{ sfg"g adf]lhd ab/ u/fpg' kg]{ x'g5. ;f] lnvt btf{ ab/ u/fpg tt\tt\ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. sfg"gl Joj:yf lnvt btf{ ab/ ;DaGwdf d'n'sl P]gsf] ljlegg dxnx?df 5' f5' } Joj:yfx? ul/psf] 5. h:tf] M huuf khglsf]!& g+=, huuf ldrg]sf]!* g+=, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf]!) / $) g+=, bfgas;sf] % g+=, slt]{ sfuhsf] # g+=. huufsf] :jfldtjsf] k df0f btf{ xf] t/ csf]{ JolQmsf] xssf] huuf s;}n] btf{ u/]sf] v08df To:tf] btf{ ab/ u/fpg d'n'sl P]g huuf khglsf]!& g+=df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. huuf khglsf]!& g+= df Pssf] xssf] huuf csf]{n] btf{ u/fpdf ;f] P]g adf]lhd To:tf] u}/sfg"gl btf{ ab/ u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. huuf ldrg]sf]!* g+= df c? huufsf] s'/fdf gflnz ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. c+zag8fsf] dxndf c+z ;DaGwdf c+lzof/x?sf] g};lu{s xssf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. c+z gepsf c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] crn ;DklQ a]rljvg ubf{ jf s'g} lsl;dn] xs 5f8L lbfbf P]gn] cfkm"v'z ug{ kfpg] c?sf] dgh'/l lng' gkg]{df afx]s c?df Psf3/;Fusf c+lzof/ ;a} ;fifl a;]sf] jf lghx?n] dgh'/lsf] lnvt ul/lbpsf] dfq kssf x'g] Joj:yf d'n'sl P]g n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!) g+= df ul/psf] 5. To:t} n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] $) g+= df u/]sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf adf]lhd klg n]gb]g ubf{ s;}sf] xs d]l6g] ep u/]df ;f] pk/ klg gflnz lbg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. To:t} crn ;DklQ x:tfgt/0f ug]{ csf]{ dfwodaf/] d'n'sl P]gsf] bfg as;sf] dxndf Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. bfg as; dxnsf]! g+= df epsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd cfkm\gf] xs k'ug] ;DklQ dfq bfg jf as; u/l lbg ;lsg5. ;f] adf]lhd bfg jf as; ul/lbfbf xsjfnfnfo{ as; egl / c?nfo{ bfg jf as; h'g Joxf]/fn] lbp klg x'g5. cfkm\gf] v'z ug{ kfpg]df afx]s c?df c+lzof/ / xs k'ug]x?sf] dgh'/lsf] lnvt glno{ jf ;fifl g/fvl bfg as; ul/lbg x'fb}g. o;/l ;f] P]gdf epsf] Joj:yfsf] k lts"n s;}n] bfg as; ul/lbpdf ;f] ul/lbpsf] bfg as; ab/ ug]{ Joj:yf P]= P]gsf] % g+= df ul/psf] 5. ol ;a} sfg"gl Joj:yfx?af6 s] s'/f k i6 x'g5 eg] cfkm\gf] xs epsf] ;DklQdfq cfkm"v'zl laqml Jojxf/ ug{ ;lsg5. csf{sf] ;d]t xs epsf] s'/fdf tl xsjfnfx?sf] dgh'/l epsf] v08df dfq To:tf] laqml Jojxf/ sfg"gl?kdf ;b/ x'g5. s;}n] ol dfly plnnlvt sfg"gl Joj:yfx?sf] k lts"n c? JolQmx?sf] xs epsf] ;DklQdf dfly plnnlvt sfg"gl Joj:yfx?sf] k lts"n c? xsjfnfx?nfo{ yfxf hfgsf/l g} glbo{ laqml Jojxf/ u/]sf] / To;/L c?sf] xs d]6\g] u/l s'g} sfo{ u/]df To:tf] sf/afxlnfo{ hfn;fhl u/]sf] 7xg]{ egl d'n'sl P]gsf] slt]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf] # g+= df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. clwsf/if]q x/]s ljifosf] ph'/ s'g lgsfon] x]g]{ ;'Gg] egg] clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwdf sfg"gdf Joj:yf ul/psf] x'g5. dfly plnnlvt sfg"gl Joj:yfx? adf]lhd cfkm\gf] xs nfug] ;DklQdf ;f] JolQmsf] xs d]l6g] u/l cgo JolQmx?n] btf{, bfv]n vf/]h jf s'g} k sf/n] n]gb]g cflb u/l lghx?sf] sfod u/fpsf] v08df ;f] xs d]l6g] JolQmsf] cfkm\gf] xs hfg] u/l epsf] btf{, bfv]n vf/]h Pjd\ s'g} klg k sf/af6 ul/psf] lnvt nfo{ lnvt ab/ btf{ ab/ ug{] clwsf/ d'n'sl P]g cbfntl g+= / Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf & adf]lhd z' lhnnf cbfntnfo{ dfq 5. btf{ lnvt ab/sf] gflnz ubf{ xs sfod ;d]tsf] bfal k/]sf] 5 eg] sf]6{ kml adf]lhd lauf] sfod u/l sf]6{ kml /fvl lkm/fb bfo/ ug'{k5{. xbdofb s'g} klg ljifodf ph'/ ug{ sfg"gn] xbdofb tf]s]sf] x'g5. lnvt ab/ btf{ ab/ ;DaGwdf sfg"gdf xbdofbsf] Joj:yfdf Ps?ktf 5}g. x/]s P]gdf ljlegg ljifox? 5' f5' } xbdofb;dagwl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. btf{ ab/ ;DaGwdf d'n'sl P]g huuf khglsf]!& g+ += df tfn'sbf/n] 67

78 vfkl vfpsf afx]s Pssf] xssf] huuf csf]{n] btf{ u/fpsf]df yfxf kfpsf] ldltn] ^ dxlgfleq / c? s'/fdf ep u/]sf] ldltn] b'o{ jif{leq gflnz glbp nfug ;Qm}g egl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. To:t} huuf ldrg]sf]!* g++= df c? huufsf] s'/fdf yfxf kfpsf] ldltn] ^ dxlgfleq gflnz lbg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. lnvt ab/sf] xbdofb ;DaGwdf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!), $) tyf bfgas;sf] dxnsf] % df xbdofbsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!) g+= cg';f/ c+z gepsf c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] crn ;DklQ a]rljvg ubf{ jf s'g} lsl;dn] xs 5f8L lbfbf P]gn] cfkm"v'zl ug{ kfpg] c?sf] dgh'/l lbg' gkg]{df afx]s c?df Psf3/;Fusf c+lzof/ ;a} ;fifl a;]sf] jf lghx?n] dgh'/lsf] lnvt ul/lbpsf] ep dfq kssf 7x5{. ;fifl klg ga;]sf] / dgh'/lsf] lnvt klg gep dgh'/ gx'g]n] /lhi6««]zg epsf] ldltn] Ps jif{;dddf yfxf kfpsf] k}+tl; lbgleq ph'/ ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. To:t} c+lzof/ afx]ssf cgo JolQmx?aLr epsf] n]gb]gsf] lnvt ab/ ug'{ k/]df n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] $) g+= df ep u/]sf] ldltn] b'o{ jif{leq gflnz lbg' kg]{ egl lnvt ep u/]sf] ldltn] b'o{ jif{leq ph'/ ug]{ xbdofbsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. bfg jf as;kqsf] lnvtaf6 ;DklQ lbpsf] ljifodf To:tf] as;kqsf] lnvt ab/ u/fpg] xbdofb ;DaGwdf bfgas; dxnsf] % g+= adf]lhd cfkm"n] bfg as; kfpsf] s'/fdf cfkm\gf] xs k'u]sf] ldltn] / lbg gx'g] bfg as; lbpsf]df kfpg]sf] xs k'ul ef]u rng u/]sf] ldltn] b'o{ jif{leq gflnz lbg] xbdofbsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. To;sf] cltl/qm slt]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf] # g+= adf]lhd hfn;fhlk"j{s xs d]l6g] u/l lnvt ep u/]sf] cj:yfdf hfn;fhldf ;hfo u/l kfpg slt]{sfuhsf]!* g+= df ul/psf] Joj:yf adf]lhd ;/sf/l 5fk nfu]sf sfuhx? / ;/sf/l c8\8fdf /x]sf] sfuhkqx? afx]s c? slt]{ jf hfn;fhl u of] egg] jf d'vsf] kl/k~rn] slt]{ s'/f u of] jf gkfpsf] bhf{ kfpf egl egof] jf ;f] egl k/khgl ;d]t u of] egg] s'/fdf ;f] sfd ep u/]sf] yfxf kfpsf] ldltn] ^ dxlgfleq gflnz lbg' kg]{ egl xbdofb tf]lspsf] 5. o;/l lnvt ab/ / btf{ ab/ u/fpg] xbdofb ;DaGwdf ljlegg P]gdf Joj:yfx? ul/psf] b]lvg5. lnvt btf{ ab/ ;DaGwdf k ltkflbt ghl/x? btf{ ab/, lnvt btf{ ab/sf] ljifoj:t';f+u ;DalGwt clwsf/if]q xbdofb ;DaGwdf ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 s}of}+ ghl/df l;4fgtx? k ltkfbg epsf 5g\. tldwo] s]xl ghl/x? o; k sf/ 5g\. huuf khglsf]!& g+= / huuf ldrg]sf]!* g+= sf] ;DaGwdf g]sfk -@)^)_ k[= %*, g]sfk -@)$!_ k[= *$!, g]sfk -@)$)_ ljz]iffª\s k[= &@, g]sfk -@)$)_ k[= #*@, g]sfk -@)$#_ k[=! k[= &#!, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[= &(&, g]sfk -@)$^_ k[= *%$, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[=#&!, g]sfk -@)%%_ k[= $@@, g]sfk -@)%^_ n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!) g+= / $) g+= ;DaGwdf g]sfk -@)#!_ g]sfk -@)$)_ k[= ^(*, g]sfk -@)$!_ g]sfk -@)$$_ k[=!*, g]sfk -@)$#_ k[= ^(#, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= %@!, g]sfk -@)%%_ k[= $**, g]sfk -@)%&_ k[= #@& bfgas;sf] % g+= ;DaGwdf g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= &$$, g]sfk -@)%^_ k[=!@$, k[= $$#, slt]{ sfuhsf] # /!* g+= ;DaGwdf, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[= *$(, g]sfk -@)$)_ k[= $!$, g]sfk -@)$$_ k[=!*, g]sfk -@)$%_ k[= %$*, g]sfk -@)$#_ k[=!)^@, g]sfk -@)%%_ k[= %%#, g]sfk -@)%%_ k[= ^#^. 68

79 lgvgg];dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf Servitudes kl/efiff s;}n] cfˆgf] xs k'ug] crn ;DklQ laqml, agws jf bfg u/l c? s;}nfo{ xs 5fl8lbPsf]df nfu]sf] d"no lt/l lkmtf{ lng'nfo{ lgvgg' elgg5. lgvgg] zabnfo{ xs ;kmf ug'{ klg elgg5. crn ;DklQ lgvgg] jf xs ;kmf ug]{ clwsf/ ;fdfgotof ;lgw;k{g kg]{ xsjfnfnfo{ k bfg ul/psf] x'g5. xfd f] sfg"gl Joj:yfdf klg ;lgw;k{g k/]sf JolQmn] dfq lgvgg] xs kfpg] epsfn] ;lgw;k{g eg]sf] s] xf] a' g' cfjzos 5. g]kfn sfg"gdf ;lgw;k{gsf] sl6fgl kl/efiff ul/psf] 5}g. t/ lgvgl kfpf egl rn]sf d'2fx?df cbfntaf6 epsf lg0f{o Pjd\ ghl/x?sf] cwoog ubf{ ;lgw;k{gjfnf eggfn] laqml ul/psf] ;DklQ geo{ gx'g] jf ctofjzos epsf] ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmnfO{ a'lemg5. o;cy{df ;lgw;k{g eg]sf] ;ffwdf hf]l8psf], lgsf;sf] nflu geo{ gx'g] crn ;DklQsf] cj:yf xf] egg ;lsg5. g]kfnl a[xt\ zabsf]zdf ;lgw;k{g eggfn] glhssf] 3/nfO{ To;sf] ;ffw / To;sf] 5]p5fpdf /x]sf] huufhdlg, af6f]3f6f], tfuf]tuf/f], kfglkfw]/f], jg hª\un cflbaf6 x'g] c;lhnf] cj:yf jf tl s'g} jf ;a} geo{ gx'g] dsf{nfo{ hgfpg] s'/f pnn]v ul/psf] 5. 1 ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 huufdf ;ffw ldnb}df, 2 3/sf] Ps lsnf;sf] uf/f] hf]l8b}df 3 ;lgw;k{g k/]sf] egg gldng] egl JofVof ul/psf] kfog5. o;af6 klg ;lgw;k{g eg]sf] ;ffw hf]l8psf] cj:yf dfq gep/ crn ;DklQsf] xsdf ctofjzos jf geo{ gx'g] cj:yf xf] egg] a'lemg5. d'l:nd sfg"gdf lgvgg'nfo{ z'kmf] elgg5. o;sf] zflabs cy{ hf]8\g' x'g5. cª\u ]hldf o;nfo{ Servitude elgg5. xs lgvgg'nfo{ d'l:nd sfg"gdf xs z'kmf elgg5. g]kfndf o;nfo{ xs ;kmf egg] u/sf] kfog5. P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld M xs ;kmf ug]{ sfg"gl Joj:yf d'l:nd sfg"gl Joj:yf;Fu k efljt epsf] xf] egg ;lsg] cfwf/ kfog5. 4 k}uda/ d'xddbsf] ;dob]lv 3/ jf huufhdlg ;Flwof/n] lgvgg kfpg] k rng sfod x'fb} cfpsf] kfog5. d'un zf;sx?n] zf;g ug'{egbf cl3 ef/tdf xs lgvgg] k rng lypg. a[l6z ef/tsf] u fd ;d'bfodf xs lgvgg] k yfsf] pb\ej xs lgvgg] d'l:nd sfg"gaf6} eof]. ;do latb} uof], xs lgvgg] k rng a9\b} uof] / ef/tlo u fd ;d'bfon] o;nfo{ u x0f ub}{ up. ef/tsf s]xl /fhox?df ef/tlo ljwfg d08nsf] sfg"gåf/f xs lgvgg] clwsf/ k bfg ul/b} uof]. 5 la=;+=!(!) sf] d'n'sl P]gdf xs lgvgg] clwsf/ jf k fjwfgnfo{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ul/psf] kfog5. tftsflns P]gdf lgvgg] clwsf/ ghlssf] ;lgw;k{gjfnf xsbf/n] dfq lgvgg kfpg] Joj:yf lyof] ;fndf epsf] ;fftf} ;+zf]wgn] lgvggsf] nflu xsjfnf dfq ep/ gx'g] / ;lgw;k{g kg]{ xsjfnfn] dfq lgvgg kfpg] Joj:yf ul/of]. sfg"gl Joj:yf M s;}n] cfˆgf] xs k'ug] crn laqml u/]sf]df o;} n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!! gda/ adf]lhd ;fifl a:g], dgh'/l lbg] afx]s ;f] laqml epsf] ;DklQ ;lgw;k{g k/]sf] lghsf] P]g adf]lhdsf] xsjfnfn] lgvgl lng rfx]df ;f] lsg] a]r]sf] lnvt /lhi6«]zg epsf] ldltn] 5 dxlgf;dddf yfxf kfpsf] #% lbgleq lgvgl lng kfpf5. ;f] Dofb gf3]kl5 lsg] a]r]sf] kssf x'g5. Psf3/ ;uf]ndf pd]/ k'u]sf] s;}n] yfxf kfpsf]df ;uf]ndf epsf d'vo ;d]t ;a} xsjfnfn] yfxf kfpsf] 7x5{. ;lgw;k{g kg]{ w]/} xsjfnfn] lgvgg rfx]df ;f]dwo] ;a}egbf ghlssf] xsjfnfn] lgvgg kfpf5. ghlssf] xsjfnfn] lsg]sf]df ;lgw;k{g kg]{ ep klg 6f9fsf] xsjfnfn] lgvgg kfpfb}g. 6 n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!) g+= df cfˆgf] lghl cfh{gsf] / P]gn] cfkm"v"zl ug{ kfpg] afx]s c+z gepsf c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] crn ;DklQ a]rlavg ubf{ jf xs 5f8L lbfbf Psf3/sf c+lzof/ ;a}sf] dgh'/l x'g'kg]{ jf ;fifl a;]sf] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ;lgw;k{g kg]{ xsjfnf gep jf epklg lghn] glgvg]df huufsf] df]xln] lgvgg kfpf5. t/ 3/af/Lsf] nflu huuf lsg]sf]df b'o{ /f]kgl jf tlg s f;dd huuf ;lgw;k{g kg]{ xsjfnfafx]s c?n] lgvgg kfpfb}g. To;}u/L olb lgvgg] ;DklQ huuf gep/ 3/ /x]5 eg] Pp6} 3/sf] legg legg lx:;fsf] legg legg wgl epsf] cj:yfdf 3/sf] s'g} lx:;fsf] wgln] cfˆgf] lx:;f hlt laqml ul/lbpsf]df ;f] 3/sf] csf]{ lx:;fsf] 1 x]g'{xf];\ g]kfnl a[xt\ zabsf]z 2 sdnfklt lj?4 clg?b g]sfk -@)$)_ k[=@() 3 åfl/sfgfy lj?4 lrgldfof, g]sfk -@)#*_ k[=! 4 x]g'xf];\ /]jlt/d0f vgfn4f/f lnlvt d'n'sl P]g s]xl ljj]rgf rf}yf] ;+:s/0f -@)#$_ k[=@^@ 5 x]g'{xf];\ 1fOGb jxfb'/ >]i4f/f lnlvt d'n'sl P]g, Ps l6kk0fl k yd ;:s/0f -@)%)_ k[=##! 6 d'n'sl P]g, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!! g+= 7 P]=P]=!@ g+= 69

80 wgln] lgvgg vf]h]sf]df lghn] lgvgg kfpf5. To:tf] lgvgg kfpg] JolQm w]/} epdf tldwo] ;a}egbf dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] lgvgl lng kfpf5. 7 To;}u/L huufsf] df]xln] lgvgl glnpdf / df]lxofgl huufdf df]xln] 3/ agfpsf] ep huufjfnfn] lgvgg kfpf5. s'g} crn ;DklQ agwsl /fv]sf]df c+zag8f eo{ 5'l Psf] ;lgw;k{g kg]{ P]g adf]lhdsf] xsjfnf wgln] P]g adf]lhdsf] ofddf lgvgg cfpsf avt lgvgg lbg] u/l c?sf] k/]sf] y}nl lt/l n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!! g+= df n]lvpsf] Dofb -/flhi6«]zg epsf] 5 dlxgfleq yfxf kfpsf] #% lbgleq_ leq lgvgl lng kfpf5. wgl / wglsf ;Gtfg gep ck'tfnl vfg]n] agwssf] k df0f k' ofof] eg] k/]sf] y}nl lt/l lgvgl lng kfpf5. 8 rn crn ef]u agws lbpsf]df bz jif{df ga9fo{ efvf /fvl ;f] efvfsf] Dofbleq ;f] ef]uagws lgvgl glng] u/l s/f/ ep u/]sf]df ;f]xl adf]lhd / c?df c;fdln] ef]u jf b[li6agwsl hlxn];'s} lgvgg cfp klg ;fx'n] cfˆgf] y}nl a'eml lno{ lgvgg lbg'k5{. agwsl lbpsf] ;DklQ huuf /x]5 eg] huuf khglsf] dxndf n]lvpsf] ofd gf3]kl5 y}nl a'emfpsf]df ;f] jif{sf] afnl ;fx's} x'g5. 9 js; u/l lbpsf] s'/fdf lgvgg kfpg] Joj:yf M s;}n] s]xl Joxf]/f;Fu cfˆgf] xs 5f8L c?sf] xs nfug] u/l Ps} 3/df cfwf jf s]xl v08 ;f] 3/ jf 3/n] rr]{sf] hdlg bfg as; u/l lbo{ kfpsf] /x]5 / kfpg]n] cfkm"n] kfpsf] jf lbg]n] cfkm"n] lbpb]lv affsl csf{nfo{ lbpeg] cl3 lbg] jf cl3af6 lbg]sf ;f]xl 7fpFdf a:g] xsjfnfn] / lbg]n] affsl csf{nfo{ bfg as; ul/lbp eg] kfpg] jf ;f]xl 7fpFdf a:g] p;sf xsjfnfn] lnvt /lhi6«]zg epsf] ldltn] ^ dxlgf;dddf yfxf kfpsf] k}tl; lbgleq df]n cí b]lvg]df ;f] afd]lhd / cí gb]lvg]df k~rs[ltdf]n lbo{ lng kfpf5g\. 10 lgvgg sxff hfg] M cgofo k/]sf] s'/fsf] nflu hxff;'s} ph'/l jf lgj]bg lbp/ Gofo jf pkrf/ kfofb}g. To;sf] nflu sfg"gn] pkrf/ vf]hg hfg'kg]{ lgsfo tf]lslbpsf] x'g5. lgvgg kfpg] ljifodf klg xs 5 egb}df hxff;'s} up/ ph'/ ug{ kfofb}g. sfg"gn] lgvgl lbg] lgsfo /lhi6««]zg c8\8fnfo{ tf]s]sf] 5. dfnkf]t sfo{no /lhi6«]zg ug]{ lgsfo epsf]n] y}nl yfxf gkfpsf] cj:yfdf dfq cbfnt k j]z ug]{ ;'ljwf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!^ g+ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] eptf klg y}nl yfxf kfpg] plrt sfg"gl k lqmof cjndag gu/]sf] cj:yfdf cbfnt k j]z ug{ ldnb}g egl ; c af6 l;4fgt k ltkflbt epsf] 5. xbdofb M sfg"gn] lgvgg] clwsf/ k bfg u/]sf] 5 egb}df hlxn] ;'s} / hxff ;'s} up/ lgvgg kfpg] s'/f x'fb}g. lgvgg] ljlw / k lqmof sfg"gdf pnn]v ul/psf] x'g5. n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!^ g+= / /lhi6«]zgsf] #% g+= df lgvgg] k lqmof af/] pnn]v ul/psf] 5. pko'{qm sfg"gl Joj:yf x]bf{ lgvgl lng] lbg] JolQmsf] ;xdltdf lgvgl lng] / ;xdlt gepdf lgvgl lng] u/l k lqmof lgwf{/0f ul/psf] 5. y}nl lt/l lgvgl lng kfpg] u}x s'/fdf lgvgfo{ kfpf egl c8\8fdf ph'/ ug{ cfpfbf y}nl yfxf epsf]df y}nl / /lhi6«]zg u/fpfbf lt/]sf] b:t"/ ;d]t NofO{ w/f}6 /fvg'kb{5. y}nl yfxf gx'g] d'gfl;a sf/0f k/l yfxf gepsf]df k ltpq/ k/]sf] k}tl; lbgleq / y}nldf d'v gldn]sf]df d'v ldn] hlt ph'/ ubf{ g} / gldn] hltdf klg a'emfpg' kg]{ 7x/] ;f] 7x/L klxnf] km};nf epsf] k}tl; lbgleq ;f] ltg'{kg]{ y}nl b:t"/ ;d]t c8\8fdf NofO{ w/f}6 /fvg'k5{. ;f] Dofbleq y}nl w/f}6 /fvg NofPg eg] lgvgl lng kfpfb}g / lnp lbpsf] kssf x'g5. c;fdln] g} agwsl lgvgl lng] s'/fdf klg ;f]xl gflnz km};nfaf6 lgvgfo{ lbg' kb}{g. c;fdln] kl5 lgvgg rfx]df ;fx'n] ga'em] y}nl / b:t"/ ;d]t w/f}6 /fvl ph'/ u/]df lgvgfo{ lbg'k5{. 11 /lhi6«]zgsf] #% g+= df /x]sf] lgvgg] k lqmof M lgvgg kfpg] JolQmn] lgvgg rfx]sf] crn ;DklQ lng] ;fx'sf ;fydf /lhi6«]zg ug]{ c fdf u} lng' lbg' u/l e/kfo{ u/fo{ /lhi6«]zg epsf] lnvt ;fx'af6 b/kl7 u/fo{ jf lnvt gepsf] To;sf] sf/0f v'nfo{ lng'k5{. km};nf adf]lhd lgvgg' kbf{ b/vf:t ;fy km};nfsf] /Ltk"j{sf] gssn k]z ug'{k5{. To:tf] lgvgg kfpg] snddf c?sf gfpfdf bflvn vfl/h e};s]sf] ep klg lgvgg cfpg] xs k'u]sf] JolQmsf gfpfdf bflvn vfl/h ul/lbg' k5{ / ;f] s'/f c fdf /x]sf] td;"s / ; ]:tfdf ;d]t hgfo{ /fvg'k5{. lgvgg kfpg] JolQmn] lgvgg vf]hbf lbg'kg]{ JolQmn] afwf c8\sfp u/]df lghnfo{ a'emfpg' kg]{ y}nl lgvgg kfpg] JolQmn] lnvt /lhi6«]zg epsf] jf ;fx' /x]sf] Onfsfsf] /lhi6«]zg ug]{ c8\8fdf w/f}6 /fvl lgvgfo{ kfpg b/vf:t lbg x'g5 / ;f] adf]lhd b/vf:t k/]df lghnfo{ tf/lvdf /fvl lgvgg lbg'kg]{nfo{ af6fsf Dofb afx]s ;ft lbgleq ;Ssn} lnvt lno{ cfpg' egl Dofb k7fpg' k5{. ;f] Dofbdf xflh/ eo{ lgvgg lbg dgh'/ u/] y}nl ;fx'nfo{ a'emfo{ e/kfo{ u/fo{ /lhi6«]zg epsf] lnvt;d]t c;fdlnfo{ a'emfo{ lbg'k5{ P]=P]=!# g+= 9 d'n'sl P]g, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!$ g++ 10 P]=P]= bfg as;sf] # g+= 11 P]=P]=!^ g+=

81 olb o;/l lbpsf] Dofbleq lgvgg lbg'kg]{ JolQm xflh/ gepdf ;f] Dofb gf3]kl5 krf{ v8fu/l lgvgl kfpg] ;DklQ rng ug'{ egl lgvgg kfpg]nfo{ rng k"hl{ lbg' k5{. lgvgl lbg gcfpg] JolQmnfO{ w/f}6l /fv]sf] /sd tlg jif{leq lng cfpg' gcfp kl5 kfpg] 5}gf} egl ;"rgf k7folbg' k5{. Dofbleq lgvgg lbg'kg]{ JolQm pkl:yt ep/ klg lgvgl lbg dgh'/ gu/]df c }af6 lgvgfo{ lbg] km};nf u/l k'g/fj]bg nfug] cj:yf gf3]kl5 lgvgg kfpg]nfo{ rng k"hl{ ul/lbg' k5{. t/ lgvgl lbg' gkg]{ sf/0f b]vfpsf]df eg] k df0f a'eml OG;fkm ug'{kg]{ cj:yf epdf /lhi6«]zg ug]{ c fn] k}tl; lbgleq gflnz ug{hfg' egl ;'gfolbg' k5{. of] cj:yfdf gflnz lbg uof] / lgvgfo{ lbg'kg]{ 7x/ eof] eg] lgvgl lng kfpf5. olb gflnz lbg upg jf up/ klg lgvgg'kg]{ 7x/ epg eg] w/f}6 /x]sf] y}nl ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ a'emfolbg' k5{. Psk6s lgvgg w/f}6 /fvl b/vf:t lbpsf] JolQmn] kl5 s'g} sf/0fn] lgvgg grfx]df jf tf/]v 5f]8]df jf Dofbleq gflnz gu/]df lghnfo{ lgvgg /fv]sf] y}nlsf] ;os8f c9fo{?k}off hl/jfgf s L u/l affsl /sd lkmtf{ lbg'k5{. lgvgg kfpg] / lgvgg lbg]n] ldnfkq ug{ rfx]df /lhi6«]zg ug]{ c }af6 ldnfkq u/folbg' x'g5. ldnfkq u/] afkt ;os8f Ps?k}ofFsf] b/n] as;f}gl nfu5. k ltkflbt l;4fgt M af6f] clgjfo{ gb]lvpsf] cj:yfdf ;f] cfwf/n] dfq lgvgg kfpfb}g -g]sfk -@)$$_ k[=!#!^_ ljjfbsf] 3/ jfblnfo{ s] slt sf/0fn] ;lgw;k{g k5{ ;f] s'/fsf] tyoo'qm ;a"t k' ofo{ bfal lng'k5{ cgoyf ;lgw;k{g k/]sf] egg ldnb}g. -g]sfk -@)#(_ k[= *_ /lhi6«]zg kfl/t gepsf] lnvtsf] lgvgg] bxdofb gfd;f/l epkl5 z' x'g5. -g]sfk -@)#!_ k[= ###_ /flhgfdf ul/lnpsf] s'/f xbdofbsf] clgtd lbg yfxf kfp ;f] ldltn] k}tl; lbgleq ph'/ ug'{k5{ -g]sfk -@)@!_ k[=!!(_ y}nl yfxf kfpg] k of; gu/l l;w} cbfnt k j]z u/]sf] gldng] -g]sfk -@)#$_ k[=!*(, -@)$*_ k[= *$)_ 71

82 72 k[i7e"ld M g]kfndf e" efusf] ljbdfgtf / ljt/0f Land Law g]kfndf e"lddflysf] :jfldtj k/dk/fut?kdf ;/sf/df g} lglxt /xfb} cfpsf] 5. b]zsf &^ k ltzt hgtf s[lifdf cfwfl/t 5g\. pglx?sf] ptkfbg tyf lhljsfsf] k d'v ;fwg s[lif Joj;fo g} xf]. e"ldsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf nflu g]kfndf ljlegg ;dodf P]g / sfg"gx? lgdf{0f epsf 5g\. t/ o;sf] sfof{gjog kif sdhf]/ /x]sf sf/0f k efjsfl/tf b]vg ;lspsf] 5}g. oxffsf] e"lddf k/dk/fut 9ª\usf] :jfldtj epsf] x'gfn] ptkfbgdf sdl, c;dfg ljt/0f k 0ffnL / s[lif >ldssf] Jofks zf]if0f h:tf ;d:ofx?n] e"ld Joj:yfkg h]lnpsf] 5. h;sf sf/0f e"ld;dagwl sfo{qmd sfof{gjog ug{df /fhosf cufl8 7"nf] r'gf}tl /x]sf] 5. g]kfndf e" efusf] ljbdfgtf / ljt/0f M g]kfn /fhosf] If]qkmn!$&!*! ju{ ls=dl= /x]sf] 5. o;sf] s'n ^# k ltzt e"efu kxf8l k ltzt lxdfnl / hddf!& k ltzt e"efu t/fo{ If]qn] cf]u6]sf] 5. k ltzt e"efudf jghª\un, & k ltzt cfafb ug{ g;lsg],!@ k ltzt 3fF;] d}bfg,!! k ltzt ;'Vvf k ltzt dfq v]tl of]uo k ltzt gblgfnfn] cf]u6]sf] 5. s'n v]tl of]uo /x]sf] hddf k ltzt cyf{t\ #!&() ju{ ls=dl= sf] Joj:yfkg / pkof]udf ax';ª\vos g]kfnl hgtfsf] lhljsf lge{/ ub{5. oxffsf &) k ltztegbf a9l ls;fgx?;fu cfwf x]s6/egbf sd hdlg /x]sf] 5. h;af6 x'g] pahgln] pglx?sf] kl/jf/nfo{ jif{el/ vfg k'ub}g. s'n k ltzt hgtf e"ldxlg /x]sf 5g\. g]kfndf e"ld;dagwl P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld M g]kfndf Jojl:yt?kdf e"ld;dagwl sfg"gsf] ljsf;sf] Oltxf; k"/fgf] gep klg cgo sfg"gsf] ljsf;;fu} e"ld Joj:yf tyf e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwdf s]xl sfg"gsf] ljsf; / lgdf{0f epsf] b]lvg5. k/dk/fut?kdf /x]sf] e"ld;dagwl Joj:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;j{k yd lj=;=!^^# df ttsfnlg /fhf /fd zfxn] e"ld;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf u/]sf lyp. To;kl5 hëaxfb'/ /f0ffn]!(!) sf] d'n'sl P]g NofP/ e"ld;dagwl Joj:yf u/], h;n] sfg"gl?kdf latf{, hful/ / lsk6sf]?kdf /x]sf] huufafx]s k fom ;a} h;f] s[lif of]uo hdlg hdlgbf/, k6jf/l, tfn'sbf/, lhdd'jfn, åf/], y/l, d'lvof, h:tfn] huufsf] lt/f] p7fpg], /]vb]v ug]{, hdlg lhddf lnpsfx?df g} hdlg /xg] Joj:yf ul/psf] lyof]. Tof] ;dodf lgdgfg';f/ e"ld ljt/0f ul/psf] kfog5. h;dwo] s]xl Joj:yfx? ljbdfg cj:yfdf lqmofzln /x]sf 5g\ / s]xl Joj:yfnfO{ sfg"gtm cgto ul/psf] 5. s_ /}s/ M v_ u_ /}s/ huufdfly clgtd :jfldtj /fhodf g} /xg] u/l /fhon] jflif{s s't, lt/f] jf dfnkf]t lng] Joj:yfnfO{ /}s/ elgg5. o;/l ef]u ug{ kfpg] huuf ef]u ug]{ JolQmx?n] laqml ug]{ tyf xsjfnfnfo{ x:tfgt/0f ug]{, bfg as; lbg ;Sg] x'fbf huufsf] :jfldtj JolQmdf /x]sf] b]lvg5. o:tf] lsl;dsf] huufdf jf:tljs :jfdl /fho / pkef]usf] sfg"gl :jfdl JolQm /x]sf] x'g5. latf{ M ;/sf/n] s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fd f] sfd u/]sf] jf cfk"mnfo{ dg k/]sf] jf ;/sf/df /x]sf JolQmsf] rfs/l u/l l/emfpsf] sf/0fn] ;/sf/l lg0f{oaf6 huufsf] :jfldtj lbo{ ;f] huufaf6 k fkt x'g] /fhzj ;/sf/sf] abnfdf latf{ kfpg] JolQmnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ / ;f] JolQmn] ;f] /sddwo] s]xl /sd ;/sf/nfo{ a'emfpg' kg]{ jf gkg]{ u/l lbopsf] huufnfo{ latf{ elgg5. u'7l M lglzrt wfld{s, ;ff:s[lts tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ rflxg] vr{ Joxf]g{sf nflu lbog] huufnfo{ u'7l elgg5. 3_ lsk6 huuf M ª_ r_ g]kfnsf] k"jl{ kxf8sf] lnda'jfg If]qdf lnda' ;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs :jfldtjdf /x]sf] huufnfo{ lsk6 huuf elgg5. hful/ M ;/sf/l sfd ug]{ sd{rf/lnfo{ tnasf] ; f tf]lspsf] lglzrt cjlwsf nflu lglzrt huuf k fkt x'g] Joj:yfnfO{ hful/ elgg5. /fho e"ld Joj:yfM g]kfn PsLs/0fkl5 ;a} huuf /}s/ ;/x g} /xg] eptfklg s]jn huufjfnf / /fhosf] alrdf dwo:ytfsf]?kdf /fhf /hf}6fx? /xg] Joj:yf sfod ul/psf] lyof] h;nfo{ /fho e"ld Joj:yf elggyof].

83 5_ /sd Joj:yf M h_ em_ huuf hf]t ef]u ug]{ df]xln] huufjfnfx?sf ljlegg sfdx? ul/lbg] Joj:yfnfO{ /sd Joj:yf elggyof]. lhdlbf/l huuf M ;/sf/l dfnkf]t c;"n ug]{ sfd vf; u/l t/fo{tkm{ hldgbf/x?sf] lhddfdf lbo{ c;"n epsf] dfnkf]t lglzrt k ltzt hdlgbf/n] lno{ affsl /sd ;/sf/nfo{ a'emfpg] ;fy} hdlgbf/x?nfo{ s]xl huuf l;/, lh/fotsf]?kdf ef]u ug{ lbg] k rng /x]sf] x'fbf To:tf] huufnfo{ lhldbf/l huuf elggyof]. pv8f huuf M slknj:t',?kgb]xl / gjnk/f;l lhnnfdf hdlgbf/x?n] s;}sf] gfddf btf{ gepsf] / l;/ tyf lh/fotsf]?kdf kfpsf] huuf df]xlnfo{ ef]u ug{ lbo{ ef]u ug]{ JolQmaf6 dfnkf]tegbf bf]aa/ a9l /sd lng] u/]sf] / dfnkf]t ;/sf/nfo{ a'emfpg] ul/psf] huufnfo{ pv8f Joj:yf ;fnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gkl5 e"ld Joj:yfdf Ps?ktf Nofpg] b[li6n] ljlegg ;dodf hful/, /fho, /sd, latf{, lsk6, lhdlbf/l, pv8f e"ld Joj:yfnfO{ vf/]h u/l ;a} huufnfo{ /}s/sf?kdf sfod ul/of]. xfn g]kfnsf] sfg"gdf /}s/ / u'7l Joj:yf dfq sfod /x]sf] 5. g]kfndf e"ld;'wf/sf] sfg"gtm P]ltxfl;s ljsf; qmd M g]kfndf Jojl:yt tl/sfaf6 e"ld;'wf/ ug]{ qmddf ljlegg ;dodf ;/sf/l :t/af6 ljlegg k of;x? epsf 5g\. o;} qmddf e"ld hffr e"ld ;'wf/ prr:t/lo e"ld;'wf/ ;'s'daf;l ;d:of ;dfwfg nfo{ lng ;lsg5. To;}u/L ;do ;dodf ljlegg ljifox?df NofOPsf sfg"gx? h:tf] df]lxofgl xs k fktl o; P]gn] df]xlsf] nut v8f u/l df]lxofgl xs ;'/lift u/fpg ;xfosl;4 eof]. df]lxofgl xssf] ;'/Iff, s't lgwf{/0f, s't lgwf{/0f / b'o{ jif{b]lv huuf sdfpg]nfo{ df]xl k df0fkq lbg] Joj:yf;lxt!# ;"qlo 3f]if0ff ul/of]. huuf / huuf sdfpg]sf] nut v8f ug]{ n] a'6jn / ;Kt/Ldf s]xl nut ;ª\sng u of]. e"ld;dagwl n] cfdbfglsf] cfwfegbf a9l s't lng gkfog], df]xl xssf] ;'/Iff ug]{ sfd u/]sf] 5. latf{ pgd"ng n] latf{ huufnfo{ b'o{ efudf ljeflht u/l cjlw tf]s]/ btf{ ug{ cfxjfg u of]. e"ld;'wf/ u/l o;sf] l;kmfl/zdf s[lif;dagwl goff Joj:yf hf/l ul/of]. lhdlbf/l k yf pgd"ng, xbagbl, ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g, kl/jf/sf] kl/efiff, Ps afnl;dd s't a'emfpdf :jtm df]xlofgl xs k fkt x'g] h:tf s'/fx?sf] Joj:yf o; P]gdf ul/psf] lyof]. e"ld;dagwl n] huufsf] xbagbl, nut cfw'lgsls/0f ug]{, s't, df]xl, xbdofb, b08 ;hfo, huuf aff8kmff8, cflbsf af/]df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. df]xl tyf huufjfnfsf] nut cbfjlws ug]{, df]xl nfu]sf] huufdf dfnkf]t Joj:yf cflb ;d]t pnn]v u/l e"ld k zf;g hf/l ul/of]. emf]/f huufdf df]xl / huuf wglalr em}femu8f eo/xg] emu8f cgtosf nflu emf]/f If]qsf] huuf;dagwl hf/l ul/of]. u'7l ;+:yfg n] u'7l hdlgdf btf{jfnf / vf; hf]tfxf u/l b'o{ lsl;dsf df]xl x'g] Joj:yf u of]. k hftgq k'g:yfkgf ;fndf ;/sf/n] s]zj a8fnsf] ;+of]hstjdf prr:t/lo e"ld;'wf/ cfof]u u7g u of]. of] cfof]un] e"lddf /x]sf ljlegg vfn] ;d:ofnfo{ cf}nofo{ sfof{gjogsf nflu ;'emfjx? ;d]t k]z u/]sf] lyof]. h'g clxn];dd klg sfof{gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. ;f]xl ;dodf ag]sf] ;'s'daf;l ;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]un] sfg"gl :jfldtj gepsf] t/ nfdf] ;dob]lv pkef]u ub}{ cfpsf] ;/sf/l, P]nfgL, huuf JolQmsf gfddf btf{ u/l e"lddflysf] :jfldtj k bfg u/]sf] ;fndf e"ld;'wf/;dagwl P]gdf rf}yf] ;+zf]wg ul/of]. å}w:jfldtj cgto ug]{ gfddf ca pk fgt df]lxofgl xs gnfug] Joj:yf of] ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] ;fn >fj0f dxlgfdf ttsfnlg k wfgdgql z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] ljz]if jqmjodfkm{t kl/jt{gsf/l e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyp t/ /fhg}lts ljifdtfsf sf/0f pqm 3f]if0ff sfof{gjog x'g ;s]g. e"ld;dagwl xbagbl M g]kfnsf] sfg"gn] huufsf] xbagbl;dagwl Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 / ;do ;dodf of] kl/dfh{g klg x'fb} cfpsf] 5. t/ o;/l xbagbl ubf{ xbegbf a9l epsf] s;}sf] huuf klg /fhon] lgogq0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g. o;f] x'g'sf] d'vo sf/0f eg]sf] xbagbl tf]sg] lgsfodf /x]sf dflg;x? s} To:tf] huuf epsf] x'gfn] pglx? klxnf cfk"m ;'/lift geo{ sfg"g ;+zf]wgsf] kifdf x'fb}gg\. g]kfndf xbagbl;dagwl sf] e"ld;'wf/ P]gn] u/]sf] lyof] eg] To;sf] kffrf}+ ;+zf]wgn] lgdgfg';f/ x]/km]/ u/]sf] 5. 73

84 huufsf] xbagbl;dagwl Joj:yf If]q ;fn huuf wgl df]xl huuf wgl df]xl v]tl 3/ 38]/L v]tl v]tl 3/ 38]/L v]tl t/fo{ lj3f # lj3f $ lj3f!) lj3f! lj3f $ lj3f kxf8l If]q *) /f]kgl!) /f]kgl &) /f]kgl % /f]kgl sf7df08f}+ pktosf %) /f]kgl % /f]kgl!) /f]kgl % /f]kgl!) /f]kgl e"lddflysf] xs x:tfgt/0f k lqmofx? M e"lddf jf:tljs :jfdl /fho / pkef]usf] sfg"gl :jfdl JolQm /x]sf] x'g5. JolQmn] cfk"mn] cfk\mgf gfddf /x]sf] huuf hdlg laqml ljt/0f ug]{, bfg as; lbg], c+zag8f ug]{, ; fk f ug]{, gfd;f/l ug]{ cflb k lqmofaf6 e"lddflysf] xs x:tfgt/0f ug{ ;lsg5. xs x:tfgt/0f eg]sf] cfk\mgf gfddf /x]sf] huufsf] :jfldtj csf]{ JolQmdf ;fg]{ k lqmofnfo{ elgg5. g]kfndf huuf dflysf] :jfldtj x:tfgt/0f ug]{ k lqmof lgdgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\. qm=;= k lqmof cfjzos sfuhkqx? )! /fhlgfdf lbg] / lng] dflg;sf] gful/stfsf] k df0fkq, nfnk'hf{, dfnkf]t lt/]sf] /;Lb / k lt kmf]6f]. )@ as;kqxfn}sf] lng] lbg]sf] gful/stfsf] k df0fkq, gftf k dfl0ft, nfnk'hf{, dfnkf]t lt/]sf] /;Lb / k lt kmf]6f]. )# z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lng] lbg]sf] gful/stfsf] k df0fkq, gftf k dfl0ft, nfnk'hf{, dfnkf]t lt/]sf] /;Lb / k lt kmf]6f]. )$ c+zag8f ;a} c+lzof/x?n] ;/;Nnfx cg';f/ efu nfug] hlt c+z hlp hlpsf] efu nufo{ /fhlgfdfsf] k lqmof ckgfo{ gfd;f/l ul/g5. o;sf nflu gftf k dfl0ft cfjzos kb}{g. c+lzof/x?sf] kmf]6f], jflnux?sf] gful/stf, 3/, huufsf] nfnk'hf{ ;DklQsf] tfobftl kmff6jf/l / dfnkf]t lt/]sf] /;Lb. )% ; fk f lbg] / lng] dflg;sf] gful/stfsf] k df0f kq, nfnk'hf{, dfnkf]t lt/]sf] k lt kmf]6f]. )^ gfd;f/l d[to' btf{ k df0fkq, gftf k dfl0ft, ghlssf] xsjfnf k dfl0ft ul/psf] uf=lj=;=sf] l;kmfl/z, nfnk'hf{, lng] k lt kmf]6f] / d[ts / gfd;f/l ug]{ b'j}sf] gful/stf. 74

85 g]kfndf huuf btf{ k lqmof / sfo{ljlw Land Registration Procedures kl/ro M g]kfndf e"ld;dagwl Joj:yf ug{ k/fk"j{sfnb]lv ljlegg k yf, k/dk/f / dfgotf /xfb} cfp klg sfg"gl?kdf e"ld;dagwl / cfpkl5 dfq j}1flgs 9ª\un] e"ld Joj:yfkg x'g yfn]sf] xf]. o;sf cltl/st huuf gfk hffr e"ld k zf;g dfnkf]t sf] Joj:yf / tt;dagwl lgodfjnlx?sf cfwf/df e"ld;dagwl sfdx? x'fb} cfpsf 5g\. ;/sf/l tj/af6 /fhgllts kl/jt{g;fu} e"ldxlg / ;'s'daf;lx?sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu cfof]ux? u7g ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. To:tf cfof]uaf6 huuf btf{sf] :jfldtj;lxt huufwgl k df0fk'hf{ k bfg ug]{ ul/p klg pqm huufsf] jf:tljs :jfdl / ef]uflwsf/ c? JolQms} /x]sf] x'g5. ljz]if u/l 5'6 huuf btf{ / ljljw huuf btf{sf] k lqmofdf xfn cfp/ ;/sf/l tj/af6 g} s]xl lgb]{lzsf / sfo{ljlwx? nfu" ug]{ u/sf] kfog5. kl/efiff M ;fdfgotof s'g} klg ljifoj:t'nfo{ sfg"g;ddt 9ª\un] ;/sf/l sfof{nosf] btf{ lstfadf nutsfod x'g] u/l n]lvg] sfo{nfo{ btf{ elgg5 / To:tf] btf{ kzrft\ To;sf] lg:;f ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmnfO{ lbg] ul/g5. btf{ eggfn] bg]{ sfd, r9fpg] sfd, axl jf /lhi6/ cflbdf hgfpg] sfd / btf{ x'g] zabn] btf{ ul/g', gfd kg'{, blh{g' egg] a'lemg5. huuf btf{ eggfn] ;fljsdf cyf{t z' gfkl cl3sf] lhddfjfn, d'lvof, tfn'sbf/, k6jf/l, y/l, lhdlbf/ cflbsf nutdf gb/l jf btf{ geo{ jf clen]va4 jf gfd hgo{ x'g g;sl gfk gs;f eo{ jf geo{ jf btf{ jf clen]va4 x'g g;s]sf] huufsf] btf{nfo{ a'lemg5. btf{sf] jul{s/0f M huuf btf{ cgtu{t dfnkf]t sfof{nox?n] lgdg adf]lhdsf huufx?sf] ;DaGwdf lgdgfg';f/sf] sfo{ljlw ckgfp/ 5'6 huuf btf{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. /}s/ M z' gfkl x'g'egbf cl3 ;fljsdf btf{ lt/f] / ef]u epsf] huuf, huuf gfk hffr adf]lhd gfk gs;f eo{ jf geo{ 5'6 x'g upsf huufx? / lghl u'7l huuf ;d]t o; cgtu{t kb{5g\. latf{ M latf{ pgd"ng / adf]lhd sf/afxl ug'{kg]{ k j[mltsf huufx? o; cgtu{t kb{5g\. u'7l M /fhu'7l cgtu{tsf ;a} k j[mltsf huufx? h:t} M u'7l gda/l, u'7l t}gfyl, u'7l cwlg:y / u'7l /}yfg gda/l. sfg"gl Joj:yf M ljz]if u/l huuf btf{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;flasdf huuf btf{ jf clen]vg geo{ btf{ 5'6 epsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] huuf btf{ u/l ;/sf/l nutdf Nofpg] jf /fvg] k lqmofsf nflu ljlegg ;dodf ;/sf/af6 glltx? tou/l sfo{gjogdf Nofpg] u/sf] kfog5. pv8f huuf;dagwl emf]/f If]qsf] huuf;dagwl e"ld;dagwl dfnkf]t e"ld k zf;g huuf gfkhffr latf{ pgd"ng tyf lgodfjnlx? Pj+ ;/sf/åf/f ljlegg ;dodf lgdf{0f ul/psf cfof]ux?n] u/]sf] hffra'em / lg0f{osf cfwf/df g} huuf btf{ ug]{ ul/psf] kfog5. s_ If]qflwsf/ / xsb}of M s'g} klg btf{ x'g 5'6 epsf] huuf btf{ u/fpgsf nflu huuf gfkl gs;f u/fo{ btf{ ug{ rfxg] huufjfnfn] To:tf] huufdf cfk\mgf] xs ef]u sfod epsf] egl cfjzos k df0fx?sf] k ltlnlk ;+nug /fvl dfnkf]t lgod $ adf]lhd ;DalGwt lhnnfsf] dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg' kb{5. o;}u/l huuf -gfk hffr_ adf]lhd gfk gs;f epsf] t/ btf{ ug{ 5'6 epsf] huuf btf{ ug{ rfxfg] ;DalGwt huufjfnfn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fh kqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l tf]lslbpsf] Dofbleq b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfuhft ;+nug /fvl dfnkf]t lgod $ -s_ adf]lhd ;DalGwt lhnnfsf] dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg' kb{5. 1. huufsf] ;fljs btf{sf] k df0f, 2. huufsf] lt/f] lt/]sf] lg:;f jf k df0f, 3. gful/stf k df0fkqsf] k ltlnlk, 4. pknaw ep;dd e"ld;'wf/;dagwl & g+= kmf/d 5. cgo k df0fx?m 75

86 xbdofb M ;DalGwt uffp ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] l;kmfl/z, bf=vf=btf{ ug'{ kg]{ ep xs k'u]sf] lnvt jf k df0f, gfd;f/l btf{ ug'{ kg]{ ep JolQm 36gf btf{sf] k df0f kqx? tyf xsjfnf oslg epsf] ls6fgl l;kmfl/z cfjzostf cg';f/ e"ld;dagwl # / $ g+= cg';"rlx? ;+nug /fvl dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ x'g5. ;/sf/sf gfddf btf{ ul/g] huuf, ;/sf/l lgsfosf gfddf btf{ ul/g] huuf, ;/sf/l lgsfon] ef]u rng gu/]sf] ;/sf/l huuf, u fdl0f cfjf; tyf j:tl ljsf; sdkglsf] lg0f{on] btf{ ul/g] k j[mltsf huufx?sf] btf{ >]:tf tof/ ug]{ sfd k lqmof lbgleq ;DkGg ul/;sg' kb{5. ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] lg0f{oaf6 btf{x'g] huuf ;'s'daf;l ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt jf cfof]usf] lg0f{on] btf{ ul/g] k j[mltsf huufx?df gfk gs;f u/l >]:tf k'h{f tof/ ug'{ kg]{ ep If]qkmn, ;ª\Vof / b'/l x]/l a9ldf!% lbgleq sfd ;DkGg ul/;sg' kb{5 t/ gfk gs;f ug'{ gkg]{ cj:yfsf] huufx?sf] xsdf eg] k lqmof lbgleq sfd ul/;sg' kb{5. xfn cfjfbl ;ldltsf] lg0f{o sfof{gjog ubf{ k lqmof k'u]sf] cj:yfdf & lbgleq sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;sg' kg]{5. ;DalGwt sfg"gx? M huuf btf{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgdgfg';f/sf sfg"gx?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. 1. latf{ pgd"ng / 2. huuf -gfk hffr_ 3. d'n'sl 4. u'7l ;+:yfg 5. dfnkf]t / 6. kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]if 7. huuf gfk hffr 8. huuf k zf;g / 9. huuf k zf;g btf{ sfo{ljlw M huuf btf{ ug]{ sfo{ / btf{ k lqmof sfo{ljlw km/s km/s /x]sf] kfog5. h;cg';f/ lgdgfg';f/sf] huuf btf{ sfo{ljlw pnn]v ul/psf] 5M! ;/sf/sf gfddf btf{ ug]{ sfo{ljlw ;/sf/sf gfddf btf{ ug{ dfnkf]t sf] bkmf ^ tyf -#_ df Joj:yf ep cg';f/sf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg' ;/sf/l lgsfosf] gfddf huuf btf{m ;/sf/l lgsfosf gfddf huuf btf{ ug{sf nflu huuf k zf;g sfo{ljlw efu # sf] sf] $ g+= df u/]sf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg' kb{5. #= ;/sf/l lgsfon] ef]u rng gu/]sf] ;/sf/l huuf btf{;dagwl Joj:yfM o:tf] huuf btf{sf nflu huuf k zf;g sfo{ljlw efu # sf] sf] % g+= df u/]sf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg' kb{5. $= u fdl0f cfjf; tyf j:tl ljsf; sdkglsf] lg0f{on] huuf btf{ ug]{ k lqmofm j:tl ljsf; sdkgln] JolQm ljz]ifnfo{ huuf ljt/0f ug{ u/]sf] lg0f{o cg'?k >]:tf, k'hf{ tof/ ug'{ kbf{ lgdg k lqmof ckgfpg' kb{5. ls=g+= ;d]t b]lvg] u/l huuf k fkt ug]+{ JolQmsf] # k':t] ;lxt jtg v'n]sf] k df0f k fkt x'g' kb{5. o:tf k df0f k fkt epkl5 pqm lsqfsf] lkmn8a"s le8fpg], pqm huuf btf{ 5 5}g df]7 le8fpg], s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] bfal k/]sf] 5 5}g le8fpg], /f]ssf le8fpg], pko'{qm k lqmof k"/f eo;s]kl5 :yfglo lgsfoaf6 dfnkf]t c;"nl u/fo{ k'hf{ cbfjwl u/l >]:tf sfod u/l k'hf{ ljt/ 0f ug'{ kb{5 / lsqf sf6 adf]lhd lg0f{o ug]{ ul/g5. 76

87 %= ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltaf6 epsf] lg0f{on] huuf btf{m dfnkf]t sf] bkmf & -!_ s adf]lhd ;/sf/sf] dlgqkl/ifbsf] lg0f{on] ul7t cof]u jf ;ldltaf6 huuf btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o adf]lhd sfo{ ;DkGg u/l ;/sf/n] a'e\mg / a'emfpg ;do tf]lspsf]df ;f] Dofbleq} a'emfpg NofPsf] >]:tf k'hf{ lgdgfg';f/sf] sfo{ljlw ckgfo{ a'e\mg' kb{5. 1. ;ldltaf6 epsf] lg0f{o lstfa, 2. kl~hsf ;lxtsf] btf{ >]:tf, 3. ;ldltn] btf{ u/]sf] huufsf] ljj/0f b]lvg] t]l/h, 4. k'hf{ ljt/0f ug{ affsl k'hf{x?, 5. gfk gs;fsf] If]lqo lstfa, ^= ;'s'daf;l ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt jf cfof]usf] lg0f{oaf6 huuf btf{m &= o:tf] cj:ydf huuf btf{ ug{sf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf k lqmof ckgfpg' kb{5. 1. sfg"gadf]lhd gfk gs;f u/l k dfl0ft Kn6 /lhi6/ jf lkmn8a"s, gs;f, gfkl zfvfdf a'emfpsf] x'g' kb{5. 2. huufsf] df]n, ;ldltsf] lg0f{o / lg0f{ocg';f/ tof/ epsf] btf{ >]:tf dfnkf]t sfof{nodf a'emfpsf] x'g' kb{5. 3. o:tf] >]:tf nfu" ubf{ dfnkf]t sfof{non] cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/leq /xl lg0f{o ep gepsf] s'/f affsl df]7 / lkmn8a"saf6 oslg ug'{ kb{5. 4. If]qflwsf/ gf3l lg0f{o epsf], bf]xf]/f] gs;f / btf{ epsf] kfopdf To:tf] >]:tf nfu" ug'{ x'fb}g t/ 5' } clen]v /fvl ;'/lift /fvg' kb{5. 5. >]:tf nfu" x'g] cj:yfdf dfnkf]t c;"n txl;n ug{sf nflu :yfglo lgsfonfo{ n]vl k7fpg] / >]:tfsf] kl~hsf tof/ u/l afolg8ª\u ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5. 6. df]7 kmff6df >]:tf a'emfpfbf / afolg8ª\u ubf{ huuf k zf;g df Joj:yf ep cg';f/ ug'{ kb{5. xfn cfjfbl ;ldltsf] lg0f{o sfof{gjog M dfnkf]t sf] sf] Joj:yf / dfnkf]t sf] lgod!^ cg';f/ ul7t ;ldltn] huuf btf{ lg0f{u u/]sf ljifox? xfn;dd klg sfof{gjog x'g affsl /x]5g\ eg] lgdgfg';f/sf] k lqmof ckgfo{ pqm ;ldltsf lg0f{ox? sfof{gjog ug'{ kg]{ x'g5. ;DalGwt huuf kfpg] JolQmaf6 lgj]bg lng]. lgj]bg ;fy ;+nug sfuhkqx?m gful/stfsf] k df0fkqsf] k ltlnlk, huuf hf]tef]u u/]sf] :yfglo lgsfosf] sl6fgl l;kmfl/z, xfn cjfbl ;ldltn] s'g} lg:;f k df0f lbpsf] ep ;f] sf] k df0f sfuh. :yfglo lgsfo / ;+nug sfof{nox?m huuf btf{ k lqmofdf :yfglo :t/df ufpf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/kflnsfx?sf] dxîjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'g5. cfk\mgf] If]qflwsf/leq /x]sf btf{, ktl{, P]nfgL, ;fj{hlgs, ;/sf/l tyf jg If]qjf/] :yfglo lgsfodf clen]v /x]sf] xfbf huuf btf{ k lqmofsf nflu ul/g] ;h{dlg d'r'nsf, l;kmfl/z, dfnkf]t c;"nl nufotsf sfd ;d]t :yfglo lgsfoaf6 ul/g5. o;}u/l btf{ k lqmodf k To]s lhnnfdf /x]sf dfnkf]t sfof{no, gfkl zfvf, e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, ;/sf/åf/f u7g ul/psf ;ldlt tyf cfof]ux?, u fdl0f j:tl ljsf; sdkgl cflb sfof{nox? k To]If jf k/f]if 9ª\un] ;+nug /x]sf x'g5g\. 77

88 78 kl/ro n]gb]g Jojxf/ Financial Transactions æn]gb]gæ sf] zflabs cy{ s'g} j:t' lng] / lbg], k/:k/df C0f lng] lbg] sfd, ;/;fk6, sf/f]af/ egg] hgfpf5. æjojxf/æ sf] zflabs cy{ kfl/jfl/s jf ;fdflhs hljgdf Pp6f JolQmn] c?l;t ug]{ cfr/0f, n]gb]g egg] hgfpf5. g]kfnl sfg"gsf] kl/k ]Iodf cgo ljz]if P]g gepsf] l:yltdf ;fdfgo sfg"gsf]?kdf d'n'sl P]gnfO{ cª\ulsf/ ug]{ afwoftds Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. n]gfb]gf ;DaGwL Jojxf/nfO{ lgoldt ug{ ;fdfgotof d'n'sl sf] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] cjndag ug]{ ul/g5. n]gb]g Jojxf/leq C0f lng] lbg], skfnl td;'s, b[li6agws, ef]uagws, nvagws, /fhlgfdf, xs lgvgg], ; fk f cflb s'/fx? ;dfj]z ul/psf 5g\. lnvt gu/l n]gb]g Jojxf/ ug{ gx'g] M lnvt u/]/ dfq} n]gb]g Jojxf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'g5. lnvt gu/l n]gb]g Jojxf/ ubf{ kl5 s'g} ljjfb l;h{gf x'g updf lnvt gepsf] s'/fdf gflnz nfug g;sg] k fjwfg /x]sf] 5. o;sf] cy{ n]gb]g Jojxf/df lnvtnfo{ clgjfo{ ;fwgsf]?kdf lrq0f ul/psf] kfog5. b}jl k/l lnvt gi6 epdf sfg"g adf]lhd csf]{ lnvt u/fpg ;lsg] sfg"gl Joj:yf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]! g+= df ul/psf] 5. skfnl td;'ssf] Dofb!) jif{sf] x'g] M ;fdfgotof skfnl td;'s u/l?k}off lnfbf lbfbf s'g} rn crn ;DklQ lwtf]sf]?kdf /fvg] lng] k rng sd} b]lvg5. o;y{ ;ffjf / Aofh a'emfpg] zt{ pnn]v u/l ;fx' / c;fdlalr lnvt ug]{ ul/g5. skfnl td;'sdf pnn]v ul/psf] lnvtsf zt{ adf]lhdsf] ;ffjf Aofh c;fdln] r'qmf gu/] ;fx'n]!) jif{leq ;ffjf Aofh e/fo kfpf egl gflnz lbg' k5{.!) jif{leq ;fx'n]] gflnz gu/] To;kl5 gflnz gnfug] Joj:yf n]gb]g g+= df ul/psf] 5. ef]uagws / b[li6agwssf] ef]u rng ug]{ cjlw M ef]uagwslsf] xsdf lnvt epsf] jif{leq / b[li6agwssf] xsdf efvf gf3]sf] jif{leq agws lnpsf] crn ;DklQ ;fx'n] ef]u rng ul/;sg' k5{. c;fdln] pqm agws lbpsf] crn ;DklQ rng ug{ glbp ;fx'n] cbfntdf gflnz ug'{ k5{. plnnlvt Dofbleq rng klg gu/], gflnz klg glbp agwsl lnvt skfnl ;/x x'g5 egl n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] # g+= df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ;ffjf / Aofh a'emfpfbf k' ofpg' kg]]{ /Lt M lnvt adf]lhdsf] ;ffjf / Aofh /sd c;fdln] hdd} a'emfpdf lnvt km f -RofTg]_ ug]{ cyjf lnvtd} c;"nl epsf] Joxf]/f pnn]v ug'{ k5{. t/ s'g} sf/0fn] pqm lnvt km]nf gk/]df ;f]xl Joxf]/f hgfo{ ;fx'af6 e/kfo u/fo lng'k5{. c;fdln] s]xl ;ffjf cyjf Aofh ;fx'nfo{ a'emfp ;f] /sd a'emfpsf] e/kfo{ ;fx'af6 lng'k5{ cyjf ;Dej ep;dd ;f]xl lnvtsf]] kl7d} /sd a'emfpsf] hgfo{ c;fdlsf] ;lx5fk u/fpg' k5{ egl n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] % g+= df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. jflif{s ;os8f!) k ltztegbf a9l Aofh lng gx'g] M n]gb]g Jojxf/n] Aofhsf] Aofh lng / lnvtdf Aofh lng] s'/f pnn]v gul/psf] cj:yfdf Aofh lng gkfpg] u/l dgfxl u/]sf] 5. lnvtdf jflif{s ;os8f!) k ltztegbf 36L Aofh lng] s'/f pnn]v ul/psf] 5 eg] ;f]xl lnvt adf]lhd g} Aofh a'emfp x'g5. t/ lnvtdf Aofhsf] cª\s glsl6psf] / jflif{s ;os8f!) k ltzt egbf a9l Aofhsf] cª\s n]lvpsf]df c;fdlaf6 Aofh e/fpfbf jflif{s ;os8f!) k ltztegbf a9l Aofh e/fpg' x'fb}g egg] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] ^ g+= df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. t/ :d/0f /xf];\ of] Aofh;DaGwL Joj:yf a}s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfx?sf] xsdf nfu" xf'b}g -a}s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfx?n]!) k ltztegbf a9l klg Aofh lng ;S5g\_. ;ffjfsf] bf]aa/egbf a9l Aofh e/fpg gx'g] M Aofh e/fpfbf ;ffjfsf] bf]aa/egbf a9l e/fpg xf'b}g. ;ffjfdwo] s]xl klg c;"n gepsf] /x]5 eg] To; ;ffjfsf] / s]xl c;"n epsf] /x]5 eg] affsl ;ffjfsf] a/fa/ -bf]aa/_ egbf a9l e/fpg gkfog] Joj:yf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] & g+= n] u/]sf] 5. 3/sf] d'von] u/]sf] Jojxf/ uf]zjf/f wgaf6 a]xf]l/g5 M 3/sf] d'vo e} sfd ug]{ cyjf ;uf]nd} a;l ljlegg 7fFpdf 3/, v]tl, Jofkf/ jf c? s'g} sfd u/l a:g] pd]/ k'u]sf] hfgsf/ JolQm 3/sf] d'vo JolQm 7x5{g\. tl d'vo hfgsf/sf] klg ;lx5fk jf lnlvt epsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] Jojxf/ ;uf]nsf] uf]zjf/f wgaf6 a]xf]l/g5 egl n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] * g+= df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. c+lzof/sf] dgh'/l geo{ crn ;DklQ a]rlavg u/] kssf g7xg]{ M

89 c+z gepsf c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] crn ;DklQ a]rlavg ubf{ jf s'g} lsl;dn] xs 5f8L lbfbf Psf3/sf] c+lzof/ ;a}nfo{ ;fifl g/fv]sf] jf lghx?sf] dgh'/l glnpsf] cj:yfdf ul/psf] a]rlavg kssf g7xg]{ sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. lghl cfh{gsf] ;DklQ a]rlavg ubf{ eg] Psf3/sf c+lzof/sf] dgh'/l glno{ s'g} c+lzof/n] ;DklQ a]r] jf xs 5f8L lbpsf]df ;fifl klg ga:g], dgh'/l klg glbg]n] /lhi6«]zg epsf] ldltn]! jif{;dddf yfxf kfpsf] #% lbgleq ph'/l u/l dgh'/l gx'g] c+lzof/n] cfˆgf] xshlt lkmtf{ u/fo{ lng kfpg] Joj:yf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!) g+= n] u/]sf] 5. laqml epsf] crn ;DklQ ;lgw;k{g k/] lgvgg kfpg] M s;}n] cfˆgf] xs k'ug] crn ;DklQ laqml u/]sf]df ;fifl a:g] / dgh'/l lbg] afx]s ;f] laqml epsf] ;DklQ ;lgw;k{g k/]df s'g} xsjfnfn] lgvgl lng rfx]df ;f] lsg] a]r]sf] lnvt /lhi6«]zg epsf] ldltn] ^ dxlgf;dddf yfxf kfpsf] #% lbgleq lgvgl lng kfpg] / ;f] Dofb gf3]kl5 dfq lsg] a]r]sf] kssf 7x5{. To:t} xsjfnf gep klg huuf ep ;f] huufsf] df]xl, 3/ epsf] v08df lgvgg kfpg] JolQm w]/} epdf tldwo] ;a}egbf a9l dsf{ kg]{ JolQm / df]lxofgl xssf] huufdf df]xln] 3/ agfpsf] ep huufjfnn] lgvgl lng kfpg] Joj:yf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!! /!@ g+= n] u/]sf] 5. ef]uagwssf] xsdf!) jif{ / b[li6agwssf] xsdf % jif{egbf a9l efvf /fvg gx'g] M ef]uagws lbfbf!) jif{egbf a9lsf] efvf /fvg x'fb}g.!) jif{sf] efvfsf] Dofbleq ;f] ef]uagwsl lgvgl glng] u/l zt{ agb]h /flvpsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]xl zt{ agb]h nfu" x'g5. To:tf zt{ agb]h g/flvpsf]df c;fdln] ef]u jf b[li6agws hlxn] ;'s} klg lgvgg kfpf5. b[li6agwssf] xsdf % jif{egbf a9lsf] efvf /fvg gx'g] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!$ /!% g+= n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5.!^ jif{ gk'u]sf] gfafnsn] u/]sf] n]gb]g Jojxf/ ;b/ gx'g] M!^ jif{ gk'u]sf gfafnsn] n]gb]g Jojxf/ u/] To;n] sfg"gl dfgotf k fkt ug{ ;Sb}g. s'g} td;'s, s/f/, /fhlgfdf cflb ug{!^ jif{ gk'u]sf gfafnsx?nfo{ cof]uo 3f]lift ul/psf] 5. t/ To:tf] n]gb]g Jojxf/ ubf{ lghsf] wgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ jf lxkmfht ug]{ dflg; ;d]tsf] ;f] lnvtdf ;lx5fk u/fpsf] /x]5 eg] dfq ;b/ x'g] sfg"gl Joj:yf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]!* g+= df ul/psf] 5. ck'tfnl gvfg]n] ;fx'sf] C0f ltg'{ gkg]{ M ck'tfnl gvfg] xsjfnfn] ;fx'sf] C0f ltg'{ kb}{g, h;n] ck'tfnl vfpsf] 5 p;}n] ;fx'sf] C0f ltg'{ k5{. h'g lx;fan] c+z ck'tfnl kfpf5 ;f]xl lx;fa;fu ;fx' klg ltg'{ k5{ egl n]gb]g g+= n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. bf]xf]/f] kf/l lnvt ug{ gx'g] M s'g} Ps JolQmnfO{ lnvt u/l lbpsf] crn ;DklQ k'gm csf]{nfo{ n]lvlbg gkfpg] u/l lgif]w ul/psf] 5. Psk6s Ps JolQmnfO{ lnvt u/l lbo;s]kl5 k'gm ToxL ;DklQ cs}{ dflg;nfo{ s'g} klg Joxf]/fn] bf]xf]/f] kg]{ u/l n]lvlbg x'fb}g. hfgl hfgl bf]xf]/f] kf/l lng]sf] y}nl e"; x'g5. To:tf] bf]xf]/f] k/]sf]df h;sf] lnvtsf] ldlt cl3sf] 5 p;}sf] ;b/ x'g] sfg"gl k fjwfg /x]sf] 5. kfl/t epsf] / gepsf] lnvt epdf /lhi6«]zg kfl/t epsf] lnvt h]7f] 7x{g] egl ;Ddflgt ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 l;4fgt ;d]t k ltkfbg eo;s]sf] 5. cl3nnf]n] xs 5'6fO{ lnpsf] ep kl5nnf]n] h'g;'s} Joxf]/fn] lnpsf] eptf klg cl3nnf]n] g} kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. bf]xf]/f] kf/l lnvt u/llbg]nfo{ kl5nnf] lnvtdf lauf] b]]lvp ;f]xl adf]lhd / ;f] gb]lvp cl3nnf lnvtsf] lauf] adf]lhd / ;f] lnvtx?df lauf] gb]lvpdf kffr ;o?k}+off;dd hl/jfgf x'g] Joj:yf @& g+= df ul/psf] 5. td;'s adf]lhdsf] jf To;eGbf a9l lno{ nvagws /fvl y}nl lng gx'g] M s'g} ;fx'n] s'g} c;fdlaf6 rncrn ;DklQ ef]uagws jf b[li6agws n]vfo{ lnpsf] /x]5 eg] lghn] csf]{ ;fx'nfo{ nvagwsl /fvg kfpg] t/ To:tf] nvagwsl ubf{ lnvtdf n]lvp adf]lhdsf] jf ;f]egbf 36L y}nl x'g' k5{, a9l y}nl lng kfpfb}g\. 36L lno{ nv ;f/]sf]df cfkm"n] agws lbpsf 7fpFdf tx tx;fu uo{ lgvgg hfg' k5{, t/ k"/f lno{ nv ;f/]sf]df l;4} kl5nnf ;fx'sxff uo{ lgvgg kfpg] Joj:yf n]gb]g g+ n] u/]sf] 5. ljb]zl gful/s / ljb]zdf epsf] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf ;DaGwdf M g]kfnl gful/s ljb]zdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf lghn] ljb]zl gful/s;fu n]gb]g Jojxf/ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ljb]zl ;fx'n] c;fdl g]kfnl gful/s lj 4 g]kfnsf] ;DalGwt c8\8fdf gflnz bfo/ u/]df g]kfnsf] c8\8faf6 sfg"g adf]lhd ;'g'jfo{ ub{5. o:tf] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] s'/fdf c;fdln] g]kfn ;/xbleq a'emfpg] Joxf]/fsf] lnvt ;fx'nfo{ ul/lbpsf] x'g'k5{. t/ To:tf] lnvt k rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf] /Lt k'u]sf] x'g'kb{5. ;fx' c;fdl b'j} g]kfnl gful/s epdf To:tf g]kfnl gful/sx?alr g]kfn sfg"gsf] /Lt k' ofo{ ljb]zdf n]gb]g Jojxf/ epsf] /x]5 eg] g]kfnsf] ;DalGwt c8\8faf6 gflnz ;'gl OG;fkm u/llbg' x'g5 egl n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] ## / #$ g+ df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. 3/sf] d'vo dflnssf] dgh'/l geo{ ; fk f ;b/ gx'g] M 3/sf] d'vo dflnsnfo{ dgh'/l gu/fo{ u/fpsf] rn crn ;DklQsf] ; fk f ;b/ x'fb}g. ; fk f u/]sf] s'/fdf lrq ga'em] ;f] u/]sf] ldltn] #% lbgleq lkmtf{ lng lbg x'g5. d'vo dflnsnfo{ /fhl gu/fo{ c?;fu ; fk f u/]sf]df ;f] u/]sf] ldltn] rndf ep #% lbgleq / crndf ep ^ dxlgfleq ;Dddf yfxf kfpsf] #% lbgleq gflnz glbp nfug g;sg] Joj:yf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] #^ g+ n] u/]sf] 5. 79

90 n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] gflnz ug]{ xbdofb M o:tf] Jojxf/ ;b/ x'fb}g eg]sf], gflnz ;'lgg] 5}g eg]sf], gfafnssf] wg lauf{gnfo{ a]o{dfgl u/]sf], Aofhsf] Aofh vfpsf], Aofhdf b;f}+bb]lv a9\tf n]vfpsf], nvagws lnfbf a9\tf lnpsf], a9\tf s/f/ n]vfpsf] s'/fdf gflnz ug{ xbdofb nfub}g. n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxndf cgoq xbdofb n]lvpsf] jf xbdofb nfub}g eg]sf] s'/fdf ;f]xl adf]lhd x'g5. dfly n]lvpafx]s c? s'/fdf ep u/]sf] jif{leq gflnz glbp gflnz gnfug] k fjwfg n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] $) g+ n] u/]sf] 5 / ;fy} n]gb]g g+= ;DaGwL xbdofb ;f]xladf]lhd x'g]5. 80

91 !_ ljifo k j]zm s/f/ Contracts ljzjdf ljsfzqmdsf ;fy;fy} b'o{ kifalr x'g] ;Demf}+tfdf /fhosf] x:tif]k sdegbf sd x'g' kb{5 egg] dfgotf ljslzt x'fb} upsf] kfog5. o;}af6 s/f/ jf ;Demf}tfsf] :jtgqtf (Freedom of Contract) n] dfgotf kfpfb} cfpsf] 5. s/f/ kifx? alrsf] ;xdltsf] b:tfj]h x'fbf o;df ;xeful x'g] afx]ssf] cgo kifn] bfjf ug{ klg gkfpg] / To:tf] cgo kifnfo{ s/f/af6 st{jo jf bflotj l;h{gf gx'g] dfgotf (Privity of Contract) /x]sf] 5. /fhon] b'o{ jf ;f]egbf a9l JolQm jf ;d"xx?alr x'g] s/f/lo ;xdltdf ;fdfgotof x:tif]k ug'{ x'fb}g, t/ To:tf] ;xdlt u}/ sfg"gl, cg}lts jf ;fj{hlgs glltlj?4 epsf] egg] k Zg pah]df To:tf] s/f/ Goflos k/lif0fsf] bfo/fdf cfpf5 / cbfntn] To:tf] s/f/lo ljifodf x:tif]k ug{ ;Sb5. o; cj:yf afx]s s/f/sf kifx?alr epsf] s/f/lo ;xdltnfo{ cbfntn] s/f/sf] s'g} kifsf] ph'/l jf bfjlsf cfwf/df dfq k/lif0f ub{5. t/ kifx?n] rfx]df ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ j}klnks ljlw ckgfpg s/f/;dagwl ljifodf sfg"g Joj;foLn] Wofg /fvg'kg]{ s'/fx?m sfg"g Joj;foLn] s/f/;dagwl ljjfb cfkm";dif cfpdf s/f/ ug{ of]uo JolQmx?af6 ;f] s/f/ epsf] lyof] lypg <, s/f/df kifx?n] h'g dgzfo / p2]zon] k :tfj /fv]sf lyp ;f]xl :j?kdf :jls[lt 5 5}g <, s/f/ j}w 5 jf ab/ x'g] jf ab/ u/fpg ;lsg] k s[ltsf] 5 <, ljjfbsf] l;h{gf eo;s]sf] jf x'g ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5 <, ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug{]af/] kifx?alr s] s:tf] ;xdlt 5 <, xbdofbsf] cj:yf s] 5 <, ph'/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf s] s'g lgsfosf] If]qflwsf/ /xg5 < OToflb s'/fx? ctogt udel/tfk"j{s x]g'{ / dgg\ ug'{ k5{. s:tf] k sf/sf] sfuhnfo{ s/f/ dfgg] / s;nfo{ n]gb]gsf] lnvt dfgg] egg]af/] :ki6 x'g' klg cfjzos 5. #_ s/f/sf] kl/efiff / k s[ltm "s/f/" eggfn] b'o{ jf b'o{egbf a9l kifalr j'mg} sfd ug{ jf gug{sf nflu epsf] sfg"g adf]lhd sfof{gjog ug{ ;lsg] ;Demf}tf ;Demg' kb{5. pko'{qm kl/efiff cg';f/ b'o{ jf ;f]egbf a9l kifsf alrsf] ;Demf}tf dfq kof{kt geo{ To:tf] ;Demf}tf s/f/ ug{ of]uo JolQmx?aLr dfq x'g ;Sg] / sfg"gadf]lhd sfof{gjog u/fpg ;lsg] k s[ltsf] klg x'g cfjzos x'g5. o;sf cltl/qm >L ;jf]{rr cbfntn] s/f/ x'gsf nflu k :tfj / :jlj[mlt, k ltkmn, b'j} kifsf] bflotj, :jtgq ;xdlt cflb x'g' kg]{ u/l s]xl ttjx?sf] cfjzostf cf}+nofo{ ghl/ k ltkfbg u/]sf] kfog5 -tly{/fhj'mdf/l /f0ff lj?4 /fdzª\s/sf] d'= ;= ug]{ lagf]bzª\s/ >]i7, g]= sf= cª\s! lg= g+= $$$&= k[=!_. s/f/ sfg"gnfo{ lghl sfg"g (Private Legislation) klg elgg5. of] b'o{ jf b'o{egbf a9l kifsf alr epsf] ;xdltsf] b:tfj]h klg xf]. t/ ;a} s/f/ lnlvt?kd} x'g'kg]{ afwotf klg 5}g, ck ToIf s/f/ jf ;j{;fwf/0f ;dif /flvpsf] s/f/ jf ;+of]lus s/f/df s/f/sf kifx?alr lnlvt b:tfj]h gep klg k :tfj / :jls[lt epsf] cfwf/df s/f/lo ;DaGw :yflkt x'g ;S5. s/f/sf] kifx? s/f/ ug{ of]uo x'g'k5{, To:tf] of]uo kifx? s/f/sf] ljifoj:t' / :j?k 5gf}6 ug{, s/f/ k"/f ug]{ :yfg / ;do lgwf{/0f ug{, k ltkmn, k ltkmnsf] dfqf, s/f/sf cgo zt{ tf]sg, s/f/ ;dflktsf] cj:yfx? lgwf{/0f ug{ tyf s/f/ pnnª\3g epjfkt ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ pkrf/sf] pkfo lglzrt ug{ :jfoq x'g5g\. s/f/sf zt{, jf t/lsf s:tf] x'g] egg] j'm/f klg kifx?d} lge{/ eptfklg sltko cj:yfdf s'g} ljif]z sfg"gn] s'g} Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf sfg"g ljk/lt ;xdlt epsf zt{ sfof{gjog x'g ;Sb}g. $_ s/f/df k :tfj / :jls[lt M k :tfj / :jls[ltsf] cfwf/df dfq s/f/ x'g] epsf]n] s;/l k :tfj /flvpsf] 5 / To;nfO{ :jls[lt s;/l hgfopsf] 5 egg] s'/f s/f/sf] cl:ttj / a}wtfsf] nflu ctogt dxtj /fvb5. k :tfj k7fopkl5 k :tfjdf :jls[lt hgfopsf] s'/f k :tfjsn] yfxf kfpkl5 dfq s/f/ ;DkGg epsf] dflgg5. t/ k ToIf?kdf :jls[lt ghgfpklg k :tfjdf plnnlvt zt{ kfngf u/]df jf k :tfjdf plnnlvt k ltkmn, nfe jf ;]jf :jlsf/ u/]df jf cgo s'g} Joxf]/faf6 :jls[lt hgfpdf klg k :tfjdf :jls[lt hgfpsf] dflgg5. s'g} To:tf] k :tfjdf :jls[lt kfpg' cl3 k :tfj /2 ug{ ;lsg5. o:t} :jls[lt lbg]n] klg k :tfjsn] pqm :jls[lt kfpg' cufj} cfk\mgf] :jls[lt /2 u/]df s/f/ ;DkGg epsf] dflgfb}g. o:t} k :tfjdf :jls[ltsf] nflu ;dofjlw tf]lspsf]df pqm cjlw kl5 / ;dofjlw gtf]lspsf]df d'gfl;a dflkmssf] cjlwkzrft klg k :tfj /2 epsf] dflgg5. o:t} k :tfjsn] :jls[lt kfpg'cl3 k :tfjssf] / k :tfljtsf] :jls[lt k :tfjsn] gkfpfb} :jls[lt lbg] k :tfljtsf] d[to' epdf jf lghsf] xf]z 7]ufgdf g/x]df klg k :tfj /2 e} s/f/ ;DkGg epsf] dflgfb}g. o;} k sf/ k :tfjdf kl/jt{g u/l jf zt{;lxt :jls[lt hgfpdf klg s/f/sf] k of]hgsf] nflu :jls[lt hgfpsf] dflgfb}g. %_ ck ToIf s/f/, ;+of]lus s/f/ / ;j{;fwf/0f;dif /flvpsf] k :tfj adf]lhdsf] s/f/ M lnlvt s/f/ lagf g} s]xl cj:yfx?df s/f/lo ;DaGw :yflkt x'g5. e"nn] s;}n] s'g} /sd lbpdf /sd lng]n] /sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ s/f/lo bflotj l;h{gf x'g5 eg] sfg"gadf]lhd /fvg kfpg] ;DklQ cfk\mgf] sahfdf /fv]sf]df To;nfO{ gf;f];/x /fvg] / lkmtf{ ug]{ st{jo klg s/f/lo bflotj cgtu{t kb{5. o:t}, s'g} JolQmn] s;}nfo{ s'g} s'/f lbpsf]df jf s'g} sfd nufpsf]df ;f] sfds'/f jfkt kfl/>lds jf d"no 81

92 82 lbg'kg]{ s/f/lo bflotj l;h{gf x'g5 eg] s;}n] sfg"g adf]lhd ltg'{kg]{ s'g} /sd lghn] lt/] jf glt/]sf] ;/f]sf/ x'g] JolQmn] cfkm"n] ltl/lbpsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmn] ;f] /sd ltg'{kg]{ JolQmsf] ;DklQaf6 e/fo{ kfpg] u/l ck ToIf s/f/ epsf] dflgg5 / s/f/lo xs l;h{gf x'g5. Jojxf/df o; k s[ltaf6 ljlegg ck ToIf s/f/ x'g] u/]sf]n] cbfntdf ljjfbsf] ljifo x'g] ;Defjgf ctogt 5. o:t} u/l eljiodf 36\g] 36gf;Fu cfa4 u/l s/f/ epsf]nfo{ ;+of]lus s/f/ dflgg] / ;f]xl cg'?k s/f/ P]gsf] bfo/fleq /xl s/f/lo xs :yflkt x'g5. s;}n] s'g} s'/fsf] lj1fkg u/l ;f] lj1fkgdf plnnlvt s'g} sfd u/]df kfl/tf]lifs lbg] u/l ;fj{hlgs?kdf k :tfj /fv]df / ;f] lj1fkgsf] hfgsf/l kfo{ s;}n] ;f] sfo{ ;DkGg u/]df kfl/tf]lifs lbg] s/f/lo bflotj l;h{gf epsf] dflgg5 / o:sf] sfof{gjog s/f/ P]g adf]lhd cbfnt dfkm{t u/fpg ;lsg5. ^_ s/f/sf] jul{s/0f M s/f/ n] :ki6?kdf s/f/sf] jul{s/0f gu/]tf klg ;fdfgotof j}w s/f/, ab/ u/fpg ;lsg] s/f/ / ab/ x'g] s/f/sf]?kdf pnn]v u/]sf] kfog5. -s_ j}w s/f/ (Valid contract) : ab/ x'g] s/f/ / ab/ u/fpg ;lsg] s/f/afx]s cgo s/f/nfo{ j}w s/f/sf]?kdf u x0f ul/g5. -v_ ab/ u/fpg ;lsg] s/f/ (Voidable contract) M s/sfk, cg'lrt k efj, hfn;fh / em'sofo{ u/fpsf] s/f/x? kifn] rfx]df ab/ u/fpg kfpf5. ab/ gu/fp;dd pqm s/f/ k efjsf/l /lx/xg5. -u_ ab/ x'g] s/f/ (Void contract) M b]xfosf s/f/x? ab/ x'g] s/f/ x'g\m -!_ k rlnt sfg"gn] lgif]w gu/]sf] k]zf, Joj;fo jf Jofkf/ ug{af6 s;}nfo{ /f]s nufopsf] s/f/, t/ VoftL v/lblaqml, ;fem]bf/l Joj;fo, lglzrt ;do;dd k lt:kwl{sf] ;]jf :jlsf/ gug]{ k lta4tf lbopsf] k s[ltsf] s/f/x? o;sf ckjfbx? x'g\. -@_ k rlnt sfg"gn] lgif]w ul/psf] ljjfxafx]s cgo ljjfxdf /f]s nufopsf] s/f/. -#_ ;j{;fwf/0fn] pkef]u ul//x]sf] ;'ljwf s;}nfo{ pkef]u ug{af6 /f]s nufopsf] s/f/. -$_ s;}n] kfpsf] sfg"gl clwsf/ s'g} c8\8f cbfntaf6 k rng u/fo{ kfpgaf6 /f]s nufopsf] s/f/. -%_ k rlnt sfg"gsf] lj?4df epsf] jf k rlnt sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]s]f s'/fdf epsf] s/f/. -^_ cg}lts p2]zosf nflu jf ;fj{hlgs gllt jf lxtsf] lj?4df epsf] s/f/. -&_ s/f/ epsf] ljifoj:t' s/f/ ug]{ kifx?nfo{ :ki6?kdf yfxf gepaf6 k"/f ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] s/f/. -*_ s/f/ ubf{s} cj:yfdf s/f/ k"/f ug{ c;dej epsf] s/f/. -(_ d'gfl;a dflkmssf] cy{ lbg g;sg] e} c:ki6 epsf] s/f/. -!)_ s/f/ ug{ cof]uo JolQmaf6 epsf] s/f/. -!!_ u}/sfg"gl k ltkmn jf p2]zo epsf] s/f/. &_ hdfgt, xhf{gf tyf k Tofzg;DaGwL s/f/m -s_ hdfgt;dagwl s/f/ M s'g} JolQmn] cfkm"n] lnpsf] C0f jf sa"n u/]sf] bflotj r'qmf gu/]df jf k"/f gu/]df t]; f] kifn] r'qmf jf k"/f ul/lbg] u/l lnlvt?kdf s/f/ epsf]df hdfgt;dagwl s/f/ epsf] dflgg5. Jojxfl/s?kdf a}+s ljqlo ;+:yf cflbaf6 Pj+ cgo C0f ;DjGwL sf/f]af/ df ;'/If0fjfkt o; k s[ltsf] s/f/ epsf] kfog5. d'vo C0fLn] C0f jf sa"n u/]sf] bflotj r'qmf gu/]df dfq hdfgt lbg] JolQmn] ;f] bflotj k"/f ug'{kg]{ x'g5. To:tf] hdfgt lbg] JolQmn] ;fx'sf] C0f ltl/lbpsf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;fx'nfo{ k lt:yfkg u/l ;fx';/x d'vo C0fL pk/ sfg"gl sf/jfxl rnfo{ cfkm"n] a]xf]/]sf] /sd, To;df nfug] Aofh jf cgo s'g} z'ns / sfg"gl vr{ ;d]t sfg"gl sf/jfxl u/l c;"n pk/ ug{ ;S5. s/f/ P]gn] hdfgt lbg] JolQmsf] bflotj / lgh To:tf] bflotjjf6 d'qm x'g] cj:yf, hdfgt lbg] JolQmsf] ;DaGw, hdfgt;dagwl s/f/ ab/ u/fpg ;lsg] cj:yf, ;+o'qm?kdf hdfgt lbg] JolQmx?sf] bflotj OToflbaf/] lj:t[t?kdf Joj:yf / ljj]rgf u/]sf] 5. o;f] x'fbfxf'b} klg xfn;dd d'n'sl P]gsf] hdfgl ug]{sf] dxn klg k rngdf /x]sf] tyo sfg"g Joj;foLn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'g5. -v_ xhf{gf -Indemnity_ ;DaGwL s/f/m s'g} JolQmn] s/f/sf] s'g} kifsf] lgb]{zgdf sfd ubf{ To:tf] kif jf t]; f] JolQmnfO{ lghsf] sfdsf/afxlsf] kl/0ffdaf6 x'g;sg] xfdl gf]s;fgl cfkm"n] a]xf]g]{ u/l s/f/ epsf]df To:tf]nfO{ xhf{gf -Indemnity_ ;DaGwL s/f/ epsf] dflgg5. o; cj:yfdf s/f/df xhf{gfsf] /sd pnn]v epsf]df ;f] adf]lhdsf] xhf{gf /sd, t]; f] JolQmnfO{ xflggf]s;fgl k/l ;f] afkt ltg'k/]sf] /sd, xhf{gf;dagwl s/f/sf ;DaGwdf d'2f bfo/ ubf{ jf k lt/iff ubf{ jf To:tf] s'g} /sd cfzjf;g lbg] JolQmaf6 c;"n ug{ d'2f dfldnf ug'{k/]df nfu]sf] vr{ /sd ;d]t e/fo{ lng kfpf5. t/, hfglhfgl xflg gf]s;fgl k' ofpg] ablgot jf nfk/jfxlk"j{s sfd u/]sf] sf/0faf6 ptkgg x'g] xflg gf]s;fglsf] nflu To;/L sfd ug]{ JolQm g} lhdd]jf/ x'g5.

93 -u_ k Tofzg -Subrogation_ ;DaGwL s/f/m ;fdfgotof aldf;dagwl s/f/df of] k of]u x'g5. s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ lghn] pkef]u u/]sf] ;'ljwf jf xs jf sf/f]af/af6 x'g] nfe pk/ t]; f] JolQmaf6 x'g;sg] xflg gf]s;fgl csf]{ s'g} JolQmaf6 a]xf]l/g] u/l epsf] s/f/nfo{ k Tofzg -Subrogation_ ;DaGwL s/f/ elgg5. To:tf] s/f/df xflg gf]s;fgl jfkt /sd pnn]v epsf]df ;f]xl adf]lhd / pnn]v gepsf]df d'gfl;a /sd k efljt JolQmnfO{ / lghsf] d[to' e};s]sf] ep lghsf] xsjfnfnfo{ lbg' jf lbnfo{lbg' kg]{ x'g5. k Tofzg ug]{ JolQmsf] clwsf/sf] af/]df klg s/f/ P]gdf lj:t[t Joj:yf / ljj]rgf ul/psf] 5. *_ gf;f];dagwl s/f/m g]kfnl ;dfhdf ;fdfgo Jojxf/x?df ;DklQ gf;f]df /xg] jf /flvg] ul/g5. o:tf] Jojxf/sf] sf/0f ;flasdf d'n'sl P]gd} gf;f] w/f}6sf] dxndf s]xl sfg"gl Joj:yf epsf]df s/f/ n] pqm dxnnfo{ vf/]h u/l gf;f];dagwl Jojxf/nfO{ s/f/ P]g leq} Jojl:yt u/]sf] 5. o; goff Joj:yfn] cfk\mgf] wgdfn -rn ;DklQ / To;df /x]sf] clwsf/_ c?nfo{ kl5 lkmtf{ lng] u/l jf c?nfo{ x:tfgt/0f ug{ jf laqml ug{ gf;f]sf]?kdf lbg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o;g';f/? kffr xhf/egbf a9lsf] wgdfn gf;f] /fvbf lnvt ug'{kg]{ u/l afwotf u/]sf] kfog5. ;flasb]lv g} gf;f]df /x]sf] wgdfnnfo{ o; P]gn] lg/gt/tf lbpsf] 5. gf;f] lbg] / lng]sf] st{jo / lhdd]jf/l ;d]t o;}df Jojl:yt ul/psf] 5. s;}n] s'g} wgdfn km]nf kf/]df klg k x/lnfo{ ;"rgf lbo{ wgdfn wgl km]nf gk/];dd cfkm";fu /fvg kfpg] / wgl km]nf k/]df lghnfo{ kqf nufpg tyf To:tf] dfn /fvgdf nfu]sf] vr{ wglaf6 lng / ;f] gkfp;dd wgdfn kfpg] JolQmn] g} /fvg ;Sg] egg] Joj:yf 5. dd{t ug{ lbopsf] dfnnfo{ klg gf;f] ;/x lbopsf] dflgpsf] 5. c+z dfg]{ jf s'g} ;/sf/l b:t"/ jf lauf] s;}nfo{ ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd gltg]{ ga'emfpg] jf cgo u}/sfg"gl p2]zon] gf;f] /flvpsf] 7x/]df To:tf] gf;f] lbg] lng] s/f/ ab/ x'g5, dfgo xf'b}g / To;af6 s'g} clwsf/ jf st{jo l;h{gf x'fb}g. o;/l s]xl cj:yfdf Jojxf/af6 gf;f];dagwl s/f/ x'g5 eg] clwsf+z cj:yfdf lnvt u/]/} s/f/ ;DkGg epsf] x'g'k5{. gf;f] lng] JolQmn] gf;f] lnpsf] wgdfnsf] k of]u s/f/ / sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{kg]{ / cglws[t?kdf jf s/f/ ljk/lt k of]u u/]sf] sf/0faf6 wgdfn lau ]df jf xflg gf]s;fgl epdf, gfl;pdf jf 36]df gf;f] lng] JolQmn] Ifltk"lt{ a]xf]g'{kg]{ Joj:yf P]gdf eptfklg To:tf] Ifltk"lt{ s/f/d} Joj:yf ul/psf] /x]5 eg] ;f]xl adf]lhd cgoyf k ToIf / jf:tljs Ifltk"lt{ bfal u/l lng kfog5. Ifltk"lt{sf] lx;fa s;/l ug]{ egg] ;DaGwdf sfg"gdf k i6 pnn]v gepsf]n] k dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ bfalstf{sf] /xg5. (_ lwtf] jf w/f}6l;dagwl s/f/m s'g} C0fsf] ;'/If0fsf] nflu jf s'g} sfd ;DkGg ug]{ k lta4tfsf] k Tofe"ltsf] nflu lwtf] jf w/f}6l lbg]sf] xs k'ug] s'g} rn jf crn ;DklQ jf xs sfod ug]{ lnvt lnp lbpsf]df lwtf] jf w/f}6;dagwl s/f/ epsf] dflgg5. C0fsf] nflu lwtf] /flvpsf]df To:tf] C0f r'qmf epkl5 / s'g} sfdsf] nflu w/f}6 lnopsf]df To:tf] sfd ;DkGg epkl5 To;/L /flvpsf] lwtf] jf w/f}6 ;f] lwtf] jf w/f}6 /fvg] JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg'kg]{ sfg"gl Joj:yf 5. s/f/ P]gdf lwtf] jf w/f}6 lng] JolQmsf] clwsf/x? klg ;'lglzrt ul/psf] 5. xs gk'ug] ;DklQ lwtf] jf w/f}6l lbopsf]df lng] JolQmn] ;f] s'/f yfxf kfpkl5 csf]{ ;DklQ lwtf] jf w/f}6l dfu ug{ ;S5. o;/l dfu ubf{ glbopdf ;f] lwtf] jf w/f}6l lng] JolQmn] ;f] s/f/ ab/ u/fpg ;Sg] sfg"gl Joj:yf 5. s'g} ;DklQdf cf+lzs xs jf :jfldtj epdf ;f] ;DklQ ;f]xl xb;dd dfq lwtf] jf w/f}6 /fvg ;lsg5. PseGbf a9l ;fx'x?af6 C0f lnpjfkt lwtf] jf w/f}6l lbopsf] cj:yfdf s/f/df cgoyf pnn]v epsf]df afx]s To:tf] lwtf] jf w/f}6ldf ;a} ;fx'sf] ;dfg'kflts -kf/l kf;'_ clwsf/ /xg5. Psk6s lwtf] jf w/f}6ldf /flvpsf] wgdfn csf]{ ;fx'n] k fyldstf kfpg] u/l k'gm lwtf] jf w/f}6l lbg ldnb}g.!)_ a:t' laqml;dagwl s/f/m s'g} laqm]tfn] d"no lno{ s'g} rn ;DklQ -ttsfn sfod /x]sf] jf eljiodf ptkfbg x'g] jf k fkt ul/g] a:t' ;d]t_ qm]tfnfo{ ttsfn x:tfgt/0f ug{ jf eljiodf x:tfgt/0f ug{ zt{;lxt jf zt{ lagf dgh'/ u/]sf]df a:t' laqml;dagwl s/f/ epsf] dflgg5. o:tf] a:t' laqml;dagwl s/f/ ab/ x'g], a:t'sf] d"no lgwf{/0f, a:t'sf] d"no r'qmf, a:t'sf] ljj/0f, laqml ul/g] a:t'df xs /x]sf] dflgg] cj:yfx?, a:t' u'0f:t/o'qm /x]sf] dflgg] cj:yfx?, gd"gfaf6 laqmlx'g] a:t'x?, a:t'sf] :jfldtj x:tfgt/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf, hf]lvd a]xf]g'{kg]{ cj:yf, qm]tfnfo{ a:t' lg/lif0f ug]{ clwsf/ x'g], a:t' a'lemlnpsf] dflgg] cj:yf, s/f/ ul/psf] egbf km/s kl/df0fdf a:t' a'emfpg NofPdf OGsf/ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf, a:t' x:tfgt/0f ug'{kg]{ ;do / a:t';dagwl sfuhft a'emfpg'kg]{ Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf s/f/ P]gdf lj:t[t?kdf pnn]v 5. o;} P]gdf a:t' laqml ;DaGwL Ifltk"lt{af/] ljif]z Joj:yf klg ul/psf]n] bflotj lgsof{}n ug]{ ljifodf sfg"g Joj;foL o; ;DaGwdf rgfvf] x'g' cfjzos x'g5. -!!_ s/f/df xsb}of, bflotj / kl/kfngfm -s_ s/f/ ug]{ k To]s kifn] s/f/ adf]lhdsf] bflotj k"/f ug'{ k5{ / s/f/ kl/kfngfsf] nflu PskIfn] csf]{kifnfo{ cfkm"n] lbg'kg]{ ;'ljwf pknaw u/fpg' kb{5. s/f/df k fyldstf qmd gtf]lspsf]df s/f/sf kifx?n] ;Fu;Fu} bflotj k"/f ug'{k5{, o; cj:yfdf Ps kifn] cfwf/e"t?kdf cfk\mgf] bflotj k"/f gug]{ lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ jf dgzfo b]vfpdf csf]{ kifn] cfk\mgf] sa"n k"/f ug{ cfjzos gx'g] cj:yf klg l;h{gf x'g ;S5. o:t}, s/f/sf] k s[ltcg';f/ h;n] klxn] kl/kfngf ug'{kg]{ xf] lghn] kl/kfngf gu/]df csf]{ kifn] cfk\mgf] sa"n k"/f ug{ cfjzos gx'g] klg x'g ;S5. kifx?sf] dgh'/l epdf s/f/ lgndag ug{ jf x]/km]/ ug{ jf s/f/df plnnlvt sfdsf] ;6\6f cgo s'g} sfd ug{ jf ;f] s/f/sf] ;6\6f csf]{ s'g} s/f/ ug{ jf s/f/sf] cjlw a9fpg jf s/f/sf] s'g} jf ;Dk"0f{ c+z x]/km]/ jf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg5. 83

94 -v_ s/f/sf] kifx?nfo{ dfq s/f/ sfof{gjog u/fpg kfpg] clwsf/ /x]sf] x'g5, cyf{t s/f/sf] kif gepsf] JolQmn] s/f/ sfof{gjog u/fpg ;Sb}g egg] dfgotf /x]sf] 5. t/ j'mg} JolQmsf] lxtsf] lgldq s/f/ ul/psf] epdf To:tf] JolQmn] s/f/sf] kif gep klg kl/kfnfgfsf] dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 egl t]; f] JolQmn] ;d]t s/f/sf] sfof{gjog u/fpg kfpg] ckjfbftds Joj:yf ;d]t sfg"gn] u/]sf] 5. o:t}, s/f/ ug]{ s'g} JolQmsf] d[to' epdf, jf lghsf] xf]z 7]ufgdf g/x]df ;f] s/f/ adf]lhd k fkt x'g] xs To:tf] s/f/ ug]{ JolQmsf] ;DklQ k fkt ug]{ xsjfnfdf ;5{ / lghn] k fkt u/]sf] ;DklQn] vfd]sf] xb;ddsf] bflotj klg lghn] g} a]xf]g'{ k5{. t/ JolQmut biftf / of]uotfsf] cfwf/df k fkt u/]sf] xs / bflotj eg] xsjfnfdf g;g]{ Joj:yf sfg"gn] u/]sf] 5. -u_ ;fdfgotof s/f/ u/]kl5 To;sf] kl/kfngf b'j} kifn] ug'{ kb{5, t/ kl/l:yltdf cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g epdf s/f/ kl/kfngf ug'{ gkg]{ Joj:yf sfg"gn] u/]sf] kfog5. s/f/ cj}w e} kfngf ug{ gx'g] epdf, dfgj lgogq0fegbf aflx/sf kl/l:yltx? ptkgg epdf, s/f/ ;DkGg ug{ cfjzos j:t' gi6 epdf jf cl:ttjdf g/x]df, JolQmut biftf jf k ltefaf6 ;]jf k bfg ug]{ u/l s/f/ epsf]df To:tf] ;]jf k bfg ug]{ JolQmsf] d[to' epdf jf zfl//ls jf dfgl;s?kdf czqm epdf s/f/lo j:t'df cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g epsf] dflgg5, t/ ;fdfgotof s/f/sf] kl/kfngf ug{ sl7gfo{ epdf, Go"g d'gfkmf jf gf]s;fg x'g] epdf, t]; f] kifdf cfl>t /x]sf]df To:tf] t]; f]kifn] untl u/]df jf lgh c;ifd epdf, x8tfn jf tfnfagbl epdf, yk s/ b:t"/ jf /fh:j ltg'{kg]{ epdf, PseGbf a9l k of]hgsf] nflu s/f/ epsf]df tldwo] s'g} s'/f dfq k"/f gx'g] epdf kl/l:yltdf cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g epsf] dflgfb}g. s/f/sf] ;dflkt s/f/ adf]lhdsf] sfd ;DkGg epkl5 s/f/ ;dfkt epsf] dflgg5. o:t} kifx?sf] ;xdltaf6 jf s/f/ ubf{sf] kl/l:yltdf cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g epdf jf sfg"g kl/rflnt epsf] sf/0faf6 jf s/f/sf] cjlw Joltt ep/ jf s/f/ pnnª\3g ep/ klg s/f/ ;dfkt x'g ;S5. -!#_ s/f/sf] pnnª\3g / pkrf/ s'g} kifn] s/f/ adf]lhdsf] s'g} bflotj k"/f gu/]df jf ug'{kg]{ sfd lghn] gug]{ ;"rgf lbpdf jf sfdsf/afxl jf cfr/0faf6 s/f/ adf]lhdsf] sfd ug{ c;dy{ b]lvpdf s/f/ pnnª\3g u/]sf] dflgg5. o; cj:yfdf pnnª\3gaf6 dsf{kg]{ kifn] csf]{kifnfo{ ;"rgf lbo{ ;f] s/f/ /2 ug{ ;S5. s/f/sf] pnnª\3gsf] cj:yfdf dsf{kg]{ kifn] lgdglnlvt pkrf/x? klg k fkt ug{ ;S5M -s_ s/f/ /2 e} g;s]sf] cj:yfdf s/f/sf] oyfjt kl/kfngsf] nflu dsf{kg]{ kifn] ;DalGwt lhnnf cbfntdf bfal ug]{. -v_ s/f/sf] s'g} kifn] ;f] s/f/sf] k s[ltcg';f/ ug{ gx'g] s'g} sfd sf/afxl jf Jojxf/ ug{ nfu]sf] sf/0faf6 s/f/sf] kl/kfngf ;Dej gx'g] epdf To:tf] sfdsf/afxl / Jojxf/af6 dsf{kg]{ kifn] To:tf] sfdsf/afxl / Jojxf/ /f]sl kfpg pko'qm cfb]zsf] nflu ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ph"/l lbg]. -u_ s/f/ adf]lhd s'g} kifn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfd jf a'emfpsf] gub jf lhg;l jfkt ;f]sf] cg'kftdf e'qmfglsf] nflu bfal ug]{. -3_ s/f/df Ifltk"lt{sf] zt{ /x]sf]df Ifltk"lt{sf] bfal ug]{. -!$_ If]qflwsf/M s/f/df cgo ;fdfgo sfg"gl Joj:yf;/x dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] s/f/df ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] nflu dwo:ytf ug'{ kg]{ zt{ /x]sf]df afx]s lhnnf cbfntdf ph"/ ug{;s5. t/ pko'qm cfb]zsf] nflu P]gsf] bkmf *& adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg' k5{. -!%_ xbdofbm s/f/ df xbdofbsf ;DaGwdf bkmf *( df Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. ;du df s/f/ P]gn] tlg k sf/sf] xbdofbsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. -!_ ab/ x'g] s/f/df hlxn];'s} klg, -@_ ab/ u/fpg ;lsg] s/f/df sf/0f yfxf kfpsf] ldltn] Ps jif{leq, -#_ j:t' laqml;dagwl s/f/sf] xsdf d'2f ug'{ kg]{ sf/0f ptkgg epsf] ldltn] b'o{ jif{leq, -$_ cgo j'mg} bfalsf ;DaGwdf d'2f ug'{ kg]{ sf/0f ptkgg epsf ldltn] b'o{ jif{leq. s/f/ df dfly ljj]rgf epsf ljifox? afx]s Ph]G;L;DaGwL s/f/, dfn;dfg 9'jfgL;DaGwL s/f/sf ;DaGwdf klg pnn]v epsf]n] sfg"g Joj;foLn] o;tkm{ klg Wofg k' ofpg' kg]{ x'g5. 84

95 t]; f] kl/r5]b k d'v kmf}hbf/l d'2fx Specific Criminal Cases hlp Hofg;DaGwL ck/fwx Crimes Against Life and Human Welfare 85

96 -!_ st{jo Hofg Culpable Homicide!= kl/ro dfgj k f0flsf] hljgdf hlp / Hofg ;aegbf a9l dxîjk"0f{ rlh epsf] sf/0fn] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gdf loglx?;fu ;DalGwt ck/fwn] dxîjk"0f{ 7fpF kfpsf] xf]. s;}sf] Hofg lnpdf jf Hofg lng] pbf]u u/]df jf Hofg lng dltof/ ag]df kmf}hbf/l sfg"gdf ;a}egbf a9l ;hfo x'g] u/l sfg"gl Joj:yf ul/psf] x'g5. dflg;sf] lhgbul jf k f0f (Life) p;sf] nflu ;a}egbf a9l dxîjk"0f{ lrh epsfn] p;n] k f0f u'dfpsf] v08df p;sf] lhgbul klg ToxL ;dfkt x'g5. To;}n] elgg5, æhlp ep g l3p lkpg]æ, æd/l up 8'd} /fhfæ cyf{t lhgbul g/x] p;sf] nflu To;kl5sf] cj:yfsf] vf;} dxîj /xfb}g. To;}n] k To]s dflg;n] cfk\mgf] hlp HofgnfO{ ;a}egbf a9l dfof u5{ clg dfq} cgo s'/fx?nfo{. hljgdf cfggb lng] h] hlt j:t'x? 5g\ To;sf] dxîj Tolta]nf;Dd dfq} /xg5 hlt a]nf;dd p;sf] hlphofg /xg5, cgoyf tl j:t'x? dxîjxlg x'g hfg5g\. To;}n] hlphofg;dagwl ck/fwn] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gdf dxîjk"0f{ 7fpF cf]u6]sf] x'g5. To;df klg st{jo Hofg (Culpable Homicide) ;DaGwL ck/fwnfo{ clt ;+j]bgzln, uxg Pj+ udel/ ck/fwsf]?kdf lnog5. kmf}hbf/l sfg"gdf Hofg;DaGwL ck/fwnfo{ d'vo u/l b'o{ efudf aff8\g ;lsg5 M Hofg;DaGwL ck/fw (Homicide) u}/sfg"gl xtof (Unlawful Homicide) sfg"gl xtof (Lawful Homicide) kmf}hbf/l sfg"gdf sltko o:tf lsl;dsf xtof x'g5g\ h;nfo{ sfg"gn] g} dfgotf lbpsf] x'g5. h;nfo{ sfg"gl xtof (Lawful Homicide) elgg5. o; cgtu{t dfkm ug{ ;lsg] xtof (Excusable Homicide) / Gofof]lrt xtof (Justifiable Homicide) x? kb{5g\. u}/sfg"gl xtof cyf{t sfg"gn] g} s;}n] s;}nfo{ xtof u/]sf] jf u/fpsf] jf pbf]u u/]sf] v08df ck/fw 3f]lift u/l ;hfo ul/g] xtofnfo{ u}/sfg"gl xtof (Unlawful Homicide) elgg5. u}/sfg"gl xtofnfo{ xfd f] sfg"gl k 0ffnLdf st{jo Hofg (Culpable Homicide) egl gfds/0f ul/psf] 5. o; lsl;dsf] xtofnfo{ ;hfo of]uo, cfk/flws / bf]ifo'qm xtof klg egg] ul/g5. st{johofgsf] kl/efiff st{jo Hofg eg]sf] cgo s'g} JolQmsf] u}/sfg"gl 9ª\un] Hofg lng' xf]. of] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gdf ;a}egbf udel/ ck/fw xf]. lsgeg] cgo ck/fwx?df epsf] xflggf]s;fgl jf rf]6nfo{ s]xl xb;dd kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;lsg5 t/ st{jo Hofgdf To;f] ug{ ;lsfb}g. Ps rf]l6 Hofg upsf] v08df k"j{ cj:yfdf kmsf{pg ;lsfb}g. lsgeg] of] dfgj IfdtfeGbf aflx/sf] ljifo xf]. 2 s'g} Hofg jf/bft st{jo Hofg xf] jf xf]og egg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{ w]/} ttjx?af6 yfxf kfpg ;lsg5. h:t} M ck/fwln] Hofg lng k of]u u/]sf] tl/sf, ck/fwln] Hofg lng u/]sf] k"j{tof/l, ck/fwl / kll8talrsf] ;DaGw, Hofg lnfbf xltof/ k6s k6s k xf/ u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g, ck/fwlsf] Hofg lng]a]nf p;sf] dg;fo lyof] jf lypg, s] slt sf/0fn] Hofg lng k'u]sf] xf] egg] h:tf s'/fx?n] ck/fwsf] udel/tf (Degree) nfo{ lgwf{/0f ub{5. st{jo Hofg (Culpable Homicide) x'gnfo{ xtof/fsf] dg;fo x'g'k5{ jf cfj]zdf cfo{ xtof u/]sf] x'g'k5{, jf eljtjo xtof x'g'k5{ jf sltko a]nfdf ;hfo sd x'g] xtof (Mitigated homicide) sf]?kdf xtof epsf] x'g'k5{. g]kfnl sfg"g k 0ffnLn] st{jo Hofg (Culpable homicide) nfo{ lgdg?kn] jul{s/0f u/]sf] kfog5 M -s_ dg;fok ]l/t xtof jf Hofgdf/f (Intentional Homicide or Jyanmara) -v_ cfj]z k ]l/t xtof (Justifiable Homicide or Abesprerit Hatya) -u_ eljtjo xtof (Accidental Homicide or Bhabitabya Hatya) -3_ ;hfo sd x'g] xtof (Mitigated Homicide) Dr. Rajit Bhakta Pradhananga (2001): Homicide Law in Nepal: Concept, History and Judicial Practices, Kathamndu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, p. 32. A. Aswoth (1992): Principles of Criminal Law, Oxford: Clarandon Press, pp

97 o;nfo{ tn Ps Ps u/]/ ;+lift?kdf rrf{ ul/psf] 5. -s_ dg;fok ]l/t xtof jf Hofgdf/f dg;fok ]l/t xtof a]nfotl sfg"g k 0ffnLaf6 ljsf; eo{ cgo sfg"g k 0ffnLx?df k of]u ul/g] zab xf] eg] xfdln] k/dk/fut?kdf g]kfnl sfg"gk 0ffnLdf k rlnt zab Hofgdf/f xf], h;nfo{ ;'lgof]lht xtof (Murder) egg] cª\u ]hl zabdf?kfgt/0f ug{ ;lsg5. dg;fok ]l/t xtof Hofg;DaGwL ck/fwdf ;a}egbf uxg ck/fw xf]. of] Hofg;DaGwL ck/fwdf cg';gwfg Pj+ ;hfo lgwf{/0fsf b[li6sf]0fn] ;a}egbf hl6n k j[mltsf] ck/fw xf]. dflg;s} Hofg hfg' of] ck/fwsf] st{jo ttj (Actus Reus) xf] eg] ;f] dfg]{ sfd hfgl hfgl dg;fok"j{s ug'{ o;sf] dg;fo kif (Mens Rea) xf]. 3 dg;fok ]l/t xtofsf] pnn]v Hofg;DaGwLsf] g+=! / g+=!# df kfog5. pqm gda/cg';f/ lgdg cj:yfx? ljbdfg epsf] cj:yfdf dg;fok ]l/t xtof epsf] 7xl/G5 M dg;fok ]l/t xtofsf] cfk/flws sfo{ d'n'sl sf] Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] g+=! cg';f/ dg;fok ]l/t xtof x'gnfo{ lgdg b'o{ cj:yf ljbdfg x'g'k5{. klxnf], ck/fwln] s'g} sfo{ ug]{ p2]zon] kll8tsf] Hofg lnpsf] x'g'k5{ / bf]; f], To:tf] ck/fw ug{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ep cg';f/sf] tl/sf (Modus operandi) ckgfpsf] x'g'k5{. 4 Hofg;DaGwLsf]! gda/n] s;}n] klg csf{sf] Hofg dfg{, dfg{ nufpg jf dfg{sf] pbf]u ug{ x'fb}g egl csf{sf] Hofg lng /f]s nufpsf] 5. oxl sfg"gl Joj:yfn] ubf{ cfk}mn] cfk\mgf] Hofg lng k otg ubf{ c;kmn epdf sf/afxl x'g ;Sg] b]lvfb}g. Hofg;DaGwL s;"/df dflg;sf] Hofg dg{ ;Sg];Ddsf] sfd ug'{ / To;af6 dflg;sf] Hofg hfg' o;sf] cfk/flws sfo{ xf].!= jrg lbg] JolQm stf{ ;/x x'g] (Incitor liable as pepretrator): Hofg;DaGwL ck/fwdf d'vo eo{ jrg lbg] JolQmnfO{ stf{ ;/x hgds}b ug]{ Joj:yf Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]!#-$_ n] u/]sf] st{jo ljd'vtf (Liability on omission): l;4fgttm cfk/flws sfo{leq k ToIf sfd (Act), sfg"gl st{jo kfng gug'{ (Omission) / Hofg dg{ ;Sg] kl/l:ylt jf kl/k~r v8f ug'{ (State of affairs) u/l tlgcf]6} l:yltx? kb{5g\. cfk\mgf gjhft lzz' af6f3f6fdf lhpfb} kmfng] pk/ ;f] arrf lhpfbf] k]mnf k/]df kmfng]nfo{ $ jif{ s}b / d/]sf] ep Hofgdf/f ;/x ;hfo ug]{ Joj:yf Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf]!* g+= n] u/]sf] 5. >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj= /Tg s'df/l v8\sf ;d]t 5 epsf] d'2fdf cleo'qmn] arrf kmfnbf c? s;}n] lhpfb} e]6fo{ :ofxfbf{ b'o{ lbgkl5 lgh arrfsf] d[to' epsf]df kmfng]nfo{ Hofg;DaGwLsf]!* g+= cg';f/ $ jif{ s}b tf]s]sf] kfog5. #= kl/k~r ldnfpdf (State of Affairs): cfk\mgf] xftn] dflg; dfg]{ sfd gu/] klg dflg; dg{ ;Sg] kl/l:ylt v8f u/l r'krfk a:g] jf cgoq hfg] JolQm k ToIfstf{ ;/x lhdd]jf/ x'g5. h:t} M cfk\mgf] ljkifl dfg]{ p2]zon] af6fdf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ lar5fo{ /fvbf To;df k/l lghsf] d[[to' x'g5. $= 36gf 36]sf] x'g'kg]{ (Act must be committed) >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj= dg/fh sxf/ 6 epsf] d'2fdf dg/fh ;d]t ^ hgf pk/ /;'nsf] xtof u/]sf] cf/f]k nfu5. ol cleo'qmx? k x/ldf ;flatl / cbfntdf OGsf/L aofg lbg5g\. ;flatl x'g]x?n] nfz uf8]sf] egl b]vfpsf] 7fpFdf vg]/ x]bf{ Ps 8]9 z]/ hlt 5fnf / /f}f k]mnf kb{5. To:tf] ;lgbuw k df0fsf] cfwf/df cbfntn] cleof]u 7x/ ug{ x'fb}g egb} ;=c= k'mn a]grn] cleo'qmx?nfo{ ;kmfo lbpsf] 5. dg;fok ]l/t xtofsf] cfk/flws dg;fo Hofg} lng] lgotn] s'g} sfd ug'{ dg;fok ]l/t xtofsf] cfk/flws dg;fo Mens Rea xf]. dfg]{ g} dg;fo gep klg dflg;sf] Hofg hfg;sg] 7"nf] vt/f epsf] s'g} sfd hfgl hfgl ug'{ / To;af6 dflg;sf] Hofg hfg' h:tf kl/0ffd epdf klg cfk/flws dg;fo k"/f epsf] dflgg5. cfk/flws dg;fonfo{ lgdg lsl;dn] jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5. cfk/flws dg;fo (Mens Rea of Crime) dg;fo nfk/jfxl x]nr]q\mofof (Intention) (Recklessness) (Negligence) 3 Surpa Note No 1, at p dfwjk ;fb cfrfo{ / ab L e08f/l -@)^$_ M ækmf}hbf/l sfg"gsf] ;dlifftds cwoogæ, sf7df8f}+ M e[s'6l Ps]8]dL klans]zg, k[=!@%. 5 g]sfk -@)$)_, k[=!$. 6 g]sfk -@)@&_, 87

98 dg;fo : s;}sf] Hofg lng] p2]zon] k"j{ tof/l eo{ cfk\mgf] sfo{af6 x'g] kl/0ffdsf] af/]df k"j{ hfgsf/l /fvg' g} dg;fo xf]. olb s n] v nfo{ dfg{ v's'/l lsgb5 / s n] v nfo{ k xf/ u/l dfb{5 eg] of] dg;fok ]l/t xtof xf]. dg;fo gb]lvg] ttj epsf]n] hlxn];'s} klg o;nfo{ kl/l:ylthgo k df0fx?åf/f :yflkt ug'kg]{ x'g5. dg;fo (Intention) / cfzo (Motive) p:t} p:t} b]lvp klg jf:tjdf ol b'j} km/s km/s cy{ lbg] zabx? x'g\. dg;fon] s'g} sfd ug]{ tk{m Olª\ut ub{5 eg] cfzon] /fd f] jf g/fd f] cj:yfnfo{ bzf{pf5. olb s n] v nfo{ df/l p;sf] ;DklQ u/lax?nfo{ affl8lbg5 eg] s sf] cfzo /fd f] lyof] t/ sfg"gn] dg;fonfo{ dfq} s]lgb t ub{5. cfzon] sfg"gdf 7fpF kfpg ;Sb}g\ t/ ;hfo sd ug{ s]xl xb;dd e"ldsf v]ng ;Sb5. nfk/jfxl : cfk/flws dg;fo cgtu{t nfk/jfxl klg Pp6f k d'v ttj xf]. cfk\mgf] sfdsf] kl/0ffd klxn]af6 b]vg] t/ Tof] kl/0ffdnfo{ xfl;n ug]{ rfxgf g/fvl To:tf] b'ikl/0ffd kg5fpg ;S5' egg] p2]zon] sfd ul/g5 eg] To;nfO{ Reckless Act elgg5. To:tf] dfgl;s l:yltnfo{ nfk/jfxl (Recklessnes) elgg5. nfk/jfxlnfo{ Unreasonable risk taking klg egg ;lsg5. 7 x]nr]q\mofof : dg;fo / nfk/jfxlegbf x]nr]qm\ofof km/s k j[mltsf] dfgl;s l:ylt xf]. o;df s;"/bf/n] s'g} g/fd f] sfd ug{ lrtfpsf] x'fb}g, p;n] cfk\mgf] sfdsf] v/fa kl/0ffd b]vl b]vl sfd u/]sf] x'fb}g. p;sf] sfo{ 7Ls jf a]7ls s] lyof] c?af6 d"nofª\sg x'g5. unt lyof] eg] p;dfly x]nr]q\mofof (Negligence) sf] cf/f]k nfu5. 7Ls} lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] v08df eljtjo (Accident) x'g5. o;/l cleo'qmsf] sfo{sf] d"nofª\sg ug]{ z}nlnfo{ ;fdfgo ;demsf] dflg;sf] d"nofª\sg (Reasonable Man Test) elgg5. o;k sf/af6 ul/g] d"nofª\sgnfo{ j:t'ut d"nofª\sg (Objective Test) klg elgg5. 8 -v_ cfj]z k ]l/t xtof d'n'sl P]g, Hofg;DaGwLsf]!$ gda/df cfj]z k ]l/t xtofsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. pko'qm Joj:yf cg';f/ cfj]z k ]l/t xtof 7xl/g tlg ttj k"/f epsf] x''g'k5{ M -!_ stf{n] p;} df}sfdf p7]sf] s'g} s'/fdf l/; yfdg g;s]sf] x'g'kb{5. -@_ lghn] ;fwf/0f xltof/ nf7l, 9'ª\uf, nft, d'ssf OToflb ;fwgn] xfgl cfk\mgf] k ltlqmof hgfpsf] x'g'k5{. -#_ kll8t kifsf] P]gsf Dofbleq d[to' epsf] x'g'kb{5. P]gsf Dofb eggfn] Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] *, (,!) gda/df pnn]v epsf] DofbnfO{ a'e\mg'k5{. 9 dfly plnnlvt sfg"gl Joj:yf / cbfntl ceof; g]kfnl sfg"g k 0ffnLsf] cfk\mg} df}lnskgf xf] h'g cgo Common Legal System egbf km/s xf] lsgeg] a]nfotl jf ef/tlo sfg"g k 0ffnLdf cfj]z k ]l/t xtofnfo{ ;hfo sd ug{ ;lsg] xtof (Mitigented Homicide) sf]?kdf lnog5 / cfj]zk ]l/t xtof x'gnfo{ vf; vf; cj:yfsf] ljbdfgtf x'g' kg]{, h:t} ;fwf/0f xftxltof/sf] dfq} k of]u epsf] x'g'kg]{ cgoyf dg;fok ]l/t xtof 7xg]{ Joj:yf epsf] kfofb}g. t/ g]kfnl kmf}hbf/l ljlwzf:q cg';f/ cfj]zk ]l/t xtof x'g sfg"gdf pnn]v epsf] cj:yf ljbdfg epdf dfq} cfj]z k ]l/t xtof x'g5 cgoyf Hofgdf/fdf kl/0ft x'ghfg5. ;jf]{rr cbfntn] nf7l, k]lg;n, Knf:6/ l:6s, sf7sf] d' f, k]lg;n s6s/nfo{ ;fwf/0f xftxltof/sf]?kdf /fv]sf] 5. o:tf xftxltof/ k of]u u/l ck/fwln] k xf/ u/]df / sfg"gn] pnn]v u/]sf] Dofbleq kll8tsf] Hofg updf cfj]z k ]l/t xtof 7x5{. 10 To:t} csf]{ d'2f >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj= s'naxfb'/ /f]ssf 11 epsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{rr cbfntn] cfj]z k ]l/t xtof x'gnfo{ k"j{ l/;o{aldf dfg]{ lgot gepsf] / ttsfn p7]sf] l/;af6 k xf/ u/l df/]df cfj]zk ]l/t xtof 7xg]{ t/ 3/af6 8f]/L NofO{ 3fF6L s;l df/]df Hofg;DaGwLsf]!$ g+= cgtu{t gkg]{ Hofgdf/fsf] jf/bft 7x/ x'g] l;4fgt k ltkfbg u/]sf] 5. dflysf] 5nkmnaf6 lgdg cj:yf ljbdfg epdf cfj]z k ]l/t xtof epsf] 7x5{ M!= p;} df}sfdf p7]sf] l/; yfdg g;s]sf] ;fgfltgf xftxltof/ nf7l, 9'ª\uf, nft, d'ssf k of]u epsf] x''g'kg]{. #= P]gsf] Dofbleq} d[to' epsf] x'g'kg]{. $= Hofg lng'kg]{ ;Ddsf] OaL epsf] x'g'x'fb}g. %= n'sl rf]/l xfg]sf] x'g'x'fb}g. ^= ljif vfg lbpsf] x'g' x'b}g. &= ;fª\3flts k xf/ ug]{ dfq d[to'sf] lhdd]jf/ x'g5. 7 k"j{ kfb g+= $ sf] k[= &). 8 k"j{ kfb g+= $ sf] k[= &!. 9 k"j{ kfb g+= $ sf] k[= &@ Supra Note No. 1 at p Supra Note No.1 at p. 320.

99 -u_ eljtjo xtof eljtjo eg]sf] b'3{6gf (Accident) j; s;}sf] d[to' epsf] v08df eljtjo xtof epsf] 7x{5. cyf{t\ o:tf] cj:yfdf cleo'qmn] ;hfoaf6 dfkml kfpf5. of] Excusable crime xf]. To;}n] eljtjo 7x/ epsf] v08df cleo'qmn] dfkml kfpf5 lsgeg] o; lsl;dsf] ck/fwdf cleo'qmn] u/]sf] sfo{ cfk/flws sfo{leq kb}{g eg] o;sf] dg;fo klg cfk/flws dg;fo x'fb}g. o; l;4fgtnfo{ cgo sfg"g k 0ffnLn] Culpable Homicide sf]?kdf /fv]sf] 5}g. t/ g]kfnl kmf}hbf/l ljlwzf:qdf eljtjo xtof (Accidental Homicide) nfo{ Culpable Homcide sf]?kdf /fv]sf] 5. o; xtofnfo{ g]kfnl kmf}hbf/l ljlwzf:qn] st{jo Hofgsf] t]; f] ju{df /fv]sf] 5. o; ;DaGwdf Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] % / ^ g+= df eljtjosf] kl/efiff / ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. -3_ ;hfo sd x'g] xtof ;hfo sd x'g] xtofnfo{ Common Law System df km/s km/s gfd lbg] ul/psf] kfog5. a]nfotdf o;nfo{ u}/;'lgof]lht xtof Manslaughter, ef/tdf Culpable Homicide elgg5 eg] o;;dagwdf g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/l ljlwzf:q df}g /x]sf] b]lvg5. lsgeg] xfn;dd ;hfo sd x'g] xtofsf] wf/0ff cbfntl ceof;af6 ljsf; eo;s]sf] ep klg /fhoaf6 o; ;DaGwdf glltut?kdf s'g} sfg"gl Joj:yf epsf] kfofb}g. t/ k :tfljt ck/fw df o; ;DaGwdf s]xl xb;dd pnn]v epsf] epklg sfg"gl?k lng ;s]sf] 5}g. o;k sf/sf] xtofdf d'n'sl P]g c=a+=!** g+= cfslif{t u/l ;hfo 36fpg] u/]sf] kfog5 / dflynnf] cbfntn] d'gfl;a b]v]df c=a+=!** k of]u u/l ;hfo sd u/]sf] kfog5. ;hfo sd x'g] xtofdf ck/fwlsf] sfo{ cfk/flws sfo{ x'g5 eg] p;sf] dg;fo klg cfk/flws dg;fo x'g5 / sfg"gn] To;nfO{ ck/fw 3f]if0ff u/]sf] x'g5 t/ ck/fwln] ck/fw u/]sf] kl/l:yltdf vf; vf; cj:yfx?sf] ljbdfgtf epsfn] ck/fwln] ;hfoaf6 s]xl /fxt kfpf5. lsgeg] ck/fwln] ck/fw ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt g} To:tf] x'g5 h;df p;n] afwo ep/ ck/fw ug{ k'u]sf] x'g5. ;hfo sd x'g] xtofnfo{ o; lbubz{gsf nflu lgdg k sf/n] pnn]v ug{ ;lsg5 M 1. dfgl;s ljlifkttfsf] cj:yf (Dismissing Responsibility) 2. cftdxtofsf] u7hf]/sf] cj:yf (Suicide Pact) 3. ctolws cftd/iffsf] cj:yf (Excessive Private Defense) 4. afnxtof (Infanticide) 5. g;fn] dfltpsf] cj:yf (Intoxication) 6. k ;jkl8f jf 3/fo;L tgfjsf] cj:yf (Battered women syndrome and syndrome from social tension) afnxtof (Infanticide) kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] afnxtofnfo{ sd ;hfo x'g] xtofsf]?kdf :jlsf/]sf] kfog5. olb cfdfn] cfk\mgf] arrfnfo{ hlgdg]lalqs} k ;jaf6 l;lh{t dfgl;s tgfjsf sf/0fn] jf k ;jkl8fsf] sf/0fn] xtof u/]df afnxtof (Infanticide) u/]sf] dflgg5. o:tf] kl/l:ylt ljbdfg epdf ;hfo sd x'g] xtofsf]?kdf cbfntn] Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]! /!# g+= adf]lhd dg;fok ]l/t xtofsf] jf/bft 7x/ u/l c=a=!** g+= k of]u u/l Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]!# g+= adf]lhd x'g] ;hfonfo{ 36fpFb5. ;hfo 36fpg] dfqfdf ;do ;dodf cbfntl b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g cfo/x]sf] kfog5. ue{ktgn] sfg"gl dfgotf k fkt ug]{ d'n'sl df P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wg eo;s]kl5 ;j{:j;lxt hgd s}bnfo{ 36fP/ % jif{;dd dfq s}b ug]{u/]sf] ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] cbfntl k rng a;]sf] 5. afnxtofnfo{ g]kfnl kmf}hbf/l ljlwzf:qdf klg sd ;hfo x'g] xtofsf]?kdf cbfntl ceof;af6 :jlsf/]sf] kfog5. t/ o; ;DaGwdf 5'6\6} s'g} ljz]if sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] kfofb}+g. $= st{jo Hofg;DaGwL d'2fdf sfg"gl Joj:yfx? -s_ If]qflwsf/ (Jurisdiction): If]qflwsf/n] s'g} lgsfon] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{sf] If]qnfO{ a'emfpf5. olb pqm If]qaflx/ up/ s'g} lgsfon] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub{5 eg] pqm sfo{ If]qflwsf/ ljxlg x'g hfg5 / To;n] sfg"gl dfgotf kfpfb}g. d'n'sl P]g c=a+=@( adf]lhd h'g :yfgdf jf/bft 36] epsf] 5 ;f]xl lhnnf cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq st{jo Hofg d'2f rn5. -v_ xsb}of (Locus Standi): æxsb}ofæ eggfn] ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gåf/f k bt xsdf cf3ft k/]df s'g} ljifodf cbfntdf pkl:yt eo ;f] xs k rng u/fpg gflnz, ph'/, k ltjfb jf v08g ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd xsnfo{ hgfpf5. 12 xsb}ofnfo{ kmf}hbf/l sfg"gcg';f/ jfl/;nfo{ ;dfgotof x:tfgt/ ug{ ;Sb}g, cyf{t jfl/; lgo'qm ug{ ;Sb}g s]xl ckjfbftds cj:yf afx]s. d'n'sl P]g cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] *@ g+= df s;n] gflnz lbg'k5{ egg] s'/f pnn]v 5. ;f] g+= df epsf] sfg"gl Joj:yfcg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbl x'g] d'2f / 3'; vfg] dfug] ;/sf/l sd{rf/ls} x:tfif/sf] lnvtsf] ;a"t lbo{ gflnz u/]sf] 3'; d'2fdf hf];'s}n] gflnz u/] klg x'g fOGb axfb'/ >]i7 -@)^)_ M sfo{ljlw sfg"g, sf7df8f}+ M k}/jl k sfzg, k[!^$. 13 k"j{ kfb g+=!@ sf] k[=!^$. 89

100 c=j++=!) g+= cg';f/ k rlnt sfg"gdf g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbl x'g] egl n]lvpsf] d'2fdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfo{ jfbl sfod u/l d'2fsf] sf/afxl ul/g5. ;f] afx]s d'2fsf] ljifo jf k j[mltaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;j{hgls lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/ jf cbfntsf] cg'dlt lno{ ;j{;fwf/0f hf];'s}n] klg jfbl eo{ d'2f rnfpg ;S5. 14 clwsf/ If]qfTds k Zg nufot cgo s'/fx?df ljrf/ ug'{egbf klxn] ph'/jfnf s] s:tf] JolQm xf] / lghn] h'g s'/fsf] bfal lnpsf] 5 ;f] s'/fn] lghnfo{ s] s:tf] c;/ k' ofpsf] 5 < lghsf] xsb}of 5 jf 5}g < egl cbfntn] x]g'{k5{. ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gåf/f k bq xs k rng u/fpg jf cgofo ug]{nfo{ ;hfo u/fpg cbfntsf] 9f]sf 3R3RofOG5. ;/;tl{ x]bf{ jfbl bfalsf] s'/faf6 jfblsf] s'g} xs jf lxtdf c;/ k/]sf] b]lvg5 eg] gflnz ph'/ bfo/ ug]{ xs epsf] ;Demg'k5{. 15 -u_ xbdofb hxff sfg"gk bt xssf] k rngsf] pkl:ylt x'g5 ToxfF xbdofbsf] k Zg ;dfj]z x'g5. s;}nfo{ sfg"gn] k bfg ul/psf] xsåf/f u}/ sfg"g tl/sfaf6 xgg ul/pdf Ifltu :t JolQmn] cfk\mgf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] cjlwleq ;Ifd cbfntdf cfk\mgf] bfal ug'{k5{. ;f] cjlwleq bfal gu/] ph'/ nfub}g. o;/l sfg"gn] tf]lspsf] lglzrt cjlwnfo{ xbdofb elgg5. xbdofb ;DaGwL sfg"g k fs[lts Gofo, ;dgofo / ;fj{hlgs glltdf cfwfl/t x'g5. ;fj{hlgs lxt, ;'/Iff / lglzrttf sfod ug{ xbdofb ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] clgjfo{tf dxz'z ul/psf] x'g5. 16 Hofg g+= n] xbdofbsf] Jo:yf u/]sf] kfog5. hf] ue{ktgegbf cgo cj:yfdf cfslif{t x'g5. pqm Joj:yf lgdgadf]lhdsf] 5. æst{jo k/l Hofg d/]sf] d'2fdf s;"/bf/ cfk}m ;flat eo{ kf]n]sf] afx]s st{josf] ph'/ k/]sf]df txslsftaf6 st{jojfnf oxl xf] egg] kqf gnfu]sf] al; jif{kl5 / st{josf] ph'/ gk/]sf]df ;f] jf/bft epsf] b'o{ jif{kl5 s;}pk/ d'2f rng ;Sb}g.Æ To:t} ue{ktgsf] ;DaGwdf Hofg;DaGwLsf] ## g+= sf] Joj:yf lgdgadf]lhdsf] 5 M æs;"/bf/ cfk}m d'v ;flat eo{ To;}af6 p7]sf] d'2fdf afx]sf ue{ t'xfof] egg] s'/fdf ;f] t'xfpsf] tlg dxlgfleq gflnz glbp nfug ;Sb}g. -3_ d'2fsf] k j[mlt st{jo Hofg d'2fsf] k j[mlt ;/sf/jfbl x'g5 / o;df /fhon] JolQmsf] hlphofg /Iff ug]{ bflotj lnpsf] x'g5. o;sf] sf/0f JolQmn] cfk\mgf] hlphofg /Iff ug{ ;Sb}g / ug{ vf]h] klg Might is Right cyf{t h;sf] nf7l p;sf] e}+;l x'g hfg5. o;} sf/0fn] st{jo Hofg d'2fdf /fho jfbl eo{ sfd ub{5. ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl -!_cg';f/ st{jo Hofg d'2fdf ;/sf/jfbl eo{ d'2f bfo/ Pj+ k lt/iff ug]{ sfdx? ;/sf/l jslnaf6 ug]{ k fjwfg 5. %= st{jo Hofg d'2f;fu ;DalGwt P]g sfg"gx? / ghl/x? -s_ P]g (Statutes) (i) ;fdfgo sfg"g M d'n'sl Hofg ;DaGwLsf] dxn (ii) ljz]if sfg"gx? 1. ;jf/l tyf oftfot Joj:yf 2. ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl -v_ lgod lgodfjnl 1. ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl 2. ;/sf/l jsln;dagwl 3. ;/sf/l jslnsf] cfrf/ -u_ dxîjk"0f{ ghl/x? g]kfnsf] sfg"g k 0ffnLsf] Oltxf;df kmf}hbf/l ljlwzf:q ;aegbf k5fl8 k/]sf] sfg"gl If]q xf] / of] clxn] klg k"0f{?kdf kmf}hbf/l ljlwzf:qsf] wf/0ff cfufng ;s]sf] 5}g. o;sf k5fl8 ljlegg sf/0fx? x'g ;S5g\. k"/ftg z}nlsf] ;f]r, k"/fgf] k 0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lziff k 0ffnL, sfg"gsf] ljsf;df JolQmjfbL ;f]r xfjl h:tf s'/fx? d'vo?kdf /x]sf] kfog5. g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gx?nfo{ ljsf; ug{sf nflu ljlegg k of; epsf] kfog5, h:t} k :tfljt t/ ol ltg} ;+lxtfx?dwo] s'g}n] klg sfg"gl?k lng ;s]sf] 5}g. epsf sfg"gx? k"/fgf / ablnfbf] ;do kl/l:ylt cg';f/sf 5}gg\ t/ h] epklg g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gnfo{ ;do;fk]if agfpg ljlegg kmf}hbf/l l;4fgtx?nfo{ cfufnb} ljlegg k}m;nfx? ub}{ uo/x]sf] 5 h'g g]kfnl kmf}hbf/l sfg"gsf] ljsf;sf] nflu dxîjk"0f{ cfofd eg] klg x'g5. o:t} dxîjk"0f{ l;4fgtx? cfufng] qmddf g]kfnsf] ;jf]{rr cbfntn] k ltkfbg u/]sf ghl/x? :d/0flo 14 k"j{ kfb g+=!@ sf] k[=!^$. 15 k"j{ kfb g+=!@ sf] k[=!^%. 16!* k"j{ kfb g+=!@ sf] k[=g+= ^&. 90

101 tyf dgglo b]lvg5g\, cgoyf g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/l sfg"g k flrg o'usf] aa{/tf (Barbarims) h:tf] x'gyof] xf]nf. o; ;Gbe{df s]xl dxîjk"0f{ ghl/x? k7glo b]lvg5g\. ;/]sf] dg;fosf] l;4fgtsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/l ljlwzf:q df}g b]lvpklg ;dosf] ljsf;qmd / ;/]sf] dg;fo;fu ;DalGwt ljjflbt tyo (Facts in issue) af/daf/ cbfntdf p7\g] qmd;fu cgttm ;jf]{rr cbfntn] o; l;4fgtnfo{ cfufn]sf] b]lvg5. ;jf]{rr cbfntn] >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj= nfnaxfb'/ tfdfª ;Ddsf 17 d'2fx?df ;/]sf] dg;fosf] l;4fgtnfo{ cª\ulsf/ ug{ cgfsfgl ub}{ To:tf] jf/bftdf!** g+= cfslif{t u/l ;hfo 36fpg] u/] klg o;nfo{ ;hfo 36fpg] cfwf/ gagfo{ cgo g} sf/0fx?nfo{ cfwf/ dfgb} cfpsf] lyof]. x'gt :ki6?kdf ;/]sf] dg;fosf] l;4fgtsf] sfg"gl dfgotfsf] ljhf/f]k0f ;'wf/dfg /fo{ lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] d'2faf6 18 z' jft epsf] b]lvg5. >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj= g/axfb'/ /]pn] 19 sf] d'2fdf cfp/ 6'Fuf] nfu]sf] b]lvg5. o; d'2fdf a Dx b]jtfsf] dlgb/df af]sf, s'v'/f;d]t NofO{ anl r9fpg] k"hf ug]{ / d]nf eg]{ k/dk/f /x] epsf]df k ltjfbl d[ts / d]3/fh /]pn] ;f] dlgb/df k"hf/l /x]sf ;fnsf] dª\l;/ k"l0f{dfsf] lbg dlgb/df r9fpsf] af]sfsf 6fpsfx?sf] nflu ljjfb a9\bf g/axfb'/n] d]3/fhnfo{ tfsl k xf/ u/]sf] 5'/f lghnfo{ gnful kll8t rgb nfn /]pn]nfo{ nful lghsf] d[to' x'g k'ub5. o;df k ltjfblsf] lj 4 Hofg ;DaGwLsf]! /!# -!_ g+= adf]lhd st{jo Hofgdf d'2f rnb5. z' / k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] eljtjo 7x/ u/]sfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;/]sf] dg;fosf] l;4fgt cfslif{t x'g'kg]{ ts{ ;f/l k'g/fj]bg kb{5. o;df klxnf] kn6 ;/]sf] dg;fosf] l;4fgtnfo{ cf}krfl/s dfgotf lbpsf] ;fn kmfu'gdf g]kfn ;/sf/ lj 4 sgx}of /fo s'dl{sf] d'2fdf ;/]sf] dg;fonfo{ Hofg;DaGwLsf]! g+= sf] Joj:yf cgtu{t kg]{ egl JofVof epsf] 5. dfly plnnlvt l;4fgtnfo{ pbfx/0fsf]?kdf k :t't u/]sf] ep klg o:tf l;4fgtx? w]/} ljsf; epsf 5g\. h'g dxîjk"0f{ ghl/sf]?kdf /x]sf 5g\. ^= st{jo Hofg d'2fsf] ;DaGwdf Wofg k' ofpg' kg]{ s'/fx? st{jo Hofg d'2fsf] ;DaGwdf lgdg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvg5 M 1. hfx]/l, k f/ldes k ltj]bg 2. ck/fw cg';gwfgsf] qmddf cleo'qmsf] aofg 3. Dofb yk 4. /fo ;lxtsf] k ltj]bg, ldl;n ;+nug k df0fsf] d"nofª\sg 5. d'2f rng] grng] lg0f{o ;DaGwdf 6. cleof]u kqsf] tof/l / d'2fsf] bfo/l. 17 g]sfk -@)%*_, k[= #$. 18 g]sfk -@)%$_, k[= %$$. 19 g]sfk -@)^!_, k[=!$*^. 91

102 kl/ro s'6lk6 Assault s'6lk6 JolQm lj 4 rf]6 k' ofpg] ck/fw xf]. of] Hofg;DaGwL ck/fwkl5sf] bf]; f] udel/ ck/fw xf]. s'6lk6sf] sf/0f JolQmsf] Hofg klg hfg ;S5. s'6lk6 eggf;fy} dfg]{ dg;foafx]s s;}nfo{ zf/ll/s kl8f k' ofpg] lsl;dsf] sfo{ ug'{nfo{ hgfpf5. o; k sf/sf] ck/fwsf] cfk/flws dg;fosf?kdf dg;fo (Intention) jf nfk/jfxl (Recklessness) jf x]nr]q\mofo{ (Negligence) h'g ep klg kof{kt x'g5. 1 s'6lk6sf] kl/efiff s'6lk6 s]nfo{ dfgg] egg] s'/fdf km/s km/s ljrf/x? /x]sf] kfog5. s'6lk6 cgtu{t ;dfgo rf]6 k' ofpg] b]lv udel/?kdf 3fOt] k' ofpg] sfo{x? ;d]t kb{5g\. d'n'sl P]g s'6lk6 dxnsf]! gda/cg';f/ s;}n] s;}nfo{ xftxltof/ p7fo{ jf c? s'g} k sf/n] /utfdd] jf rf]6, cª\ueª\u kf/]df jf hlpdf c? kl8f gf]s;fg x'g] u/l sfd u/]df s'6lk6 u/]sf] 7x5{. of] gda/cg';f/ s'6lk6 x'gsf nflu s;}n] s;}nfo{ xftxltof/ g} p7fp/ jf c? k sf/n] klg hlpdf rf]6 k' ofpdf klg s'6lk6 epsf] 7x5{. s'6lk6sf] jul{s/0f s'6lk6nfo{ ;hfosf b[li6sf]0faf6 ;hfo x'g] / ;hfo gx'g] s'6lk6df u/l b'o{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5 M ;hfo x'g] s'6lk6 ;hfo x'g] s'6lk6 cgtu{t sfg"gn] g} To:tf] sfo{ ug{ /f]s nufpsf] x'g5. olb s;}n] To:t} sfo{ ub{5 eg] To;nfO{ sfg"gcg';f/ ;hfo klg x'g5. ;hfo x'g] s'6lk6nfo{ lgdgcg';f/ jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5. -s_ ;fwf/0f s'6lk6 (Simple Assault/General Harm): ;fdfgo?kaf6 s;}sf lj 4df s;}n] zf/ll/s cfqmd0f ug'{ / o;af6 cª\ueª\usf] kl/0ffd x'g'egbf afx]ssf] s'6lk6nfo{ ;dfgo s'6lk6 cgtu{t kfl/g5. s'6lk6sf! g+= cg';f/ cª\ueª\u x'g]df afx]s -!_ s;}n] s;}nfo{ -@_ xftxltof/ p7fo{ jf c? s'g} k sf/n] s]xl ubf{ cleo'qmn] o;k sf/sf] s'6lk6sf] cj:yfdf dflg;s cj:yfsf?kdf dg;fo (Intention) jf nfk/jfxl (Recklessness) dwo] s'g}sf] k of]u u/]sf] x'g'kb{5. -v_ cª\ueª\u s'6lk6 (Grievous Assault): cª\ueª\u s'6lk6 eg]sf] z/l/sf] s'g} efu jf k"/f efunfo{ lgsdd x'g] u/l rf]6k6s k' ofpg' g} cª\ueª\u s'6lk6 xf]. cª\ueª\u s'6lk6df ck/fwlsf] cfk/flws sfo{ / cfk/flws dg;fo (Mens Rea) b'j} x'g5. g+= n] cª\ueª\u s'6lk6nfo{ o;/l pnn]v u/]sf] 5. -!_ cffvfsf] x]g]{ zlqm x/0f u/l jf cffvf kmf]6f]cgwl ul/lbpdf, -@_ gfssf] ;'F g] zlqm x/0f ul/lbpdf, -#_ lha fsf] af]ng] zlqm x/0f ul/lbpdf, -$_ sfgsf] ;'Gg] zlqm x/0f u/l alx/f] ul/lbpdf, -%_ :jf:gldflg;sf] b"w sf6l a]sddf ul/lbpdf, -^_ gnkmnsf] k'?iftjxlg u/l gk'+;s ul/lbpdf, -&_ d]?b08, 8F8fNg', xftv' f jf log}sf] hf]gl{ effrl, k'msfnl a]sddf kfl/lbpdf. To:t} ;jf/l tyf oftfoft Joj:yf sf] bkmf!^@ n] klg ;jf/laf6 x'g] cª\ueª\u s'6lk6sf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. s'6lk6;dagwl d'2fsf sfg"gl Joj:yfx? -s_ If]qflwsf/ (Jurisdiction): s'6lk6;dagwl d'2fdf If]qflwsf/ Hofg;DaGwL d'2f h:tf] a[xt\ x'fb}g lsgeg] of] ck/fw :yfglo If]qdf g} 36\g] ub{5 / o;df s'g} ljz]if ck/fwsf] ;+nugtf x'fb}g. To;}n] s'6lk6df kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] ef}uf]lns If]qflwsf/ (Territional jurisdiction) cfslif{t x'g5. cyf{t\ g+= adf]lhd jf/bft epsf] lhnnf cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq s'6lk6;dagwl d'2f kb{ k f=8f= /lhteqm k wfgfª\u ;d]t -@)^$_ M kmf}hbf/l sfg"gsf] kl/ro, sf7df8f}+m e[s'6l Ps]8lds klans]zg, k[=.

103 -v_ xsb}of (Locus standi): s'6lk6 (Assault) df g]kfnl kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] b'o{ lsl;dsf] xsb}ofsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ;dfgo jf ;fwf/0f s'6lk6df JolQm jf kll8t :jo+n] cfk\mgf] Gofo kfpgsf nflu d'2f bfo/ ug'{kb{5 eg] cª\ueª\u s'6lk6df g]kfn ;/sf/n] jfbl eo{ d'2f rnfpg] Joj:yf ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl n] u/]sf] 5. -u_ xbdofb (Limitation): s'6lk6sf] g+= df s'6lk6 ck/fwdf ph'/l ug'{kg]{ xbdofbsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. h;cg';f/ s'6lk6 d'2fdf gflnz ug{ cfpfbf s'6lk6 u/]sf ldltn] cª\ueª\u epdf tlg dxlgfleq / ;f] afx]s c? u}/s'/fdf ep ;f] ldltn] k}tl; lbgleq gflnz glbp nfug ;Sb}g. -3_ d'2fsf] k j[mlt (Nature of Case): rf]6sf] k j[mltcg';f/ cª\ueª\u s'6lk6 ;/sf/jfbl x'g] / ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl!leq kg]{ k j[mltsf] d'2f xf] eg] ;fwf/0f s'6lk6 JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2f epsf]n] kll8t JolQm cfkm}n] d'2f bfo/ ug'{ kb{5. s'6lk6;dagwl d'2f;fu ;DalGwt P]g Pj+ ghl/x? -s_ P]g (i) (ii) -v_ lgod lgodfjnl d'n'sl P]g, s'6lk6sf] dxn ;jf/l tyf oftfoft Joj:yf (i) lhnnf cbfnt (ii) k'g/fj]bg cbfnt (iii) ;jf]{rr cbfnt -u_ dxîjk"0f{ ghl/x?m cª\ueª\u s'6lk6df ldnfkq gx'g] egl hok ;fb lj= 6]saxfb'/ 2 epsf] d'2fdf 6]saxfb'/ / hok ;fb nufot c? ;fylx? :s"naf6 3/ kms{bf cl3kl5 lx+8\g] s'/fdf 6]saxfb'/ / hok ;fb alr egfeg x'g5. ToxL+ cfj]zdf!$ jifl{o 6]saxfb'/ n] hok ;fbnfo{ cª\ueª\u x'g] u/l v's'/ln] k xf/ ub{5g\. 6]saxfb'/ lj 4 Hofg dfg]{ pbf]udf d'2f rnb5. 6]saxfb'/ / hok ;fbalr ldnfkq ug]{ k otg x'g5 t/ cª\ueª\u d'2f epsfn] ldnfkqnfo{ cbfntaf6 c:jlsf/ ul/g5. gfafnsn] egfegsf] cfj]zdf v's'/ln] k xf/ u/]sf] x'fbf To;df Hofg} dfg]{ lgot lyof] egg ldnb}g egg] ts{ lbo{ cbfntn] of] d'2f cª\ueª\u s'6lk6df sf/afxl x'g'kg]{ lgisif{ lbpsf] 5. >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj= uf]kfnsfhl 3 epsf] d'2fdf w]/}hgf ldnl s'g} s'/fdf emu8f ub{5g\ / kll8t kifsf lj 4 Ps hgfn] ;fª\3flts k sf/ ub{5 / c?n] ;dfgo s'6lk6 ub{5g\ / kll8t kifsf] d[to' x'g5 eg] ;f] d[to'sf] lgldq ;fª\3flts k xf/ ug]{ JolQmdfq lhdd]jf/l x'g5. c?sf] bflotj s'6lk6df ;Lldt x'g5 egg] 7x/ ;jf]{rr cbfnt k'mn a]graf6 epsf] 5. s'6lk6sf] d'2fsf] ;DaGwdf Wofg k' ofpg' kg]{ s'/fx? xbdofb If]qflwsf/ Pj+ d'2f ug]{ xsb}ofsf] s'/f, rf]6sf] k j[mlt, ;fdfgo jf cª\ueª\u s] xf] egg] s'/f, kll8t kifn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xf] xf]og / kfpg] ep sf]af6 s] slt kfpg xf], kll8tsf] ;dod} zf/ll/s k/lif0f epsf] 5 5}g, cleo'qmn] sfg"g k bq ;'ljwf kfpsf] 5, 5}g. 2 g]sfk -@)!%_ k[= #*. 3 g]sfk -@)#@_ k[= %#. 93

104 != kl/ro -#_ ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws Kidnapping and Abduction ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws kmf}hbf/l ljlwzf:qsf] nflu goff ljifo xf]og. o;sf] cl:ttj k frlg ;dob]lv xfn;dd /lx/x]sf] 5. ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws agfpg'sf] k5fl8 s]xl p2]zo x'g5 / tl p2]zo k"/f ug{ ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws agfpg] ul/g5. ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws Pp6f ;ª\ul7t ck/fw (Organized crime) xf] / of] ck/fw /fli6«o sfg"g cgtu{t dfq} xf]og ls cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l sfg"gcgtu{t klg udel/ ck/fwsf]?kdf lnog5 / o; ck/fwnfo{ lgogq0f ug{ ljlegg cgt/f{li6«o ;lgw tyf ;Demf}tfx? epsf] kfog5. ;fy} o; ck/fw cgtu{t ck/fw u/]/ km/f/ epsf ck/fwlnfo{ ;dftg jf sf/fjfxl ug{ Interpol n] Red Corner Notice hf/l ug]{ ub{5. ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws b'o{6f km/s km/s k j[mltsf ck/fwx? x'g\. ckx/0fsf] If]q Jofks ep klg z/l/ agws egbf sd x'g5. t/ ol b'j} ck/fwsf] k5fl8 vf;u/l /fhg}lts / cfly{s p2]zox? /x]sf x'g5g\. ol b'j} ck/fwsf] k j[mlt, cfw'lgs o'udf olt udel/ / Jofks eo;s]sf] 5 ls ljzjsf nflu ljlegg k d'v ;d:ofx?dwo] Ps xf]. o; ck/fwn] cftª\sjfb (Terrorism) nfo{ a9fjf lbg dxîjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfog5. ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws 36gfsf] pbfx/0f /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o?kdf cglugtl?kdf /x]sf] kfog5. Amnesty International sf] k cg';f/ dfcf]jfbln] g]kfndf dfq} ljlegg sf/0f b]vfo{ xhf/f} cfdgful/s (Civilians) nfo{ z/l/ agws (Abduction) agfpsf] kfog5. To:t} xfn;fn}df 8f= pk]gb b]jsf]6fsl 5f]/LnfO{ z/l/ agws agfo{ Ps s/f]8!) nfv?k}off lkm/f}tl lno{ 5f]8]sf] 36gf o;sf] hnbf]anbf] pbfx/0f xf] eg] ctltdf o:tf z/l/ agws tyf ckx/0fsf 36gf vf;u/l t/fo{df / sf7df8f}+df cglugtl?kdf 36]sf] pbfx/0f 5g\. o; ck/fwsf] log} ufdelo{tf / If]q x]/l d'n'sl sf] afx f} ;+zf]wgn] efu $ df dxn * s yk u/l o;cgtu{t ckx/0f ug]{ tyf z/l/ agws lng]sf] ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gl Joj:yf u/]sf] ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agwssf] kl/efiff ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agwssf] kl/efiff cgt/f{li6«o sfg"gdf u/]sf] kfofb}g. a? ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws cgtu{t kg]{ sfo{x? s] s] x'g\, s:tf sfo{x? ck/x0f tyf z/l/ agws cgtu{t kb{5g\ / ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agwssf ljz]iftfx? s] s] x'g\ egg] s'/fx? pnn]v epsf] kfog5. g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agwsnfo{ kl/efflift u/]sf] ep klg tl kl/efiffx?df klg o; ck/fwsf] ljz]iftf jf o; ck/fw cgtu{t s'g s'g sfo{x? kb{5g\ egg] s'/f pnn]v epsf] kfog5. To;}n] tl kl/efiff o; ck/fwsf] ljz]iftfx?df cfwfl/t 5g\. d'n'sl P]gsf] æckx/0f ug]{ tyf z/l/ agws lng]sf]æ dxnsf]! g+= n] qmdz M ckx/0f ug]{ tyf z/l/ agws lng]sf] ck/fwsf] kl/efiff u/]sf] kfog5. ckx/0f (Kidnapping) d'n'sl P]g, æckx/0f ug]{ tyf z/l/ agws lng]sf]æ dxnsf]! g+=n] ckx/0fnfo{ o;/l kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 M s;}n] s'g} JolQmnfO{ an k of]u u/l jf k of]u ug]{ wdsl lbo{, 8/ q;f b]vfo{, hf]/h'n'd u/l, xftxltof/ b]vfo{, 5nsk6 u/l, e'msofgdf kf/l jf gzfn' jf dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/fo{ jf s'g} oftfoftsf] ;fwgnfo{ s'g} lsl;dn] sahf jf lgogq0fdf lno{ s'g} 7fpFdf hfg afwo u/fpg jf s'g} JolQmnfO{ lghsf] dgh'/l lagf jf gfafns / dfgl;s?kdf c:j:y JolQmnfO{ lghsf] lxtsf] lgldq lghsf] afa'cfdf jf ;+/Ifssf] dgh'/l afx]s s'g} 7fpFdf n}hfg x'fb}g. ;f] u/] ckx/0f u/]sf] dflgg]5. z/l/ agws (Abduction) d'n'sl P]g æckx/0f ug]{ tyf z/l/ agws agfpg]sf]æ g+= n] æz/l/ agws agfpg]æ sf] ;DaGwdf kl/efiff u/]sf] kfog5. pqm g+= n] u/]sf] kl/efiff o;k sf/ 5 M dfgl;s?kdf c:j:y JolQmnfO{ lghsf] afa', cfdf jf ;+/Ifssf] dgh'/l lno{ c;n lgotn] lghsf] lxtsf] lgldq y'lgpsf]df afx]s s;}n] s'g} JolQmnfO{ an k of]u u/l jf k of]u ug]{ wdsl lbo{, 8/, qf; b]vfo{, hf]/h'n'd u/l xftxltof/ b]vfo{ 5nsk6 u/l, e'msofgdf kf/l jf gzfn' jf dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/fo{ jf s'g} oftfoftsf] ;fwg jf 7fpF s'g} lsl;dn] sahfdf lno{ jf o;pk/ cglws[t tj/n] lgogq0fdf lno{ y'gg x'fb}g. ;f] u/] z/l/ agws lnpsf] dflgg]5. dfly plnnlvt sfg"gl Joj:yf klg kmf}hbf/lsf] sfg"gdf goff Joj:yf xf] / pqm Joj:yf sltsf] k"0f{ jf ck"0f{ /x]sf] 5 egg] ;DaGwdf clxn] l6kk0fl ug'{ pko'qm x'fb}g lsgeg] pqm Joj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 kof{kt dfqfdf JofVof eo;s]sf] 5}g. 94

105 #= ckx/0f / z/l/ agwssf] jul{s/0f ckx/0f ljlegg p2]zosf ;fy ul/g] epsf]n] o;sf k sf/sf;dagdf km/s km/s dt /x]sf] kfgo5. vf; u/l /fhgllts / cfly{s p2]zoaf6 k ]l/t eo{ ckx/0f ul/psf] kfog5. To;}n] ckx/0fnfo{ b'o{ efudf aff8\g ;lsg5 M!= /fhgllts ckx/0f (Kidnapping Motivated by o:tf] ckx/0fdf cfk\mgf] /fhg}lts p2]zoaf6 k ]l/t eo{ s'g} b]zsf] gful/s jf cfk\mg} b]zsf] gful/snfo{ ckx/0f u/l pqm /fhg}lts p2]zo k"/f ub{5g\ jf ug{ ;/sf/ jf cgt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfo{ afwo kfb{5g\. cfly{s ckx/0f (Kidnapping Motivated by Economic Interests): cftª\sjfbnfo{ a9fjf lbg] sfo{df o:tf] ckx/0fn] dxîjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nb5 lsgeg] ckxl/t JolQmaf6 lkm/f}tl /sd (Ransom) dfu ub{5 / To;af6 xftxltof/ v/lb u/l cftª\sjfbl ultljlw ;~rfng ub{5. lghl cfly{s nfesf] nflu klg ckx/0f ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. -v_ z/l/ agws (Abduction) z/l/ agws agfpg'sf] k5fl8 klg cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts sf/0f g} x'g5. of] ckx/0f hlqsf] Jofks x'fb}g / o:tf 36gfx? :yfglo:t/df g} 36\g] u/]sf] kfog5. o;n] klg cftª\sjfbnfo{ a9fjf lbg] sfddf dxîjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nb5. To;}n] o;nfo{ klg d'vo u/l b'o{ efudf aff8\g ;lsg5 M (i) cfly{s z/l/ agws (Abduction Motivated by Economic Interests) (ii) /fhg}lts z/l/ agws (Abduction Movtiated by Politics) $= ckx/0f / z/l/ agws;dagwl d'2fsf] sfg"gl Joj:yf -s_ If]qflwsf/ (Jurisdiction): ckx/0f / z/l/ agws ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] Extra-Territional Jurisdiction sf] Joj:yf /fli6«o sfg"g cgtu{t x'g'kg]{ egl pnn]v u/]sf] kfog5. of] ck/fw ;ª\ul7t ck/fw (Organized crime) epsf]n] o; ck/fwnfo{ lgogq0f ug{ /fli6«o sfg"gdf pqm Joj:yf x'g}k5{ / log} cgt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/l sfg"gsf] p2]zo k"/f ug{ xfd f] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] klg o; ck/fwnfo{ lgogq0f ug{ Extraterritional Jurisdiction sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. d'n'sl P]g æckx/0f ug]{ tyf z/l/ agws lng]sf]æ dxnsf]!! g+=n] If]qflwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf pnn]v u/]sf] 5. h;cg';f/ æs;}n] s'g} JolQmnfO{ g]kfnaflx/ nul o; dxnadf]lhd ckx/0f ug]{ jf z/l/ agws lng] jf g]kfnl gful/snfo{ g]kfnaflx/ o; dxnadf]lhd ckx/0f ug]{ jf z/l/ agws lng] sfo{ u/] u/fpsf] /x]5 eg] lghn] g]kfnleq} s;"/ u/];/x dfgl To:tf] o; dxnadf]lhd ;hfo ug'{k5{æ egl pnn]v epsf] 5. pqm Joj:yfaf6 s] :ki6 x'g5 eg] ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws lnpdf g]kfnsf] cbfntn] Extra-territional Jurisdiction sf] clwsf/ k of]u u/l ;hfo ug{ ;S5. -v_ xsb}of (Locus Standi): ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws lng] ck/fwdf ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl cg';f/ jfbl g]kfn ;/sf/ x'g]5 / d'2f bfo/ ug]{, k lt/iff, k'g/fj]bg, k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/df lglxt 5. -u_ xbdofb (Limitation): d'n'sl P]g, æckx/0f tyf z/l/ agwssf]æ!# g+= n] xbdofbsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] pqm g++= cg';f/ æs;}n] ckx/0f u/l jf z/l/ agws lno{ Hofg df/]sf]df gflnz ug{ xbdofb nfug] 5}g. ;f] afx]s ckx/0f ul/psf] jf z/l/ agws lnpsf] ldltn] ^ dlxg] jf ckx/0f jf z/l/ agwsaf6 5'6]sf] ldltn] tlg dxlgfleq gflnz glbp nfug ;Sb}g.Æ -3_ d'2fsf] k j[mlt (Nature of Case): ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws lng] ck/fwsf] ;/sf/jfbl Pj+ ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl!leq kb{5 / ol d'2fx? bfo/ ug]{b]lv k lt/iff nufotsf cgo ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x? /fhosf] lhdd]jf/l cgtu{t kg]{ eo{ ;/sf/l jslnaf6 d'2f bfo/ Pj+ k lt/iff;d]t ub{5. %= ckx/0f / z/l/ agws;dagwl d'2f;fu ;DalGwt P]g sfg"g / ghl/x? -s_ ;+ljwfg -v_ P]g (i) (i) g]kfnsf] cgtl/d d'n'sl P]gsf] ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws lng]sf] dxn 95

106 ^ (ii) ;/sf/l d'2f ;DaGwL -u_ lgod lgodfjnl (i) lhnnf cbfnt lgodfjnl, (ii) k'g/fj]bg cbfnt (iii) ;jf]{rr cbfnt (iv) ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws d'2fdf Wofg k' ofpg' kg]{ s'/fx? -s_ jf/bft epsf] xf] xf]og / epsf] ep s:tf] k j[mltsf] xf], -v_ ;a"t k df0faf6 ck/fw k'li6 x'g5 x'fb}g, -u_ jfwoftds?kn] cjndag ug'{kg]{ sfo{ljlw cjndag ul/psf] 5, 5}g, -3_ k ltjfblnfo{ ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gn] s] s:tf] ;'ljwf k bfg u/]sf] 5 / ;f]sf] kfngf epsf] 5, 5}g. -ª_ k'g/fjb]g, k}m;nf sfof{gjog cflb slxn] / s;/l x'g] xf], cflb. 96

107 rf}yf] kl/r5]b dlxnf tyf afnaflnsflj?4 x'g] ck/fwx Crimes against Women and Children 97

108 98!= kl/ro dlxnflj 4 x'g] ck/fwx Crimes against Women kmf}hbf/l ck/fwx?nfo{ n}lª\us b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ k' iflj 4 ul/g] ck/fw / dlxnflj 4 ul/g] ck/fw u/l b'o{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5. vf; u/l dlxnf eps} sf/0fn] dlxnflj 4 o:tf ck/fwx? nlift /x]sf x'g5g\. o:tf ck/fwx?n] dlxnfsf] cftd;ddfg, :jtgq?kdf affrg kfpg] clwsf/ nufotsf dlxnfsf clwsf/x?dfly k lt3ft ul//x]sf x'g5g\. k'?if k wfg ;dfhdf dlxnfx?nfo{ of}ghgo cfggb k fkt ug]{ Pp6f ;fwgsf]?kdf lng] epsfn] dlxnflj 4sf] ck/fwx? a9l of}ghgo p2]zoaf6 x'g] ub{5g\. k flrgsfndf dlxnflj 4sf ck/fwx? x'g] u/]sf] eptf klg o;nfo{ dlxnfsf] z/l/;fu ghf]8l ljjfx x'g'egbf cufl8 afa'sf] OHht / k lti7f / ljjfx kzrft\ nf]ug]sf] ;DklQ, OHht k lti7flj 4sf] ck/fwsf]?kdf dflggyof]. bf]; f] ljzjo'4 kzrft\ vf; u/l ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkq, dfgjclwsf/;dagwl ljzjjofkl 3f]if0ffkq,!($*, ;g\!(^^ sf] gful/s tyf /fhgllts clwsf/;dagwl ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3lo cg'agw, tyf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs clwsf/;dawl cg'agw, dlxnflj 4sf ;a} lsl;dsf e]befjsf] pgd"ng;dagwl dxf;lgw nufotsf cgt/fli6«o b:tfj]hx?n] o:tf sfo{x?nfo{ dlxnflj 4 x'g] ck/fwsf] sf]6ldf /fvl lggbglo ck/fwsf]?kdf lng yfn] kzrft\ o:tf ck/fwx?nfo{ dlxnfs} lj 4 x'g] ck/fw egl jul{s/0f ug{ yflnpsf] xf]. dlxnflj 4 cyjf dlxnf kll8t x'g] ck/fwx? ;a}nfo{ dlxnflj 4 epsf] ck/fw egl kl/efiff ug{;lsg] eptf klg dlxnfx? kll8t x'g] ;a} ck/fwx?nfo{ dlxnflj 4sf] ck/fw egg ;lsfb}g. lsgls To:tf ck/fwx? k' ifsf lj 4 klg eo/x]sf x'g5g\. h:t}, Hofg;DaGwL ck/fw, rf]/l, 8s}tL OToflb. t;y{ s]jn dlxnfsf] lj 4df ul/g] To:tf ck/fwx? h:t}, ha/h:tl s/0fl, of}g b'/frf/, z/l/ a]rlavg cflb ck/fwx? h;n] dlxnfx?sf] zf/ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf kfl/jfl/s cj:yfdf k ToIf tyf ck ToIf?kdf c;/ kfg]{ ck/fwx?nfo{ dlxnflj 4sf] ck/fw egg ;lsg5. To;}n] o:tf ck/fwx?nfo{ /fhon] a]un} sfg"gx? lgdf{0f u/l s7f]/ b08glo ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'g5. g]kfndf sfg"gn] g} dlxnflj 4 x'g] ck/fwx? egl 5' } jul{s/0f u/]sf] geptf klg ck/fwsf] k j[mlt / ck/fwaf6 dlxnf g} kll8t x'g] vfnsf ck/fwx?nfo{ dlxnflj 4 x'g] ck/fw egl cwoog tyf ljzn]if0f ug]{ ul/psf] dlxnflj 4 ul/g] ck/fwsf] kl/efiff dlxnflj 4 x'g] ck/fwx?sf] :ki6 kl/efiff g]kfnsf] xfn k rlnt sfg"gn] u/]sf] kfofb}g. To:t} u/l sfg"gsf ljåfgx?åf/f lnlvt sfg"gl n]v /rgfx?df ;d]t 5' } kl/efiff u/]sf] kfofb}g. ;g\!((% df rlgsf] /fhwfgl a]olhª\df epsf] rf}yf] ljzj dlxnf ;Dd]ngsf] 3f]if0ffkqn] dlxnflj 4 x'g] lx+;f egl kl/efiff u/]sf] 5. jf:tjdf dlxnflj 4 x'g] ;a} k sf/sf lx+;fx?nfo{ g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] s'g} g s'g}?kdf cfk/fwls/0f u/l ;hfo u/]sf] x'gfn] pqm kl/efiffnfo{ dlxnflj 4 x'g] ck/fwsf] lgs6td kl/efiff dfgg ;lsg5. pqm kl/efiff cg';f/ "The term Violence against Women means any act of gender based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life. Accordingly, violence against women encompasses but is not limited to the following; 1. Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, non spousal violence and violence related to exploitation; 2. Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution; Physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the state wherever it occurs. #= dlxnflj 4 ul/g] ck/fwsf] jul{s/0f ;fwf/0fofm dlxnflj 4 ul/g] ck/fwx?nfo{ lgdg k sf/df jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5. s_ ha/h:tl s/0fl (Rape) v_ bfohf]sf] sf/0fn] ul/g] Hofg;DaGwL ck/fw (Homicide for Dowry or Dowry Death) u_ zf/ll/s tyf dfgl;s oftgf (Physical and Mental Torture) 3_ of}g b'/frf/ (Sexual Harassment) ª_ hlp df:g] a]rg] (Trafficking of Women and Children) cflb. t/ plnnlvt ck/fwx?nfo{ cem ljlzi6ls/0f (Specific)?kdf jul{s/0f ug]{ xf] eg] dlxnflj 4 x'g] ck/fwx?nfo{ lgdg?kdf jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5 M!= ha/h:tl s/0fl hlp df:g] a]rg] ck/fw (Trafficking of Women and Children) / #= of}g b'/frf/ (Sexual Harassment)

109 kl/ro -!_ ha/h:tl s/0fl Rape dgh'/l glno{ s;}n] s'g} dlxnf;fu of}g ;dfud ub{5 eg] To:tf] sfo{nfo{ ha/h:tl s/0fl elgg5. sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] lglzrt pd]/ egbf sd pd]/sf aflnsf;fu dgh'/l lnp/ u/]sf] ep klg o:tf] s/0flnfo{ cfw'lgs ha/h:tl s/0fl;dagwl sfg"gn] ha/h:tl s/0flsf] kl/efiffleq ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfog5. To:t} an k of]u lagf g} 8/, wfs, wdsl, cg'lrt k efj cflbåf/f s/0fl ug{ dgh'/l lnpsf] eptf klg To:tf] dgh'/lnfo{ :jtgq dgh'/l (Free Consent) gdflgg] epsfn] To;/L lnpsf] dgh'/l klg ha/h:tl s/0fl g} dflgg5. ljsf;sf] r/0f;fu;fu} ha/h:tl s/0fl;dagwl ck/fw dlxnflj 4 dfq gx'g] / k' ifsf lj 4 ;d]t x'g ;Sg] kl/l:yltnfo{ dwogh/ u/l a]nfotsf] Sexual Offences Act, 2003 n] k'?if pk/ ul/g] s/0fl ;d]tnfo{ cfk/fwls/0f u/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfndf d'n'sl P]gsf] P3f/f} ;+zf]wgn] s;}n] s'g} gfafnsnfo{ ck fs[lts d}y'g u/] u/fpdf ha/h:tl s/0fl u/]sf] dflgg] egl cfk/fwls/0f u/]sf] 5. ha/h:tl s/0flsf] jul{s/0f ha/h:tl s/0flnfo{ ljlegg cfwf/df jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5. h:t} kll8tsf] pd]/sf] cfwf/df, ck/fwdf k of]u epsf] ansf] cfwf/df, ck/fwl / kll8tsf] ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df, kll8tsf] lnª\usf] cfwf/df cflb. d'n'sl P]g ha/h:tl s/0flsf] dxndf ul/psf] Joj:yfnfO{ cwoog ug]{ xf] eg] pd]/sf] cwf/df jul{s/0f ul/psf] b]lvg5. pd]/sf] cfwf/df jul{s/0f s=!) jif{ d'lgsl aflnsfnfo{ ul/g] ha/h:tl s/0fl (Rape of girl below 10 years of age) v=!) jif{b]lv!$ jif{;ddsl aflnsfnfo{ ul/g] ha/h:tl s/0fl (Rape of girl having 10 to 14 years of age) u=!$ jif{b]lv!^ jif{;ddsl aflnsfnfo{ ul/g] ha/h:tl s/0fl (Rape of girl having years of age) 3=!^ jif{;ddsl dlxnfnfo{ ul/g] ha/h:tl s/0fl (Rape of woman having years of age) jif{egbf a9l pd]/sl dlxnfnfo{ ul/g] ha/h:tl s/0fl (Rape of woman above 20 years of age) ck/fwdf k of]u epsf] ansf] cwf/df jul{s/0f s= an k of]u u/l ul/g] ha/h:tl s/0fl (Forcible Rape) v= an k of]u gu/l ul/g] ha/h:tl s/0fl (Non forcible Rape) ck/fwl / kll8tsf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df jul{s/0f s= xf8gftf ha/h:tl s/0fl (Incestuous Rape) v= lrg]hfg]sf] JolQmn] ug]{ ha/h:tl s/0fl (Acquaintance Rape) u= glrg]sf] JolQmn] ug]{ ha/h:tl s/0fl (Rape by Unknown Person) 3= e]63f6 x'fbf ul/g] ha/h:tl s/0fl (Date Rape) ª= j}jflxs anftsf/ (Marital Rape) kll8tsf] lnª\usf] cfwf/df jul{s/0f s= dlxnfsf] ha/h:tl s/0fl (Female Rape) v= k' ifsf] ha/h:tl s/0fl (Male Rape) ha/h:tl s/0fl;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf s= kl/efiff s;}n] s'g} dlxnfnfo{ lghsf] dgh'/l glno{ s/0fl u/]df jf ;f]x«jif{egbf sd pd]/sl aflnsfnfo{ lghsf] dgh'/l lno{ jf glno{ s/0fl u/]df lghn] ha/h:tl s/0fl u/]sf] 7x5{. :ki6ls/0f M o; gda/sf] k of]hgsf] nflum s_ 8/, qf;, wfs b]vfo{ jf s/sfk, cg'lrt k efj jf em'sofgdf kf/l jf hf]/h'n'd u/l jf ckx/0f u/l jf z/l/ agws /fvl lnpsf] dgh'/lnfo{ dgh'/l dflgg] 5}g. v_ xf]; 7]ufgfdf g/x]sf] cj:yfdf lnpsf] dgh'/lnfo{ d~h/l dflgg] 5}g. 99

110 100 v= ;hfo -!_ ;fdfgo cj:yfdf u_ of]lgdf lnª\u s]xl dfq k j]z epsf] /x]5 eg] klg o; gda/sf] k of]hgsf] nflu s/0fl u/]sf] dflgg]5.!) jif{egbf d'lgsl aflnsf ep!) jif{b]lv!% jif{;dd=!) jif{ jf ;f]egbf a9l rf}w jif{egbf sd pd]/sl aflnsf ep * jif{b]lv!@ jif{;dd!$ jif{ jf ;f]egbf a9l!^ jif{egbf sd pd]/sl aflnsf ep ^ jif{b]lv!) jif{;dd!^ jif{ jf ;f]egbf jif{egbf sd pd]/sl dlxnf ep % jif{b]lv * jif{ jf ;f]egbf a9l pd]/sl dlxnf ep % b]lv & jif{;dd nf]ug]n] :jf:glnfo{ ha/h:tl s/0fl u/]df # dxlgfb]lv ^ dxlgf;dd -@_ xf8gftfleq ha/h:tl s/0fl epdf xf8gftfsl :jf:gl dflg;sf] ha/h:tl s/0fl u/]df plnnlvt ;hfodf xf8gftfdf s/0fl ug]{sf] dxndf n]lvpsf] ;hfo ;d]t ykl ;hfo x'g5. hgd s}bsf] ;hfo kfpg]df eg] ha/h:tl s/0fl jfktsf] ;hfo yk x'fb}g. -#_ ;fd"lxs tyf czqm dlxnfsf] anftsf/ epdf dlxnfnfo{ ;fd"lxs?kdf ha/h:tl s/0fl ug]{ jf ue{jtl, czqm jf ckfª\u dlxnfnfo{ ha/h:tl s/0fl ug]{nfo{ # g+= df epsf] ;hfodf yk kffr jif{ s}b x'g5. -$_ ha/h:tl s/0fl u/l P8\; ;ª\qmldt u/]df cfkm"nfo{ dfgj /f]u k lt/f]ws Ifdtf gi6 ug]{ hljf0f' -Pr\cfOeL kf]lhl6e_ sf] /f]u epsf] yfxf kfpfbf kfpfb} s;}n] ha/h:tl s/0fl u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] s;"/bf/nfo{ # g+= / # s= gda/df n]lvpsf] ;hfodf yk Ps jif{ s}b ;hfo x'g5. -%_ ha/h:tl s/0flsf ;xof]ulnfo{ ;hfo ha/h:tl s/0fl ug]{ epsf] s'/f hfgl yfxf kfo{ x'n u/l ;Fu} nful hfg] ;dfpg] / ;f] sfddf d2t lbg]nfo{ hgxl tlg jif{;dd s}b x'g5. ;f]x«jif{ d'lgsl :jf:gldflg;sf ;DaGwdf eg] bf]aa/ ;hfo x'g5. -^_ cx«fpg]nfo{ ;hfo cx«fo{ ha/h:tl s/0fl ug{ nufpsf] ep ;f] cx«fpg]nfo{ s/0fl e};s]sf]df s/0fl ug]{nfo{ x'g] ;hfosf] / s/0fl x'g gkfpsf] pbf]u;dd u/]sf] ep pbf]u ug]{nfo{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g5. -&_ gfafns;fu ck fs[lts d}y'g ug]{nfo{ ;hfo s;}n] s'g} gfafns;fu s'g} lsl;dsf] ck fs[lts d}y'g u/] u/fpdf ha/h:tl s/0fl u/]sf] dfgl # g+= adf]lhd x'g] ;hfodf yk Ps jif{;dd s}b x'g5. u= pbf]u 3= ;lttjsf] /Iff ha/h:tl s/0fl ug]{ pbf]u u/]sf] s/0fl ug{ eg] kfpsf] /x]g5 eg] ha/h:tl s/0fl ug]{nfo{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g5. cfkm"nfo{ ha/h:tl s/0fl ug]{ dg;fo lno{ pbf]u u/l xftkft, 5]sy'g, affw5ffb OToflb hf]/h'n'd ug{ nfuof] / To; avt s/fo{ u'xf/ dful jf c? s]xl pbf]u u/l To:tf] h'ndlsf] kghfaf6 pdsl eful cfˆgf] wd{ arfpg g;sg] cj:yf k/l To:tf h'ndlnfo{ cfˆgf cssn js{tn] ;Sg];Ddsf s'/f s]xl gu/] cfˆgf] wd{ gi6 x'g];ddsf] 7"nf] 8/ qf; k/l s/0fl lng gkfpfb} jf p;} avt cfˆgf] hf]8an k'ug g;sg]df s/0fl lno;s]kl5 klg ;f]xl s'/fsf] l/; yfdg g;sl p;} avt s/0fl lnps} ynfdf jf ToxLb]lv nv]6\b} uo{ Ps 306fleq xltof/, nf7f], 9'+uf OToflb s]xl rnfo{ Hofg dg{ upsf] 7x/] aft nfub}g. Ps 306f pk fgt df/]df kffr xhf/?k}off;dd hl/jfgf jf bz jif{;dd s}b x'g5. ª= ck'tfnl vfg gkfpg] ck'tfnl vfgsf nflu s;}n] s'g} :jf:gldflg;sf] ha/h:tl s/0fl u/]df jf ug{ nufpdf To:tf] ha/h:tl s/0fl ug]{ jf ug{ nufpg]n] ;f] :jf:gldflg;sf] ck'tfnl vfg kfpfb}g. r= Ifltk"lt{!= ck fs[lts d}y'g u/]df s;}n] s'g} gfafns;fu ck fs[lts d}y'g u/] u/fpdf To:tf] gfafnsnfo{ lghsf] pd]/ / p;nfo{ k'ug upsf] dsf{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/l cbfntn] ck fs[lts d}y'g ug]{af6 d'gfl;a dflkmssf] Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t e/fo{ lbg' k5{.

111 @= cgo cj:yfdf d'2fsf] k j[mlt s;}n] s'g} dlxnfnfo{ ha/h:tl s/0fl u/]sf] 7x/]df cbfntn] To:tf] dlxnfnfo{ epsf] zf/ll/s jf dfgl;s Iflt ljrf/ u/l d'gfl;a 7x/fP adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ s;"/bf/af6 e/fo{ lbg'kg]{5. To:tf] Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/0f ubf{ s;"/sf] ufdelo{tf, s;"/af6 kll8t JolQmsf] d[to' eo;s]sf] /x]5 eg] lghdf cfl>t gfafns 5f]/f5f]/L ep lghx?nfo{ kg{ upsf] kl8f ;d]t ljrf/ u/l lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{5. ha/h:tl s/0fl d'2f km};nf ubf{ ha/h:tl s/0fl 7x/ u/]sf]df ;f]xl km};nfdf s;"/bf/af6 e/fo{ lbg'kg]{ Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t pnn]v u/l ;DalGwt dlxnfnfo{ e/fo{ lbg'kg]{5. Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] k of]hgsf] nflu d'2f bfo/ ep nuq} cbfntn] cf/f]lkt JolQmsf] c+z nufotsf cgo ;DklQ /f]ssf /fvg' kb{5. ha/h:tl s/0fl ;DaGwL ck/fw Ps s7f]/ b08glo ck/fw xf]. o;n] dlxnfsf] k hgg clwsf/, cftd ;Ddfgsf] clwsf/, ue{jtl x'g] clwsf/, hlp Hofgsf] ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/nufotsf clwsf/x?nfo{ k ToIf jf ck ToIf?kdf pnnª\3g ul//x]sf] x'g5. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]g]{ xf] eg] of] ck/fw Non bailable offence sf]?kdf /x]sf] 5. cg';gwfg / txslsft of] ck/fwsf] cg';gwfg / txslsftsf] l;nl;nfdf kll8t :jf:gldflg;sf] aofg u/fpfbf dlxnf k x/l sd{rf/ln] u/fpg' kg]{5 / dlxnf k x/l sd{rf/l gepdf ;dfh;]jl dlxnfsf] /f]xj/df cgo k x/l sd{rf/ln] u/fpg ;Sg]5. agb Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfo{ ha/h:tl s/0fl d'2fsf] sf/afxl rnbf ;DalGwt sfg"g Joj;foL, cleo'qm, kll8t :jf:gldflg; / lghsf] ;+/Ifs tyf d'2f x]g{] clwsf/ln] cg'dlt lnpsf k x/l / cbfntsf sd{rf/ldfq Ohnf;df pkl:yt x'g ;Sg]5g\. If]qflwsf/ ck/fwsf] ;"rgf M ha/h:tl s/0fl ck/fw epsf] jf eo/x]sf] jf x'g nfu]sf] 5 egg] s'/f yfxf kfpg] JolQmn] tt;dagwl ck/fw af/] cfkm";fu epsf] jf cfkm"n] b]v] hfg];ddsf] ;a"t k df0f v'nfo{ oyfzl3 ;f] s'/fsf] lnlvt b/vf:t jf df}lvs ;"rgf ghlssf] k x/l sof{nodf lbg' kg]{5. ;DalGwt k x/l sd{rf/ln] ck/fwsf] :f"rgf btf{ ug{ OGsf/ u/]df ck/fwsf] ;"rgf ug]{ JolQmn] ;f] s'/f v'nfo{ ;DalGwt k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l jf To;/L ck/fwsf] ;"rgf btf{ ug'{kg]{ k x/l sfof{noegbf dflynnf] k x/l sfof{nodf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbg ;Sg]5. To;/L ;"rgf k fkt ug]{ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l jf k x/l sfof{nosf k x/l sd{rf/ln] ;f] s'/fsf] clen]v /fvl cfjzos lgb]{zg ;lxt lnlvt?kdf To:tf] ck/fwsf] ;"rgf cfjzos sf/afxlsf] nflu ;DalGwt k x/l sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5. cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/M ha/h:tl s/0fl d'2fsf] If]qflwsf/ ck/fw epsf] Onfsf sf] c8\8fdf x'g]5. xsb}of ha/h:tl s/0fl d'2f ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2f epsf] x'fbf hf];'s}n] u/] klg x'g5. xbdofb ha/h:tl s/0flsf] s'/fdf ;f] ep u/]sf] ldltn] k}tl; lbgleq gflnz glbp nfug ;Sb}g. dxîjk"0f{ ghl/x? -s_ -v_ -u_ æcsf]{ JolQm;Fu epsf] r'gfjsf] l/;ojl ;fwgsf nflu cfˆgf] 5f]/Lsf] ;lttj tyf OHht n'6\of] egl em'7f 36gfsf] l;h{gf u of] egg] s'/f cljzj;glo b]lvg]æ g]sfk -@)$@_, k[i7!%#. æha/h:tl s/0flsf] ck/fwdf kll8t dlxnfsf] egfonfo{ cgo k df0faf6 ;dly{t x'g} kg]{ / To:fnfO{ ljzj;glo jf cg'dfgsf]?kdf u x0f gu/l zª\sf / cljzjf;sf] b[li6n] x]/l k df0fsf] k f/ldes ef/ ;d]t lgh jf cleof]hgpk/ yf]kg]{ cjwf/0ffnfo{ Goflos?kn] ckgfpg' xfd f] ;fdflhs jftfj/0fdf x's{g] dlxnfsf] hljgrof{ cg's"n x'g] b]lvfb}g. KfLl8t dlxnfsf] egfonfo{ zª\sf / cljzjf;sf] b[li6n] x]g{ / To:t} lsl;dsf] k"j{fg'dfg ug{ Pjd\ lghsf] egfosf] ljzj;glotfnfo{ g} klxn] :yflkt ug{ nufpg' kll8t dlxnflj 4 cljzjf;sf] cg'dfg x'g hfg] x'g5.æ >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj= xl/nfn /f]sfof ;jf]{rr cbfnt lg= æ36gf kll8t JolQm hfx]/jfnln] k ltjfblx?n] ha/h:tl s/0fl u/]sf] xf] egl 36gfqmd;d]t pnn]v u/l sl6fgl;fy cbfntdf ;d]t pkl:yt eo{ jskq ul/lbpsf], ;f] jf/bft b]vg] / hfx]/jfnl;d]tsf] jsfo{af6 k ltjfblx? jf/bft:yndf /x]epsf] egg] b]lvg]== c:ktfn hffr, ;/hldg b]vg] JolQm tyf hfx]/jfnlsf] sl6fgl jskq;d]taf6 k ltjfblx?n] hfx]/jfnlnfo{ ha/h:tl s/0fl u/]sf] egg] cleof]u k'li6 epsf] b]lvg].æ k[=!$%. 101

112 102-3_ s/0fl epsf] eg]sf] ;dodf s/0flsf] cleo'qmn] cfkm" cgoq /x]sf] k dfl0ft ug'{ kg]{. k[i7 ^!. -8_ s/0fl u/]sf] l5kfpg g;sg] cj:yf k/l kl5 ha/h:tl s/0fl u/]sf] eg]sl eptf klg s/0fl ubf{ s/0fl u/fp/ a:g] :jf:gldflg;n] xnnf gu/l s/0fl ug]{n] eg] h:t} s;}nfo{ klg ;f] s'/f k s6 gugf{sf] ;fy} lgh :jf:gldflg;sf] cgo cª\udf 3fpvt gepdf === ha/h:tl s/0fl u/]sf] gb]lvg]. k[i7 ^@. -r_ ha/h:tl s/0fl epkl5 klg ;Fu} ;'t]sf] egl aofg u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvg cfpsf]n] To:tf] cj:yfdf ha/h:tl s/0fl 7x ofpg Gofosf] /f]xdf ldng] gb]lvg]. /]zdad dnn lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/ ;jf]{rr cbfnt lg= -5_ tnnf] tnfdf ;'lt/x]sl s]6lnfo{ dflynnf] tnfaf6 cfo{ p7fo{ ha/h:tl dflynnf] tnfdf nu]sf] ep Toxf lghx? alrdf ;ª\3if{ x'g] tyf?g] s/fpg] l:ylt x'g5. t/ 36gf:ynsf] ljj/0faf6 pqm 7fFpdf s'g} lsl;dsf] ;ª\3if{sf lrgxx? epsf] b]lvg cfpfb}g. === d'v y'gl?g s/fpg glbo{ nu]sf] egg] k"0f{s'df/lsf] syg /x]sf] 5}g. jf/bft epsf] cj:yfdf k"0f{s'df/lsf] pd]/!#.!$ jif{ hltsf] epsf] egg] b]lvg5. k ltjfblx?n] lghnfo{ h/h:tl s/0fl u/]sf] ep bunkm/n ubf{ lghsf] of]lg vtl epsf] x'g' kg]{df To:tf] s'g} vtl b]lvgg. ha/h:tl s/0fl epsf] k df0f lrgxx? z/l/sf] s'g} efudf b]vf k/]sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvfb}g. k[i7 %$#. -h_ lg0f{o ubf{ efjgfdf ju]/ xf]og sfg"gsf] cfwf/df x'g' kg]{. csf6\o k df0f jfbln] k]z ug{ ;Sg'kg]{, k :t't ljjfbdf To:tf] s'g} lsl;dsf] bzl ;a"t k df0f egfo;d]t kfopsf] 5}g. s]jn hfx]/lsf] egfonfo{ dfq k df0f cfwf/ agfpg ldng] xf]og. k[i7 &&(. -em_ k df0f sf] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf cleo'qmsf] s;"/ k dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ jfblsf] x'g]5 egg] sfg"gl Joj:yf u/]sf] ;Gbe{df k :t't d'2fdf jfbl kifn] zª\sf/lxt tj/n] cfˆgf] bfal k dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvpg. o:tf] cj:yfdf l;km{ zª\sfsf] cfwf/df dfq ha/h:tl s/0fl h:tf] udel/ k j[mltsf] km}fhbf/l ck/fwdf s;"/bf/ 7x ofpg kmf}hbf/l Gofozf:qsf] ljk/lt x'g]. >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj= ;'/z u'ktf cu jfn ;jf]{rr cbfnt -`_ kll8tsf] hfx]/l b/vf:tnfo{ lghn] cbfnt;dif cfo{ k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf] ;fifl tyf cgo JolQmx?sf] cbfntdf askq gepsf]n] s]jn zª\sfsf] e/df s;"/ sfod gx'g]. k[i7 *^. -6_ sfg"gdf gn]lvp klg clgtd km};nf epkl5 lhnnf cbfntn] cfkm}n] kll8t hfx]/jfnlnfo{ km};nfsf] hfgsf/l u/fo{ cbfnt cfkm}n] km};nf sfof{gjog u/l cfwf c+z lbnfo{ lbg' k5{ ta dfq kll8tn] cbfntaf6 Gofo kfpg ;S5. ha/h:tl s/0flsf]!) g++ nfo{ tftsfnlg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f!!-#_ / jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f!#-#_ sf] k ltagwftds jfsof+zsf] ;+/If0f k fkt Joj:yf dfgl cbfntn] clgtd km};nf x'gf;fy cfˆg} Initiative df km};nf sfof{gjo u/l cfwf ;DklQ lbnfo{ lbg' kg]{. k[i7 *%&. -7_ df}sfsf] z/l/ k/lif0faf6 kll8tsf] xfodg xnsf RofltPsf] (Torn) egg] pnn]v epsf] l:ylt x'fbf of]lgdf lnª\u k j]z ubf{ xfo{dg k"0f{?kdf kmf6]s} x'g'kg]{ egg] ts{ ug'{ d'gfl;a / :jf:yo ljlwzf:q cg's"n gx'g]. k[i7!!*$. -8_ ha/h:tl s/0fl x'gnfo{ jlo{ of]lgleq :vng eps} jf of]lgaflx/ b]lvps} x'g' kg]{ clgjfo{tf g/xfbf k ltjfbln] lnpsf] lhls/ tyo;ª\ut tyf sfg"g;ª\ut gb]lvg]. k[i7!@($. KfLl8tsf] jskq ubf{ lnª\u k;fpsf] egl jskq u/]klg Laboratory Examination df Spermatozoa gb]lvpsf], s/0fl epsf] oslg x'g] cgo 7f]; ;a"t /x]sf] gb]lvpsf]. Labia Mazora df 3if{0f;Dd epsf] tyf ljz]if1sf] k/lif0f k ltj]bgsf] lgisif{df ha/h:tl s/0fl ug{ vf]lhpsf] egg] pnn]v epsf] cj:yfaf6 kll8t pk/ ha/h:tl s/0flsf] jf/bft gb]lvo{ ;f]sf] pbf]u;dd epsf] b]lvg cfpg]. kll8t aflnsfn] k f/dedf u/]sf] sfuh / kl5 u/]sf] askqsf] cgt/j:t'sf cfwf/e"t s'/fx?df ;+ult b]lvpsf]n] jflnsfsf] jskqsf] k dfl0fs dxîjnfo{ uf}0f agfp/ d"nofíg ug'{ kg]{ gb]lvg]. afnaflnsfn] s'g} klg k Zgsf] kl/0ffd / k j[mlt /fd f];fu ga' g] u/l ul/psf] afn cd}qlk"0f{ k/dk/fut cbfntl k 0ffnL cg'?ksf] lh/xdf JoQm epsf] ;fgf] ltgf] s'/fnfo{ d"nf cfwf/ lng' eg]sf] cleo'qm pk/ s7f]/ kmf}hbf/l bflotj /xg] ha/h:tl s/0fl h:tf] ck/fw jf To;df klg ^ jif{sl cjf]w gfaflnsf dfly ul/psf] g[z+; / aa{/tfk"0f{ ck/fwaf6 ck/fwlnfo{ pgd'lqm lbg';/x x'g]. Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? ck/fwsf] ;"rgf M!= ck/fwsf] ;"rgf ghlssf] k x/l sfof{nodf ;s];dd rff8f] lbg' ck/fwaf6 kll8t epkzrft\ ;"rgf lbg' cuj} g'xfpg' x'fb}g. z/l/df nufpsf sk8fx? RofltPsf ep sk8fx? vf]nl ;'/lift /fvg' k5{. #= ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbfbf sl6fgl ;"rgf, ;a"t k df0fx?, b]lvhfgg] ;fiflx?, PsfGt :yfgdf ep ;f]sf] ljj/0f cflb ;lxtsf] oyfy{ ljj/0f, ck/flw;fusf] k"j{ lrghfg ep gepsf] cflb ljj/0f ;d]t pnn]v u/l ;"rgf lbg' kg]{.

113 ck/fwsf] cg';gwfg M!= ck/fwsf] :f"rgf k fkt x'gf;fy ;"rgfsf] ;Totf ljrf/ ug]{ / kll8t, tyf 36gf:ynsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ ck/fwaf6 kll8tnfo{ s'g} ;kmf ;]tf] sfuhdfly pleg nufo{ n'ufx? 6s6sfpg nufpg] h;n] ubf{ u'ktfª\usf /f}+x? (Pubic hairs) ;ª\sng ug{ d2t k'ub5. #= kll8tsf sk8f tyf sk8fdf nfu]sf bfu tyf /utsf 6f6fx?, ;ª\sng epsf /f}x? tyf cgo ef}lts k df0fx? k/lif0f ug{sf] nflu ljl3 lj1fg k of]u zfnfdf k7fpg' kb{5. $= kll8tnfo{ oyfzl3 z/l/ k/lif0fsf] nflu :j:yo s]gb tyf c:ktfnx?df n}hfg' kb{5. %= cleo'qm ttsfn kqmfp epdf lghnfo{ ;j{k yd :jf:yo tyf z/l/ k/lif0fsf] nflu :jf:yo s]gb n}hfg' kb{5. :Jf:Yo s]gb jf c:ktfn n}hfg' cufl8 kll8tnfo{ h:t} u/l z/l/df /x]sf ef}lts k df0fx?sf] ;ª\sng ug'{ kb{5. ^= cleo'qmsf] lnª\u jf ;f] jl/k/l of]lg/;x? k fkt x'g ;Sg] / lnª\usf] 5fnf v'o{lnpsf] x'g ;Sg] h:tf s'/fx? :jf:yo k/lif0fdf pnn]v x'g' kg]{. &= cle'qmsf] u'ktfª\u k/lif0f ubf{ k fkt epsf /f}+, bfux?, tyf cgo ef}lts k df0fx? gª cflbdf x]/l k fkt k df0fx?nfo{ pqm /f}+x?, bfu tyf gªdf k fkt epsf ef}lts j:t'x? kll8tsf] xf] jf xf]og egl gd"gf ;lxt ljlwlj1fg k of]uzfnfdf k7fpg' kb{5. *= kll8tsf] aofg lnfbf d'n'sl P]g ha/h:tl s/0flsf] dxnsf]!) s g+= adf]lhd kll8t dlxnf k x/l sd{rf/ln] u/fpg' kg]{5 / dlxnf k x/l sd{rf/l gepdf ;dfh;]jl dlxnfsf] /f]xj/df cgo k x/l sd{rf/ln] u/fpg ;Sg]5. cleof]hg / k lt/iff M ha/h:tl s/0fl ck/fw k flrg (Traditional) ck/fw epsf] eptf klg of] ck/fw ljz'4 j}1flgs k df0fdf lge{/ ug]{ ck/fw xf]. ;xl k lqmofaf6 ;ª\sng epsf] k df0fx?sf] dfwodåf/f ck/fw k dfl0ft ug{ jf ;kmfo{ lbnfpg d2t ub{5. h;/l u0fltdf! +! x'g5 To;/L g} of] ck/fwdf klg of}g ;dfud (Sexual Intercourse) + kll8tsf] gfdgh'/l (Absence of Consent) n] ck/fw k dfl0ft u/]sf] x'g5. of}lgs ;dfudg epsf] xf] jf xf]og egl oslg ug{sf nflu kll8tsf] :jf:yo k/lif0f u/]sf] / 8fS6/sf] /fo, of]lgdf k'ug upsf] Iflt, 3fp, sgofhfnl km'6]sf], of]lg 3if{0fx?sf] lrgx km]nf k/]sf] cflb tyox?n] k dfl0ft ub{5 eg] of}lgs ;dfudg cleo'qmn] g} u/]sf] xf] jf xf]og egl oslg ug{ kll8tsf] z/l/ k/lif0f ubf{ km]nf k/]sf u'ktfª\usf /f}+x?, z'qmsl6sf bfux? /ut, kll8tsf] z/l/df sf]tf/]sf gª\sf] lrgxx?, cleo'qmsf] z/l/ k/lif0f ubf{ km]nf k/]sf ef}lts k df0fx? -of]lg/;, skfn, n'uf sk8fdf nfu]sf] bfux?, gª\_ k/lif0f ubf{ cleo'qmsf] Sample ;Fu ldng hfg5 eg] ;dfudg cleo'qmn] g} u/]sf] s'/f k dfl0ft x'g5. t/ of}lgs ;dfudg ep/ dfq ha/h:tl s/0fl gx'g] x'fbf pqm s/0fldf kll8tsf] dgh'/l lyof] jf lypg egl x]g'{kg]{ x'g5. ;f] k dfl0ft ug{sf nflu 36gf:ynsf] k j[mlt, ljutsf] ;DaGw, of]lgs ;dfudgsf nflu zlqm k of]u, k lt/iff lrgxx? (Struggle Marks) cflb tyf ;'lghffgg] tyf b]lvhfgg] k df0fn] dxîjk"0f{ :yfg lnpsf] kfog5. sltko cj:yfdf kll8t tyf ;fiflx? Hostile x'g] ;Defjgf epsf] x'fbf To;tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg h?/l 5. k x/ldf sl6fgl hfx]/l lbg] / aofg ug]{ kll8t g} cbfntdf pkl:yt eo{ km/s aofg ug]{ jf pkl:yt g} gx'gfn] d'2fdf tfltjs c;/ kg{ ;Sb5. To;sf/0f pko'{qm of]lgs ;dfudg / kll8tsf] gfdgh'/l k dfl0ft epdf d'2fdf kll8tsf] cbfntdf epsf] aofgn] vf;} dxîj ;d]t g/fvg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug'{ h?/l klg x'g cfpf5. To:t} cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ep nuq} ttsfn cleo'qmsf] ;DklQ /f]ssfsf] nflu cbfntnfo{ cg'/f]w ul/g' kb{5. 103

114 hlp df:g] a]rg] ck/fw Trafficking of Women and Children kl/ro hlp df:g] a]rg];dagwl jf dfgj a]r lavg tyf cf];f/ k;f/;dagwl ck/fw cfh ljzjsf] k d'v ;d:ofsf]?kdf /x]sf] 5. vf;u/l cljsl;t /fi6«x?n] ljsl;t / ljsf;f]gd'v /fi6«x?af6 ljlegg k of]hgsf] nflu dfgj t:s/l u/l kz';/x v/lb laqml ul/g] ul/g5. o:tf] dfgj a]r lavgn] ubf{ ;dfhdf ljrng NofO/x]sf] x'g5. o;} tyonfo{ dgg u/l bh{gf} cgt/f{li6«o sfg"gx? tyf 3f]if0ff kqx?n] h'g ;'s} p2]zon] epklg o:tf] k sf/sf] dfgj a]r lavg sfo{nfo{ lgif]w ug]{ Joj:yfx? ul/p. vf; u/l Slavery Convention, 1926, Convention for Supression of Trafficking and the Exploitation of Prostitutes and others, 1959, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination against Women, 1979, Convention on Child Rights, 1989, Protocol to Prevent, Supress and Punish Trafficking in Person, Specially Women and Children, Supplimenting the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2000 / If]qLo:t/df SAARC Convention on Prevention and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution, 2002 nufotsf bh{gf} cgt/fli6«o b:tfj]hx?n] of] ck/fwnfo{ lgif]w u/]sf] 5. /fli6«o :t/df g]kfndf k flrg ;dodf dfgj a]r lavg;dagwl ck/fw vf; u/l 5f]/f 5f]/L tyf >LdtL cfdfafa' tyf nf]ug]sf] ;DklQ dflgg] epsf]n] o:tf] sfo{nfo{ lgif]lwt?kdf lnopsf] lypg. jt{dfg ;dodf klg sltko k yf k/dk/fsf] cf8df s'g} g s'}g?kfdf dfgj v/lb laqmlsf] sfo{ xfd f] ;dfhdf kfpg ;lsg5. ef/t;fu g]kfnsf] v'nnf l;dfgf, kof{kt /f]huf/lsf] cj;/sf] cefj, ul/al cflb sf/0fx?n] ubf{ afa'cfdf ;+/Ifs gepsf / hf]lvddf k/]sf dlxnf afnaflnsfx? a]r lavg eo/x]sf 5g\. g]kfnsf] k yd lnlvt sfg"g dflgg] d'n'sl P]g!(!) n] dfgj a]r lavg ug]{ sfo{nfo{ /f]s nufpsf] lyof]. ttsfnlg k wfgdgql rgb zdz]/sf] kfnfdf cyf{t\!(*@ a}+zfv! ut] g]kfndf bfz k yf pgd"ng ug]{ 3f]if0ff ;d]t epsf] lyof]. To:t} u/l d'n'sl hf/l epkzrft\ pqm P]gdf 5' } dxn g} v8f u/l HfLp df:g] a]rg]sf] dxn cgtu{t hlpdf:g] a]rg] ck/fwnfo{ sfg"gl?kdf b08glo ck/fw dflgpsf] 5. o;sf cnfjf, hlpdf:g] a]rg] sfo{ -lgogq0f_ lgdf{0f u/l of] ck/fwnfo{ ljif]z ck/fwsf]?kdf jul{s/0f u/]sf] lyof]. xfn pqm P]gnfO{ vf/]h u/l goff dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgogq0f_ xfn;fn} cfpsf] 5. of] P]gsf] k f/de kzrft\ of] ck/fwnfo{ b'o{ 5' f 5' } P]gn] lgoldt u/l cleof]hgstf{sf] :jljj]sdf 5f]8]sf] kfog5. s= kl/efiff dfgj a]r lavg eggfn] s'g} klg p2]zon] dflg; a]rg] jf lsgg], s'g} k sf/sf] kmfobf lno{ jf glno{ j]zofj[lqdf nufpg], k rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s cª\u lesg] / j]zofudg ug]{ sfo{ u/]df dfgj a]r lavg u/]sf] dflgg]5. dfgj cf];f/k;f/ eggfn] lsgg] jf a]rg] p2]zon] dflg;nfo{ ljb]zdf n}hfg], j]zofj[lqdf nufpg] jf zf]if0f ug]{ p2]zon] s'g} k sf/n] nnfo{ kmsfo{, k nf]egdf kf/l em'sofo{, hfn;fh u/l, k k~r ldnfo{ ha/h:tl u/l, s/sfkdf kf/l, ckx/0f u/l, z/l/ agws /fvl gfh"s l:yltsf] kmfobf lno{, a]xf]; kf/l, kb jf zlqmsf] b'?kof]u u/l, cleefjs jf ;+/IfsnfO{ k nf]egdf kf/l, 8/, qf;, wfs, wdsl lbo{ jf s/sfkdf kf/l s;}nfo{ al;/x]sf] 3/, :yfg jf JolQmaf6 5'6fO{ nug] jf cfkm";fu /fvg] jf cfˆgf] lgofgq0fdf lng] jf s'g} :yfgdf /fvg] jf g]kfnleqsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF jf ljb]zdf n}hfg] jf c? s;}nfo{ lbg] sfo{ ;d]tnfo{ a'emfpf5. s;}n] s'g} dflg;nfo{ laqml ug]{ p2]zon] nnfo{ kmsfo{ g]kfn ;/xb aflx/ n}hfg jf nul laqml ug{ x'fb}g. v= hlp df:g] a]rg] ck/fw;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf M!= ck/fwsf] ;"rgf / cg';gwfg M hlp df:g] a]rg] ck/fw jf dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf] ck/fw epdf s;"/ u/]sf], ul//x]sf] jf ug{ nfu]sf] yfxf kfpg] h'g;'s} JolQmn] ghlssf] k x/l sfof{nodf ph'/ ug{ ;Sg]5. s;"/ dflgg] s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] jf ug{ nfu]sf] 5 egg] s'/fsf] ;"rgf s;}n] lbpsf] cfwf/df s;}nfo{ p4f/ ul/pdf jf To:tf] sfo{df ;+nug JolQm kqmp k/]df To:tf] ;"rgf lbg] JolQmnfO{ s;"/bf/af6 epsf] hl/jfgfsf] b; k ltzt a/fa/sf] /sd k'/:sf/ :j?k k'g:yf{kgf sf]ifaf6 k bfg ul/g5. ;"rgf lbg] JolQm Ps hgfegbf a9l epdf lghx?nfo{ To:tf] /sd bfdf;fxlsf] b/n] lbog]5. To;/L ;"rgf lbg] JolQm, ;'/fslsf] gfd 7]ufgf / lghaf6 k fkt ;"rgfsf] ljj/0f uf]ko /fvg'kg]{5.!=! jlxif]{lqo If]qflwsf/ hlp df:g] a]rg] jf dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ;DaGwL ck/fw g]kfn aflx/ a;l g]kfnl gful/s lj?4 u/]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ ;d]t dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ;DaGwL adf]lhd b08 ;hfo x'g5.

115 ph'/jfnfsf] gfdsf] uf]kotf hlpdf:g] a]rg] jf dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf] ck/w u/]sf], ul//x]sf] jf ug{ nfu]sf] s'/fsf] ph'/l ug]{ JolQmn] cfˆgf] gfd uf]ko /flvlbg lnlvt cg'/f]w u/]df ph'/ btf{ ug]{ k x/l sfof{non] lghsf] gfd uf]ko /fvg' kg]{5.!=# aofg k dfl0ft M ck/fwsf] ;"rgf ug]{ JolQm kll8t cfkm} epdf ;DalGwt k x/l sof{non] lghsf] ttsfn aofg u/fo{ To:tf] aofg k dfl0ft u/fpgsf] nflu t'?gt ghlssf] lhnnf cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{5. aofg k dfl0ft u/fpg NofPdf ;DalGwt lhnnf cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] s;"/sf] d'2f gkg]{ eptf klg To:tf] lhnnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzn] aofg k9l jfrl ;'gfo{ lghn] eg]adf]lhd n]lvpsf] ep ;f]xl Joxf]/f / km/s ep ;f] Joxf]/f pnn]v u/l k dfl0ft ul/lbg' kg]{5. o;/l aofg k dfl0ft ul/psf]df To:tf] kll8t d'2fsf] sf/afxlsf] l;nl;nfdf cbfntdf pkl:yt gep klg To:tf] aofg cbfntn] k df0fdf lng ;Sg]5.!=$ cleo'qm kqmfp / vfgtnf;l ;DaGwdf cg';gwfg clws[tsf] clwsf/ hlp df:g] a]rg] jf dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ;DaGwL ck/fw dflgg] s'g} sfo{ s'g} 3/ huuf :yfg jf ;jf/l ;fwgdf epsf] jf eo{ /x]sf] jf x'g nfu]sf] hfgsf/l kfo{ t'?gt sf/afxl gu/]df s;"/bf/ efug] pdsg] jf To:tf] s;"/;fu ;DalGwt s'g} k df0f nf]k jf gi6 x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvpdf k rlnt sfg"gdf h'gs;'s} s'/f n]lvpsf] ep tfklg sdtldf k x/l ;xfos lg/lifs :t/sf] k x/l sd{rf/ln] krf{ v8f u/l h'g;'s} avt b]xfosf] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5. s_ To:tf] 3/ huuf :yfg jf ;jf/l ;fwgdf k j]z ug{, vfgtnf;l lng jf cfˆgf] sahfdf /fvg. v_ To:tf] sfo{ ug{ nfubf s;}n] afwf lj/f]w u/]df cfjzostf cg';f/ ofn, 9f]sf vf]nl jf kmf]/l cfjzos sf/afxl ug{. u_ To:tf] sfo{ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ljgf kqmfp k'hl{ lu/ˆtf/ ug{ jf lghsf] vfgtnf;l lng. 3_ To:tf] 3/ huuf :yfg jf ;jf/l ;fwgdf e]l6psf ;a} b;l, k df0f a/fdb ug{ jf sahfdf lng. plnnlvt sfo{ ubf{ k x/l sd{rf/ln] ;Dej ep;dd :yfglo lgsfosf k ltlglw;d]t / ;Dej gep To; ;dodf pkl:yt JolQmx?sf] /f]xj/df ug'{ kg]{5 / ;f]sf] d'r'nsf tof/ u/l ;f]sf] k ltlnkl ;DalGwt 3/ huuf jf ;jf/l ;fwg wglnfo{ d'2fsf] @=% ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2f dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ dflgg] d'2f ;/sf/jfbl x'g]5. / of] d'2f ;/sf/l d'2f ;DaGwL sf] cg';"rl! df ;dfj]z epsf] d'2f xf]. y'gfdf a;l d'2fsf] k'k{if ug'{ kg]{ dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ dflgg] P]gsf] bkmf $ -3_ cyf{t j]zofudgsf] s;"/df y'gfdf /fvl k'k{if ug'{ kb}{g t/ ;f] afx]s dfgj a]rlavgsf cgo s;"/x?df cbfntn] k'k{ifsf] nflu y'gfdf /fvl sf/afxl ug'{kg]{5. k df0fsf] ef/ (Burden of Proof) cleo'qmdf x'g] dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/;dagwl s;"/ u/]sf] cleof]u nfu]sf]df ;f] s;"/ cfkm"n] u/]sf] 5}g egg] s'/fsf] k df0f cleo'qm :jo+n] g} k' ofpg' kg]{5. kll8tn] sfg"g Joj:ffoL tyf bf]ef;] /fvg kfpg] d'2fsf] ;'g'jfo{sf] qmddf cbfntdf kll8tn] 5' } sfg"g Joj;foL dfkm{t cfˆgf] k ltlgwtj u/fpg rfx]df lghn] To:tf] sfg"g Joj;foL /fvg tyf d'2fsf] sfd sf/afxldf k of]u x'g] efiff kll8tn] ga'em\g] epdf ;DalGwt c8\8f cbfntsf] cg'dlt lno{ lghn] bf]efif] jf cg'jfbs /fvg ;Sg]5. agb Ohnf; hlp df:g]a]rg] jf dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf] s;"/;dagwl d'2fsf] sf/afxl tyf ;'g'jfo{ agb Ohnf;df ul/g]5. agb Ohnf;df sf/afxl tyf ;'g'jfo{ x'fbf d'2fsf kif, ljkif, lghx?sf sfg"g Joj;foL / cbfntn] cg'dlt lbpsf JolQm dfq k j]z ug{ ;Sg]5g\. #= p4f/, k'g:yf{kgf / k'gld{ng #=! p4f/ s'g} g]kfnl gful/s ljb]zdf a]lrpsf] /x]5 eg] lghsf] p4f/ ug]{ Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug]{5. 105

116 k'g:yf{kgf / k'gld{ng hlp df:g] a]rg] jf dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ;DaGwL ck/fwaf6 kll8tnfo{ k'ug upsf] zf/ll/s jf dfgl;s Ifltsf] pkrf/ u/fpg, ;fdflhs?kdf k'g:yf{kgf ug{ / kfl/jfl/s k'gld{ng u/fpgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f :yflkt k'g:yf{kgf s]gb df k7fpg' kg]{5. o:tf] k'g:yf{kgfs]gb sf] cg'udg g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug]{ 5. o:tf s]gb df kll8tnfo{ k7fo;s]kl5 lghx?nfo{ k'ug upsf] zf/ll/s tyf dfgl;s Ifltsf] pkrf/ u/l ;dfhdf k'g:yf{kgf tyf kfl/jfl/s k'gld{ng ug]{ Joj:yf k'g:yf{kgf s]gb n] ug'{ kg]{ $= b08 ;hfo tyf Ifltk"lt{ $=! b08 ;hfo s_ dflg; lsgg] jf a]rg]nfo{ al; jif{ s}b / b'o{ nfv?k}off hl/jfgf x'g5. v_ s'g} k sf/sf] kmfobf lno{ jf glno{ j]zofj[lqdf nufpg]nfo{ s;"/sf] dfqfcg';f/ bz jif{b]lv kgw jif{;dd s}b / krf; xhf/?k}offb]lv Ps nfv?k}off;dd hl/jfgf x'g5. u_ k rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s dflg;sf] cª\u lemsg]nfo{ bz jif{ s}b / b'o{ nfv?k}offb]lv kffr nfv?k}off;dd hl/jfgf x'g5. 3_ j]zofudg ug]{nfo{ Ps dxlgfb]lv tlg dxlgf;dd s}b / b'o{ xhf/?k}offb]lv kffr xhf/?k}off;dd hl/jfgf x'g5. ª_ lsgg, a]rg jf j]zofj[lqdf nufpg] p2]zon] dflg;nfo{ M!= ljb]z n}hfg]nfo{ bz jif{b]lv kgw jif{;dd s}b / krf; xhf/?k}offb]lv Psnfv?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf / afnaflnsf nu]sf] ep kgw jif{b]lv al; jif{;dd s}b / Ps nfv?k}offb]lv b'o{ Nffv?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf g]kfnleqsf] Ps 7fFpaf6 csf]{7ffpdf n}hfg]nfo{ bz jif{ s}b / krf; xhf/?k}offb]lv Psnfv?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf / afnaflnsf nu]sf] ep bz jif{b]lv afx«jif{;dd s}b / Ps nfv?k}off hl/jfgf x'g5. r_ zf]if0f ug]{ p2]zon] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 v_ adf]lhd g]kfnleqsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf n}hfg]nfo{ Ps jif{b]lv b'o{ jif{;dd s}b / ljb]z nu]sf] ep b'o{ jif{b]lv kffr jif{;dd s}b x'g5. 5_ v08 -ª_ / -r_ df n]lvpb]lv afx]s bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -v_adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ug]{nfo{ ;ft jif{b]lv bz jif{;dd s}b x'g5. h_ dfgj a]rlavg jf cf];f/k;f/sf] s;"/ ug{ b'?t;fxg, if8ogq jf pbf]u ug]{nfo{ jf ;f] s;"/sf] dltof/nfo{ s;"/ ubf{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g5. 5' f5' } ;hfo x'g] M s_ v_ u_ yk ;hfo M lsgg] a]rg] JolQm / s'g} k sf/sf] kmfobf lno{ jf glno{ j]zofj[lqdf nufpg] JolQm Pp6} epdf lghnfo{ lsg] jf a]r]jfkt / s'g} k sf/sf] kmfobf lno{ jf glno{ j]zofj[lqdf nufpjfkt 5' f5' } ;hfo x'g5. lsgg] a]rg] jf s'g} k sf/sf] kmfobf lno{ jf glno{ j]zofj[lqdf nufpg] / bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ug]{ JolQm Pp6} epdf lghnfo{ lsg] jf a]r]jfkt / To:tf] s;"/ u/]afkt 5' f5' } ;hfo x'g5. v08 -v_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvpsf] eptf klg bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 v_ adf]lhd 5'6fO{ n}hfg] / lsgg], a]rg] jf s'g} k sf/sf] kmfobf lno{ jf glno{ j]zofj[lqdf nufpg] p2]zon] ljb]z jf g]kfnleqsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf n}hfg] JolQm Pp6} epdf To;/L 5'6fO{ nu]sf] / ljb]z jf g]kfnleqsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf nu]afkt 5' f5' } ;hfo x'g5. s_ dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ;DaGWfL s;"/ s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] u/]sf] epdf lghnfo{ ;f] s;"/ u/]afkt x'g] ;hfosf] cltl/qm ;f] ;hfosf] krrl; k ltzt yk ;hfo x'g]5. v_ dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ;DaGWfL s;"/ cfˆgf] ;+/If0fdf jf cleefjstjdf /x]sf] jf d'n'sl P]gsf] xf8gftf s/0flsf] dxnadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] JolQmsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] lghnfo{ o; P]gdf n]lvpsf] ;hfosf] cltl/qm ;f] ;hfosf] bz k ltzt yk ;hfo x'g]5. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ;DaGWfL s;"/ s;}n] k'gm u/]df k To]s k6s s;"/ u/]afkt ;f] s;"/ u/]df x'g] ;hfosf] Ps rf}yfo{ yk ;hfo x'g]5. ph'/stf{nfo{ ;hfo M ph'/ ug]{ JolQmn] cfkm"n] Psk6s lbpsf] aofg ljk/lt x'g] u/l d'2fsf] k'k{ifsf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} aofg lbpdf jf cbfntn] af]nfpsf] ;dodf pkl:yt gepdf jf cbfntnfo{ ;xof]u gu/]df lghnfo{ tlg dxlgfb]lv Ps jif{;dd s}b x'g]5.

117 afwf lj/f]w ug]{nfo{ ;hfo M dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ;DaGwL s;"/sf] cg';gwfg tyf txslsft;dagwl sfd sf/afxldf afwf lj/f]w u/]df lghnfo{ bz xhf/?k}off;dd hl/jfgf x'g]5. ;hfo gx'g] M cfkm"nfo{ lsgg, a]rg jf j]zofj[lqdf nufpg nfu]sf] jf nu]sf] jf lsg]sf] jf a]r]sf] jf j]zofj[lqdf nufpsf] yfxf kfo{ jf ljzjf; ug'{kg]{ d'gfl;a cfwf/ eo{ lghn] s'g} 7fpFaf6 pdsg, efug d2t dfubf d2t k fkt gepsf] / pdsg efug vf]hbf s;}n] afwf lj/f]w u/]df jf /f]s]df jf kqm]df jf hf]/h'n'd u/]df an k of]u gu/l To:tf] afwf lj/f]w jf hf]/h'n'daf6 jf kqmfpaf6 efug pdsg ;lsfb}g egg] s'/fdf ljzj:t eo{ lghn] s'g} sfo{ ubf{ To:tf] afwf lj/f]w ug]{, kqmg] jf hf]/h'n'd ug]{ JolQmsf] Hofg updf jf lghnfo{ s'g} k sf/sf] rf]6k6s nfug updf k rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvpsf] ep tfklg To:tf] JolQmnfO{ s'g} k sf/sf] ;hfo x'g] 5}g. ;DklQ hkmt hlp df:g] a]rg] jf dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ;DaGwL s;"/af6 s'g} rn crn ;DklQ k fkt u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] ;DklQ hkmt x'g]5 / s;}n] s;"/ dflgg] sfo{ ug{ jf u/fpgsf] nflu cfˆgf] 3/, huuf jf ;jf/l ;fwg hfgl hfgl k of]u u/]sf] jf k of]u ug{ lbpsf] k dfl0ft epdf To;tf] 3/, huuf jf ;jf/l ;fwg ;d]t hkmt x'g5. ;hfodf 5'6 s;"/ u/]sf] egl cleof]u nfu]sf] s'g} cleo'qmn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] s;"/ :jlsf/ u/l ;f] s;"/sf ;DaGwdf k df0f h'6fpg, cgo cleo'qm jf To;sf] lu/f]x jf dltof/nfo{ kqmfp ug{ k x/l, ;/sf/l jsln jf cbfntnfo{ ;3fp k' ofpsf] / lghn] klxnf] k6s s;"/ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] s;"/df cbfntn] ;hfo tf]sbf lghnfo{ x'g] ;hfosf] a9ldf krrl; k ltzt;dd ;hfo 5'6 lbg ;Sg]5. t/ lghn] u/]sf] ;xof]u cgo ;a"t k df0faf6 k dfl0ft gepdf jf lghn] k x/l jf ;/sf/l jslnnfo{ u/]sf] ;xof]u k lts"n x'g] u/l cbfnt;dif aofg lbpdf lghpk/ k'gm d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;lsg]5. t/ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf ;hfosf] dfubfaldf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] 5}g. s_ d'vo cleo'qmnfo{ ;hfosf] dfu bfal 5'6 lbg, v_ afnaflnsf a]rlavg jf cf];f/k;f/ u/]sf]df, u_ Psk6s ;hfo 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfo;s]sf]. g}lts ktg b]lvg] ck/fw M hlp df:g] a]rg] jf dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ;DaGwL s;"/ u/]sf] d'2f cbfntdf bfo/ ubf{sf] avt ;DalGwt ;/sf/l jslnn] cleo'qmn] g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/l ck/fw u/]sf] xf] egl bfal lng ;Sg]5. d'n'sl P]g hlp df:g] a]rg]sf] dxnadf]lhd ;hfo ljb]z a]rg nu]sf]df a]rg gkfpfb} kqmfp ep a]rg n}hfg]nfo{ bz jif{ / a]lr;s]sf] ep al; jif{ s}b x'g5. lsgg] dflg; g]kfn ;/xbleq km]nf k/] lghnfo{ ;d]t a]rg]nfo{ x'g] ;/xsf] ;hfo x'g5. gfafns jf duh lau ]sf]nfo{ ;+/Ifssf] dgh'/l lagf nu]df M s;}n] ;f]x«jif{ gk'u]sf gfafnsnfo{ jf s'g} pd]/sf] ep klg duh lau ]sf dflg;nfo{ ;+/Ifssf] dgh'/l a]u/ p;sf] ;+/IfsTjaf6 5'6fPdf jf nnfp kmsfpdf ;f] ug]{nfo{ kffr;o?k}off;dd hl/jfgf jf tlg jif{;dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g5. sdf/fsdf/l, bf;, affwf agfpdf M sdf/fsdf/l, bf;, affwf agfpg] JolQmnfO{ tlg jif{b]lv bz jif{;dd s}b x'g5 / cbfntn] To:tf] s;"/bf/af6 ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ d'gfl;a Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t e/folbg ;Sg]5. dltof/nfo{ ;hfo M s;"/ ug{df hfgl hfgl d2t lbg]nfo{ d'vo cleo'qmnfo{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g5. y}nl e'; x'g] M dflg; a]r] lsg]sf]df lsgg]sf] y}nl e'; u/fo{ a]rg]nfo{ x'g] ;hfodf yk ;f] y}nladf]lhd hl/jfgf ;d]t ug'{ kb{5. $=@ Ifltk"lt{ cfbfntn] s;"/bf/nfo{ epsf] hl/jfgfsf] krf; k ltzt a/fa/sf] /sddf g36\g] u/l lghaf6 kll8tnfo{ d'gfl;a dflkmssf] Ifltk"lt{ e/fo{ lbg'kg]{5. ;f]adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ gkfpfb} kll8tsf] d[to' epdf To:tf] /sd tf]lspadf]lhd lghsf] gfafns 5f]/f 107

118 5f]/LnfO{ / To:tf 5f]/f5f]/L gep lghdf cfl>t afa'cfdfnfo{ lbog]5. kll8tsf] gfafns 5f]/f5f]/L / cfl>t afa'cfdf gep To:tf] /sd k'g:yf{kgf sf]ifdf hddf x'g5. %= uf]kglotf tyf ;fiflsf] ;'/Iff xbdofb %=! uf]kglotf %=@ s;}n] klg kll8tsf] :jls[lt glno{ lghsf] jf:tljs gfd, t:jl/ / lghsf] rl/qdf k lts"n x'g] s'g} ljj/0f kqklqsfdf 5fKg jf cgo ;~rf/dfwodaf6 k rf/ k ;f/ ug{ x'fb}g. gfd, t:jl/, ljj/0f 5fKg] jf k rf/k ;f/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ bz xhf/?k}offb]lv krrl; xhf/?k}off;dd hl/jfgf x'g]5. ;fiflsf] ;'/Iff ph'/ ug]{ JolQmn] cfkm"n] k x/ldf ph'/ u/]sf] sf/0f jf c8\8f cbfntdf aofg jf ;fiflsf]?kdf u/]sf] askqsf] cfwf/df s'g} k ltzf]wftds sf/afxldf kg{ ;Sg] d'gfl;a sf/0f b]vfo{ ;'/Iffsf] nflu ghlssf] k x/l sfof{nodf cg'/f]w u/]df To:tf] k x/l sfof{non] lghnfo{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf] s'g} jf ;a} Joj:yf ul/lbg' kg]{5. s_ d'2fsf] sf/afxlsf] l;nl;nfdf c8\8f cbfntdf cfpfbf hffbf ;'/Iff lbg], v_ lglzrt cjlw;dd k x/l ;'/Iffdf /fvg] jf /fvg nufpg], u_ k'g:yf{kgf s]gb df /fvg]. hlp df:g]a]rg] jf dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/ k;f/ ;DaGwL ck/fw u/]sf] ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf sfg"gdf xbdofb pnn]v gepsf] x'fbf o; ;DaGwdf d'n'sl P]g cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] dxnsf] #^ g+= cfslif{t x'g5. pqm gda/ cg';f/ P]gdf xbdofb gn]lvpsf] s'/fdf hlxn] ;'s} gflnz lbp klg nfug ;S5. xsb}of ha/h:tl s/0fl d'2f ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2f epsf] x'fbf hf];'s}n] u/] klg x'g5. If]qflwsf/ ck/fwsf] ;"rgfsf] If]qflwsf/ M dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ck/fw epsf] jf eo/x]sf] jf x'g nfu]sf] 5 egg] s'/f yfxf kfpg] JolQmn] tt;dagwl ck/fwaf/] cfkm";fu epsf] jf cfkm"n] b]v]hfg];ddsf] ;a"t k df0f v'nfo{ oyfzl3 ;f] s'/fsf] lnlvt b/vf:t jf df}lvs ;"rgf ghlssf] k x/l sof{nodf lbg' kg]{5. ;DalGwt k x/l sd{rf/ln] ck/fwsf] :f"rgf btf{ ug{ OGsf/ u/]df ck/fwsf] ;"rgf ug]{ JolQmn] ;f] s'/f v'nfo{ ;DalGwt k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l jf To;/L ck/fwsf] ;"rgf btf{ ug'{kg]{ k x/l sfof{noegbf dflynnf] k x/l sfof{nodf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbg ;Sg]5. To;/L ;"rgf k fkt ug]{ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l jf k x/l sfof{nosf k x/l sd{rf/ln] ;f] s'/fsf] clen]v /fvl cfjzos lgb]{zg;lxt lnlvt?kdf To:tf] ck/fwsf] ;"rgf cfjzos sf/afxlsf] nflu ;DalGwt k x/l sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5. cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ d'2fsf] If]qflwsf/ ck/fw epsf] Onfsfsf] c8\8fdf x'g]5. dxîjk"0f{ ghl/x? hfx]/jfnlsf] hfx]/l / cbfntdf u/]sf] askq x]bf{ d]/f] dgh'/l lagf wgdfn vf];l 6\ofS;Ldf /fvl ef/tsf] la/fgf] 7fFpdf k' ofo{ xf]6ndf /fvl ;Dk"0f{ wgdfn lno{ eful up. d]/f] wgdfn ha/h:tl rf]/l u/l dnfo{ ljb]zdf nul laqml ug]{ lgot u/]sfn] sf/afxl u/l kfpmf egg] ;d]t pnn]v 5. laqml ug]{ lgotn] ljb]zdf nu]sf] egg] 5. t/ hfx]/jfnlnfo{ laqml u/]sf] egg] b]lvfb}g. laqml ug{ gkfpfb} cleo'qmx? kqmfp k/]sf] klg b]lvgg. wgdfn lno{ xf]6ndf 5f8L upsf] egg] dfq ldl;naf6 b]lvg5. o:tf] cj:yfdf k x/l k ltj]bg bfal cg';f/ cleo'qmx?n] hlp df:g] a]rg]sf]! g+= sf] s;"/ u/]sf] egg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g. lbndfof u'?ª\usf] hfx]/ln] >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj 4 s'df/ ljzjsdf{ ;d]t ;jf]{rr cbfnt lg= ut]. hfx]/jfnl k"mndfofn] cbfnt ;dif askq ubf{ bf]h]{ / dfgaxfb'/n] sfgk'/df nu]sf x'g\. ef/tlo k x/lsf] ;xfotfaf6 sf]7laf6 pdsl g]kfn cfpsl x'f egg] ;d]t hf/l ldnfgsf] askq u/]sf] b]lvg5. o;/l k ltjfbl dfgjxfb'/ tfdfª\u, bf]h]{ nfdf, dfonl tfdfëgl ;d]tn] k x/l / cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg kf]n, hfx]/jfnln] cbfnt ;dif u/]sf] askq / v'b k ltjfblx?n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ cf/f]lkt s;"/nfo{ OGsf/ ug{ g;sl z' n] rsf]{ ;hfo u/]sf]n] sd ;hfo x'gkg]{ egg] ;d]tsf k'g/fj]bg lhls/;d]taf6 k ltjfbl bf]h]{ nfdf / dfgaxfb'/ 108

119 tfdfën] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] xf]og egl ;a"t k df0fsf] kl/k ]Iodf 7x/fpg gldng]. dfgaxfb'/ tfdfë lj 4 km'ndfof tfdfëglsf] hfx]/ln] >L % sf] ;/sf/, ;jf]{rr cbfnt efb % ut]. hlp df:g] a]rg]sf] dxnsf]! g+=adf]lhd s}b jif{ -@)_ al;sf] ;hfo x'g] 7x/ epsf]df k'g/fj]bg lhls/ gk'u] jfkt yk ;hfo ug{ ldng] xf]og egg] lhls/ tkm{ x]bf{ k :t't d'2fsf] k j[mlt / ufdelo{tfnfo{ b[li6ut u/l To; lsl;dn] ;hfosf] to u/]sf] b]lvg5. s}b jif{ -@)_ al;sf] ;hfo x'g] egl P]gdf sl6fgl Joj:yf epsf]nfo{ hgd s}b s} ;hfo xf] egg] ljlwstf{sf] dg;fo xf]og, P]gdf klg ;f]adf]lhd sl6fgl pnn]v x'g gupsf] s]jn v08] ;hfosf] ;Gbe{df s}bsf] k of]hgfy{;dd hgd s}bsf] ;hfonfo{ -@)_ jif{ s}b egl sfg"gdf pnn]v epsf] b]lvfbf hlp df:g]a]rg] ;+lug k j[mltsf] ck/fwhgo sfo{sf] xsdf ;f]xl dxnadf]lhd x'g] ;hfonfo{ v08] / xbsf] ;Ldfn] ;LdfÍg ug{ ldng] gx'fbf hlp df:g] a]rg] dxnadf]lhd s}b jif{ -@)_ al;sf] ;hfo 7Ls epsf]. s[i0faxfb'/ 3nfg lj 4 kfj{tl jfo{jfsf] hfx]/ln] >L % sf] ;/sf/, ;jf]{rr cbfnt lg= ut]. nf]ug] :jf:gl eo{ Ps jif{;dd a;]sl ol hfx]/jfnlnfo{ k ltjfbl df]ltl;+x /f]sfofn] k ltjfbl hltaxfb'/sf] xft laqml u/]sf] egl s;"/bf/ 7x/fpg zª\sf ljxlg l:ylt jf k df0f b]lvg gcfpg]. >Ldlt b]j' rfªsf] hfx]/ln] >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj 4 df]ltl;+x /f]sfof ;d]t, ;jf]{rr cbfnt, lg= ut]. k ltjfblx? cf/f]lkt s;"/df OGsf/ /x]tf klg cfˆgf] lgbf]{liftfsf] tyoo'qm cfwf/ k df0f u'hfg{ ;s]sf] kfopg. k :t't d'2fdf Psftkm{ hlp df:g] a]rg] sfo{ -lgogq0f sf] bkmf &-@_ cg';f/ lgbf]{liftfsf] k df0f ol k ltjfbln] k' ofpg' kg]{ sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] kfog5 eg] csf]{tkm{ k df0f sf] cg';f/ ;hfodf sdl jf 5'6 x'g] ;hfoaf6 l/xfo{ x'gkg]{ s'/fsf] k df0f klg k ltjfbln] k' ofpg' kg]{. zflgt s]= ;L= ;d]t lj 4 jljtf ;fsl{sf] hfx]/ln] >L % sf] ;/sf/, ;jf]{rr cbfnt lg= h]7 ( ut]. kl/efiff M #= of}g b'/frf/ Sexual Harassment s'g} klg dlxnfnfo{ of}gsf cfzon] b'jo{jxf/ ug'{ x'fb}g. o:tf] k sf/sf] b'jo{jxf/ sfg"g4f/f b08glo x'g5. of}ghgo b'jo{jxf/sf ;DaGwdf clwjqmf zld{nf k/fh'nl ;d]t lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/, dlgqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t d'2f 1 df dlxnfnfo{ ul/g] of}ghgo b'jo{jxf/sf] kl/efiff / jul{s/0f ul/psf] 5. h; cg';f/ M s= zf/ll/s of}ghgo b'jo{jxf/ M cgfjzos?kdf 5'g], cfufnf] xfng], af6f] 5]Sg], lrdf]6\g], wfk dfg]{, cflb sfo{. v= df}lvs of}ghgo b'jo{jxf/ M ckdflgt l6kk0flx? ug]{, kmf]x/ zabx? af]ng], lh:sofpg], of}ghgo r'6lsnfx? egg], clk o?kdf of}ghgo k tfjx? /fvg], cfdgq0f lbg] jf ;f]sf] nflu bjfj lbg] cflb sfo{x?. u= lnlvt of}g b'jo{jxf/ M kmf]x/ pq]hs lrqx? b]vfpg], of}ghgo ;fdu L ljt/0f cflb ug]{ sfo{x?. 3= cfr/0fhgo of}g b'jo{jxf/ M 3'/]/ x]g]{, cffvf h'wfpg], of}ghgo cznln O{zf/f ug]{ cflb sfo{x?. ;f]xl d'2fdf pko'{qm of}ghgo b'jo{jxf/x?n] ;dfgtf / :jtgqtfsf] xsdf cf3ft k'/\ofpg] egg] ;d]t sfg"gl l;4fgt k ltkfbg epsf] 5. d'n'sl P]g cfzo s/0flsf] dxnsf] bkmf! / % df of}ghgo b'jo{jxf/sf] kl/efiff / sfg"gl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. n}+lus ;dfgtf sfod ug{ s]xl g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ åf/f ttsfnlg d'n'sl P]g cfzo s/0flsf] dxnsf] Joj:ydf ;+zf]wg u/l d"ntm b'o{ cf]6f ljifonfo{ of}g b'/frf/sf] s;"/ dfg]sf] 5 / ;f]xladf]lhd ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. tl x'g\ M -!_ s'g} klg lsl;dn] of}ghgo b'jo{jxf/ ug]{ sfo{. -@_ u}/sfg"gl s/0fl ug{ kmsfpg] jf j]zofudgsf nflu ;Dks{ / Joj:yf ul/lbg] sfo{. 1 ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 k ltkflbt ;fj{hflgs snof0f ;DaGwL s]lx k[=!&&. 109

120 -!_ s'g} klg lsl;dn] of}ghgo b'jo{jxf/ ug]{ sfo{ M d'n'sl P]g cfzo s/0flsf] dxnsf]! g+= n] s;}n] s'g} dlxnfsf] dgh'/l lagf lghsf] ;+j]bgzln cª\u 5f]Pdf jf 5'g] k of; u/]df, lghsf] leql kf]zfs vf]n]df jf vf]ng] k of; u/]df, lghnfo{ c:jfefljs?kdf s'g} PsfGt 7fp+df nu]df, cfkm\gf] of}g;dagwl cª\u lghnfo{ 5'g, ;dfpg nufpdf jf lghnfo{ cznln jf cgo To:t} k sf/sf] zab ;ª\s]t, of]u u/]df jf lrq t:jl/ b]vfpdf, of}gsf cfzon] lh:sfpdf, jf x}/fgl lbpdf jf lgh;fu o:t} cgo s'g} lsl;dn] c:jfefljs Jojxf/ u/]df jf lghnfo{ s/0flsf cfzon] ;dft]df of}g b'jo{jxf/ u/]sf] dflgg]5. 2 pqm gda/ cg';f/ s;}n] s'g} dlxnfsf] dgh'/l lagf egg] zab dxîjk"0f{ dflgpsf] 5 eg] dlxnfsf] pd]/ ;Ldf /fv]sf] 5}g. olb dlxnfsf] dgh'/l 5 eg] ;f] cj:yfdf pko'{qm sfo{x?nfo{ b'jo{xf/ dflgb}g. o; sfg"gl Joj:yfn] jf:tjdf dlxnfnfo{ ljif]zflwsf/ k bfg u/]sf] 5. pqm bkmfadf]lhd lgdg cj:yfx?df s'g} klg dlxnfsf] dgh'/l lagf ul/psf sfo{nfo{ cfzo s/0fl jf of}g b'jo{jxf/ u/]sf] dflgg5 M s_ dlxnfsf] ;+j]bgzln cª\u 5f]Pdf jf 5'g] k of; u/]df, v_ dlxnfsf]leql kf]zfs vf]n]df jf vf]ng] k of; u/]df, u_ dlxnfnfo{ c:jfefljs?kdf s'g} PsfGt 7fpFdf nu]df, 3_ dlxnfnfo{ cfkm\gf] of}g;dagwl cª\u 5'g ;dfpg nufpdf, ª_ lghnfo{ cznln jf cgo To:t} k sf/sf] zab ;ª\s]t, of]u u/]df jf lrq t:jl/ b]vfpdf, r_ of}gsf cfzon] lh:sfpdf, jf x}/fgl lbpdf jf lgh;fu o:t} cgo s'g} lsl;dn] c:jfefljs Jojxf/ u/]df, jf 5_ lghnfo{ s/0flsf cfzon] ;dft]df. pko'{qm s'g} klg sfo{ ug]{ p2]zon] dlxnfnfo{ lghsf] O{R5f ljk/lt Jojxf/ u/]df cfzo s/0flsf] dxnsf] bkmf! g+=adf]lhdsf] of}g b'jo{jxf/ dflgg5. ;hfo M pko'{qm s;"/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;f]xl bkmf! n] g} ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, h; cg';f/ ÆTo:tf] s;"/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ Ps jif{;dd s}b / bz xhf/?k}off;dd hl/jfgf x'g]5. o:tf] sfo{af6 kll8t JolQmnfO{ s;"/bf/af6 d'gfl;a dflkmssf] Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t e/folbg' kg]{5æ egl s}b, hl/jfgf / Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t e/fo{ kfpg] sfg"gl Joj:yf 5. t/ o;df s;}n] s'g} dlxnfsf] egl pnn]v epaf6 ;dfg lnª\ualr x'g] of}g b'jo{xf/ ;d]t xf] ls xf]og egg] :ki6 kfl/psf] 5}g. ;fy} d'gfl;a dflkmssf] Ifltk"lt{ eggfn] slt xb;dd egg] pnn]v gepsf]n] cbfnts} :jljj]sdf 5fl8Psf] 5. -@_= u}/sfg"gl s/0fl ug{ kmsfpg] jf j]zofudgsf nflu ;Dks{ / Joj:yf ul/lbg] sfo{ M d'nsl P]g cfzo s/0flsf] % g+= cg';f/ s'g} klg dlxnfnfo{ cfkm" jf cgo JolQm;Fu u}/sfg"gl s/0fl ug{ kmsfpg] jf j]zofudgsf nflu ;Dks{ / Joj:yf ul/lbg] sfo{ b08glo x'g5. ;hfom xbdofb M o:tf] sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg]nfo{ s;"/ cg';f/ b'o{ jif{;dd s}b ;hfo jf kffr zo?k}offb]lv 5 xhf/?k}off;dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g5. xbdofb ;DaGwL Joj:yf cfzo s/0flsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= df ul/psf] 5. h; cg';f/ pko'{qm b'j} s;"/df cfzo s/0fl epsf] s'/f k sfz epsf] ldtln] k}tl; lbgleq gflnz lbg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. cgo ;DalGwt sfg"gl Joj:yfx? M cfzo s/0flsf] s'/f k sfzdf cfpkl5 kll8tn] Ifltk"lt{ ;d]tsf] ;a} Joxf]/f vf]nl ;DalGwt k x/l sfof{nodf ph'/ ug'{k5{. o:tf d'2fx?nfo{ æljif]z k j[mltsf d'2fx?sf] sf/afxldf kifx?sf] Uff]kgLotf sfod /fvg] ;DaGwL ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] sfo{ljlw adf]lhd JolQmut kl/roftds ljj/0f uf]ko /fvg lgj]bg lbpdf ;f]xladf]lhd Uff]kgLotf sfod /fvl sfjf{xl ug'{ kb{5. 3 Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? k fo h;f] cfzo s/0flsf d'2fx?df k df0fsf] cefj x'g] x'fbf 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt k fkt x'g] ;Ddsf k df0fx? gi6 gxf];\ egl t'?gt} k df0fsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ kb{5 / oyfzso sfg"gl pkrf/df nfluxfng' kb{5. dlxnfsf] dgh'/l epsf] s'/fdf o; dxnadf]lhd s'g} sf/afxl x'g ;Sb}g t;y{ dgh'/l epsf] jf gepsf] egg] s'/fdf :ki6 x'g' kb{ n}ª\lus ;dfgtf sfod ug{ s]xl g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ åf/f ;+zf]lwt. 3 ljif]z k j[mltsf d'2fx?sf] sfjf{xldf kifx?sf] uf]kglotf sfod /fvg];dagwl ;jf]{rr cbfntsf]

121 M$= ue{ktg;dagwl ck/fw Offences Relating to Abortion!= kl/ro ue{ktgsf] clwsf/ dlxnfsf] k hgg :jf:yosf] clwsf/;fu ;DalGwt 5. ljlegg cgt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/;dagwl b:tfj]hx?n] k hgg clwsf/nfo{ dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/sf]?kdf :yflkt u/]sf 5g\. dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/nfo{ ljz]if?kdf Joj:yf Pj+ ;+/If0f ug{] dlxnf dxf;lgwnufot dlxnfsf] k hgg :jf:yosf clwsf/nfo{ ;'lglzrt ug{] ljlegg dfgjclwsf/;dagwl cgt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?sf] g]kfn kif/fi6«epsf] 5. 1 d'n'sl P]gdf epsf] P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgn] ue{ktgsf] clwsf/nfo{ dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/sf]?kdf dfgotf lbpsf] 5. g]kfnsf] cgtl/d n] k hgg :jf:yosf] clwsf/nfo{ df}lns xssf]?kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] ue{ktg;dagwl s]xl kl/efiffx? g]kfndf ue{ktgnfo{ sfg"gl dfgotf k fkt eptfklg ue{ktgnfo{ sfg"gdf :ki6?kdf kl/efiff ul/psf] 5}g. ue{ktg;fu ;DalGwt ljbdfg sfg"gl c:ik6tfsf sf/0f o;;fu ;DalGwt d'2fsf ph'/l, cg';gwfg / Goflos lg0f{odf tfltjs c;/ kg{] cj:yf cfpf5. t;y{ sfg"gdf :ki6?kn] ue{ktg;fu ;DalGwt zabfjnlx?sf] kl/efiff x'g cfjzos 5. h:t}m ue{ktg, ue{ t'lxg', d[t hgd, lzz' xtof cflb. o;sf cltl/qm ljbdfg sfg"gsf] k efjsf/l sfof{gjogsf nflu lgdg zabfjnlx? h:t}m ue{ktg, hgdg] ;dofjlw, gje "0f, e "0f, uef{j:yf, lzz' cflbsf] ;d]t hfgsf/l x'g' cfjzos b]lvg5. ;fdfgotof tl zabfjnlx?nfo{ o;/l kl/efiff ug{ ;lsg5 2 M -s_ ue{wf/0f (Conception) : nf]ug] dflg;sf] z'qmsl6 (Sperm) / dlxnfsf] l8dafzo (Ovum) alr d]n eo{ dlxnfsf] kf7]3/df e "0f knfpg z' x'g] ;donfo{ ue{wf/0f (Conception) elgg5. -v_ hgdg] ;dofjlw (Gestation Period) M ue{wf/0f ul/;s]kl5 ue{df /x]sf] gje "0f jf e "0f ljsl;t eo{ hgdgsf nflu tof/l x'g] ;dofjlwnfo{ hgdg] ;dofjlw (Gestation Period) elgg5. -u_ gje "0f (Embryo) M ue{wf/0f u/]b]lv * xktf;ddsf] e "0fnfO{ gje "0f (Embryo) elgg5. o; cjlwdf e "0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ d'vo cª\ux? ljsl;t eo;s]sf x'g5g\. -3_ e "0f (Fetus) M ue{df # xktf k"/f epb]lv ghgdfbf;ddnfo{ e "0f (Fetus) elgg5. -ª_ uef{j:yf (Pregnancy) M dlxnfn] cfkm\gf] ue{df ljsl;t gje "0f jf e "0fnfO{ af]sg] ;do cjlwnfo{ uef{j:yf (Pregnancy) elgg5. ;fdfgotof of] cjlw ue{wf/0f u/]sf] lbg;ddsf] x'g5. -r_ ue{ktg (Abortion) M ue{df /x]sf] e "0f :jfefljs / k fs[lts?kdf hgdg'egbf cl3 uef{zoaf6 aflx/ lg:sg' ue{ktg (Abortion) xf]. cyf{t\ s'g} klg dlxnfsf] ue{df /x]sf] e "0fnfO{ :jfefljs k lqmof / kl/l:yltdf hlgdg glbo{ :jtgq?kdf affrg ;Sg] ;doegbf cufj} s[lqd tl/sf ckgfo{ t'xfpg] sfo{nfo{ ue{ktg elgg5. -5_ ue{ t'lxg' (Miscarriage) M ue{jtl dlxnfsf] :jf:yo;dagwl ;d:of jf zf/ll/s /f]u jf b'3{6gfsf] sf/0f ue{df /x]sf] gje "0f jf e "0f cfkm} t'lxg'nfo{ ue{ t'lxg' (Miscarriage) jf k fs[lts ue{ktg (Spontaneous Abortion) elgg5. -h_ d[t-hgd (Still Birth) M hgd]sf] h'g arrfn] Zjf; klg km]b}{g / hljgsf] s'g} klg nif0f b]vfpfb}g eg] To;nfO{ d[t-hgd (Still Birth) elgg5. ue{df g} s'g} sf/0fn] d[to' eo{ jf ue{df hlljt ep tfklg k ;j a]yf jf hgdg] k lqmofdf d[to' x'guo{ d[t-hgd x'g;s5. -em_ lzz' (Infant) M :jtgq?kdf affrg ;Sg] u/l ue{jtl dlxnfsf] ue{af6 hgd]sf] gjhftsnfo{ lzz' (Infant) elgg5. -`_ lzz' xtof (Infanticide): ue{af6 :jtgq?kdf affrg ;Sg] u/l hlgdpsf] gjhft lzz'nfo{ hgd lbg] cfdfaf6 ul/g] xtofnfo{ lzz' xtof (Infanticide) elgg5. #= ue{ktgsf k sf/x? M ue{ktg k fs[lts ue{ktg s[lqd ue{ktg :j]lr5s ue{ktg ank"j{s ue{ktg 1 dfgjclwsf/;dagwl cgt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hm ICCPR,ICESCR, UDHR etc= 2 Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary, (Sixth Edition) 2002, New York: Oxford University Press. 111

122 sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ;dofjlwleq sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf zt{ agb]hdf /xl cg'dlt k fkt :jf:yo ;+:yf / bif ;]jf k bfosaf6 dlxnfsf] :j]r5f jf ;xdltn] ul/psf] ue{ktg sfg"gl ue{ktg xf]. t/ dlxnfsf] ;xdltlagf Ohfht k fkt gu/]sf :jf:yo ;+:yf jf sfg"gl k lqmof gk' ofo{ ul/psf] ue{ktg c;'/lift tyf u}/sfg"gl x'g5 / To; lsl;dsf] ue{ktg dlxnflj 4sf] lx+;f klg xf]. $= g]kfndf ue{ktg;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf g]kfndf nfdf] ;dokzrft\ k hgg :jf:yosf] clwsf/nfo{ dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/sf]?kdf :jlsf/ u/l lglzrt cj:yfdf ue{ktgsf] clwsf/nfo{ sfg"gl dfgotf k bfg ul/psf] 5. $=!= ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf M $=@= g]kfnsf] cgtl/d n] klxnf] k6s dlxnfsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/l dlxnf eps} sf/0faf6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e]befj gul/g] 3 / k To]s dlxnfnfo{ k hgg :jf:yo tyf k hgg;dagwl xs x'g]5 egg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. 4 o;sf] ;fy} o; Joj:yfdf s'g} klg dlxnflj 4 zf/ll/s, dfgl;s jf cgo s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fhgo sfo{ gul/g] / To:tf] sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08glo x'g]5 egl lx+;flj 4sf] clwsf/nfo{ klg ;+/If0f u/]sf] 5. 5 ;fy} cgtl/d ;+ljwfgn] k yf, k/dk/f / k rngsf] gfddf jf cgo s'g} lsl;dn] zf]if0f ug{ gkfog] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. 6 cgtl/d ;+ljwfgn] oftgflj 4sf] xs, ;"rgfsf] xs, uf]kglotfsf] xs, zf]if0flj 4sf] xs, clje]b / ;dfgtfsf] xs / :jtgqtfsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. To:t} dlxnfsf] :jf:yodf ljz]if Joj:yf u/l /fli6«o ljsf;df clwsflws ;xeful agfpg] gllt /fhon] cjndag ug{] Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5. 7 ;fy} c? If]qnufot :jf:yosf] If]qdf lglzrt ;dosf nflu cf/if0fsf] Joj:yf ug{] Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5. 8 d'n'sl P]g -P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wg_ df ue{ktg;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf M d'n'sl P]g -P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wg_ ue{ktgsf] clwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df dxîjk"0f{ sfg"gl b:tfj]hsf]?kdf /x]sf] 5. df epsf] d'n'sl P]g -P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wg_ n] ue{ktgnfo{ dlxnfsf] k hgg :jf:yosf] clwsf/sf]?kdf cftd;ft u/]sf] 5 / ue{ktgnfo{ klxnf] k6s sfg"gl dfgotf k bfg u/]sf] 5. cfkm\gf] :j]r5fn] ue{ktg u/fpg kfpg] ue{jtl dlxnfsf] clwsf/nfo{ d'n'sl P]g -P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wg_ n] dlxnfsf] k hgg :jf:yosf] clwsf/sf]?kdf dfgotf k bfg u/]sf] 5. cfkm\gf] z/l/sf] ;DaGwdf :j]r5fn] lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] dlxnfsf] cftdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ nfo{ o; Joj:yfn] :jlsf/ u/]sf] 5. $=@=!= sfg"gl ue{ktg ug{ kfog] Joj:yfx? M d'n'sl P]g -P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wg_ n] ue{ktgnfo{ k hgg :jf:yosf] clwsf/sf]?kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 / lglzrt cj:yfx?df dfq ue{ktg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf]5. 9 sfg"gl Joj:yf!@ xktf;ddsf] ue{ ha/h:tl s/0fl jf xf8gftf s/0flaf6 /xg upsf]!* xktf;ddsf] ue{ ljsnfª\u arrf hgdg;sg] jf ue{sf] sf/0f ue{jtl dlxnfsf] Hofgdf vt/f x'g ;Sg] jf ue{jtl dlxnfsf] zf/ll/s, dfgl;s :jf:yodf c;/ kg{ ;Sg] cj:yfdfdf hlxn];'s} ue{ktg ug{ kfog] cj:yfx? ue{jtl dlxnfsf] dgh'/ln] ue{jtl dlxnfsf] dgh'/ln] of]uotf k fkt lrlst;ssf] /fon] ue{jtl dlxnfsf] dgh'/ln] 112 o;/l ue{jtl dlxnfnfo{ s]xl lglzrt cj:yfx?df ue{ktgsf] clwsf/ k fkt ep tfklg ;'/lift / sfg"gl ue{ktg ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] k lqmof ckgfo{ lgwf{l/t of]uotf / Ohfhtkq k fkt :jf:yosdl{af6 dfq ue{ktgsf] ;]jf lng' jf lbg' kb{5. $=@=@= ue{ktg ug{ gkfog] cj:yfx? M sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] lglzrt cj:yfafx]s cgo cj:yfdf ul/g] ue{ktgnfo{ ck/fw dfgl ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. lgdg cj:yfdf ue{ktg ug{ kfofb}g M 3 g]kfnsf] cgtl/d 4 P]= P]=, 5 P]= P]=, 6 P]= P]=, 7 P]= P]=, wf/f #%-*_. 8 P]= P]=, wf/f #%-!)_. 9 d'n'sl Hofg;DaGwL dxn -v_.

123 ue{jtl dlxnfsf] dgh'/l lagf, e "0fsf] lnª\u klxrfg u/l, sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] cjlw g3fo{, sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s cgo cj:yfx?df, sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] k lqmofljk/lt. $=@=#= d'n'sl P]g -P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wg_ df ;hfo;dagwl Joj:yf M sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s jf ;dofjlw g3fo{ jf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] k lqmof k"/f gu/l cgo cj:yfdf ue{ktg u/fpdf x'g] ;hfo o; k sf/ 5g\. 10 ue{sf] cj:yf ;hfo!@ xktf;ddsf] ue{ ep! jif{;dd xktf;ddsf] ue{ ep # jif{;dd xktfegbf a9lsf] ue{ ep % jif{;dd s}b $=@=$= e "0fsf] lnª\u klxrfg ug{] / lnª\usf cfwf/df ue{ktg ug{] u/fpg]nfo{ ;hfo M e "0fsf] lnª\usf] cfwf/df ue{ktg ug{] sfo{nfo{ d'n'sl P]g -P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wg_ n] sfg"gl ck/fw dfg]sf] 5 / ue{ktgsf] p2]zon] lnª\u klxrfg ug]{ jf u/fpg] sfo{ ;d]tnfo{ lg?t;flxt ug{ o:tf] sfo{nfo{ ck/fw dfgl ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf ;hfo ue{ktg ug{] u/fpg] p2]zon] e "0fsf] lnª\u klxrfg ug{] jf u/fpg] # dxlgfb]lv ^ dxlgf;dd s}b e "0fsf] lnª\usf] cfwf/df ue{ktg ug{] u/fpg] ^ jif{;dd s}b $=@=%= ank"j{s ue{ktg u/fpg]nfo{ ;hfo M s;}n] ue{jtl dlxnfnfo{ s/sfk, wdsl, nnfo{ kmsfo{ jf k nf]egdf kf/l ue{ktg u/fpg' x'fb}g. ank"j{s ul/g] ue{ktgnfo{ dlxnflj 4sf] lx+;fsf]?kdf lno{ ck/fw dfgl lgdg ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf ;hfo!@ xktf;ddsf] ue{ ep! jif{;dd xktf;ddsf] ue{ ep # jif{;dd xktfegbf a9lsf] ue{ ep % jif{;dd s}b $=@=^= l/; OaLn] ue{jtl dlxnfnfo{ s]xl ubf{ ue{ t'lxg uof] eg] ue{jtl 5 egl hfgl hfgl u/]df x'g] ;hfo 13 cj:yf xktf;ddsf] ue{ t'lxg updf # dxlgf xktfegbf a9lsf] ue{ t'lxg updf ^ dxlgf s]b $=@=&=l/;oaln] ue{jtl dlxnfnfo{ s]xl ubf{ ue{ t'lxg uof] eg] ue{jtl 5 egl ghfgl u/]df x'g] ;hfo 14 xktf;ddsf] ue{ t'lxg xktfegbf a9lsf] ue{ t'lxg updf $=@=*= xbdofbm ;hfo %))?k}off hl/jfgf!)))?k}off hl/jfgf ue{ktg epsf] ldltn] # dxlgfleq ghlssf] k x/l sfo{fnodf ph'/l ug{'k5{. 10 d'n'sl Hofg ;DaGwL g P]= P]=, n}lª\us ;dfgtf sfod ug{] s]xl g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug{] 12 P]= P]= 13 P]= P]= g+= #@. 14 P]= P]= g++= #@. 113

124 %= ue{ktgsf] clwsf/ / cgt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx? dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/ cgt/f{li6«o ljlegg cgt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx? ;Dd]ngsf b:tfj]hx? dfgj clwsf/ gful/s tyf cfly{s, dlxnflj 4 x'g] afnaflnsf a]olhª\ sfo/f] leogf ;DaGwL /fhg}lts ;fdflhs tyf ;a} k sf/sf ;DaGwL dxf;lgw ;Dd]ng ;Dd]ng ;Dd]ng ljzjjofkl clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;f+:s[lts e]befj pgd"ng!(*( 3f]if0fkq,!($* cgt/f{li6«o clwsf/ ;DaGwL ug{] dxf;lgw, k lt1fkq!(^^ k lt1fkq!(^^!(&( :jtgqtf / l;4fgt! hljgsf] wf/f ^ -!_ wf/f ^ -!_ cg'r5]b (^ cg'r5]b &=# JolQmut wf/f # wf/f ( -!_ wf/f ^ -@_ cg'r5]b!)^ cg'r5]b &=!& ;'/Iffsf] cg'r5]b!)* cg'r5]b *=#$ clwsf/ dlxnfsf] wf/f!^-!_ cg'r5]b!)^ uf]kglotfsf] wf/f!@ wf/f!& -!_ wf/f!^-@_ cg'r5]b!)& clwsf/ dlxnfsf] wf/f!)-@_ wf/f!) cg'r5]b *(, k hgg:jf:yosf] wf/f!@-!_ wf/f!!-@_ cg'r5]b (@ l;4fgt 8 cg'r5]b $! clwsf/ wf/f!@-@_ wf/f!@-!_ -@_-3_ cg'r5]b!)^ cg'r5]b &=$% wf/f!$-@_ cg'r5]b!)& wf/f!^-!_ dlxnfsf] l;4fgt -!_ clje]bsf] wf/f # cg'r5]b!* l;4fgt-$_ cg'r5]b!* clwsf/ wf/f!$-!_ wf/f $ ^= ue{ktg;fu ;DalGwt d'2fdf ;jf{]rr cbfntaf6 epsf s]xl ;sf/ftds JofVofx? &= cjwf/0ffut :ki6tf ;jf{]rr cbfntn] g]kfn ;/sf/ lj 4 /Tgs'df/L v8\sfsf] d'2fdf HoF"bf] arrf kmfnl d[to' epsf]nfo{ lzz' xtofsf]?kdf lng gldng] JofVof u/]sf] 5 / hgd]sf] arrf kmfng' / lzz' xtofnfo{ a]unf a]un}?kdf lnopsf] kfog5. 15 zª\sfsf] ;'ljwf cleo'qmn] kfpg] ue{ktg tyf lzz' xtof;dagwl d'2fx?df d[tarrf hgd]sf] xf] jf hgd]kl5 df/]sf] xf] egg] ljifo k fom ljjflbt g} /xg5. arrf s'g cj:yfdf hgd]sf] lyof] egg] s'/f hgd lbg] cfdfnfo{ dfq yfxf x'g5 / cfdfn] lzz'nfo{ dfl/g\ xf]nf egg] snkgf ug'{ :jfefljs x'fb}g egb} cleof]u k dfl0ft ug{] 7f];\ ;j{dfgo kmf}hbf/l Gofosf] l;4fgtcg';f/ k ltjfblnfo{ ;kmfo{ lbg] km};nf epsf] ue{ktg;dagwdf epsf] e]befjk"0f{ ;hfo;dagwl Joj:yfnfO{ cfjzos ;+zf]wg ug{ ;jf{]rr cbfntn] lbpsf] lgb{]zgftds cfb]z ue{jtl dlxnfn] ue{ktg ubf{ w]/} ;hfo x'g] t/ ue{jtl dlxnflj 4sf] lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd:j?k epsf] ue{ktgdf sd ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf e]befjk"0f{ epsf] egl dlxnf, sfg"g / ljsf; d~rn] ;jf{]rr cbfntdf Goflos k'g/fjnf]ssf nflu bfo/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf{]rr cbfntn] / #@ g+= df epsf] e]befjk"0f{ sfg"gl Joj:yfnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug'{ jf ue{ktg;dagwl ck/fwdf ;hfo;dagwl pko'qm sfg"gl Joj:yf ug'{ egl lgb{]zgftds cfb]z hf/l ul/psf] ;'/lift ue{ktg ;]jf k sf s]xl dxîjk"0f{ Joj:yfx? ue{ktg ;]jf s;n] k bfg ug{ ;S5 < g]kfn d]l8sn sfpl;g;ndf ;"rls[t lrlst;s k rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd u7g epsf] :jf:yo ;]jf;fu ;DalGwt Jofj;flos kl/ifb\df ;"rls[t :jf:yosdl{. 15 g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 /Tgs'df/L v8\sf, g]sfk -@)$)_, cª\s!, k[=!@. 16 g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 O{Zj/L kgt, g]sfk -@)$@_, cª\s!@, k[=!!)!. 17 dlxnf, sfg"g / ljsf; d~r, ;kgf k wfg dnn ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/, l/6 g+= %@ ^!. 114

125 dlxnfn] :j]r5fn] ue{ktg ug{ kfpg] cj:yfx? xktf;ddsf] ue{. ha/h:tl s/0fl jf xf8gftf s/0flaf6 /xg upsf]!* xktf;ddsf] ue{. s'g} ue{jtl dlxnfsf] ue{ktg gu/fpdf pqm ue{jtl dlxnfsf] Hofgdf vt/f k'ug], pgsf] :jf:yo zf/ll/s jf dfgl;s?kn] v/fa x'g] jf ljsnfª\u arrf hgdg] ;Defjgf epdf lrlst;ssf] /fon] tyf ue{jtl dlxnfsf] dgh'/ln] ue{ktg ug{ ;lsg5. ljsnfª\usf] kl/efiff M ljsnfª\u eggfn] e "0fdf udel/ sdlsdhf]/l epsf] sf/0fn] ue{d} d[to' x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf epsf] jf hgd]/ klg affrg g;sg] u/l ue{sf] arrfdf v/fal /x]sf], j+zf0f'sf] -h]g]l6s_ v/faln] jf cgo s'g} sf/0fn] arrfdf udel/ zf/ll/s jf dfgl;s czqmtf x'g] cj:yfnfo{ dfgg' k5{. ue{ktg u/fpg dgh'/lgfdf lbg'kg{] 19 ue{ktg ;]jf k fkt ug{ rfxg] ue{jtl dlxnfn] ue{ktg u/fpg] ;DaGwdf cfkm\gf] dgh'/lgfdf n]vl ;DalGwt lrlst;s jf :jf:yosdl{nfo{ pknaw u/fpg' kb{5. ue{ktg u/fpg ghlssf] gft]bf/sf] dgh'/lgfdf rflxg] cj:yfx? 20 lgdg cj:yfdf ue{ktg u/fpfbf ue{jtl dlxnfsf] ghlssf] gft]bf/sf] :jls[lt rflxg5 M zf/ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] xf]z 7]ufg gepsl dlxnf,!^ jif{ pd]/ k"/f gu/]sl dlxnf. ghlssf] gft]bf/sf] kl/efiff 2 1 ghlssf] gf]tbf/ eggfn] ;DalGwt ue{jtl dlxnfsf] klt, cfdf, afa', ;f;", ;;'/f, pd]/ k'u]sf] bfh', efo, lbbl, alxgl, 5f]/f, 5f]/L, elthf, sfsf, sfsl, dfdf, dfoh" ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zabn] ttsfnsf] ;+/Ifs ;d]tnfo{ hgfpf5. lrlst;s jf :jf:yosdl{sf] gfd ;"rls[t u/fpg' kg{]] 22 ;'/lift ue{ktg ;]jf pknaw u/fpg rfxg] k To]s lrlst;s jf :jf:yosdl{n] cfkm\gf] gfd ;"rls[t u/fpg' kg{] Joj:yf 5. o;/l ;"rldf gfd ;"rls[t u/fpg rfxg] lrlst;s jf :jf:yosdl{n] :jf:yo ;]jf ljefun] tf]s]sf] ;"rls/0f z'ns;lxt tf]lspsf] 9fFrfdf ;Da4 clwsf/l;dif lgj]bg lbo{ ;"rls[t k df0fkq k fkt u/]kl5 To:tf] lrlst;s tyf :jf:yosdl{n] d'n'sl P]g Hofg;DaGwL g+= sf] k of]hgsf nflu ;]jf pknaw u/fpg Ohfht kq k fkt u/]sf] dflgg]5. lrlst;s jf :jf:yosdl{n] k fkt u/]sf] ;"rls[t k df0fkq ;a}n] b]vg] u/l 6fF:g'kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. t/ dxflgb{]zs jf lghn] tf]s]sf] clwsf/ln] d'n'sl P]g, Hofg;DaGwL g+= df plnnlvt Joj:yfljk/Lt ;]jf pknaw u/fpg] lrlst;s jf :jf:yosdl{sf] gfd ;"rlaf6 x6fpg] Joj:yf :jf:yo ;+:yfsf] gfd ;"rls/0f u/fpg' kg{] 2 4 k rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd :yfkgf epsf] :jf:yo ;+:yfn] ;]jf pknaw u/fpg rfx]df ;"rldf cfkm\gf] gfd ;"rls[t u/fpg' kg{] Joj:yf 5. OR5's :jf:yo ;+:yfsf] clwsf/ k fkt JolQmn] :jf:yo ;]jf ljefun] tf]s]sf] ;"rls/0f z'ns;lxt tf]lspsf] 9fFrfdf ;Da4 clwsf/l;dif lgj]bg lbo{ ;"rls[t k df0fkq lng' kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o;/l k fkt ;"rls[t k df0fkqsf] cjlw kffr jif{sf] x'g] / k To]s :jf:yo ;+:yfn] k fkt u/]sf] ;"rls[t k df0fkq sfof{nodf ;a}n] b]vg] :yfgdf 6fF:g' k5{ / ;"rls[t k df0fkqsf] cjlw ;dfkt x'g'egbf cl3 g} ljefun] tf]s]sf] gjls/0f z'ns;lxt ;Da4 clwsf/l;dif lgj]bg lbg' kg{] Joj:yf 5. Dofbleq ;"rls[t k df0fkqsf] gjls/0fsf nflu lgj]bg lbg g;s]sf] d'gfl;a sf/0f v'nfo{ ;"rls[t k df0fkq gjls/0f / ljnda z'ns;lxt lgj]bg lbp ;Da4 clwsf/ln] k df0fkq gjls/0f ul/lbg' kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. k ljlw;dagwl Joj:yf 2 5 ;"rls[t k To]s lrlst;s, :jf:yosdl{ jf :jf:yo ;+:yfn] ;]jf pknaw u/fpfbf ;fdfgotof lgdgadf]lhdsf] k ljlw ckgfpg' kg{]5 M 18 ;'/lift ue{ktg ;]jf k lgod (. 19 P]= P]= lgod!)-!_. 20 P]= P}= lgod!)-@_. 21 P]= P]= 22 P]= P]= lgod #. 23 P]= P]= lgod $-!_. 24 P]= P]= lgod %. 25 P]= P]= lgod!!-!_. 115

126 xktf;dd cjlwsf] ue{sf] nflu Dofg'cn Eofs'd P;lk/]zg -Pd\=eL=P=_ On]S6«f]lgs Eofs'd P;lk/]zg -O{=eL=P=_ kmdf{sf]nf]lhsn / 8fon]6];g tyf So'/]6h -8L P08 ;L_,!@ xktfegbf a9l cjlwsf nflu v08 -s_ df plnnlvt k ljlwsf] cltl/qm 8fon]6]zg tyf OefSj];g -8L PG8 O{_ / k]zfut lx;fan] pko'qm 7xl/Psf] cgo s'g} k ljlw. k/fdz{ ;]jf;dagwl Joj:yf 26 lrlst;sn] ;]jf pknaw u/fpfbf jf ;f] ljifodf /fo lbfbf jf :jf:yosdl{n] ;]jf pknaw u/fpfbf dfly plnnlvt k fljlws k lqmof ckgfo{ ;'/lift ue{ktg u/fpfbf k fljlws b[li6n] ;DalGwt ue{jtl dlxnfnfo{ x'g ;Sg] zf/ll/s xflg, gf]s;fgl, ;Defljt hf]lvd, o;sf a]kmfobf, ljsnk tyf kl/jf/ :jf:yo Pj+ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ljifodf ;d]t k/fdz{ ;]jf pknaw u/fpg' kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. lrlst;sn] uf]kotf sfod /fvg' kg{] Joj:yf 27 ue{jtl dlxnfn] ;DalGwt :jf:yosdl{ jf :jf:yo ;+:yfnfo{ pknaw u/fpsf] lrlst;ssf] /fo tyf dgh'/lgfdf nufotsf ;a} k sf/sf sfuhft tyf clen]v ;DalGwt lrlst;s jf :jf:yosdl{ tyf :jf:yo ;+:yfn] ;'/lift?kdf /fvg' kg{] tyf To:tf] clen]v tyf ;f]df plnnlvt Joxf]/fsf] uf]kotf sfod /fvg' kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. t/ lgdg cj:yfdf dfly plnnlvt ;"rgf tyf sfuhft pknaw u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. s'g} d'2f dfldnfsf] cg';gwfg jf ;'g'jfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf cg';gwfg clwsf/l jf cbfntaf6 hfgsf/l dfu epdf, ;'/lift ue{ktg ;]jf;dagwl cwog cg';gwfgsf] p2]zon] ;Da4 dlxnfsf] kl/ro gx'g] u/l p4/0f ug{, ;DalGwt dlxnf :jo+n] o;;dagwl clen]v dfu u/]df. ;'/lift ue{ktg ;]jf k/fdz{ ;ldlt 2 8 ;'/lift ue{ktg ;]jfdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfo{ cfjzos k/fdz{ pknaw u/fpg :jf:yo ;]jf ljefusf dxflgb{]zssf] cwoiftfdf ;'/lift ue{ktg ;]jf k/fdz{ ;]jf ;ldlt u7g ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. ;ldltn] ;'/lift ue{ktg ;]jf;dagwl gllt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd tof/ ug{sf] nflu ;/sf/nfo{ cfjzos ;Nnfx, ;'emfj Pj+ l;kmfl/; pknaw u/fpg], ;'/lift ue{ktg ;]jf ;/n / ;xh 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ;/sf/l, u}/;/sf/l If]q tyf lghl If]qaLr ;dgjo sfod u/l ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] tyf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] cgo sfo{ ug{] bflotj pqm ;ldltsf] x'g]5. *= ue{ktg;fu ;DalGwt d'2fsf] ;DaGwdf Wofg k' ofpg' kg{] s'/fx? M ue{ktgsf]?kdf dfq rn]sf / rnfopsf d'2fx?sf] ;ª\Vof ctogt} Go"g /x]sf] 5. hfx]/l s'g} klg JolQmn] lbg ;S5 / sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfjzostfcg';f/ ;xof]ul e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ h?/l 5. ue{ktg;fu ;DalGwt d'2fx?sf] Goflos sf/afxl cleo'qmnfo{ y'gfdf /fv]/ g} cufl8 a9fpg] k rng /x]sf] 5 / o:tf clwsf+z d'2fx?df dlxnfx? g} cleo'qm x'g] x'fbf sfg"g Joj;foLn] y'g5]ss} qmddf k efjsf/l k lt/iff ug'{kg{] x'g5. cleo'qmnfo{ k'k{ifsf] nflu y'gfdf /fvl sf/afxl ug{] cfb]z epsf] cj:yfdf cfb]z ab/ u/l kll8t dlxnfnfo{ y'gfd'qm ug{ c=a+= g+=!& sf] lgj]bgdfkm{t\ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntdf Gofosf nflu lgj]bg lbg'kg{] x'g5. ue{ktg / To;;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fdf ljlegg cgt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?sf] d'votof dlxnfsf] ue{ktg / k hgg :jf:yosf] clwsf/ nfo{ ;'lglzrt ug{] b:tfj]hx?sf] k of]u / kl/kfngf u/fpg dxîjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ng'k5{. ue{ktg;fu ;DalGwt d'2fdf dlxnfsf] cnfjf cgo JolQm klg ;+nug x'g5g\ t/ k fom kqmfpdf dlxnf g} k/]sf x'g5g\. sltko d'2fdf kll8t dlxnfk lt ;+j]bgzln / pbf/tf ckgfpg'kg{] x'g5. ue{ktg;fu ;DalGwt d'2fdf ;jf{]rr cbfntaf6 epsf ;sf/ftds JofVofx?nfO{ ghl/sf]?kdf k of]u ug{]. c=a+=!** sf] :jljj]slo clwsf/nfo{ k of]u ug{ ;DalGwt ghl/x?sf] ;ª\sng u/l ts{k"0f{ cfwf/ k :t't ug{]. kll8tn] k x/l / cbfntdf u/]sf] aofgnfo{ dxîjk"0f{?kdf k]z ug{]. z' cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nfdf lrq ga'em]sf] v08df kll8t dlxnfsf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;3fp k' ofpg sfg"gjofj;folx?sf] e"ldsf dxîjk"0f{ x'g5. xf/]sf] d'2fnfo{ ;fwssf] tj/af6 d'2fsf] ;'g'jfo{ u/l kifnfo{ l56f] sf/fuf/ d'qm u/fpg t ;lsg5 t/ k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] ckgfpfbf z' km};nf ubf{ lnpsf cfwf/ k df0f;d]tsf] k'gd{"nofª\sg / ljj]rgf x'g] x'fbf ;kmfo{ klg kfpg ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] a'e\mg' kb{ P]= P]= lgod!!-@_. 27 P]= P]= lgod!@-!_. 28 P]= P]= lgod!#.

127 k'g/fj]bg btf{ ubf{ sfg"g Joj;foLn] lgdg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg'kb{5 29 -s_ lhnnf k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] km};nf ubf{ lnpsf lg0f{ofwf/nfo{ a'fbfut?kdf pnn]v ug{]. -v_ lhnnf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ubf{ jfblsf] bfalsf] bfo/f / cfkm\gf] kifn] k]z u/]sf] k df0fkx?sf] oyf]lrt d"nofª\sg ul/psf] 5 jf 5}g a'em\g' kg{], ;fifl k df0fx? a'lempsf] 5 5}g cflb ljifodf Wofg lbg' kb{5. -u_ kll8t / dlxnfsf] lxt /Iffsf] nflu d'2f;fu ;Da4 sfg"g tyf ghlx?sf] ljzn]if0f tyf JofVof ug{]. -3_ lhnnf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf lnpsf lg0f{ox?sf] a'fbfut?kdf sfg"gl tyf ;DalGwt ghl/x?sf] cfwf/df k ltjfb ug{]. -ª_ k'g/fj]bg ubf{ xbdofbnfo{ Wofg lbg'kg{]. %= 3/]n' lx+;f;dagwl ck/fw Domestic Violence!= 3/]n' lx+;fsf] kl/efiff kl/jf/leqsf Ps jf PseGbf a9l ;b:on] Ps jf PseGbf a9l ;b:odfly ug]{ cgofok"0f{ lx+;fhgo sfo{ 3/]n' lx+;f xf]. ;fdfgotof 3/]n' lx+;f nf]ug] :jf:gl jf ;xjf;l alrdf 3l6t x'g] eptfklg cfdfafa'n] 5f]/f5f]/Ldfly, 5f]/f5f]/Ln] cfdfafa'dfly, bfh'n] efodfly, nf]ug]n] :jfgldfly, :jf:gln] nf]ug]dfly k' ofpg] zf/ll/s, dfgl;s, cfly{s tyf g}lts HofbtLnfO{ 3/]n' lx+;f elgg5. lnª\usf cfwf/df ul/g] lx+;fn] d'n'ssf] /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts hljgdf ;xeful x'g Jojwfg k' ofpg] x'gfn] dlxnflj 4sf] e]befj pgd"ng u/l dlxnfnfo{ ;a} txdf ;dfg ;xeful agfpg ;g\!(&( df dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k sf/sf] e]befj pgd"ng ug]{ dxf;glw kfl/t eof]. h;n] 3/leq x'g] lx+;fnfo{ klg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf]?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5. ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3 dlxnflj 4 e]befj pgd"ng ug]{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z g+=!( n] 3/]n' lx+;f dlxnflj 4sf] lx+;fsf] ;a}egbf k"/fgf]?k xf], of] ;a} lsl;dsf] ;dfhdf k rlnt 5, 3/]n' lx+;fn] dlxnfsf] :jf:yo vt/fdf kfg'{sf ;fy} kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fj{hlgs hljgdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;xeful x'g] dlxnfsf] Ifdtfdf k efj kf/]sf] x'fbf /fhon] ;fj{hlgs jf lghl s'g} klg If]qdf lnª\usf] cfwf/df x'g] lx+;fnfo{ lgogq0f u/l dlxnfnfo{ kof{kt ;'/Iff lbg] / pglx?sf] cftd;ddfg / OHhtsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ u/l sfg"g agfpg cfjzos k efjsf/l pkfo cjndag ug'{ kg]{ s'/fnfo{ ljz]if hf]8 lbpsf] 3/]n' lx+;fsf] k j[mlt / :j?k sfg"gsf] cefj, ljbdfg sfg"gsf] k efjsf/l sfof{gjgsf] cefj, nfdf] tyf emgeml6nf] cbfntl k lqmof, kll8tsf] hlp, Hofg tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cefjsf sf/0f kll8t dlxnfx? cfkm"lj 4 x'g] lx+;fnfo{ 3/leqsf] s'/f dfgl r'krfk ;xg afwo epsf 5g\. h;n] ubf{ dfgjtflj 4sf] o:tf] lgs[i6 ck/fw u/]sf]df sf/afxl / ;hfo ug]{ pko'qm sfg"gsf] cefjdf b08xlgtfn] k zo kfpsf] b]lvg5. dlxnfdfly x'g] 3/]n' lx+;fdf a[l4 x'fb} hfg'df lkt[;qftds ;fdflhs ;+/rgf, dlxnf lziffdf sdl, cfly{s lgogq0f k'?ifdf lglxt /xg', cfly{s ; f]t / ;fwg kl/rfngdf kx'frsf] sdl, k"/ftgjfbl ;fdflhs d"no / dfgotf, gllt lgdf{0f txdf dlxnf ;xeflutf gx'g', k hgg clwsf/df dlxnfsf] lgogq0f gx'g' cflb d'vo sf/0fx? x'g\. dlxnflj 4sf] lx+;fnfo{ 3/leqsf] s'/f egl 9fs5f]k u/l k sfzdf gnofpg] dlxnfsf] k j[lqn] ubf{ g]kfnl ;dfhdf dlxnf lx+;f Jofks ep tfklg s] s:tf lx+;f x'g5g\ / slt ;ª\Vofdf lx+;f eo/x]sf 5g\ egg] cflwsfl/s tyofª\s eg] e]l6psf] 5}g. #= 3/]n' lx+;f;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cgtl/d sf] n] s'g} klg dlxnflj 4 zf/ll/s, dfgl;s jf cgo s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fhgo sfo{ ul/g] 5}g / To:tf] sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08glo x'g]5 egg] Joj:yf u/l klxnf] k6s dlxnflj 4sf] lx+;fnfo{ ;+ljwfgåf/f g} b08glo agfpsf] 5. 3/]n' lx+;f ;DaGwdf 5'6[} sfg"g agg' k5{ egg] gjlgtd dfgotf eptfklg g]kfndf o; ;DaGwdf 5'6[} sfg"g gepsf]n] d'n'sl P]gsf] s'6lk6sf] dxn, ljxfjf/lsf] dxn, ha/h:tl s/0flsf] dxn, cfzo s/0flsf] dxn, xf8gftf s/0flsf] dxn, c+zag8fsf] dxn, nf]ug] :jf:glsf] dxn tyf ufnl a]ohhtl s]xl ;fj{hlgs -ck/fw / ;hfo_ nufotsf ljlegg ljz]if P]gx?n] dlxnf lx+;flj 4sf s]xl Joj:yf u/]sf] eptfklg To;sf] k efjsf/l sfof{gjog gepsf] x'fbf dlxnf lx+;flj 4sf sfg"g sfg"gdf dfq ;Lldt /xg upsf] kfog5. 29 dlxnfsf] ue{ktg;dagwl clwsf/ M sfg"gsf] k efjsf/l of{gjogsf] nflu ;xof]ul k'l:tsf, dlxnf, sfg"g / ljsf; d~r 117

128 3/]n' lx+;faf6 kll8t dlxnfnfo{ ;+/If0f k bfg u/l plrt pkrf/ k bfg ug]{ ljz]if sfg"gsf] cefjdf lx+;faf6 kll8t kif dlxnfx? d'n'sl P]g tyf cgo P]gsf ;fdfgo Joj:yfaf6 pkrf/ lng afwo epsf 5g\. h'g pkrf/ cfkm}df ckof{kt tyf emgeml6nf] /x]sf] 5. $= 3/]n' lx+;f;dagwl k :tfljt ljw]os ljlegg cgt/f{li6«o ;lgw, ;Demf}tf tyf ljzj hgdtn] 3/]n' lx+;fnfo{ dfgjclwsf/sf] d'2fsf]?kdf :jlsf/ u/]sf] kl/k ]Iodf g]kfndf klg o:tf 36gfx? lbgfg'lbg j[l4 x'fb} upsf] / o; ;DaGwdf 5'6[} k efjsf/l sfg"g gepsf] x'fbf 3/]n' lx+;f ;DaGwdf 5'6[} sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ dfu /fvl ljlegg u}/;/sf/l ;ª\3;+:yf tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] tkm{af6 epsf] lg/gt/ bafa tyf k of;sf] ;fn kmfu'g!) ut] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] 3/]n' lx+;f -ck/fw / ;hfo_ ljw]os ;+;bdf btf{ r}q!@ ut] k ltlglw;efdf k]z u/]sf] lyof]. pqm ut] k ltlglw;efaf6 kfl/t eo{ /fli6«o ;efdf ljrf/fwlg h]i7 * ut] ;+;b lj36g epkl5 pqm ljw]os /fli6«o ;efdf g} ylgspsf] lyof]. g]]kfn kif epsf dfgj clwsf/;dagwl cgt/f{li6«o dxf;lgw cgtu{tsf] bflotj kl/kfngf ug{ tyf g]kfnsf] cgtl/d åf/f k Tofe"t dlxnf lx+;flj 4sf] clwsf/nfo{ k efjsf/l?kdf sfof{gjog u/l 3/]n' lx+;faf6 kll8t JolQmsf] ;+/If0f / ;'/Iff ug{ tyf kl8snfo{ plrt sf/afxl ug{sf nflu xfn 3/]n' lx+;f -ck/fw / ;hfo_ Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k'gm k]z ul/psf] 5. o; ljw]osn] kl/jf/sf] s'g} JolQmn] ;f]xl kl/jf/sf] csf]{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ lbg] zf/ll/s, dfgl;s, cfly{s tyf of}ghgo oftgfnfo{ 3/]n' lx+;fsf]?kdf kl/eflift u/l 3/]n' lx+;fsf] kl/efiff / To;sf] bfo/fnfo{ km/flsnf] kf/]sf] 5. o; ljb]osdf 3/]n' lx+;f ;DaGwdf lj:t[t kl/efiff, oftgfsf] lj:t[t kl/efiff, ph'/l;dagwl Joj:yf, 3/]n' lx+;fnfo{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]?kdf lnpsf], d]nldnfk ;DaGwL Joj:yf, cbfntn] 3/]n' lx+;f;dagwl d'2fnfo{ k fyldstf lbg' kg]{, cgtl/d ;+/If0ffTds cfb]z hf/l ug{ ;Sg], agb Ohnfzsf] Joj:yf, ;]jf s]gb sf] Joj:yf, 3/]n' lx+;fsf kll8tnfo{ pkrf/sf] /sd kl8sn] Joxf]g'{ kg]{, dfgl;s oftgfnfo{ xbdofb gnfug] h:tf ;sf/ftds Joj:yf ul/psf] eptfklg of] ljw]os kfl/t u/fpg ;/sf/ TolQ ;+j]bgzln epsf] kfofb}g. dlxnflj 4sf] lx+;f ;dfgtf k fkt ug]{ dfwodsf] k d'v afws ttjsf]?kdf /x]sf] 5. o:tf] lx+;fsf] sf/0f klxrfg u/l To;sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ tkm{ gllt lgdf{0f tx slxno} ;+j]bgzln b]lvpsf] kfopg. dlxnflj 4sf] lx+;f cgto ug]{ ;DaGwL ljlegg ;lgw ;Demf}tfdf g]kfnn] x:tfif/ u/l cg'df]bg u/]sf] eptfklg o;nfo{ /fli6«o sfg"g agfo{ sfof{gjog ug]{tkm{ eg] sf/afxl rnfpsf] kfofb}g. 118!= ljifo k j]zm ^= afn Gofok 0ffnL Juvenile Justice System afnaflnsfn] sfg"gl ;+/If0fsf ;fy} ljlegg clwsf/x? k fkt u/]sf x'g5g\. xfdl o; kl/r5]bdf sfg"g pnnª\3g ug]{ jf sfg"gljk/lt sfo{ ug]{ afnaflnsfsf ;Gbe{df dfq} rrf{ ug]{5f}+. afn clwsf/ Pp6f a[xt\?v xf] eg] afngofo To;sf] Pp6f xffuf dfq xf]. afn Gofoleq sfg"gsf] ;Dks{df cfpg] afnaflnsf jf sfg"g;fu tfbtdotf g/fvg] afnaflnsfn] k fkt ug]{ ;+/If0f jf clwsf/sf] af/]df dfq rrf{ ul/g5. sfg"gsf] df/df k/]sf afnaflnsfnfo{ ljz]if clwsf/ / ;+/If0f lbg'sf] k5fl8 lgdg cfwf/x? /x]sf] kfog5. -s_ pglx? ckl/ksj x'g5g\. zf/ll/s / dfgl;s?kdf ;an jf ;Ifd x'fb}gg\. -v_ cfk"mn] u/]sf sfdx? unt lyp egg] j'm/fsf] hfgsf/l pglx?nfo{ x'fb}g. -u_ pglx?n] ug]{ lqmofx? dg;fo/lxt x'g5g\, ;fy} pglx?n] j'mg} sfo{ ubf{ To;sf] kl/0ffdsf] rfxfgf /fv]/ ub}{gg\. -3_ pglx? lh1f;' :jefjsf x'g5g\ / To;}sf] kl/0ffd:j?k unt sfo{ ub{5g\. xfdlsxff cem} klg afn GofonfO{ kmf}hbf/l Gofok 0ffnLsf] clegg cª\u dflgpsf] 5. pd]/ k'u]sf JolQmx?n] ck/fw u/]df / ;fgf cyf{t\ pd]/ gk'u]sf afnaflnsfn] cfk/flws sfo{ u/]df Ps} lsl;dsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfog5. k foh;f] ljsl;t b]zx?df kmf}hbf/l Gofok 0ffnL / afn Gofok 0ffnLnfO{ cnu ul/psf] kl/efiff M -s_ afnaflnsf M afnaflnsf;dagwl sf] -s_ cg';f/ afns eggfn] ;f]x«jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f gu/]sf] afnaflnsf ;Demg' k5{. t/ afn clwsf/;dagwl dxf;lgw / cgo cgt/fli6«o sfg"gx?df afnaflnsf eggfn]!* jif{ pd]/ k"/f gu/]sf JolQm ;Demg' k5{ egl pnn]v u/]sf] kfog5. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df afnaflnsf eggfn]!^ jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f gu/]sf] JolQmnfO{ g} hgfpf5. -v_ afn GofoM afn Gofo (Juvenile Justice) eggfn] sfg"gljk/ltsf] sfo{ ug]{ afnaflnsf jf sfg"g;fu ;Dks{df cfpg] afnaflnsfsf] ;DaGwdf nfu" x'g] Gofo Joj:yfnfO{ a'emfpfb5.

129 k rlnt sfg"gn] ug{ gx'g] eg]sf jf ck/fw egl kl/eflift u/]sf j'm/fx? pd]/ k'u]sf JolQmx?n] u/]df ck/fw u/]sf] elgg5 eg] pd]/ gk'u]sf jf gfafnsn] u/]df To;nfO{ untl u/]sf] dflgg5. o;/l gfafnsn] untl u/]df pglx?nfo{ cnuu} Jojxf/ / ;hfo ul/g5. o:tf] ;hfo k rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn] Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5. afnaflnsf k ltjfbl x'g] d'2fnfo{ o;sf] ;+j]bgzlntf tyf ufdelo{tfnfo{ Wofgdf /fvb} 5'6\6} sfo{ljlw;d]t tf]lspsf] kfog5. xfd f] ;Gbe{df lhnnf cbfntdf d'2fsf] ;'g'jfo lhnnf GofofwLzn] dfq ug]{ k rngegbf km/s afnaflnsfsf] d'2fsf] ;'g'jfo{ lhnnf GofofwLzsf] cltl/qm ;dfh;]jl, afnljz]if1 jf afn dgf]j}1flgsnfo{ ;dfj]z u/l ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5. afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf %% -%_ tyf afngofo -sfo{ljlw_ df o;;dagwl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ;du df egbf afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{qd lxt (Best Interest of the Children) nfo{ Wofgdf /fvl afngofosf ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. $= afngofosf] ;DaGwdf nfu" x'g] sfg"gl Joj:yfx? M afnaflnsflj 4 cleof]u nufog] k rlnt sfg"gx?sf cltl/qm lgdg P]g lgod tyf ghl/x? afn Gofosf ;DaGwdf ljz]if?kn] nfu" x'g5g\. -s_ P]g M afn Gofosf ;DaGwdf afnaflnsf;dagwl ljz]if?kn] cfslif{t x'g5. o;sf cltl/qm afnclwsf/;dagwl dxf;lgw (Convention on the Rights of the Child) (CRC)!(*( klg afngofosf ;DaGwdf nfu" x'g5. -x]g'{xf];\ ltnf]qd kf}8]n lj= dlgqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;fnsf] l/== k'== O== g+==!&$ cfb]z afnaflnsf;dagwl sf bkmf $@, $(, %), %!, %@, %#, %$, %%, %^ tyf %& afngofo;fu ;DalGwt 5g\. -v_ lgod/lgodfjnlm lgodfjnlm afn Gofo -sfo{ljlw_ afn Gofosf ;DaGwdf nfu"x'g] cfwf/e"t lgodfjnl x'g\. -u_ ghl/x?m afn Gofosf ;DaGwdf lgdglnlvt ghl/x? dxîjk"0f{ 5g\. -!_ afnaflnsfnfo{ afn ;'wf/u[xdf /fvg'kg]{ bkmf $@ M afnaflnsfnfo{ txslsft, cg';gwfg jf k'k{ifsf nflu jf Goflos lx/f;tdf lnfbf jf s}bsf] ;hfo kfpdf ;d]t sf/fuf/df g/fvl afn ;'wf/u[xdf /fvg' k5{. 1 -@_ afnclwsf/;dagwl dxf;lgwsf] kl/kfngf ;DaGwdf M 2 -#_ afnaflnsfnfo{ xts8l nufpg gx'g] ;DaGwdf -bkmf!%_ 3 %= afngofosf ;DaGwdf Wofg k' ofpg' kg]{ j'm/fx? M -s_ -v_ -u_ -3_ -8_ -r_ afnaflnsfsf] d'2f agb Ohnfzdf ;'gjfo x'g'k5{. d'2f tyf ;f];fu ;DalGwt 36gf ljj/0f d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/lsf] cg'dtl lagf kqklqsfdf k sfzg ug{ x'fb}g -afnaflnsf;dagwl P]gsf] bkmf $( / afngofo -sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnlsf] lgod!@_ k lt/iff ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foL gepdf afnaflnsfsf] d'2fsf] ;'g'jfo{ ug{ x'fb}g -jf= j= ;= bkmf!(_ afnaflnsf k ltjfbl epsf] d'2fsf] ;'g'jfo{ GofofwLz, ;dfh;]jl, afnljz]if1 jf afn dgf]j}1flgs ;dfj]z epsf] GofofwL s/0faf6 x'g' kb{5. P]gsf] bkmf %% -%_ tyf sf] lgod -^_ -!!_ / -!@_ afnaflnsf k ltjfbl jf jfbl epsf] d'2fn] k fyldstf kfpf5. -P]gsf] bkmf %^_ afnaflnsfsf] xssf] k rng P]gsf] xbdofb -P]gsf] bkmf %$_ / k'g/fj]bg -P]gsf] bkmf %^_ ubf{ ljzif Wofg k' ofpg' kb{5. ;fy} cgo k rlnt sfg"g cg';f/sf xbdofbx?sf] ;DaGwdf klg x]ssf /fvg' h?/l x'g5. afnaflnsfsf] xssf] k rngsf] lgldt afnssf] tkm{af6 hf] ;'s}n] klg afns /x] a;]sf] Onfsfsf] lhnnf cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;S5g\ -P]gsf] ;fy} afnssf] xs k'ug] h'g;'s} j'm/fdf gflnz, ph'/ jf k lt/iff ug'{ kbf{ afa', cfdf, ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnfnfo{ ;f] clwsf/ k fkt x'g5. -P]gsf] bkmf %!_. 1 aan' uf]l8ofsf] xsdf clwjqmf cflzif clwsf/l lj 4 affs] lhnnf cbfnt ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ##() cfb]z ldlt )%&.!@.!#, s]zj v8\sfsf] xsdf clwjqmf cflzif clwsf/l lj 4 wgj'm6f lhnnf cbfnt ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #^*$, cfb]z 2 ltnf]qd kf}8]n lj 4 dlgqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;fnsf] l/=k'=o=g+=!&$, cfb]z 3 afnj[mi0f d}gfnl lj 4 u[xdgqfno ;fnsf] l/6 g #%)%, cfb]z 119

130 kffrf}f kl/r5]b cgo ck/fwx Other Crimes 120

131 != kl/ro!= ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwx Offences Relating to Property ;DklQsf] lj 4 ul/g] ck/fwx?nfo{ ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fw elgg5. ;DklQ :jefj}n] dfg5]sf] cfk\mgf] k f0fkl5sf] bf]; f] dxîjk"0f{ Kof/f] j:t' xf]. o;sf] lj 4 s;}n] s'g} k sf/n] cgflws[t tj/n] x8kg (Encroach) vf]h5 eg] ;DklQsf] dflnsn] k ltlqmof hgfpg' :jefljs x'g hfg5 lsgeg] p;n] cfk\mgf] k f0fkl5 dfof ug]{ j:t' g} ;DklQ xf]. Jofks b[li6sf]0fdf ;DklQsf] kl/efiffleq ef}lts / cef}lts b'j} lsl;dsf ;DklQx? kb{5g\. ;a} k sf/sf ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwnfo{ Pp6} sfg"gn] lgogq0f ug{ ;Dej gepsf]n] ljifoj:t' / k of]hg ljrf/ u/l cnu cnu sfg"g ag]sf 5g\. k To]s sfg"gsf] cfk\mg} ;Ldf / If]qflwsf/ ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] kl/efiff ;DklQ lj 4sf] ck/fwsf] cy{ dflg;x? jf cgo sfg"gl JolQmx?sf] ;DklQ ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt x'g5. cyf{t, JolQmsf] ;fdklqs clw/sf/sf] ;'/Iff kmf}hbf/l sfg"gleq kb{5. JolQm / ;DklQaLr /x]sf] ;DaGwdfly cltqmd0f jf x:tif]k jf s'g} xflgnfo{ g} ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fw elgg5. o;df kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] ck/fw 3f]if0ff u/l b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'g5. JolQmnfO{ cfk\mgf] ;DklQ pkof]u ug]{ clwsf/ ;+ljwfg / P]g sfg"gn] k bfg u/]sf] x'g5 / Tof] clwsf/ dfly cgflws[t x:tif]k x'g updf kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] plrt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'g5. ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwx?sf] cfwf/e"t ttjsf]?kdf a]odfglsf] lgot (Dishonesty) /x]sf] kfog5 h;nfo{ sfg"gn] u}/sfg"gl kmfobf h:tf zabx? /fvl ck/fwdf cfk/flws dg;fo (Mens Rea) sf?kdf k :t't u/]sf] x'g5. o;k sf/ Ps JolQmnfO{ u}/sfg"gl kmfobf k'u]sf] / csf]{nfo{ untlk"0f{ a]kmfobf k'u]sf] x'g'k5{ / stf{n] o:tf ck/fwdf a]odfglsf] lgot (Dishonesty) /fv]s} x'g'k5{ t/ a]odfglsf] lgotsf]?k / dfkb08 eg] ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwdf 5' f5' } x'g ;Sb5. #= ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] jul{s/0f k frlg ;dodf ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fw ;fdfgo lsl;dsf] x'gyof] / jul{s/0f ug{ ;lhnf] lyof] t/ lj1fg / k ljlwsf] ljsf;;fu;fu} ;DklQsf] k sf/ klg a9\b} hfg] epsf]n] ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwnfo{ jul{s/0f ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g. ;fdfgotof ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwnfo{ b'o{ efudf aff8\g ;lsg5. klxnf] xf] ef}lts / bf]; f] xf] cef}lts. t/, oxff xfdln] g]kfnl sfg"gnfo{ dwo]gh/ ub}{ lgdg k sf/n] jul{s/0f u/l j0f{g ul/psf] 5. -s_ rf]/l, -v_ 7uL / -u_ n'6kf6 -s_ rf]/lsf] kl/efiff / lsl;d rf]/l Ps udel/ ;fdflhs ck/fw xf]. of] ck/fw a]odfgl lgotn] ul/g5. d'n'sl P]g rf]/lsf] dxnn] rf]/l ck/fw lgogq0f ug{ lj:t[t Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. d'n'sl P]gn] rf]/lnfo{ kffr k sf/df ljefhg u/]sf] 5. ;fdfgo rf]/l, gsahgl rf]/l, ha/h:tl rf]/l, /xhgl / 8fFsf. rf]/lsf] kl/efiff d'n'sl P]gsf] rf]/lsf] dxnsf] g+=! n] u/]sf] 5. pko'{qm kl/efiffcg';f/ rf]/l ck/fw 7xg{ b]xfoadf]lhd rf/ cj:yf k'u]sf] x'g'kb{5. cfk\mgf] xs gk'ug] wgdfn x'g'k5{. crnnfo{ rn u/fo{ jf rn wgdfn nu]sf] x'g'kb{5. wglnfo{ yfxf glbo{ jf p;sf] dgh'/l glno{ nu]sf] x'g'kb{5. wglsf] xs d]6fo{ cfk"mn] lng vfgsf nflu a]odfglsf lgotn] nu]sf] x'g'kb{5. ;}4flGts ljzn]if0f # rf]/lsf] sfo{ttj (Actus reus) xf] / a'fbf $ o;sf] dg;fo ttj (Mens rea) xf]. rf]/l 7xl/g ol rf/} ttjx?sf] ljbdfg x'g cfjzos 5. tldwo] s'g} Ps ttjsf] cefjdf dfq klg rf]/l ck/fw 7xg{ ;Sb}g. (i) ;fdfgo rf]/l M d'n'sl P]gn] ;fdfgo rf]/lsf] 5' } kl/efiff u/]sf] 5}g. ctm rf]/lsf] dnxsf]! g++= n] u/]sf] kl/efiffnfo{ g} cfwf/dfgl ;fdfgo rf]/lsf] kl/efiff ug'{kg]{ epsf] 5. ;fdfgo rf]/l 7xl/g b'o{ cj:yf k'u]sf] x'g'k5{. -s_ rf]/l ubf{ dfn wglnfo{ yfxf glbo{ wgdfn nu]sf] x'g'k5{. cyjf, dfnwgln] yfxf kfp klg dfnwglsf lj 4 rf]/l ug{]n] s'g} k sf/sf] an k of]u u/]sf] x'g' x'fb}g. o:tf] l:ylt epsf] rf]/ldf rf]/sf] ;ª\Vof hlt;'s} klg x'g ;Sb5. 121

132 122 -v_ rf]/n] b}lgs Jojxf/df c?n] k of]u ug]{ af6faf6} leq k;l jf lg:sl rf]/l u/]sf] x'g'kb{5. t;y{ v'nnf jf 9KsfPsf] 9f]sfaf6 leq k;l rf]/l u/]sf] 7x/]df ;fdfgo rf]/l 7x5{. (ii) gsahgl rf]/l (Burglary): rf]/lsf] # g+= n] gsahgl rf]/lsf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5. gsahgl rf]/l 7xg{ cj:yf k'u]sf] x'g'k5{ M -s_ rf]/n] b}lgs Jojxf/df k of]u gul/g] s'af6f] k of]u u/]sf] x'g'kb{5. e\mofn, kvf{n r9\g], ;]g ;' ª vgg], tfnrf 5f]l:sgL effrg] vf]ng] sfo{nfo{ P]gn] s'af6f]sf] pbfx/0f :j?k k :t't u/]sf] 5. -v_ rf]/n] dfnwglsf lj 4df ;fdfgo rf]/ldf h:t} an k of]u u/]sf] x'g' x'fb}g. o;df klg rf]/sf] ;ª\Vof hglt;'s} x'g;sg] b]lvg5. (iii) ha/h:tl rf]/l (Theft Accompanied by Force): rf]/l ug]{ l;nl;nfdf rf]/n] dfnwglsf lj 4 an k of]u u/]df ha/h:tl rf]/l 7x5{. ha/h:tl rf]/lsf] ;DaGwdf rf]/lsf] dnxsf] $ g+= n] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5. pko{'qm kl/efiffcg';f/ ha/h:tl rf]/l 7xl/g b]xfoadf]lhd tlg ttj ljbdfg x'g'kb{5. -s_ rf]/l ubf{ rf]/n] dfnwglsf lj 4df an k of]u u/]sf] x'g'kb{5, cyf{t lghn] dfnwglnfo{ s'6lk6 xftkft u/]sf], affwg], 5f8\g] sfd u/sf] x'g'kb{5. pltv]/} Hofg lng] jf hlp hvd cª\ueª\u ug]{ 8/ qf; b]vfpsf] x'g'kb{5 cyjf leq a;]sf] dflg;nfo{ aflx/ lgl:sg gx'g] u/l y'gl rf]/l u/]sf] x'g'kb{5. -v_ ha/h:tl rf]/l 7xl/g rf]/sf] ;ª\Vof rf/ hgfegbf a9l x'g' x'fb}g. rf/hgfegbf a9l epdf ToxL jf/bft 8fFsf 7x5{. -u_ o:tf] rf]/l dflg;x?sf] :jfefljs?kdf a;f]af; ug]{ :yfg jf v'nnf ahf/ jf ;8sdf epsf] x'g'kb{5. xf/u'xf/ t'?gt gkfog] lgh{g :yfg, af6f]3f6f], hª\undf ha/h:tl rf]/l epdf /xhgl 7xl/g hfg5. (iv) /xhgl : dfnwglsf lj 4 lgh{g :yfgdf an k of]u u/l epsf] rf]/lnfo{ /xhgl elgg5. rf]/lsf] % g+= cg';f/ æaf6f]3f6f] jf hª\undf 9'sL ha/h:tl rf]/l u/]sf] /xhgl 7x5{.Æ pko{'qm kl/efiffcg';f/ /xhgl s;"/ 7xg{ b]xfoadf]lhd # ttj k'u]sf] x'g'kb{5. -s_ rf]/l ubf{ af6f]3f6f] hª\un h:tf] t' Gt xf/u'xf/ gkfog] PsfGt :yfgdf epsf] x'g'kb{5. rf]/n] To:tf] :yfgdf k"j{ tof/lsf ;fy 9's]/ a;]sf] x'g'kb{5. -v_ rf]/l ubf{ s;"/bf/n] dfnwglsf lj 4 an k of]u u/]sf] x'g'kb{5. -u_ rf]/sf] ;ª\Vof rf/ hgfegbf a9l x'g' x'fb}g. (v) 8fFsf : rf/ hgfegbf a9l hdft g} dfnwglsf lj 4 an k of]u u/l rf]/l u/]df 8s}tL 7x5{. rf]/lsf] ^ g+= n] 8s}tL 7xg{ lgdg cj:yf pnn]v u/]sf] 5 M -s_ rf/ hgfegbf a9lsf] hdft x'g'kb{5. cyf{t of] s;"/ 7xg{ % jf ;f]egbf a9l hlt;'s} u/l 7"nf] hdft x'g ;Sb5. 7"nf] hdft eo{ xftxltof/ s]xl glno{ x'nx'hht u/l rf]/l u/]df klg 8s}tL g} 7x5{ -v_ dfnwglsf lj 4 an k of]u epsf] x'g'kb{5. To:tf] an k of]u ha/h:tl rf]/l jf /xhgl rf]/lsf l/tn] epsf] x'g'kb{5. cyf{t rf]/n] dfnwglsf lj 4 ttsfn Hofg hfg], cª\ueª\u x'g] 8/qf;df kf/l 3/leq jf af6f]3f6f] hª\undf xfsfxfsl rf]/l u/]sf] 8s}tL 7x5{. -v_ 7uLsf] kl/efiff / lsl;d 7uL ck/fw rf]/l h:t} ;dfhdf a/fa/ eo/xg] 36gf xf]. dfnwglnfo{ yfx} glbo{ jf lghsf lj 4 an k of]u u/l lghsf] ;DklQ nu]df jf/bftsf] cj:yf x]/l rf]/l 8s}tL 7xl/g ;S5. dfnwglnfo{ s'g} s'/fdf ljzjf;df kf/l, nnfo{ kmsfo{ jf e'msofo{ lghsf] ;fysf] ;DklQ s;}n] xft kf/]df 7uL s;"/ 7x5{. d'n'sl P]g 7uLsf] dnxsf] $ g++= cg';f/ 7uL x'gnfo{ lgdg cj:yfx?sf] pkl:ylt x'g' h?/l b]lvg5 M 1. cfk\mgf] xs gk'ug] wgdfn x'g'kb{5. 7uL 7xg{ 7un] cfk\mgf] xs gk'ug] csf{sf] xs jf lhddfsf] j:t'nfo{ x:tif]k u/]sf] x'g'kb{5. o:tf] x:tif]k df}lvs jf lnlvt?kdf x'g;s5. o:tf] x:tif]k rn jf crn b'j} k sf/sf] ;DklQdf x'g ;Sb5. 2. xs k'ug] wgl jf lhddf lng] JolQmnfO{ nnfo{ kmsfo{ ukmntdf kf/l e'msofo{ lnpsf] jf lbnfpsf] x'g'kb{5. csf{sf] ;DklQdfly x:tif]k ug{ 7un] dfnwglnfo{ s'g}?kdf e'msofo{ ktof/df kf/l ;f] ;DklQ cfk"mn] lnpsf] jf c?nfo{ lbpsf] jf lbnfpsf] x'g'kb{5. o; qmddf 7un] b]xfosf] s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] x'g ;Sb5 M 3. -c_ lst]{ sfuh agfpsf], -cf_ cfk"m;fu gepsf] s'/f 5 egl e'msofpsf], -O_ e"m7f]nfo{ ;2]egL 9fF6]sf], / -O{_ csf{sf] dfn d]/f] xf] jf epsf] 5 eg]sf].

133 a]odfglsf lgotn] wf]sf lbo{ ;f] sfo{ ;DkGg epsf] x'g'kb{5. c;n lgotn] csf{nfo{ e'msofo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] sfd ;xl cy{df 7uL 7xb}{g. 7uL d'votm b'o{ k sf/af6 x'g ;Sb5. ;DklQ;DaGwL 7uL / gfd 9fF6]/ ul/g]7ul. dfnwglnfo{ e'msofo{ ;DklQ xft kf/]df ;DklQ;DaGwL 7uL x'g hfg5. gfd 9fF6]/ lu/k\mtf/laf6 arg ;kmn epdf jf ;DklQ xft kfg{ ;kmn epdf gfd 9fF6]/ x'g] 7uL s;"/ x'ghfg5. cfk\mgf] cf]xbf 9fF6L csf{nfo{ e'msofo{ cfk"mnfo{ kmfobf c?nfo{ gf]s;fgl x'g] sfd ug{ ;kmn epdf To:tf] sfo{ 7uL 7xb}{g, cf]xbf lst]{ 7x5{ jf e i6frf/ 7x5{. afr'~h]n :ofxf/ ;Def/ u5'{ egg] ljzjf;df kf/l ;f] Joxf]/fsf] 5' } sfuh u/l lbo{ xfn} b]lvsf] js;kq kf; u/fo{ lnpsf] zt{adf]lhdsf] sfd gepdf 7uL 7xg]{, sfuh ab/ x'g]. 1 sdkglsf] Ph]G6 eo{ ;fe]mbf/ldf sfd ug]{ egl ljzjf;df kf/l s]xl /sd lnpsf] t/ eg]adf]lhd sfd ep u/]sf] gb]lvpdf 7uL 7xg]{. 2 huuf a]r5' egl s]xl?lkoff lnpsf] t/ pqm :yfgdf huuf gepsf] cj:yfdf cl3 lbpsf]?lkoff k df0faf6 l;4 x'g g;s] 7uL u/]sf] g7xg]{. 3 -u_ n'6lk6sf] kl/efiff / lsl;d ;fdfgotm s;}n] csf{sf] sahfdf /x]sf] s'g} ;DklQdfly cfk\mgf] klg xsclwsf/ 5 egg] bfal lno{ ha/h:tl vf]:g], lng] jf gi6 ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 eg] pqm sfo{nfo{ n'6lk6 (Looting) elgg5. o;k sf/sf] sfo{af6 :jefj}n] s;}nfo{ kmfobf / s;}nfo{ gf]s;fg k'u]sf] x'g5 t/ b'j} kifnfo{ kmfobf gepsf cj:yfdf klg n'6lk6 ck/fw 7x/ x'g ;Sb5. n'6lk6sf]! g+= n] s'g} klg sfo{ ck/fw 7xg{ lgdg lnlvt cfwf/e"t s'/fx? x'g'kg]{ b]lvg5 M!= rf]/lsf] dxnadf]lhd ck/fw n'6lk6sf] dxnsf] s'g} hl/ofaf6 emu8f jf s'6lk6;dd epsf]. #= ha/h:tl jf an k of]u epsf]. $= csf{sf] xssf] jf lhddfsf] wgdfn ;DklQ nu]sf] jf gf]s;fg k' ofpsf] x'g'kb{5. To:t} g++= n] n'6lk6sf af/]df c? s]xl yk cj:yfx?sf] JofVof u/]sf] 5. tl x'g\ M!= csf{sf] xssf] ;DklQ cfk\mgf] klg xs epsf] cgodfly plnnlvt hl/ofaf6 p7fg eo{ w/ks8 jf egfeg, emu8f, n5f/k5f/ eo{ an k of]u epsf]. #= ;f]xl 7fpFdf p;} ;dodf ;fydf ep /x]sf] wgdfn, gub, lhg;l vf];l lnp nu]sf] x'g'kb{5. cfk\mgf] xs ef]usf] huufdf nufpsf] ds}afnl effrl nu]sf] n'6lk6 g7xg]{. ;Flwof/n] n'6lk6df lnpsf] bfjf gk'ug]. 4 cfk\mgf] xs ef]usf] huufdf csf{nfo{ 3/ agfpg lbo{ ;f]sf] ; f csf]{ huuf k fkt ug]{ zt{ epsf]df ;f]adf]lhd sfd gepsf] ep huufjfnfn] cfk\mgf] huufdf nufpsf] afnl lng kfpg] n'6lk6 g7xg]{. 5 rfdn lwtf] /fvl a}+saf6 C0f lemsbf C0fLn] uf]bfdsf] /]vb]v / eff8f;d]t ltg'{kg]{ zt{ epsf]df pqm uf]bfdaf6 ha/h:tl n]gfsf] /sd jfkt egl rfdn af]sl nu]sf] n'6lk6 7xg]{. 6 $= ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwsf sfg"gl Joj:yfx? -s_ If]qflwsf/ ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwdf sfg"gl sf/afxl ubf{ c=a+= g+= g} ;fgble{s b]lvg5. pqm sfg"gl Joj:yf ;fdfgo sfg"gl Joj:yf xf]. ;fy} ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fw, vf; u/l rf]/l, 7uL / n'6lk6sf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if sf'ggl Joj:yf epsf] kfofb}g. To;}n] o; lsl;dsf ck/fwx?df k fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ (Territorial Jurisdiction) g} k of]udf cfpg] b]lvg5. To;}n] rf]/l, 7uL / n'6lk6 h:tf ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwx?df c=a+= g+= cfslif{t x'g] b]lvg5. -v_ xsb}of ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] udel/tfnfo{ ljrf/ u/l /fhon] rf]/l / 7uLnfO{ ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl! leq /fv]sf] 5. cyf{t rf]/l / 7uL ;/sf/jfbl d'2fleq kb{5g\ / o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfg"gl sf/afxl ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl cg';f/ x'g5 eg] n'6lk6 ck/fw JolQmjfbL d'2f xf]. o;df kll8t :jo+n] cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug'{ k5{. 1 zde' b]jl afx'gl lj= c;kml{ afx'g, g]sfk -@)@@_, 2 eful/y g/l;+x k wfg lj=lj=pn zdf{ egg] ljzjde/nfn zdf{, g]sfk -@)#!_, 3 pbonfn zdf{ lj= uugnfn a:g]t, g]sfk -@)$$_, k[= ((). 4 x:taxfb'/ v8\sf If]qL lj= /fdxl/sf] d'=;= ug]{ 9f]ns]Zj/ kfwof, g]sfk -@)@$_, k[=!$%. 5 v8\uaxfb'/ tfdfª\ lj= wfdl egg] rgb axfb'/ tfdfª\ ;d]t, g]sfk -@)@&_, 6 nidlk ;fb sf]o/fnfsf] d'=;= ug]{ k hfklt sf]o/fnf lj= eful/yf Gof}kfg], g]sfk -@)$(_, k[= %#. 123

134 -u_ xbdofb (i) rf]/l d'2fdf xbdofb, rf]/lsf] g+=!) (ii) 7uL d'2fdf xbdofb, 7uLsf] g+= * (iii) -3_ d'2fsf] k j[mlt n'6lk6 d'2fdf xbdofb, n'6lk6sf] g+= & ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fw km/s km/s lsl;dsf] epsf]n] o;sf] k j[mlt klg km/s km/s lsl;dsf] /x]sf] kfog5. rf]/l / 7uL ;fj{hlgs k j[mltsf] ck/fw b]lvg5 eg] n'6lk6 JolQmjfbL lsl;dsf] b]lvg5. s'g ck/fw ;fj{hlgs x'g] / s'g JolQmjfbL x'g] egg] s'/f /fhosf] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'g5. %= ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fw;fu ;DalGwt P]g sfg"g (i) (ii) d'n'sl P]gsf] rf]/lsf] dxn d'n'sl P]gsf] 7uLsf] dxn (iii) d'n'sl P]gsf] n'6lk6sf] dxn. ^= j}b]lzs /f]huf/;dagwl ck/fw / To;sf dxîjk"0f{ Joj:yfx? -s_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/;dagwl ck/fw ;fdfgo cy{df egbf sfg"gdf plnnlvt k lqmof k"/f gu/l s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] nflu k7fpg' g} j}b}lzs /f]huf/;dagwl ck/fw xf]. j}b}lzs /f]huf/;dagwl ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ n] kl/efiff u/]sf] kfofb}g. t/ P]gsf] kl/r5]b ( n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/;dagwl ck/fwsf] ljz]iftfsf] af/]df pnn]v u/]sf] kfog5. tl plnnlvt cj:yfx?sf] pkl:yltsf] cfwf/df j}b]lzs /f]huf/;dagwl ck/fw epsf] dflgg5. cyf{t\, sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k lqmof k"/f gu/l dgdfgl 9ª\un] s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfn] sfd ug{ k7fpsf] cj:yfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/;dagwl ck/fw dflgg]5. -v_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/;dagwl ck/fwsf] jul{s/0f j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sf] kl/r5]b ( sf] bkmf $$ b]lv %% ;Dd j}b]lzs /f]huf/;dagwl ck/fwsf] jul{s/0f ul/psf] kfog5, h'g o;k sf/ /x]sf] 5g\ M 1. ljgf Ohfht j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug'{. 2. :jls[lt glno{ sfdbf/ ljb]z k7fpg'. 3. gfaflnunfo{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg'. 4. ;/sf/n] v'nf gu/]sf d'n'sdf sfdbf/ k7fpg'. 5. lnvt jf k ltj]bg n'sfpg' jf x]/k]m/ ug'{. 6. cg'dlt ljgf zfvf sfof{no vf]ng'. 7. lj1fkg k sfzg gug'{. 8. 5gf]6 ;"rl k sfzg gug'{. 9. /sd lkmtf{ jf Ifltk"lt{ lbg OGsf/ ug'{. 10. Ohfhtkqjfnfn] JolQmut?kdf sfdbf/ k7fpg'. 11. k j]z z'ns, ;]jf z'ns tyf k j4{g vr{ a9l lng'. 12. cf]bz jf lgb]{zg kfngf gug'{. 13. s/f/ ljk/lt sfo{ ug'{. -u_ ph'/l ug]{ xbdofb ph'/l ug]{ xbdofbsf] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf ^) df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. bkmf $#, $$, $%, $^ / $& cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;"/ u/]sf]df afx]s o; P]gadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] cgo s'g} s;"/df ;f] ep u/]sf] ldltn] Ps jif{leq ph'/ glbpdf ;f] pk/ sf/afxl x'g] 5}g. t/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df upsf] sfdbf/ :j]bz cfok'u]sf] ldltn] Ps jif{leq ph'/ lbg o; bkmfn] afwf k' ofpsf] 5}g. 124

135 -3_ If]qflwsf/ of] P]g ljz]if sfg"g epsf] / o; P]g cgtu{tsf d'2fx?sf] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fnfO{ lbpsf] 5, h'g P]gsf] bkmf ^$ df Joj:yf epsf] 5. o; P]gn] o;sf] If]qflwsf/ k fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ / afx\o If]qflwsf/ (Extra-territorial jurisdiction) ;Dd lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5. cyf{t of] P]g cg';f/ b]zleq / b]zaflx/ a;l ck/fw ug]{ ;d]tnfo{ sf/afxl ug{ ;Sg] b]lvg5. -ª_ xsb}of o; P]gcg';f/ x'g] jf 36\g] ;Dk"0f{ ck/fwsf] cg';gwfg, d'2fbfo/l / k lt/iff ug]{ sfd ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl cg';f/ x'g]5. cyf{t j}b]lzs /f]huf/;dagwl ck/fw ;/sf/jfbl d'2f xf]. o; ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf ^# df Joj:yf epsf]

136 126!= lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf] lnvt;dagwl ck/fw Crimes Relating to Documents kmf}hbf/l sfg"gdf lnvt;dagwl ck/fw eggfn] e"m7f] lnvt tof/ kfg]{ jf e"m7f] lnvtnfo{ ;4] ;/x Jojxf/ ug]{ u/l ul/g] cfk/flws sfo{ egg] a'lemg5. of] ck/fw s'g} klg lnvtsf] ;Totf lj 4 ul/psf] x'g5. lnvt;dagwl ck/fwn] e"m7f lnvt tof/ ug]{ jf ;4] lnvtnfo{ s'g} t/xn] e"m7f (Frogery) agfpg] sfo{nfo{ hgfpf5. s'g} sfuhftsf cfwf/df ul/g] sfo{nfo{ gssnl jf e"m7f sfuh v8f u/l ;4] xf] egg] efgdf kf/l To:tf] sfo{ ug]{ p2]zon] lnvt;dagwl ck/fw ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. o:tf]] ck/fw s'g} JolQmnfO{ e'msofo{ e"m7f lnvt v8f u/l jf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ s/sfkdf kf/l p;sf] OR5f lj 4sf] sfuh u/fo{ /fhl v'zlsf] sfuh ;/xsf] Jojxf/ ug]{ jf s'g} sfuhsf] Joxf]/f g} p8fo{ goff dtna lg:sg] h:tf sfo{ ug]{ jf s]xl Joxf]/f tndfly kf/l ;4] sfuhsf] egbf km/s cy{ lg:sg] Joxf]/f ldnfpg] h:tf sfo{ u/l ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. lnvt;dagwl ck/fwdf e"m7f lnvt v8f ubf{s} cj:yfdf s;}nfo{ k ToIf xflg ug]{ ge} To:tf] e"m7f lnvtsf] cfwfd/f s'g} sfd ep u/]df dfq csf]{nfo{ cf3ft kfg{ jf s;}nfo{ kmfobf k'ug ;Sb5. To;}n] a]nfotdf lnvt;dagwl ck/fw x'gsf] nflu To:tf] e"m7f lnvtsf] k of]u epsf] x'g'kb{5. t/ xfd f] sfg"gdf o;;dagwl cjwf/0ff s]xl km/s /x]sf] kfog5. g]kfnsf] sfg"g cg';f/ a]odfglsf lgotn] lst]{, hfn;fh jf s/sfk u/l e"m7f Joxf]/fsf] sfuh agfpg] sfo{nfo{ lnvt;dagwl ck/fw dflgg5. lnvt;dagwl ck/fw x'g pqm lnvt k of]u eo{ s;}nfo{ xflg gf]s;fgl jf u}/sfg"gl nfe epsf] x'g' clgjfo{ 5}g. To:tf] lnvt k of]u g} gepsf] jf ;f]af6 s'g} sfd g} gepsf] ep klg k"0f{ ck/fw dflgg5. jf:tjdf lnvt;dagwl ck/fw csf]{ s'g} u}/sfg"gl sfo{ jf ck/fwsf] tof/l cj:yf xf]. xfd f] sfg"gn] o;nfo{ ck/fwsf] 5' } >]0fLdf /fvl a]odfglsf lgotn] e"m7f sfuh v8f ug'{nfo{ dfq klg k"0f{ ck/fwsf]?kdf dfg]sf] 5. obflk g]kfnsf] sfg"gn] lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5}g tfklg ljlegg sfg"gdf 5l/P/ /x]sf o;;dagwl Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ xfd f] sfg"gn] lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf] bfo/fnfo{ km/flsnf] agfpsf] b]lvg5. lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf xfd f] sfg"gn] s]xl df}lns Joj:yfnfO{ klg cª\ulsf/ u/]sf] kfog5. h:t} M hfn;fhlnfo{ xfd f] sfg"gn] 5' } k sf/sf] lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf]?kdf cª\ulsf/ u/]sf 5 t/ o:tf] k fjwfg cgo b]zsf] sfg"gdf kfofb}g. c? b]zdf hfn;fhl k j[mltsf ck/fwnfo{ lst]{ (Forgery of doucment) jf 7uL (Cheating) cgtu{t /fvg] u/]sf] kfog5. g]kfnsf] sfg"gn] u/]sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ lnvt;dagwl ck/fw eggfn] lst]{, s/sfk jf hfn;fhl u/l a]odfglsf lgotn] e"m7f sfuh -cf+lzs jf k"0f{_ tof/ ug]{ sfo{nfo{ hgfpf5. o:tf] ck/fw c? s;}nfo{ xflg gf]s;fgl k' ofpg] jf e"m7f lnvt u/fpg] cfk}+mnfo{ jf c? s;}nfo{ u}/sfg"gl nfe k' ofpg] jblgotn] ul/psf] x'g' lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf] kl/efiff / jul{s/0f cwoogsf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu g]kfn sfg"gn] cª\ulsf/ u/]sf] lnvt;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ o;sf] k j[mltsf] cfwf/df lst]{, hfn;fhl / s/sfk u/l tlg ju{df jul{s/0f u/l cwoog / ljzn]if0f ug{ ;lsg5. lnvt;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ a'em\g ol ck/fwsf] af/]df 5' f5' } rrf{ ug'{ ;fgble{s b]lvg5. -s_ lst]{ (Forgery): lst]{ (Forgery) ck/fwnfo{ lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf] uxgtd tyf ax'k rlnt ck/fwsf]?kdf lnog5. g]kfnsf] sfg"gn] lst]{;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ o;sf ttjx? (elements) sf] cfwf/df ;d'rf?kdf kl/efiff u/]sf] 5}g. lst]{ ck/fwnfo{ 5' } tyf ljz]if sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt ul/psf] klg 5}g. d'n'sl P]gdf lst]{ sfuhsf] dxn cgtu{t s] s:tf sfo{ s] s;/l u/]df lst]{;dagwl ck/fw u/]sf] dflgg5 egg] s'/f;dd pnn]v ep klg o;;dagwl cjwf/0ffnfo{ :ki6;fu sfg"gdf pnn]v ug{ ;s]sf] kfob}g. a]nfotl sfg"gdf xfn lst]{;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ Forgery and Counterfeiting Act, 1981 n] Jojl:yt u/]sf] 5. olb s'g} JolQmn] cfk}+m jf c? s'g} JolQmåf/f ;4] xf] egl k of]u ug]{ dg;fon] s'g} e"m7f lrhj:t' (Instrument) agfo{ ;4] xf] egg] ljzjf; lbnfo{ cfk\mgf] s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{ jf c? s'g} JolQmsf] xs lxtdf k lts"n c;/ kfg{sf nflu k of]u ub{5 eg] ;f] JolQm lst]{ ckf/wsf] s;"/bf/ dflgg] Joj:yf pqm P]gn] u/]sf] 5. o;/l x]bf{ lst]{ ck/fw x'gsf] nflu s'g} JolQmn] e"m7f] lnvt agfpsf], To:tf] lnvt ;4] lnvtsf]?kdf k rngdf Nofpg] p2]zon] agfpsf] / cfk\mgf] kmfobfsf nflu s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{ jf c? s;}sf] xs lxtdf c;/ kfg]{ p2]zon] k of]u u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ b]lvg5. ctm lst]{;dagwl ck/fw x'gsf nflu To:tf] e"m7f] lnvt k of]u u/]sf x'g'kb{5. g]kfnsf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ lst]{ lnvt;dagwl ck/fw x'gsf] nflu To:tf] e"m7f] lnvt k of]u u/]s} x'gkg]{ clgjfo{tf 5}g. xfd f] jt{dfg kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] e"m7f] lnvt v8f ug]{ú / e"m7f] sfd s'/f ug]{ú sfo{nfo{ klg lst]{;dagwl ck/fw cgtu{t /fv]sf] kfog5. t;y{ xfd f] sfg"gn] cjndag u/]sf] lst]{;dagwl cjwf/0ff km/flsnf] 5. d'n'sl P]g lst]{ sfuhsf]úú dxnn] lst]{;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ ljlegg?kdf kl/eflift / Jojl:yt u/]sf] kfog5. o; cgtu{t lst]{ ;DaGwL ljlegg k sf/sf ck/fwnfo{ ;dflji6 ul/psf] 5 / tbg'?k

137 I= = k"0f{ lst]{ M km/s km/s ;hofsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] kfog5. ctm g]kfn sfg"gn] u/]sf] lst]{sf] kl/efiffnfo{ a'e\mg o;sf ljlegg k sf/sf ;DaGwdf epsf Joj:yfx? a'e\mg cfjzos b]lvg5, h'g o;k sf/ 5g\ M lst]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf]! g+=n] k"0f{ lst]{sf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5, h;cg';f/ æx:tfif/ jf cf}fnfsf] NofKr] ;xl, lgzfgf / 5fk OToflb e"m7f agfo{ u/l jf P]gadf]lhd /Ltk"j{ssf] ;xl5fk eo/x]sf] cs}{ ljifosf] ;Rrf lnvtdf n]lvpsf] Joxf]/f s'g} t/sla;fu p8fo{ cs}{ dtna lg:sg] Joxf]/f kf/l ldnfo{ n]vg] / Pp6f sfdnfo{ egl ;xl5fk u/]sf] lnkmf sfuh jf 5fk lnp lbpsf]df ;f] sfddf gnufo{ cs}{ Joxf]/fsf] lnvtdf nufo{ jf cs}{ Joxf]/fsf] lnvt n]vg] OToflb sfd u/]sf]af6 csf{sf] hlp, wg jf xs hfg] gf]s;fg x'g] jf ;f] s]xl gep klg e"m7f sfd ug]{ dflg; cfk}+mnfo{ jf c? s;}nfo{ kmfobf k df0f x'g] u/l sfd u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf e"m7f sfuhaf6 sfd u/l eo;s]sf] xf];\ jf gxf];\ lst]{ u/]sf] 7x5{. To:tf] lst]{ ug]{ u/fpg]nfo{ / hfgl a'eml lst]{ sfuhdf a:g] ;fifl dltof/ ;d]tnfo{ aft nfu5æ egl kl/efflift ul/psf] 5. plnnlvt kl/efiff cg';f/ k"0f{ lst]{ x'gsf] nflu lgdg cj:yfsf] ljbdfgtf x'g'kg]{ b]lvg5 M -s_ x:tfif/ jf cf}+nfsf] NofKr] ;xl lgzfgf / 5fk OToflb e"m7f agfpsf] jf u/]sf] jf -v_ /Ltk"j{ssf] ;xl5fk eo/x]sf] cs}{ ljifosf] ;Rrf lnvtdf n]lvpsf] Joxf]/f s'g} tl/sfaf6 p8fo{ cs}{ dtnj lg:sg] Joxf]/f kf/l ldnfo{ n]v]sf] jf -u_ Pp6f sfdnfo{ egl ;xl5fk u/]sf] lnkmf sfuh jf 5fk lnp lbpsf]df ;f] sfddf gnufo{ cs}{ Joxf]/fsf] lnvtdf nufpsf] jf cs}{ Joxf]/fsf] lnvt n]vg] sfd u/]sf], -3_ To:tf] sfd u/]sf]af6 csf{sf] hlp, wg jf xs hfg] gf]s;fg x'g] jf ;f] s]xl gep klg e"m7f sfd ug]{ dflg; cfk}+mnfo{ jf c? s;}nfo{ kmfobf k df0f x'g] u/l sfd u/]sf], -ª_ To:tf e"m7f sfuhaf6 sfd ul/;s]sf] jf gul/;s]sf] ep klg lst]{ u/]sf] 7xg]{. o;/l ;d'rf lnvt lst]{ u/]sf]af6 csf{nfo{ xflg gf]s;fgl epdf jf ;f] gep klg lst]{ sfuh agfpg] dflg; cfk}+mnfo{ jf c? s;}nfo{ kmfobf k df0fú x'g] u/l sfd u/]sf] cj:yf epdf To:tf] e"m7f lnvt k of]u g} gepsf] ep klg lst]{sf] aft nfug] Joj:yf 5. cfk/flws dg;fon] e"m7f sfuh agfpg] sfo{ dfq epsf] 5 eg] klg sfg"gsf] k of]hgsf] nflu lst]{ sfuh ;DaGwL ck/fw epsf] dflgg5. II= = cf+lzs lst]{ M d'n'sl P]g lst]{ sfuhsf] g+= n] cf+lzs lst]{sf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5, h;cg';f/ æ;d'rf lnvt eg] lst]{ gu/]sf] sf/0flsf hfgsf/l dgh'/ln] eo/x]sf] ;Rrf lnvtdf cª\s, ldlt jf s]xl Joxf]/f 36La9L kf/l ;RrfO{ agfpsf] ;Dd /x]5 eg] h] hlt s'/f 36L a9l kf/l agfpsf] 5 plt s'/fsf] lst]{ ug]{ 7x/L jft nfu5æ egg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. o;/l cf+lzs lst]{ ck/fw cgtu{t lnvtsf] s]xl efu jf Joxf]/f dfq lst]{ ug]{ sfo{nfo{ /flvpsf] 5. o:tf] cf+lzs lst]{ x'gsf] nflu s/0flsf dgh'/ln] eo/x]sf] ;Rrf lnvtsf] s]xl c+z 36L a9l kf/]sf] jf ;RrfPsf] x''g'kb{5. s/sfk jf hfn;fhaf6 epsf] lnvt jf lst]{ lnvtsf] Joxf]/f 36La9L kfg]{ sfo{nfo{ 5'6 ck/fw dflgb}g lsgls To;sf] d"n lnvt g} ck/fwk"0f{ dflgpsf] x'g5. III= = d'vsf] kl/k~rn] ul/g] lst]{ M lst]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf] $ g+= df o;;dagwl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5, h;cg';f/ ægu/] gepsf] sfd s'/f d'vsf] kl/k~r ldnfo{ k tlt kg]{ lx;fa;fu egl sfd u/l ;Sg] klg d'vsf kl/k~rn] lst]{ ug]{ 7x5{Æ egg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. o; k sf/sf] lst]{df s'g} lnvt epsf] x'fb}g / s'g} lrhj:t'df lrgx cflb kl/jt{g ul/psf] klg x'fb}g. To;}n] of] df}lvs lst]{ xf]. d'vsf] kl/k~rn] ul/g] lst]{df s'g} lnvt k df0f gx'g] x'fbf To;nfO{ vdal/ ug{ lgs} s7lg x'g5. To;}n] o;nfo{ lst]{ egbf klg 7uLsf?kdf lng] ul/g5. d'vsf] kl/k~rn] ul/g] lst]{ ck/fw lnvt ;DaGwL ck/fw xf]og. To;}n] xfd f] sfg"gn] u/]sf] lst]{ ck/fw ;DaGwL Joj:yf lnvt ;DaGwL ck/fwegbf km/flsnf] 5. IV= = cf]xbf lst{]m cf]xbf;dagwl lst]{ eggfn] gkfpsf] ;fj{hlgs kb jf cf]xbf kfpf egl 9fF6\g] sfo{ ug]{ egg] a'lemg5. lst]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf]!^ g+= df o;;dagwl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5, h;cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jls[ltn] lbg kfpg] JolQmn] lbpsf]df afx]s cfk\mgf d'gfl;an] s;}n] s;}nfo{ s'g} bhf{ lbg jf d kmnfgf] bhf{sf] x'f egg n]vg x'fb}g. clwsf/ epsf]n] lbp kfpsf] bhf{ axfn 6'6]kl5 klg n]vg egg x'g5. ;f] afx]s cfk"mn] gkfpsf] bhf{ kfp+ egg] jf n]vfk9l ug]{ jf gkfpsf] bhf{sf] wfsn] sfdsfh ;d]t ug]{nfo{ lst]{ ck/fwsf] aft nfug] Joj:yf 5. hfglhfgl cf]xbf lst]{ ck/fw ug]{ JolQm;Fu nflu ;f] ;DaGwL sfd ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;d]t cf]xbf lst]{ ck/fwsf] dltof/sf]?kdf aft nfug] sfg"gl Joj:yf 5. cf]xbf lst]{ ;DaGwL ck/fw lnlvt tyf df}lvs b'j}?kdf x'g ;Sb5. To:tf] ck/fw lnlvt?kdf u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq lnvt ;DaGwL ck/fwdf kb{5. cf]xbf lst]{df klg e"m7f cf]xbfsf] k of]u u/l s'g} csf]{ sfo{ u/]sf] x'g' clgjfo{ 5}g. gkfpsf] bhf{ kfpf egg' jf To:tf] bhf{ n]vg' dfq klg sfg"gl k of]hgsf] nflu ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ dflgg5. 127

138 128 lst]{ sfuhsf] dxnn] lst]{ ck/fwdf ;+nug JolQmnfO{ ljlegg k sf/sf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. To:tf] lst]{ ck/fwsf dltof/ (Accessory) nfo{ ;fdfgotof d'vo ck/fwlnfo{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ul/psf] kfog5. Hofg lngsf] dtnan] lst]{ u/l Hofg} uo;s]sf] cj:yfdf lst]{ ug]{ ug{ nufpg]nfo{ ;j{:j ;lxt hgds}b / c? dltof/nfo{ bz jif{ s}b x'g] Joj:yf 5. of] lst]{ ck/fwdf x'g] clwstd ;hfo xf]. lauf] gv'n]sf] cf+lzs lst]{ d'2fdf eg] krf;?lkoff;ddsf] Go"gtd ;hfo klg x'g ;Sb5. JolQm ljz]ifsf] sfuh lst]{;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ egbf ;/sf/l sfuh lst]{;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ uxg dfgl yk ;hfosf] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/psf] kfog5. To:tf] lst]{ ck/fw p;} c8\8fsf] sd{rf/ln] u/]df csf]{ yk ;hfo ;d]t x'g5. lst]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf]!@ g+= n] o;;dagwl Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, h;cg';f/ ;/sf/l c8\8fsf] 5fk jf ;/sf/l sfddf ;/sf/l sd{rf/lsf] 5fk b:tvt epsf] ;/sf/l sfuh lst]{ ug]{nfo{ pqm dxnsf] c? gda/n] x'g] ;hfodf Ps jif{ / p;} c8\8fsf] sd{rf/ln] lst]{ u/]df b'o{ jif{ yk s}b x'g] k fjwfg 5. ;/sf/l sfuh lst]{ d'2f ;/sf/jfbl d'2f x'g5 eg] c? lst]{ d'2f JolQmjfbL d'2f x'g5. lst]{ ck/fwnfo{ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/l ck/fwsf]?kdf lnog5. To;}n] ck/fwsf] k j[mltsf] b[li6af6 o;nfo{ uxg kmf}hbf/l ck/fw dflgg5. -v_ hfn;fhl (Fraud): hfn;fhl (Fraud) ck/fw g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] cª\ulsf/ u/]sf] lnvt;dagwl df}lns / ljz]if k j[mltsf] ck/fw xf]. c? sfg"g k 0ffnLdf o; k sf/sf] ck/fwsf] jul{s/0f kfofb}g. o;sf] w]/} :jefj lst]{ ck/fw;fu ldnbf]h'nbf] x'g5. To;}n] cgo b]zsf] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] o; lsl;dsf] ck/fwnfo{ lst]{ (Forgery of document) cgtu{t /fv]sf] x'g5 / lst]{sf] bfo/fleq gkg]{ epdf 7uL (Cheating) cgtu{t /fv]sf] kfog5. g]kfnsf] sfg"gl Oltxf;df klxnf] lnlvt sfg"g (First codified law) sf]?kdf lnopsf] d'n'sl P]g,!(!) df lj=;+=!((@ df epsf] ;+zf]wgaf6 hfn;fhl;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ 5' } ck/fwsf]?kdf cª\ulsf/ ul/psf] xf]. ttkzrft o;nfo{ lst]{ ck/fw;fu 3lgi7 t/ legg ck/fwsf]?kdf xfn;dd cª\ulsf/ ul/fb} cfopsf] ;fndf d'n'sl P]gdf gjf}+ ;+zf]wg x'g'k"j{ s'g} klg sfo{ hfn;fhl x'gsf] nflu b'o{ kif ldn]/ To:tf] sfo{ u/]sf] x'g' kb{yof]. t/ pqm gjf}+ ;+zf]wgn] lst]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf] # g+= df ;+zf]wg u/l hfn;fhl ck/fw x'g b'o{ kifsf] ljbdfgtf x'g'kg]{ k fjwfgnfo{ x6fpsf] 5. d'n'sl P]g lst]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf] # g+= df hfn;fhlsf] kl/efiff ul/psf] 5, h;cg';f/ ;f]xl dxnsf]! g+= g+=n] k"0f{ lst]{ / cf+lzs lst]{sf] ck/fw x'g]df afx]s csf{sf] xs d]6\g], xbdofb tfl/v hfg] jf s'g} t/x;fu gf]s;fg kfg]{ OToflb h'g;'s} dtnan] xf];\ gu/] gepsf] e"m7f s'/f u/] epsf] xf] egl jf ldlt, cª\s jf Joxf]/f km/s kf/l ;xl5fk u/l u/fo{ sfuh agfp jf agfpg nufpdf ;d]t hfn;fhl u/]sf] 7x5{ egg] Joj:yf epsf] kfog5. plnnlvt kl/efiffsf] cfwf/df hfn;fhl ck/fw x'gsf nflu lgdg cj:yfsf] ljbdfgtf x'g' cfjzos 5 M!= lst]{ ck/fw x'g] afx]ssf] cj:yf csf{sf] xs d]6\g], xbdofb tfl/v hfg] jf s'g} t/x;fu gf]s;fg kfg]{ OToflb h'g;'s} dtnan], #= gu/] gepsf] e"m7f s'/f u/] epsf] xf] egl jf $= ldlt, cª\s jf Joxf]/f km/s kf/l ;xl5fk u/l u/fo{ sfuh agfpg' jf agfpg nufpg'. o;/l x]bf{ hfn;fhl ck/fw lst]{ ck/fw;fu ;fk]if Pj+ a[xt\ k j[mltsf] ck/fw dflgg5. plnnlvt kl/efiffn] hfn;fhl ck/fwsf] bfo/fnfo{ lgs} km/flsnf] kf/]sf] b]lvg5. of] ck/fwdf ckf/wsf cfjzos b'j} ttjx? cfk/flws dg;fo (Mens rea) / cfk/flws sfo{ (Actus reus) sf] ljbdfgtfdf x'g' kb{5. hfn;fhl ck/fwnfo{ lst]{ ck/fwegbf sd udel/ ck/fwsf]?kdf lnog5. lst]{ sfuhsf]!) g+= sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ hfn;fhl sfuh ug]{ u/fpg]nfo{ lauf] vf]lnpsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]xl lauf]sf] ;os8f krrl;?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf x'g] / lauf] vf]lnpsf] /x]g5 eg] b'o{ ;o?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf x'g] k fjwfg 5. hfn;fhl ck/fw ;DaGwL d'2f JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f x'g5. hfn;fhl;dagwl k z:t d'2fx? ;jf]{rr cbfnt;dd k'ul o;;dagwl ljlegg ljifo (Issue) x?df Goflos l;4fgt ;d]t k ltkfbg eo;s]sf 5g\. s/f/ sf] bkmf!$ -!_ -u_ sf] :ki6ls/0f v08n] o; ;DaGwdf s]xl sfg"gl Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. pqm Joj:yfcg';f/ hfn;fhl x'gsf nflu lgdgadf]lhdsf cj:yfsf] ljbdfgtf x'g'kg]{ b]lvg5 M!= s/f/ ug]{ kif jf lghsf] k ltlglwn] csf]{ kif jf lghsf] k ltlglwnfo{ wf]sf lbg] lgotn] s'g} s'/f ;To xf]og egg] yfxf x'fbfx'fb} ;To xf] egl ljzjf; lbnfpsf] ljzjf; kg{ ;Sg] s'g} sfd u/]sf] jf #= s'g} tyosf] hfgsf/l x'fbfx'fb} ;f] hfgsf/l n'sfpsf] jf $= k rlnt g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd hfn;fhl x'g] cgo s'g} sfd u/]sf]. pqm P]gsf] bkmf!$ -!_ n] hfn;fhlaf6 epsf] s/f/nfo{ dsf{ kg]{ kifn] ab/ u/fpg ;Sg] s/f/cgtu{t /fv]sf] kfog5.

139 s/sfk s/sfk (Coercion) ;fdfgo cy{df s/sfk (Coercion) eggfn] s'g} JolQmsf lj 4df an k of]u u/l jf wfswdsl lbo{ s'g} u}/sfg"gl sfo{ u/fpg' egg] a'lemg5. s/sfkú zabn] lnvt;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ dfq ghgfo{ of] zab cgo ck/fwdf klg k o'qm x'g5. lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf k o'qm x'g] s/sfkú zabn] s;}sf] OR5f lj 4 sfuh u/fpg] sfo{ egg] hgfpfb5. kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf s;}n] s'g} JolQmnfO{ s/sfkdf kf/l ck/fw u/fpsf] k dfl0ft epdf s/sfkdf k/l ck/fw ug]{ JolQmnfO{ lglzrt cj:yfdf k lt/iff tyf arfp (Defence) ;d]t k fkt x'g5. kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf s/sfkú zab ax'k rlnt zabsf]?kdf lnog5 / s/sfkåf/f s'g} sfd u/fpg'nfo{ ck/fwk"0f{ dflgg5. To;}n] s;}nfo{ s/sfkdf kf/l s'g} lnvt tof/ u/fpg] sfo{nfo{ klg lnvt;dagwl ck/fw dflgg5. t/ kmf}hbf/l sfg"gdf sxl+ st} klg s/sfksf] kl/efiff eg] u/]sf] kfofb}g. s/sfk ;DaGwL ck/fw 5' } tyf ljz]if sfg"gn] Jojl:yt u/]sf] geo{ ljlegg sfg"gx?df l56k'6?kdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] kfog5. s/sfkåf/f u/fog] sfuhdf To:tf] sfuh ug]{ JolQmsf] /flhv'zl tyf :jtgq O{R5f gx'g] epsf]n] To;/L s/sfkåf/f sfuh u/fpg] sfo{nfo{ ck/fwk"0f{ dflgg5 / s/sfk k dfl0ft epdf To:tf] sfuhsf] dfgotf ;dfkt x'g5. d'n'sl P]g g+= n] s/sfk u/l sfuh u/fpg lgif]w u/]sf] 5 / To;/L sfuh u/fpdf ab/ x'g] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/psf] 5. gfafns / xf]; 7]ufgf g/x]sf JolQmnfO{ cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] k j[mlt / kl/0ffd yfxf gx'g] x'fbf lghnfo{ s;}n] p;sf] ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnfsf] cg'kl:yltdf sfuh u/fpdf pqm sfuh s/sfkaf6 u/fpsf] 7x/ eo{ ab/ x'g5. pqm g+= sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ h'g;'s} s'/fdf ep klg ;f]x«jif{ gk'u]sf gfafnssf] / pd]/ k'u]sf ep klg s'g} lsl;dsf] /f]un] xf]z 7]ufgfdf gepsf jf af}nfpsf dflg; ;d]tsf] sfuh lng' jf u/fpg' kbf{ p;sf] ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnf g/fvl s'g} sfuh lng' u/fpg' x'fb}g, ;f]x«jif{ gk'u]sf] ep klg Hofgdf/f, rf]/l jf s/0fl ug]{ ug{ nfpg] dflg;sf] c8\8faf6 sfuh u/fpg' kbf{ eg] ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnf ep lghnfo{ /fvl gep p;}sf] dfq sfuh u/fpg klg x'g5. ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnf /fvl sfuh u/fpsf]df of] d]/f] o; lsl;dsf] dflg;n] d]/f] ;fd'gg]df eg]adf]lhd n]vl ;xl5fk u/]sf] ;ffrf] xf] egl ;f] sfuhsf] lsgf/fdf ;f] ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnfsf] klg ;xl5fk u/fpg'k5{. sfuh u/fp+bf s;}nfo{ klg hf]/ h'n'd s/sfk u/l sfuh u/fpg' x'fb}g. u/] ab/ x'g5. n]lvpadf]lhd afx]s cfk\mgf v'zl /fhln] a'eml ;xl5fk xfn]kl5 ;f] sfuh ;b/ x'g5. s/f/ sf] bkm!$ -!_ -s_ sf] :ki6ls/0f v08df s] s:tf] sfo{ u/]df s/sfk x'g5 egg] s'/f pnn]v ul/psf] 5, h;cg';f/ s'g} JolQmnfO{ lghsf] OR5f lj 4 s'g} s/f/ u/fpg] dg;fon] lghsf] ;DklQ /f]ssf /fv]sf] jf /fvg wdsl lbpsf] jf lghsf] hlp, Hofg jf OHhtdf wssf k' ofpg] wdsl lbpsf] jf k rlnt sfg"g ljk/lt cgo s'g} sfd u/]sf] jf ug{ wdsl lbpsf] ep s/sfk u/]sf] ;Demg'kb{5. o;/l s/sfkaf6 epsf] s/f/ dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] ab/ u/fpg ;Sb5. k rlnt kmf}hbf/l sfg"gdf s/sfksf] kl/efiff glbopsf] ep klg s/sfkaf6 lnvt u/fpg] sfo{nfo{ lgif]w ul/psf] 5. s'g} JolQm pk/ ansf] k of]u u/l jf an k of]u ug]{ jf Hofg, ;DklQ tyf k lti7fh:tf s'/fdf cf3ft kfg]{ wdsl lbo{ lnvt u/fpg] sfo{nfo{ g} lnvt;dagwl ck/fwdf k o'qm x'g] s/sfk egg] ;Demg'kb{5. To:tf] s/sfk d'2f JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f x'g5. sfg"gl lnvt tof/ ug{] k ljlw xfd f] b}lgs Jojxf/df cfokg{] ljlegg c8\rg km'sfpg / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lnvt tof/ u/l To;sf dfwodaf6 sfd ug'{kg{] x'g5. sfg"gn] of] o:tf] lnvt of] o:tf] k ljlwaf6 tof/ kfg'{ egl lgb]{zg lbpsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ sfg"gl lnvt egg ;lsg5. ;f] lnvtn] tf]lspsf] k ljlw k"/f gu/]df To;n] sfg"gl dfgotf kfpg ;Sb}g. d'n'sl P]g sfuh hffrsf] dxn / cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] dxndf o:tf lgb{]zgx? 5l/P/ /x]sf kfog5g\. ltgsf] ;+lifkt pnn]v oxff ul/g5. JolQmut jf ;fj{hlgs lnvt Ps kfgfegbf a9l epdf k To]s kfgfsf] lz/ / k'5f/df ;xl ug'{kb{5. agb ep agbsf] k5fl8 ;xl ug'{kb{5. 1 lnvt n]vbf ykg' jf s]g'{ k of] eg] ;f] 7fpFdf bfoffafoff ;xl ug'{kb{5, v's{g' jf d]6\g' x'fb}g. 2 n]vg hfgg]n] n]vftds / /]vftds b'j} ;xl5fk ug'{kb{5. n]vg ghfgg]sf] /]vftds ;xl5fk u/fpg'kb{5. 3 n]vg hfgg]n] :jx:tfif/n] n]v]sf] lnvt ep lghsf] ;xl gk/]sf] ep klg To;af6 sfjf{xl ug{ ;lsg5. 4 /]vftds ;xl u/fpfbf cf}nfsf] zª\vrqm k i6 b]lvg] u/l u/fpg' kb{5. b'j} xftsf] NofKr] u/fpg' kg]{df a'9l cf}nfsf] zª\vrqm k i6 gep jf cf}n} gep s}lkmot hgfo{ /]vf :ki6 epsf cf}nfsf] ;xl5fk u/fpg'kb{5. 5 b]xfoadf]lhdsf] sfuhftdf n]vftds / /]vftds ;xl5fk u/fpg'kb{5. 6 -s_ xs bfal 5f]8L lnp lbpsf] bfg as;kq, a08fkq, ; fk f, wd{k'q, /fhlgfdf OTofbL sfuhkq. -v_ xs g5f]8l ef]u, b[li6agws n]vl lbpsf] / shf{ n]gb]g u/]sf] sfuhkq. 1 d'n'sl P]g sfuhfrsf]! g++. 2 P]= P]= $ g+=. 3 P]= P]= * g+=. 4 P]= P]= % g+=. 5 P]= P]= ^ g+=. 6 P]= P]= * g+=. 129

140 -u_ shf{ lbpsf] a'eml td;'s / sfuhsf] kl7df b/kl7 gu/l 5' } ul/lbpsf] e/kfo{. -3_ gf;f] w/f}6 lnplbpsf] sfuh / ;f] lkmtf{ a'eml lnpsf] e/kfo{. -ª_ efvf kq, hdfgl kq, sj'lnot. -r_ clvtof/lgfdf jf O{R5fkq. sfuhdf ;lx5fk ubf{ gp8\g] kssf d;ln] ;lx5fk ug'{kb{5. 7 Jojxf/df sfnf] d;l k of]u ug{] k rng 5. gssndf ;Ssnadf]lhd gssn b'?:t 5 egl k dfl0ft ug'{ u/fpg' kb{5. 8 n]gb]gsf dxîjk"0f{ sfuhftdf ;fifl;d]t /fvg'kb{5. 9 sfuh u/fpfbf sfuh epsf] :yfg / ldlt klg n]vg'kb{5. 10 d'n'sl P]g cbfntl agbf]a:tdf plnnlvt sfuh u/fpg] k ljlw ;+lifkt?kdf b]xfoadf]lhd k :t't ul/g5. -s_!^ jif{ gk'u]sf gfafnssf] sfuh u/fpfbf ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnf ;fifl /fvg' kb{5. Hofg, rf]/l / s/0fl ug{] ug{ nufpg] gfafnssf] sfuh u/fpfbf ;+/Ifs 5}gg\ eg] ;+/Ifs gepklg sfuh u/fpg x'g v_ af}nfpsf jf xf]z 7]ufg gepsf JolQmsf] sfuh u/fpfbf klg ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnf ;fifl /fvg'kb{ u_ cgwf jf nf6fsf] sfuh u/fpfbf lghsf] xsjfnf jf ;+/Ifs jf lghn] /f]h]sf JolQm ;fifl /fvl sfuh u/fpg'kb{5. 13 sfuhdf s/0flsf] pd]/ klg v'nfpg'kb{5. 14 c8\8fdf sfuh btf{ u/fpg NofpFbf yk] s/]sf] /x]5 eg] sd{rf/ln] of] olt yk] jf s]/]sf] 5 egl hgfo{ sf/0fl / xflsdsf] ;xl 5fk u/fpg'kb{5. 15 #= lnvt ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] sfg"gl Joj:yf -s_ If]qflwsf/ lnvt ;DaGwL ;a} ck/fw -lst]{, hfn;fhl / s/sfk_ sf ;DaGwdf d'n'sl P]gdf sfg"gl Joj:yf epsf]n] ol ;a} ck/fwsf] If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwdf ;f]xl P]gsf] cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] g+= sf] Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g5. ;/sf/l sfuh lst]{ u/]sf] egg] d'2fafx]s lnvt ;DaGwL ck/fwsf ;a} d'2f -@_ -#_ g+= sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ ck/fw epsf] O{nfsf jf k ltjfbl /x]sf] O{nfsf dwo hxff lkm/fb lbp klg ;f]xl c8\8faf6 x]g'{ kb{5. -@_-@_ g+= sf] sfg"gl Joj:yfcg';f/ ;/sf/l 5fk b:tvt jf ;f] 5fk b:tvt epsf] sfuh jf ;/sf/l sfddf s'g} ;/sf/l sd{rf/lsf] 5fk b:tvt epsf] sfuh lst]{ u/]sf] d'2f ck/fw epsf] O{nfsfsf] c8\8faf6 dfq x]g'{ kg]{ k fjwfg 5. lnvt ;DaGwL ck/fw;fu ;DalGwt d'2fsf] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f ug]{ cbfntsf ;DaGwdf k rlnt sfg"gdf 5' } Joj:yf gepsf]n] To:tf ck/fw ;DaGwL ;a} -lst]{, hfn;fhl / s/sfk_ d'2fsf] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f ug]{ If]qflwsf/ (Jurisdiction) Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf & sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ ;DalGwt k fb]lzs O{nfsfsf] lhnnf cbfntnfo{ x'g5. -v_ xsb}of ;/sf/l sfuh lst]{ ck/fw ;DaGwL d'2f afx]s lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf c? ;a} d'2f JolQmjfbL -b'lgoffjfbl_ kmf}hbf/l d'2f x'g5g\. To:tf JolQmjfbL lnvt ck/fw ;DaGwL d'2fdf gflnz lbg] xsb}ofsf ;DaGwdf d'n'sl P]g c=a+= sf] *@ g+= sf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g5. pqm g+= sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ æg]kfn ;/sf/ jfbl x'g] d'2f / 3"; vfg] dfug] ;/sf/l sd{rf/ls} x:tfif/sf] lnvtsf] ;a"t lno{ gflnz u/]sf] 3"; d'2fdf hf];'s}n] gflnz u/] klg x'g5. ;f]afx]s c? u}x«d'2fdf h;sf] h'g s'/fdf xs k'u5 p;n] ;f] s'/fdf bfal u/l gflnz lbp dfq nfu5æ egg] k fjwfg 5. ctm pqm sfg"gl Joj:yfcg';f/ lnvt ck/fw;dagwl JolQmjfbL ;a} d'2fdf ;f] lnvtaf6 c;/ kg]{ ;/f]sf/jfnf kifnfo{ dfq gflnz lbg] xsb}of k fkt x'g5. a];/f]sf/jfnf hf];'s} JolQmnfO{ gflnz lbg] xsb}of k fkt x'fb}g. t/ ;/sf/l 5fk b:tvt jf ;f] 5fk b:tvt epsf] jf ;/sf/l sfddf s'g} sd{rf/lsf] 5fk b:tvt epsf] sfuh lst]{ u/]sf] d'2fdf g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbl x'g] eo{ To:tf] d'2f ;/sf/l d'2f ;DaGwL sf] cg';"rl! df ;dfj]z epsf]n] pqm P]gsf] bkmf # sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cgtu{t To:tf] d'2fdf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf (FIR) lbg] xsb}of h'g;'s} JolQmnfO{ x'g5 / ;f]xl P]gsf] bkmf!* sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ To:tf] d'2fdf ;DalGwt cbfntdf cleof]ukq k]z ug]{ xsb}of ;DalGwt ;/sf/l jslnnfo{ dfq 5. -u_ xbdofb lnvt ;DaGwL ck/fwdwo] lst]{ / hfn;fhlsf] xbdofbsf] ;DaGwdf d'n'sl P]g lst]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf]!* g+= df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5, h;cg';f/ æ;/sf/l 5fk nfu]sf sfuhx? / ;/sf/l c8\8fdf /x]sf] sfuhkqx? afx]s c? lst]{ jf hfn;fhl u of] egg] jf d'vsf kl/k~rn] lst]{ s'/f u of] jf gkfpsf] bhf{ kfpf egl egof] jf ;f] egl k/ khgl ;d]t u of] egg] s'/fdf ;f] sfd ep u/]sf] yfxf kfpsf] ldltn] ^ dxlgfleq gflnz glbp nfug ;Sb}gÆ egg] pnn]v epsf] kfog5. of] Joj:yfn] b'o{ k sf/sf] xbdofbsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M 7 P]= P]=!! g+=. 8 P]= P]=!@ g+=. 9 P]= P]=!$ g+=. 10 P]= P]=!^ g+=. 11 d'n'sl P]g g+=. 12 P]= P]=. 13 P]= g++=. 14 P]= P]= P]= g++=.

141 != ;/sf/l 5fk nfu]sf sfuhx? / ;/sf/l c8\8fdf /x]sf sfuhkqx? lst]{ u/]sf] egg] d'2fdf xbdofb pnn]v epsf] 5}g. o;/l xbdofb pnn]v gepsf] ck/fwdf c=a+= #^ g+=sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ c;lldt xbdofb k fkt x'g5. To:tf lnvt ;DaGwL ck/fwdf hlxn];'s} gflnz lbp klg nfug ;f] afx]s ;a} k sf/sf lst]{ / hfn;fhl;dagwl ck/fwdf To:tf] lst]{ jf hfn;fhl sfd ep u/]sf] yfxf kfpsf] ldltn] ^ dxlgfleq gflnz lbg'kg]{ k fjwfg 5. pqm ;fndf epsf] ;+zf]wgk"j{ epsf] xbdofbsf] ;DaGwdf ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 ;d]t ljlegg sfg"gl l;4fgtx? k ltkflbt epsf 5g\. clwsf+z d'2fdf lst]{ jf hfn;fhl sfd æep u/]sf]æ ldltsf] cfwf/df g} xbdofbsf] u0fgf ul/psf] 5 eg] s]xl d'2fdf æyfxf kfpsf]æ ldltaf6 ;d]t xbdofb sfod u/]sf] kfog5. o:tf] cj:yfdf xbdofb ;DaGwdf c:ki6tf l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] klg kfog5. h:t} M dfgaxfb'/ lnda' ;d]t lj 4 uhnfn lnda' k[= (%_ sf] d'2fdf ef]uagbsldf ;fx'n] ha huufdf ef]u ug{ cfpf5 ToxL ldltb]lv g} hfn;fhlsf] ph'/ ug]{ xbdofb z' x'g5 egl sfuh ep u/]sf] ldltaf6 xbdofbsf] u0fgf gu/l yfxf epsf] ldltaf6 u0fgf u/]sf] kfog5. t/ nf]seqm zdz]/ ha/f lj 4 /dfb]jl / fhe08f/l -@)%%_ sf] d'2fdf sfd ep u/]sf] ldltaf6 xbdofbsf] u0fgf x'g] egg] JofVof epsf] ;fndf csf]{ Pp6f d'2fdf a[xt\ km'na]~raf6 k'gm JofVof eo{ yfxf kfpsf] ldltaf6 xbdofb u0fgf x'g] l;4fgt k ltkfbg epsf] 5. ;fndf pqm g+=df ;+zf]wg eo{ yfxf kfpsf] ldltnfo{ xbdofb u0fgf ug{ cfwf/ dflgpsf] 5. s/sfk d'2fsf] xbdofbsf ;DaGwdf c=a+= sf] #* g+= df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5, h;cg';f/ æhf]/h'n'd s/sfk u/l sfuh u/] u/fpdf cfk"mnfo{ k'm;{t epsf ldltn] k}tl; lbgleq gflnz glbp nfug ;Sb}gÆ egg] pnn]v ul/psf] 5. ctm s/sfk ;DaGwL ck/fwdf s/sfk ep u/]sf] ldltaf6 xbdofb u0fgf x'g] ge} To:tf] s/sfk ug]{ JolQmaf6 5'6sf/f kfpsf] ldltaf6 k}tl; lbgsf] xbdofb z' x'g5. ;/sf/jfbl lst]{ d'2fdf &) lbgsf] / c? lnvt;dagwl d'2fdf #% lbgsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb x'g5. u'h ]sf] Dofb yfdg] Dofb ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf ^) lbg / c? d'2fdf #) lbgsf] x'g5. -3_ d'2fsf] k j[mlt lnvt;dagwl ck/fwdf d'2fsf] k j[mlt 5'6\ofpg] ljlegg cfwf/ x'g ;Sb5g\. sfo{ljlwsf] b[li6n] lnvt;dagwl ;a} ck/fw -;a} k sf/sf lst]{, hfn;fhl / s/sfk_ ;fdfgo k j[mltsf dflgg5g\ lsgls ol ;a} ck/fw;dagwl d'2fsf] sf/afxldf d'n'sl P]gåf/f Jojl:yt ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw / clwsf/ k of]u x'g5. cfk/flws bflotjsf] b[li6n] lst]{ d'2f rflxf hfn;fhl / s/sfk d'2fegbf uxg k j[mltsf] dflgg5. To;dWo klg k"0f{ lst]{ d'2f cem uxg dflgg5. lst]{ d'2fdf clwstd ;j{:j;lxt hgds}b ;Ddsf] ;hfo x'g ;Sb5 eg] hfn;fhl d'2fdf lauf] v'n]]sf]df lauf]sf] ;os8f krrl;?lkoff / lauf] gv'n]sf]df b'o{ ;o?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf x'g] k fjwfg 5. s/sfk d'2fdf t ;hfosf] s'g} pnn]v ge} s/sfkaf6 epsf] sfuh ab/ u/fpg] ;Dd k fjwfg 5. ;hfosf] nflu b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf]!@ g+= cfslif{t u/fo{ kffr ;o?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg] b]lvg5. hfn;fhl / s/sfk d'2fdf s}b ;hfo x'g] k fjwfg 5}g. lst]{ ck/fwnfo{ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/l ck/fw dflgg5 egg] hfn;fhl / s/sfk ck/fwnfo{ g}lts ktg b]lvg] ck/fw dflgfb}g. d'2fsf kifsf] b[li6af6 ;/sf/l 5fk b:tvt jf ;f] 5fk b:tvt epsf] jf ;/sf/l sfddf s'g} sd{rf/lsf] 5fk b:tvt epsf] sfuh lst]{ u/]sf] d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/jfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2f dflgg5g\ eg] ;f] afx]ssf c? lst]{, hfn;fhl / s/sfk ;DaGwL ck/fwsf d'2f JolQmjfbL -b'lgoffjfbl_ kmf}hbf/l d'2f dflgg5g\. $= lnvt;dagwl ck/fw;fu ;DalGwt P]g sfg"g / ghl/x? -s_ ;Da4 P]gx? lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf d'votofm d'n'sl P]gn] ljljw Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o;n] lnvt ;DaGwL ck/fwsf ;f/jfg s'/fx?df k d'v Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] k df0f / sfo{ljlwut s'/fx?df cgo P]gx? klg ;DalGwt 5g\. d'n'sl M lnlvt;dagwl ck/fwdwo] lst]{ / hfn;fhl ck/fwsf] kl/efiff, To;sf cfjzos ttjx?, tl ck/fw u/]jfkt x'g] ;hfo h:tf ;f/jfg s'/fx?df / xbdofbh:tf s]xl sfo{ljlw;fu ;DalGwt s'/fx?df d'n'sl P]g lst]{ sfuhsf] dxndf pnn]v Pj+ Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. s/sfk;dagwl ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf / #* g+= tyf b08 ;hfosf]!@ g+= df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. o;sf] ;fy} To:tf ck/fwsf d'2f x]g]{ If]qflwsf/, xbdofb tyf xsb}of h:tf s'/fx?df klg d'n'sl P]gs} cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] dxndf Joj:yf ul/psf] kfog5. To;sf/0f lnvt ;DaGwL ;a} ck/fw;fu d'n'sl P]g k ToIf?kdf ;DalGwt 5. s/f/ M of] P]gn] lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf] af/]df Joj:yf u/]sf] gb]lvp klg s]xl xb;dd hfn;fhl / s/sfksf] kl/efiff u/]sf] / kmf}hbf/l sfg"gdf ol ck/fwsf] :ki6 kl/efiff gepsf] kl/k ]Iodf pqm P]gn] u/]sf] kl/efiffsf] cfwf/df o;;dagwl cjwf/0ff a'e\mg / kmf}hbf/l sfg"gdf ;d]t ;f]xl cy{df k of]u ug{ ;lsg] epsf]n] s/f/ P]g klg lnvt;dagwl ck/fw;fu ;DalGwt b]lvg5. 131

142 132 cgo P]gx? M d'n'sl P]gn] lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf ;f/jfg Pj+ sfo{ljlwut s'/fx?df ljljw Joj:yf u/]sf] ep tfklg tt;dagwl d'2fsf] sf/afxlsf] nflu pqm Joj:yfx? kof{kt 5}gg\. lnvt;dagwl ck/fw;fu ;DalGwt d'2f cg';gwfg, k df0f Pj+ sfo{ljlwut s'/fx?nfo{ cgo P]gn] klg ljljw Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\. To:tf k d'v s]xl P]gx? o;k sf/ 5g\ M!= k k df0f #= Gofo k zf;g $= ;jf]{rr cbfnt %= ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl cflb. -v_ lgod lgodfjnl lnvt;dagwl ck/fwx? d'n'sl P]gsf] ;fdfgo sfg"gl k fjwfgåf/f g} Jojl:yt epsf]n] o;;dagwl 5' } tyf ljz]if lgod tyf lgodfjnlx? ag]sf] kfofb}g. t/ klg lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf d'2fx?sf] sf/afxlsf] l;nl;nfdf sfo{ljlwut s'/fx? ljlegg lgodfjnlx?n] Jojl:yt u/]sf kfog5. To:tf ;Da4 d'vo lgodfjnlx? o;k sf/ 5g\ M lhnnf cbfnt k'g/fjb]g cbfnt ;jf]{rr cbfnt k x/l ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl cflb. -u_ dxîjk"0f{ ghl/x? lnvt;fu ;DalGwt ck/fwdwo] s] s:tf] lst]{nfo{ k"0f{ lst]{ dflgg], s:tf] lnvt cf+lzs lst]{ x'g5, d'vsf kl/k~rn] ul/g] lst]{df k df0f k' ofpg] s'/f slt ;Dej x'g5, cf]xbf lst]{ s] s:tf] cj:yfdf x'g5, hfn;fhl s]nfo{ dfgg] xf], s/sfkdf k'm;{b epsf] ldlt eggfn] s'g ldltnfo{ hgfpf5, ep u/]sf]ú ldlt eggfn] s'g ;donfo{ hgfpf5 egg] h:tf k z:t k Zg (Issues) x? p7\g] u/]sf / ljjfb lg?k0fsf] l;nl;nfdf ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 o:tf ljifox?df dxîjk"0f{ tyf ljljw l;4fgtx? ;d]t k ltkfbg epsf] kfog5. ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 k ltkflbt ghl/x?sf] ;xfotfaf6 o; ;DaGwL sfg"gl Joj:yfnfO{ af]w ug{ ;d]t dfu{lgb]{z x'g] ub{5. lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf d'2fdf ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 k ltkflbt dxîjk"0f{ s]xl ghl/x?sf] ;f/;+if]k o;k sf/ 5M!= dxfjl/ k+hlof/ ;'bl ;d]t lj 4 ab L ;fx' t]nl g]sfk -@)!^_, k'm=j]= tfl/v yfdgsf nflu chl{ n]vg egl ;xl5fk ul/lbpsf] lnkmfdf skfnl td;'s v8f u/]sf] lst]{ u'?ª lj 4 lh=d'= dfgaxfb'/ u'?ª ;d]t g]sfk -@)!*!(_, k[=!(*, k'm=j]= sf/0fl hlljt 5Fb} Pp6f sfdnfo{ egl lnpsf] lnkmf sfuh sf/0fl d/]kl5 /fhlgfdf lnvt agfp lnvtsf] k j[mltaf6} z'4 Jojxf/ gb]lvpdf hfn;fhl 7xg]{. #= eb gfy kf]v/]n lj 4 xs{axfb'/ /fo{ ;d]t g]=sf=k -@)$(_, k[=!&) Pp6fn] u/]sf] ;xl5fk /u8l d]6\g] k otg u/l gfd ;RrfO{ csf]{ gssn ;xl5fk u/]sf] 7x/] lst]{ 7xg]{. $= sfdgfgb ld> lj 4 ggbnfn ofbj g]sfk -@)$%_, k[= ^& e/kfo{df n]lvpsf] ;xl / cbfntsf] /f]xj/df ul/psf] ;xl cfwf/e"t?kdf km/s b]lvpdf lnvt lst]{ 7xg]{. %= lzjaxfb'/ sfsl{ lj 4 eful/yl nfld5fg] ;d]t g]sfk -@)$(_, k[= %(@ lst]{ hfn;fhl d'2fdf epsf] lnvt lst]{ hfn;fhl egl bfal lng'dfq kof{kt x'fb}g, lst]{ hfn;fh epsf] b]lvg'k5{. ol k df0fsf] cefjdf lst]{ hfn;fhsf] ck/fw cg'dfgaf6 k dfl0ft x'g g;sg]. ^= /fds[i0f >]i7 lj 4 h'7] af]x/f g]sfk -@)$(_, k[= %(@ lst]{ s;"/sf] bfjf ug]{n] ;f] s'/fsf] k df0f u'hfg'{ kg]{. &= 6+sgfy pkfwofo lj 4 an/fd pkfwofo g]sfk -@)$$_, k[=!@@& hlljt dflg;nfo{ dl/;s]sf] egl cfk\mgf] gfddf ;DklQ gfd;f/l u/]sf] lst]{ 7xg]{.

143 *= cd/l;+x tlnb df/jlh lj 4 /fd lszf]/sf] hf]x/ln] >L % sf] ;/sf/ g]sfk -@)$^_, k[= #%% e"=;'= sfof{noaf6 u}/sfg"gl tj/n] /;Lb k fkt ug'{ / lkmn8a's / >]:tf ;Rofpg' cnu cnu sfo{ epsf]n] Pp6} s;"/df bf]xf]/f] sf/afxlsf] l;4fgt gnfug], ;/sf/l sfof{nodf /x]sf] >]:tf ;RofOPsf] s]/d]6 u/]sf] lst]{ 7xg]{. (= /fdaxfb'/ /fjn ;d]t lj 4 uf]ljgbaxfb'/ /fjn ;d]t g]sfk-@)#@_, k[=!#% k'm=a]= xs gepsf] huuf /fhlgfdf ul/lbp lnpsf] sfod gx'g], ablgot sfod x'g g;s] hfn;fhl g7xg]{.!)= blksh+u zfx lj 4 o1ljqmd zfx g]sfk -@)%%_, k[= %%#, a[xt\ k'm=a]= jfblsf] ;d]t xs ef]u nfug] huuf x:tfgt/0f u/]sf] jfblsf] xs hltdf hfn;fhl 7xg]{.!!= xl/gf/fo0f pkfwofo lj 4 6Lsf/fd k ;fo{ ;d]t g]sfk -@)##_, k[=!() Pp6fnfO{ /fhlgfdf u/l lbo;s]sf] huuf cl3sf] ldlt kf/l k'gm /fhlgfdf u/l lbpdf hfn;fhl 7xg]{.!@= xs{axfb'/ ;fsl{ ;d]t lj 4 bnaxfb'/ /fo{ ;d]t g]sfk -@)%%_, k[= * k x/l sfof{nodf s'nf]kfglsf ljjfbdf u/]sf] ;Demf}tf sfuhsf] sfg"gl dfgotf gx'g] epsf]n] To:tf] sfuh :jtm ab/ x'g] / s/sfkdf ;hfo ug'{ gkg]{.!#= /fh]gb lj 4 zlze"if0f ;d]t g]sfk -@)$!_, k[=!))! lst]{ sfuhsf]! g+=adf]lhd sfd ep u/]sf ldltn] b'o{ jif{leq gflnz lbg'kg]{.!$= dfgaxfb'/ lnda' ;d]t lj 4 uhnfn lnda' ;d]t g]sfk -@)#!_, k[= (% lst]{ sfuhsf]!* g+= df u/]sf]ú egg] kbsf] cy{ ToxL xf] olb lnvt epsf] c? g} cj:yfdf yfxf kfpsf] /x]5 eg] epsf]ú egg] kb pqm P]gdf k/]adf]lhd lnvt epsf] ldltb]lv g} xbdofb z' x'g5. ef]u agwsldf ;fx'n] ha huufdf ef]u ug{ cfpf5 ToxL ldltb]lv g} hfn;fhlsf] ph'/ ug]{ xbdofb z' x'g5.!%= s[i0f/fh kgt lj 4 lko'if/fh kf08] ;d]t g]sfk -@)$%_, k[=!)& hfn;fhl d'2fsf] xbdofb sfd ep u/]sf] yfxf kfpsf jif{ u0fgf x'g].!^= nf]seqm zdz]/ h=a=/f= lj 4 /dfb]jl /fhe08f/l g]sfk -@)%%_, k[= ^#^, k'm= j]= hfn;fhldf sfd ep u/]sf] ldltaf6} xbdofbsf] u0fgf x'g].!&= O{Gb gf/fo0f >]i7 lj 4 d;'/ldfof >]i7 ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=o=g+= #), ;fthgf dfgglo GofofwLzx?sf] k"0f{ O{hnfzsf] k}m;nf_ hfn;fhldf sfd ep u/]sf] yfxf kfpsf ldltn] xbdofb u0fgf x'g]. -s_ lnvtsf] :j?kaf6} ha/h:tl ;xl5fk u/fpsf] gb]lvp s/sfk lnvt g7xg{]. ldqnfn yfkf du/ ;d]t lj= dgl/fd h};l -Gof}kfg]_ 16!* ;xl5fk :jefljs b]lvpdf s/sfk g7xg{]. /fdhlk ;fb d}gfnl ;d]t lj= /fdcflzif ;fx' t]nl 17!( jfbln] bfal glnpsf] s'/fdf cbfntn] 7x/ lbg gldng], s/sfk d'2f #% lbgleq ph'/ ug'{ kg{]. /tgnfn sgf}8lof lj= /]0f' sgf}8lof egg] /]0f' clwsf/l s/sfk jf/bftsf] d"nofíg ;fiflsf] egfo{ / jf/bftsf] :ki6 kl/l:yltdf ul/g'kg{]. kbdl;+x cfªbdj] lj, wdf{ggb td;'ssf ;fiflsf /f]xj/df?k}of lbg'kg{] / sf/0flsf] km8\s] ;fifl ;d]tsf] /f]xj/df ;xl5fk x'g'kg{] To;f] ep u/]sf] gepdf em'sofo{ sfuhdf sf/0flsf] ;xl5fk u/fpsf] 7xg{]. x?bq kfwo lj= rgb sfgt kfwof. 20 aofg / n]vfo{ cfk;df k/:k/ gldnbf] Psbd km/s b]lvg cfpdf / nfu]sf NofKr] :jefljs?kn] nfug] 7fpFdf gnful pn6f]kl nfu]sf] b]lvpdf -lnvt_ zª\sfhgs x'g cfpg] s/sfk 7xg{]. l;l4axfb'/ >]i7 lj= b'uf{nidl >]i g]sfk -@)#&_, k[= ^&. 17 g]sfk -@)$)_, k[= #& k'm=a]=. 18 g]sfk -@)$)_, k[= ^&&, g]sfk -@)$@_, k[= *(@. 19 g]sfk -@)$%_, k[=!@^^. 20 g]sfk -@)!&!*_, 21 g]sfk -@)!&!*_, k[=!%!. 133

144 @# cfkm\g} x:tfif/sf] ;xl epsf] / ;fiflsf] jskqaf6 ;d]t ha/h:tl sfuh u/fpsf] egg] gb]lvp s/sfk u/]sf] g7xg{]. xl/b]j / fpt ;d]t lj /fd/tg ;fx' t]nl. 22 %= lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf d'2fdf Wofg k' ofpg' kg]{ s'/fx? lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf d'2fx?dwo] ;/sf/l 5fk b:tvt jf ;f] 5fk b:tvt epsf] jf ;/sf/l sfddf s'g} sd{rf/lsf] 5fk b:tvt epsf] sfuh lst]{ u/]sf] d'2f ;/sf/jfbl d'2f x'g] epsf]n] To:tf d'2fsf] hfx]/lb]lv k}m;nf sfof{gjogsf] tx;dd ljlegg r/0fdf ljlegg lgsfo Pj+ clwsf/laf6 ljlegg s'/fdf Wofg k' ofpg' kg]{ x'g5. ;/sf/jfbl cgo d'2fdf h:t} To:tf ;/sf/l sfuh lst]{;dagwl d'2fdf klg cg';gwfgstf{, cleof]hgstf{, d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/l / k ltjfblsf] k lt/iff ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?df s]xl km/s x'g ;Sb5. lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf clwsf+z d'2fx? JolQmjfbL eo{ rng] epsfn] To:tf d'2fdf lkm/fb btf{b]lv k}m;nf sfof{gjog;ddsf r/0fx?df kif tyf lghsf] k lt/iff ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foL Pj+ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ln] ljlegg s'/fx?df Wofg k' ofpg'kg]{ x'g5. ;/sf/jfbl Pj+ b'lgofjfbl lnvt;dagwl d'2fdf Wofg k' ofpg'kg]{ s'/fnfo{ ;du?kdf lgdgfg';f/ pnn]v ug{ ;lsg5 M!= xbdofbsf d'2f x]g]{ If]qflwsf/;DaGwL s'/f, #= d'2f ug]{ xsb}of;dagwl s'/f, $= d'2f s] s'g k j[mltsf] xf], %= ;DalGwt lnvt ;4] lst]{ s] xf] / To;sf] plrt k/lif0f / ljzn]if0f epsf] 5, 5}g, ^= k df0f k' ofpg] ef/ sf] s;df lglxt x'g] xf], ;f] kifn] pqm ef/ jxg ug{ jf k df0f u'hfg{ ;s]sf] 5, 5}g, &= s'g d'2fdf s'g cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfug] xf] / k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb s] slt x'g] xf], ;f] Dofbleq k'g/fjb]g epsf] 5, 5}g, *= d'2fdf s] s'g s'/f lg?k0f x'g'kg]{ xf] / ;f]sf] nflu kof{kt k df0f 5g\ 5}gg\, (= afwoftds?kdf cjndag ug'{kg]{ k df0f Pj+ sfo{ljlwut s'/fx? s] s] x'g\ / ;f]sf] ;xl 9ª\un] kfngf epsf] 5 5}g,!). lnvt;dagwl ck/fwsf ljljw k Zg (Issues) df ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] gjlgtd wf/0ff tyf JofVof s] s:tf] 5,!!= k}m;nf sfof{gjog s] s;/l x'g] xf], b08 hl/jfgf s] s;/l c;"npk/ ug'{kg]{ xf],!@= s/sfk d'2f ep s] s'g ldltdf s;n] s;/l s/sfkdf kf/]sf] xf] / slxn] s;/l d'qm epsf] xf], d'qm epkl5 Dofbleq} ph'/l u/]sf] 5, 5}g,!#= s'g kifn] s:tf ;fifl /fv]sf] 5 / ;fiflsf] plrt k/lif0f epsf] 5 5}g,!$= ;/sf/jfbl lst]{ d'2f epdf M -s_ cg';gwfgsf] qmddf ljjfblt lnvt k/lif0f epsf] 5, 5}g / k/lif0f epsf] ep ;f] sf] l/kf]6{ k fkt epsf] 5, 5}g, -v_ cleo'qmsf ;+ljwfg k bq s] s:tf df}lns xssf] ;Ddfg x'g'kg]{ xf] / ;f] kfngf epsf] 5, 5}g, -u_ vfgtnf;l, a/fdbl /Ltk"j{s ul/psf] 5, 5}g / ;fifl tyf /f]xj/df /fvg'kg]{ dflg; 7Ls 9ª\un] /flvpsf] 5, 5}g, -3_ k ltjfblnfo{ plrt ;'g'jfo{sf] df}sf lbopsf] 5, 5}g, -ª_ k ltjfblnfo{ sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;Nnfx lng kfpg] ;'ljwf lbp glbpsf s'/f, -r_ k ltjfbln] u/]sf] s;"/ / cleof]usf] bkmfdf tfbftdotf ep gepsf] s'/f, -5_ k ltjfblsf] pd]/ k'u]sf] 5, 5}g / lghnfo{ s'g} k lt/iff (Defence) k fkt x'g] xf] xf]og, cflb g]sfk -@)!&!*_, k[= ^) km'=a]=.

145 #= nfu" cf}ifw / cf}ifwl;dagwl ck/fwx Crimes Related to Narcotic Drugs and Pharmaceutical Drugs nfu" cf}ifw / cf}ifwl;dagwl ck/fwsf af/]df hfgsf/l xfl;n ug{sf nflu o;;dagwl s]xl cjwf/0ffut kifx?sf af/]df rrf{ ug'{ cfjzos x'g5. lsgeg] nfu" cf}ifw / cf}ifwlleq s] s:tf kbfy{ kb{5g\ egg] ;DaGwdf nfdf] ;dob]lv ljjfb, c:ki6tf / e dx? /lxcfpsf] kfog5. Pp6} kbfy{nfo{ s'g} ;do / :yfgdf nfu" cf}ifw (Narcotic Drugs) / csf]{ ;do tyf :yfgdf cf}ifwl (Medicinal/Pharmaceutical Drugs) egl kl/eflift ug]{ tyf cyf{pg] u/]sf] kfog5. nfu" cf}ifw / cf}ifwlnfo{ 5'6\ofpg] dfkb08sf ;DaGwdf epsf] c:ki6tfs} sf/0fn] g} o;;dagwl cjwf/0ffut c:ki6tf / hl6ntfnfo{ 6]jf lbfb} cfpsf] b]lvg5. o;sf] :jefj / k j[mlt Pj+ sfg"gl cjwf/0ffsf alrdf tfbftdotf Nofpg' Hofb} s7lg t/ ckl/xfo{ s'/f xf]. nfu" cf}ifw / cf}ifwlsf ;DaGwdf ljsf; epsf ljlegg kl/efiff, JofVof / jul{s/0fsf] cfwf/df o;;dagwl cjwf/0ffut kifnfo{ a'em\g' kg]{ x'g5.!= -s_ nfu" cf}ifwsf] kl/ro ;fdfgo cy{df nfu" cf}ifw (Narcotic Drugs) eggfn] To:tf] kbfy{nfo{ hgfpfb5 h;sf] ;]jgn] ;]jgstf{sf] ;fdfgo Jojxf/df kl/j{tg NofOlbG5. To:tf] kbfy{sf] lgoldt ;]jgn] ;]jgstf{df To:tf kbfy{k ltsf] lge{/tf (Dependency) l;h{gf ul/lbg5 / pm x/ xfntdf To:tf] kbfy{ ;]jg ug'{kg]{ zf/ll/s tyf dfgl;s afwotfdf kmf:b5. o:tf] cj:yfnfo{ b'jo{;g (Addiction) sf] cj:yf elgg5. o;/l nfu" cf}ifwsf] ;]jgstf{ b'jo{;gl (Addict) df kl/0ft x'g5. nfu" cf}ifwsf b'jo{;gln] h;/l klg To:tf] nfu" kbfy{ ;]jf ug'{ afwotfdf kmf:g] x'gfn] nfu" cf}ifw k fkt ug]{ ; f]t h'6fpgsf nflu h:tf];'s} sfo{ ug{ klg kl5 kb}{gg\. nfu" cf}ifw b'jo{;gln] rflxpsf] avt nfu" cf}ifw ;]jg ug{ gkfpdf ctogt kl8f dxz'z ub{5g\. To:tf] cj:yfnfo{ la/fdl (Sick) cj:yf elgg5 / vf]h]sf] avt nfu" cf}ifw ;]jg ug{ gkfpdf 56k6L x'g], lrrofpg], s/fpg], cfkm}nfo{ lryf]{g] h:tf nif0fx? (withdrawl symptoms) b]lvg5g\. nuftf/sf] ;]jgn] b'jo{;gl ctogt sdhf]/ x'g k'ub5 / sickness sf] k/fsfi6df b'jo{;glsf] d[to' ;d]t x'g ;Sb5. zabsf]zx?df lbopsf] ;fdfgo kl/efiffx?df nfu" cf}ifw / nfu" kbfy{nfo{ a[xt\ cjwf/0ff cgtu{t Pp6} cy{df lng] u/]sf] kfog5 lsgeg] o;sf] ;]jgn] ;]jgstf{sf] ;fdfgo Jojxf/df kl/jt{g NofOlbG5. t/ ;'Id?kdf x]bf{ nfu" cf}ifw / nfu" kbfy{ alrdf df}lns leggtf 5. x'g t nfdf] ;do;dd ol b'j}nfo{ Pp6}?kdf x]g]{ u/]sf] kfog5. xfd f] kl/k ]Iodf x]bf{ dfbs kbfy{ ;Dd klg nfu" cf}ifw / nfu" kbfy{nfo{ Pp6}?kdf x]/]sf] kfog5. nfu" cf}ifw / nfu" kbfy{sf alrsf] df}lns leggtf s] xf] eg] nfu" cf}ifwdf b'jo{;gl agfpg] Ifdtf (Addiction capacity) x'g5 eg] nfu" kbfy{df nt l;h{gf ug]{ Ifdtf (Habit formation capacity) x'g5. nfu" kbfy{sf] ;]jgstf{ To:tf] kbfy{sf] b'jo{;gl t x'fb}g t/ vf]h]sf] avt To:tf] kbfy{ gkfpdf ck7]/f] dxz'z ub{5. /S;L, r'/f]6, ;"lt{ cflbnfo{ nfu" kbfy{df /flvpsf] kfog5. uffhf, r/];, clkmd, sf]lsg / To;af6 ag]sf kbfy{x? nfu" cf}ifwsf d'vo pbfx/0f x'g\. nfu" cf}ifwnfo{ sfg"gsf] s8f lgogq0fsf] bfo/fleq /flvpsf] x'g5. ;fdfgotof nfu" cf}ifw eggfn] zf/ll/s c;/ k' ofpg] Ifdtfsf nfu" cf}ifw (Narcotic Drugs) nfo{ hgfpfb5 eg] xfd f] sfg"gl kl/efiffnfo{ x]bf{ dgf]j}1flgs c;/ k' ofpg] kbfy{x? (Psychotropic substances) nfo{ klg nfu" cf}ifw cgtu{t g} /fvl sfg"gl lgogq0fsf] bfo/fleq /flvpsf] kfog5. sfg"gl cy{df x]bf{ nfu" cf}ifw eggfn] To:tf kbfy{nfo{ ;Demg' kb{5 h;nfo{ ;Da4 sfg"gn] lgogq0fsf] bfo/fleq /fv]sf] x'g5. nfu" cf}ifwsf] :jefj, ljljw :j?k, o;nfo{ x]g]{ km/s km/s b[li6sf]0f, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts cjwf/0ff, goff goff nfu" cf}ifwsf] cfljisf/ cflb s'/fn] ubf{ nfu" cf}ifwnfo{ zflabs kl/efiffdf ;d]6\g Hofb} s7lg x'g] epsfn] ljlegg /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o sfg"gx?n] nfu" cf}ifwsf] cjwf/0ffut kl/efiff ug'{egbf nfu" kbfy{ cgtu{t s] s] kbfy{ kb{5g\ egl kl/efiff ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. nfu" cf}ifwsf] sfg"gl kl/efiff ;"rlk 0ffnL (List system) df cfwfl/t epsf] kfog5. nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ sf] bkmf # -s_ n] nfu" cf}ifwsf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5, h;cg';f/ nfu" cf}ifwú eggfn] uffhf, cf}ifwf]kof]ul uffhf, clkmd, t}of/l clkmd, cf}ifwf]kof]ul clkmd, sf]sfsf] emf/ / kft / clkmd tyf sf]sfsf] ;f/ttj, ld>0f jf nj0f ;d]t ld;fo{ tof/ ul/g] s'g} kbfy{nfo{ hgfpf5 / o; cgtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l tf]lslbpsf k fs[lts jf s[ltd nfu" cf}ifw tyf dgf]ålks kbfy{ (Psychotropic Substance) / ltgsf] nj0fx? tyf cgo kbfy{ ;d]t kb{5g\. ut]sf] g]kfn / fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt cf]6f Narcotics / ( cf]6f Psychotropic Substances nfo{ nfu" cf}ifwsf]?kdf tf]lspsf] 5. g]kfnsf] sfg"gn] klg nfu" cf}ifwsf] kl/efiff ug{ ;"rl k 0ffnL g} cª\ulsf/ u/]sf]

146 -v_ nfu" cf}ifwlsf] kl/ro ;fdfgotof cf}ifwl eggfn] To:tf] kbfy{nfo{ hgfpfb5 h;sf] ;]jgn] ;]jg stf{sf] /f]u lgsf] kfg]{ jf pkrf/ ug]{ sfo{ ub{5. cf}ifwlsf] ;]jgn] ;]jgstf{sf] :jf:yodf ;sf/ftds c;/ kfb{5. o;n] hg;'/lift, c;/o'qm / u'0fo'qm kbfy{nfo{ O+lut ub{5. cf}ifwl sf] sf] v08 -s_ df cf}ifwlsf] kl/efiff lbopsf] 5, h; cg';f/ æcf}ifwlæ eggfn] dflg;, kz' jf k+iflnfo{ x'g] /f]usf] lgbfg ug{, pkrf/ ug{ jf /f]syfd ug{, /f]u lgsf] kfg{ jf ;fdo ug{ jf dflg;, kz' jf k+iflnfo{ /f]u Nofpg] ls/fx?sf] gfz ug{ jf dflg;, kz' jf k+iflsf] zf/ll/s agfj6 jf k lqmofnfo{ c;/ kfg{ k of]u ul/g] kbfy{ jf To:tf] kbfy{df nufpg] ;fws kbfy{ ;d]tnfo{ ;Demg' kb{5. of] cf}ifwlsf] ;fdfgo (General) kl/efiff xf]. cf}ifwlx? klg ljlegg :t/ / k sf/sf x'g5g\. tldwo] nfu" cf}ifwl / nfu" cf}ifw alrdf Hofb} ghlssf] tyf ce]b (Overlaping) ;DaGw 5. clwsf+z cf}ifwlx? nfu" cf}ifw jf To;sf] ;f/ttjsf] ld>0faf6 ag]sf x'g5g\. cf}ifwlsf]?kdf k of]u x'g] nfu" cf}ifwnfo{ nfu" cf}ifwl cyjf cf}ifwlhgo nfu" cf}ifw egg] ul/g5. nfu" cf}ifwsf ; f]t tyf srrf kbfy{ g} nfu" cf}ifwlsf klg ; f]t tyf srrf kbfy{ x'g\. :jefjsf b[li6sf]0fn] nfu" cf}ifw / nfu" cf}ifwldf pnn]vglo leggtf kfofb}g. Pp6} kbfy{ ;d'lrt dfqfdf k of]u ubf{ cf}ifwl x'g5 eg] To;sf] cg'lrt dfqfdf k of]u ubf{ nfu" cf}ifw x'g ;Sb5. cf}ifwl lj1fgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfqfdf nfu" cf}ifw epsf] kbfy{ nfu" cf}ifwl x'g5 eg] pqm dfqfegbf a9l epdf Tof] nfu" cf}ifw x'g5. To;}n] nfu" cf}ifw / nfu" cf}ifwl;dagwl cjwf/0ffut ljjfb, e d, ax; / 5nkmn nfdf] ;dob]lv rln/x]sf] kfog5. nfu" cf}ifwsf] b' kof]u xflgsf/s xf] tfklg cf}ifwl lj1fg / j}1flgs cg';gwfgdf nfu" cf}ifwnfo{ ckl/xfo{ dflgg5. cf}ifwl lj1fgn] nfu" cf}ifwsf] ljsnk lbg ;s]sf] klg 5}g. To;}n] nfu" cf}ifw lgif]lwt kbfy{ú gep/ lgolgqt kbfy{úsf]?kdf lnog5. o;sf] b' kof]u cyjf cf}ifwl lj1fg tyf sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/lw gf3]/ ul/g] ptkfbg, lgdf{0f, cf];f/ k;f/, sf/f]af/, ;]jg cflbnfo{ dfq cg'lrt / cj}w dflgg5. lgwf{l/t ;Ldfleq /x]/ ul/g] plnnlvt sfo{x? j}w g} dflgg5g\. :jf:yosf] b[li6sf]0fn] s] s'g nfu" cf}ifw slt dfqfdf k of]u ug{ x'g5 egg] s'/f cf}ifwl ;DaGwL u Gyx? (Pharmacopeia) df pnn]v ul/psf] x'g5. sfg"gn] klg To:tf u Gyx?df pnn]v epsf] dfqftds ;Ldfsf] cfwf/df g} nfu" cf}ifw / nfu" cf}ifwlsf] kl/efiff ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. ;+If]kdf egbf, cf}ifwl ;DaGwL u Gyx?df plnnlvt gfd / kl/df0fsf nfu" cf}ifwx? epsf kbfy{ nfu" cf}ifwl x'g\ eg] ;f] dfqfegbf aflx/ kg]{ nfu" cf}ifw x'g\. cf}ifwldf x'g'kg]{ kbfy{sf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug{ ljlegg b]z tyf d]l8sn ;+:yfx?n] ljlegg Pharmacopeia agfpsf 5g\. b]zsf] /fli6«o sfg"gn] h'g Pharmacopeia nfo{ dfgotf lbpsf] 5 To;}sf] cfwf/df Tof] b]zsf] sfg"gn] nfu" cf}ifwl / nfu" cf}ifw 5'6\ofpg] dfkb08 to u/]sf] x'g5. g]kfnsf] cfk\mg} Pharmacopeia xfn;dd agg ;s]sf] 5}g. cf}ifwl :t/ n] cf}ifwlsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ k of]hgsf nflu ljlegg b]zsf!) cf]6f cf}ifwl ;+u x tyf u Gyx?nfO{ dfgotf lbpsf] 5. Pharmacopeia df :ki6 gepsf] cj:yfdf cf}ifwl ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf] k/fdz{ lno{ cf}ifwl Joj:yf ljefun] klg cf}ifwlsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sb5. ljlegg u Gyn] ljlegg :t/ tf]sg] x'fbf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df nfu" cf}ifw / nfu" cf}ifwl 5'6\ofpg] sfo{ lgs} s7lg -s_ nfu" cf}ifw;dagwl ck/fwsf] kl/efiff ;fdfgo cy{df ck/fw eggfn] k rlnt kmf}hbf/l sfg"gsf] pnnª\3g ug]{ sfo{ egg] a'lemg5. kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] sfo{ ug'{ jf To:tf] sfg"gn] ug'{ eg]sf] sfo{ gug'{ g} ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ xf]. nfu" cf}ifwsf] b' kof]u ;a} b[li6n] xflgsf/s x'g] epsf]n] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] kl/lw gf3]/ ul/g] To;sf] ptkfbg, tof/l, ;~ro, v/lb laqml, cf];f/ k;f/, lgsfzl k}7f/l, ;]jg cflb ;a} sfo{nfo{ sfg"gåf/f lgif]w ul/psf] x'g5. To:tf] lgif]lwt sfo{nfo{ nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fw elgg5. nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/l xfl;n ug{ nfu" cf}ifw lgogq0f ;DaGwL cgt/f{li6«o, If]qLo Pj+ /fli6«o k of;x?sf] af/]df s]xl hfgsf/l x'g' cfjzos x'g5. nfu" cf}ifwsf] b' kof]u cfkm}df udel/ xflgsf/s sfo{ xf] eg] o;n] c? s}of}+ ;d:ofx?sf] l;h{gf u/]sf] x'g5. To;}n] o;nfo{ ;+;f/el/ ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ dflgpsf] x'g5. nfu" cf}ifw b' kof]usf ljlegg :j?k / tf}/ t/lsfx? 5g\ h;nfo{ ;a} b]zn] ;dfg?kdf ck/fwsf] sf]6ldf /fv]sf] eg] kfofb}g. nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fwnfo{ Pp6} kl/efiffsf] kl/lwleq NofO{ lgogq0f ;DaGwL sfo{nfo{ ;femf dfkb08sf] cfwf/df k efjsf/l agfpg] p2]zon] ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3lo k4lt cgtu{t Hofb} dxîjk"0f{ k of;x? epsf 5g\. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, o;nfo{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ 1972 sf] Protocol / UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances,1988 h:tf b:tfj]hx?n] kif /fi6«x?nfo{ k efjsf/l /fli6«o kmf}hbf/l sfg"gsf] bfo/fcgtu{t To:tf nfu" cf}ifw lgogq0f ug{ cfx\jfg u/]sf 5g\. SAARC Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1990 n] klg ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3lo pqm dxf;lgwx?sf clwsf+z k fjwfgx?nfo{ cª\ulsf/ u/]sf] 5. g]kfn sfg"gn] klg nfu" cf}ifwsf] ptkfbg b]lv cf];f/ k;f/ / ;]jg ;Ddsf sfo{nfo{ ck/fwk"0f{ dfg]sf] 5. cf}ifwlsf]?kdf k of]u ug]{ / j}1flgs cg';gwfgsf] nflu ul/g] ptkfbg, cf];f/ k;f/ cflb sfo{nfo{ eg] ck/fwk"0f{ dflgfb}g. To;sf] ;Ldf klg sfg"gn] g} lgwf{/0f ul/lbpsf] x'g5 / o;sf] pnnª\3gnfo{ ck/fwk"0f{ g} dflgg5. o;/l nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] cjwf/0ffnfo{ a[xt\ Pj+ cgt/f{li6«o dfkb08sf] cfwf/df a'em\g' kb{5. kmf}hbf/l sfg"g agfpg] -s'g} sfo{nfo{ cfk/flws sfo{ 3f]lift ug]{_ clgtd clwsf/ ;DalGwt /fhonfo{ g} x'g] x'fbf nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] kl/efiff klg cgttm /fli6«o sfg"gn] g} u/]sf] x'g5. cgt/f{li6«o dxf;lgwx?n] ;fdfgo vfsf;dd agfo{ lbg] xf]. b]zsf] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL h] h:tf sfo{nfo{ ck/fwsf] sf]6ldf /fv]sf] x'g5 Tof] b]zsf] nflu ;f]xl sfo{dfq nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fw dflgg5. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ sf] bkmf $ n] b]xfosf sfo{x?nfo{ nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fwsf]?kdf kl/eflift u/l To:tf sfo{ ug{ lgif]w u/]sf] kfog5. 136

147 s_ uffhfsf] v]tl ug]{, ptkfbg ug]{, tof/l ug]{, v/lb ug]{, laqml ljt/0f ug]{, lgsfzl jf k}7f/l ug]{, cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{, ;~ro ug]{ jf ;]jg ug]{, v_ clkmd jf sf]sfsf] v]tl ug]{ jf clkmd jf sf]sfsf] kft jf cgo nfu" cf}ifwlsf] ptkfbg ug]{, u_ nfu" cf}ifwsf] lgdf{0f jf tof/l ug]{, 3_ nfu" cf}ifwsf] laqml ljt/0f ug]{, ª_ nfu" cf}ifwsf] lgsfzl jf k}7f/l ug]{, r_ nfu" cf}ifw v/lb ug]{, ;~ro ug]{, /fvg] jf cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{, / 5_ nfu" cf}ifw ;]jg ug]{. -v_ cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] kl/efiff ;fdfgo cy{df nfu" cf}ifwl (Pharmaceutical Drugs) ;DaGwL ck/fw eggfn] k rlnt sfg"gn] dfgotf k bfg u/]sf cf}ifwl;dagwl u Gy jf ;+u xdf plnnlvt gfd / kl/df0fsf nfu" cf}ifwlx?sf] b'?kof]u jf unt k of]u ug]{ sfo{nfo{ ;Demg' kb{5. To:tf cf}ifwlx?sf] ptkfbg, k of]u jf pkof]u h:tf s'/fdf k rlnt kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08 tyf kl/wlsf] pnnª\3g ug]{ sfo{ g} nfu" cf}ifwl;dagwl ck/fw xf]. cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fwn] k rlnt kmf}hbf/l sfg"gsf] kl/lw pnnª\3g u/]/ ul/g] s'g} klg cf}ifwlsf] ptkfbg, laqmlljt/0f, lgsfzl k}7f/l, ;~ro / ;]jg h:tf sfo{nfo{ hgfpf5 eg] nfu" cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fwn] nfu" cf}ifwaf6 tof/ ul/g] cf}ifwlsf ;DaGwdf ul/g] To:tf sfo{nfo{ hgfpfb5. oldwo] klxnf] rflxf ;fdfgo (General) k j[mltsf] / bf]; f] ljz]if (Specific) k j[mltsf] ck/fw dflgg5. clwsf+z nfu" cf}ifwlx? nfu" cf}ifw tyf dgf]2lks kbfy{x?af6 g} agfog] x'fbf To:tf cf}ifwlx?df nfu" cf}ifwdf x'g] u'0f kfog' c:jfefljs xf]og. To:tf cf}ifwlsf] k of]u lrlst;f lj1fgn] :jlsf/ u/]sf] kl/df0fdf lrlst;ssf] ;Nnfxadf]lhd u/]df dfgj lxtdf x'g] ep tfklg To;sf] hyfefjl, clgolgqt jf ctolws k of]un] nfu" cf}ifwsf] h:tf] c;/ klg k' ofpg ;Sb5. To;}n] nfu" cf}ifwsf b'jo{;glx?n] rflxpsf] a]nfdf ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] nfu" cf}ifw gkfpdf ToxL ;d"xsf nfu" cf}ifwlx? clws dfqfdf ;]jg u/l nfu" cf}ifwsf] t[i0ff d]6fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf k r"/ dfqfdf /xg5. nfu" cf}ifwlx?sf] b'?kof]u jf unt k of]u x'g updf nfu" cf}ifws} h:tf] kl/0ffd lg:sg ;Sg] / nfu" cf}ifwlsf] Ohfht k fkt JolQmaf6 klg To;sf] b'?kof]u x'g ;Sg] epsf]n] nfu" cf}ifwlsf] laqml ljt/0f, lgsfzl k}7f/l, ;~ro / ;]jg h:tf sfo{nfo{ kmf}hbf/l sfg"gåf/f lgolgqt ul/psf] x'g5 / o;sf] pnnª\3g nfu" cf}ifwl (Pharmaceutical Drugs) ;DaGwL ck/fw dflgg5. s'g} kbfy{ k rlnt sfg"gn] dfgotf lbpsf] cf}ifwl ;DaGwL u Gy jf ;+u xx?df plnnlvt gfd / kl/df0fsf] 5 eg] cf}ifwl x'g5 eg] ;f] kl/df0f aflx/sf] epdf nfu" cf}ifw x'g ;Sb5. oldwo] klxnf] rflxf cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fw / bf]; f] rflxf+ nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] ljifoj:t' x'g ;Sb5. cf}ifwl n] cf}ifwlsf] pbf]u :yfkgf ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jls[t lngsf] nflu cf}ifwl Joj:yf ljefuaf6 l;kmfl/; kq lng' kg]{, cf}ifwl ptkfbg ug{ cg'1fkq lng' kg]{, cf}ifwlsf] lgsfzl k}7f/l ug{ ;f]xl ljefuaf6 l;kmfl/; lng' kg]{, cf}ifwlsf] laqml ljt/0f ug{ gfd btf{ u/fpg' kg]{, ptkfbg cg'1fkq, l;kmfl/; kq / k df0fkq gjls/0f ug'{ kg]{ h:tf zt{ tf]s]sf] 5. To:tf zt{sf] pnnª\3gnfo{ sfg"gn] ug{' eg]sf] sfo{ gu/]sf] (Omission) cgtu{tsf] ck/fwsf]?kdf kl/eflift u/l ;hfosf] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5. o;sf] ;fy} cf}ifwlsf] cg'lrt k of]u jf b'?kof]u ug]{, cf}ifwldf ld;fj6 ug]{ / ld;fj6 epsf] cf}ifwl laqml ug]{, Dofb gf3]sf] cf}ifwl laqml ljt/0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{nfo{ cf}ifwl;dagwl ck/fwsf]?kdf kl/eflift u/l To:tf sfo{ ug{ lgif]w ug'{sf] ;fy} b08glo sfo{ ;d]t dfg]sf] 5. nfu" cf}ifwln] cf}ifwlsf] 7"nf] lx:;f cf]u6]sf] x'fbf cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] plnnlvt kl/efiff nfu" cf}ifwldf klg :jtm nfu" x'g5. ;+If]kdf, g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fw eggfn] cf}ifwl n] tf]s]sf zt{sf] kfngf gug'{ jf pqm P]gn] lgif]w u/]sf] sfo{ ug'{ egg] a'lemg5. olb To:tf] csfo{ (Omission) jf sfo{ (act) nfu" cf}ifwlsf ;DaGwdf epdf To;nfO{ nfu" cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fw dflgg5. #= s_ nfu" cf}ifwsf] jul{s/0f nfu" cf}ifw cgtu{t w]/} kbfy{x?nfo{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg5. s] s:tf] kbfy{nfo{ nfu" cf}ifw dfgg] egbf klg sfg"gsf] b[li6af6 x]bf{ sfg"gn] s'g s'g kbfy{nfo{ nfu" cf}ifwsf] sf]6ldf /fv]sf] 5 egg] s'/f dxîjk"0f{ x'g5. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 n] z' df!)) egbf a9l kbfy{nfo{ nfu" cf}ifw (Narcotic Drugs) sf] ;"rldf /fv]sf] lyof] eg]!(&@ sf] Protocol n] s]xl c? kbfy{nfo{ klg pqm ;"rldf yk u/]sf] 5. Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971 n] #@ cf]6f kbfy{nfo{ dgf]2lks kbfy{ -g]kfnsf] sfg"g cg';f/ dgf]2lks kbfy{ klg nfu" cf}ifw g} dflgg5g\_ df ;"rls[t u/]sf] 5. lbg k ltlbg goff goff s[lqd tyf kl/jlt{t nfu" cf}ifwsf] cfljisf/ ;d]t eo/x]sf] x'g5. nfu" cf}ifwsf] 7"nf] ;ª\Vof, o;sf k fs[lts, s[lqd tyf kl/jlt{t :j?k / goff goff nfu" cf}ifwsf] cfljisf/n] nfu" cf}ifwsf] klxrfgdf lgs} 7"nf] ;d:of ptkgg u/]sf] kfog5. nfu" cf}ifwsf] klxrfgsf] ;lhnfsf] nflu loglx?nfo{ ljlegg ju{df jul{s/0f u/l x]g]{ u/]sf] kfog5. jul{s/0fsf cfwf/ ljlegg x'g ;Sb5g\, h:t}m ptkfbgsf] b[li6af6 k fs[lts / kl/jlt{t nfu" cf}ifw, ;]jgstf{df kfg]{ k efjsf] b[li6af6 Narcotic Drugs / Psychotropic Substances, ptkfbg If]qsf] b[li6af6 k"jl{o / klzrdl d'n'ssf nfu" cf}ifw, s8fkgsf] b[li6a6 s8f / ;fdfgo, cf}ifwldf k of]u x'g] b[li6af6 137

148 138 cf}ifwlhgo / cgo nfu" cf}ifw, cflb ljlegg ju{df ljefhg u/l ljzn]if0f ug{ ;lsg5. jul{s/0fsf ljlegg cfwf/dwo] j}1flgs cfwf/ nfu" cf}ifwsf] b'?kof]uaf6 ;]jgstf{sf] z/l/df kg]{ k efjnfo{ dfgg ;lsg5 / ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3lo wf/0ff klg oxl;fu ldnbf] h'nbf] 5. k efjsf b[li6n] nfu" cf}ifwnfo{ lgdg $ ju{df ljefhg ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. c_ cf_ O_ O{_ cfn:ohgs cfn:ohgs (Depressants): o; cgtu{t To:tf nfu" cf}ifw kb{5g\ h;n] ;]jgstf{sf] s]gb Lo :gfo' k 0ffnLdf c;/ kf/l Jojxf/x?df kl/jt{g NofpF5g\. z/l/df pq]hgf / j]bgf sd ug]{, lggb f Nofpg] tyf lrgtf x6fpg] h:tf k efj kfg]{ / ljz]if u/]/ cfn:okgf l;h{gf ug]{ of] ju{sf nfu" cf}ifwsf k d'v ljz]iftfx? x'g\. clkmd / clkmdaf6 tof/ ul/psf kl/jlt{t nfu" cf}ifw (Synthetic Drugs) h:t}m dlkm{g, x]/f]og (Brown Sugar, White Powder) cflb o;sf Hofb} pqd gd"gf x'g\. lggb f kfg{sf] nflu k of]u ul/g] Barbiturates klg oxl ju{df kb{5. pq]hs pq]hs (Stimulants): of] ju{sf nfu" cf}ifwn] pq]hgf a9fpg], ef]s x6fpg], ysfo{ d]6fpg] h:tf k efj kfb{5g\. o;sf] a9l k of]u v]nf8lx?n] ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. of] ju{sf nfu" cf}ifwsf] a9l ;]jgn] z/l/df zlqmsf] sdl eo{ x[boutl agb ep/ b'jo{;glsf] d[to' ;d]t x'g] u/]sf] b]lvg5. Stimulants n] ;]jg stf{df Psychological dependency k}bf ub{5g\. Coca, Cocaine/Amphetamine nfo{ Stimulants sf pqd gd"gfx? dflgg5. Cocaine / Amphetamine nfo{ /f;folgs k lqmofåf/f tof/ ul/g] x'fbf loglx?sf] k efj Ifdtf a9l vt/gfs / eofgs x'g5. e dftds c;/ lbg] (Hallucinogens): of] ju{df kg]{ nfu" cf}ifwsf] ptkfbgdf ;jf{lws /f;folgs of]u ul/psf] x'g5. o:tf nfu" cf}ifwx? dfgjsf] nflu s'g} klg?kdf -cf}ifwlsf]?kdf ;d]t_ k of]u of]uo dflgb}gg\. s]jn /f;folgs / j}1flgs cg';gwfgsf] nflu dfq o;sf] pkof]u ul/g5. Hallucinogens sf] ;jf]{qd pbfx/0f LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) xf]. DMT, PCP h:tf nfu" cf}ifw klg oxl ju{df kb{5g\. of] ju{sf nfu" cf}ifwn] ;]jgstf{sf] dfgl;s ;Gt'ng vnanofo{ :jkg / snkgfsf] hutdf 8'a]sf] cg'ej u/folbg5g\. o;n] dflg;df /dfonf] pt;'stf, e d, Jofjxfl/s pqf/ r9fj / clgoldttf, cgof}nkgf / klxrfgsf] ;ª\s6 ptkgg u/folbg] x'fbf ;]jgstf{ o;sf] cfgtl/s c;/af6egbf o;af6 l;lh{t e dsf] wf]sfaf6 a9l vt/fdf kmf:b5. uffhfhgo nfu" cf}ifw (Cannabis): of] ju{df d"ntm uffhf / uffhfaf6 tof/ ul/g] r/];, T.H.C. h:tf nfu" cf}ifwx? kb{5g\. of] ju{sf nfu" cf}ifwx? t'ngftds?kdf Go"g sf]6lsf dflgg5g\ tfklg k of]u / k flktsf] b[li6n] Jofks / ;j{;'nd x'g5g\. o:tf nfu" cf}ifwn] dflg;sf] z/l/ tyf dgnfo{ lzlyn kfg]{ / s]xl dfqfdf Hallucinogens sf] h:tf] c;/ kfg]{ tyf e dhfn ptkgg u/fpg ;Sg] zlqm /fvb5g\. s'g} nfu" cf}ifwsf] b'jo{;gln] pqm nfu" cf}ifw gkfpsf] a]nfdf ;f]xl ju{sf] csf]{ nfu" cf}ifw jf ;f]af6 ag]sf] nfu" cf}ifwl ;]jg u/l nfu" cf}ifwsf] cfjzostf k"lt{ ug{ ;Sb5. -v_ nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] jul{s/0f nfu" cf}ifwsf] jul{s/0f tyf o;af6 ;]jgstf{df kg]{ c;/ h:tf cfwf/df nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fwnfo{ klg ljlegg ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5. ;f]xl cfwf/df legg legg cfk/flws bflotj ;d]t lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. xfd f] sfg"gn] u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ lgdgfg';f/ jul{s/0f u/l ljzn]if0f ug{ ;lsg5 M c_ cf_ uffhfhgo nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fwm nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ sf] bkmf $ n] uffhfhgo ;a} ck/fwnfo{ Pp6} v08 -s_ df ;dfj]z u/l uffhfsf] v]tl ug]{ sfo{b]lv cf];f/ k;f/ Pj+ ;]jg ug]{ ;Ddsf ljlegg sfo{x?nfo{ lgif]w u/]sf] 5. o;sf] ;fy} uffhfsf] ;]jgnfo{ cgo nfu" cf}ifsf] ;]jgegbf sd udel/ dfgl sd ;hfo+sf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. uffhfhgo nfu" cf}ifwsf] v]tl ug]{, ptkfbg ug]{, v/lb ug]{, laqml ljt/0f ug]{, lgsfzl k}7f/l ug]{, cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{, ;~ro ug]{ h:tf ck/fwdf t'ngftds?kdf c? nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fwdf egbf sd ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. uffhfhgo nfu" cf}ifwsf] ;]jg / v]tl ug]{ sfo{afx]s c? ck/fwdf a9ldf bzjif{;dd s}b / Psnfv?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g ;Sb5. oblk cgt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?df uffhfhgo nfu" cf}ifwsf ck/fwnfo{ 5' } tyf sd udel/?kdf lnpsf] kfofb}g tfklg g]kfndf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv k fs[lts uffhf s'g} g s'g}?kdf ;]jg x'fb} cfpsf], klzrdl kxf8l e]sdf k ;:t dfqfdf k fs[lts?kd} o;sf] ptkfbg x'g] epsf] / o;sf] xflgsf/s c;/ klg c?sf] egbf sd x'g] epsf]n] g} t'ngftds?kdf c? nfu" cf}ifwegbf sd udel/ ck/fwsf]?kdf lnopsf] kfog5. nfu" cf}ifsf] b'jo{;gm nfu" cf}ifw lgogq0f;dagwl g]kfnsf] sfg"gn] nfu" cf}ifwsf] b'jo{;gnfo{ To;sf] v]tl, ptkfbg, tof/l, v/lb tyf laqmlljt/0f, lgsfzl k}7f/l, cf];f/ k;f/, ;~ro ug]{ h:tf ck/fwegbf sd udel/ ck/fwsf]?kdf lnpsf] kfog5. uffhfhgo nfu" cf}ifwsf] ;]jgdf a9ldf Ps dxlgf;dd s}b jf b'o{ xhf/?k}off;dd hl/jfgf x'g] Joj:yf 5. To;}u/L clkmd, sf]sf jf ;f]af6 ag]sf nfu" cf}ifwsf] ;]jgdf Ps jif{;dd s}b jf bz xhf/?k}off;dd hl/jfgf x'g] / /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l tf]lspsf cgo k fs[lts jf s[lqd nfu" cf}ifw tyf dgf]2lks kbfy{sf] b'jo{;gdf b'o{ dxlgf;dd s}b jf b'o{ xhf/?k}off;dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf 5. lrlst;f s]gb df pkrf/ u/fpg] u/l b'jo{;glnfo{ lglzrt zt{sf] cfwf/df ;hfo gug{ klg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5.

149 O_ O{_ nfu" cf}ifwsf] v]tl ug]{m nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ n] nfu" cf}ifwsf] cj}w v]tl ug]{ sfo{nfo{ ;]jg egbf a9l / ptkfbg, tof/l, v/lb, laqml ljt/0f, lgsfzl jf k}7f/l, cf];f/ k;f/ tyf ;~ro ug]{ sfo{egbf sd udel/ ck/fwsf]?kdf jul{s/0f u/]sf] kfog5. v]tl ug]{ ck/fwdwo] klg uffhfsf] v]tl ug]{ ck/fwnfo{ c? nfu" cf}ifwsf] v]tl ug]{egbf sd udel/ dflgpsf] 5. uffhfsf] v]tl ug]{ JolQmnfO{ clwstd tlg jif{;dd s}b jf krrl; xhf/?k}off;dd hl/jfgf x'g] k fjwfg 5 eg] clkmd jf sf]sfsf] v]tl ug]{ JolQmnfO{ clwstd bz jif{;dd s}b / b'o{nfv?k}off;dd hl/jfgf x'g] Joj:yf 5. uxg ck/fwm o; cgtu{t uffhfhgo nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fw, nfu" cf}ifwsf] ;]jg ug]{ tyf v]tl ug]{ sfo{ / /fhkqdf tf]lspsf nfu" cf}ifw tyf dgf]2lks kbfy{ ;DaGwL ck/fw afx]s nfu" cf}ifw sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL cgo ;a} ck/fwnfo{ Pp6f ju{df /fv]sf] kfog5. clkmd, sf]sf jf ;f]af6 ag]sf nfu" cf}ifwsf] ptkfbg, tof/l, v/lb, laqml, ljt/0f, lgsfzl jf k}7f/l, cf];f/ k;f/ tyf ;~ro h:tf ;a} sf/f]af/nfo{ Pp6} ju{ cgtu{tsf ;jf{lws udel/ ck/fw dflgpsf] 5 / ck/fwsf] dfqfsf] cfwf/df clwstd hgds}b / krrl;nfv?k}off;dd hl/jfgfsf] ;hfo x'g] sfg"gl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. -bkmf!$ -!_ -5_. p_ tf]lspsf nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fwm of] ju{df g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l tf]lspsf k fs[lts jf s[lqd nfu" cf}ifw tyf dgf]2lks kbfy{ / ltgsf] nj0f / cgo kbfy{ ;d]tsf] b'jo{;g / sf/f]af/ ug]{ h:tf ck/fwx? kb{5g\. o:tf nfu" cf}ifwsf] ;]jg sfo{df sf/f]af/df egbf sd ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf 5 eg] ptkfbg, tof/l v/lb, laqml ljt/0f, lgsfzl k}7f/l, cf];f/k;f/ tyf ;~ro h:tf ck/fwsf] nflu clwstd bz jif{;dd s}b / al; nfv?k}off;dd hl/jfgfsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. o;sf] ;fy} nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fw ug{ if8ogq ug]{, pbf]u ug]{, b'?t;fxg ug]{ / dltof/ x'g] sfo{nfo{ 5' } ju{sf] ck/fw dfgl k"0f{ tyf d'vo ck/fwdf x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g] Jojyf ul/psf] 5 -bkmf!&_ eg] af/daf/ ck/fw ug]{ sfo{nfo{ yk ;hfo x'g] ck/fwsf] ju{df /flvpsf] 5. nfu" cf}ifwsf] ljzjf;df kf/l cgo kbfy{sf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ sfo{nfo{ klg 5' } ck/fwsf] ju{df /fvl ck/fw u/]df x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5 -bkmf!& s_. nfu" cf}ifw;fu ;DalGwt ljj/0f jf lnvt glbg] sfo{nfo{ klg ck/fw dfgl ck/fw u/] jfkt x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf 5 eg] cfk\mgf] 3/, huuf jf ;jf/ldf nfu" cf}ifw lgogq0f;dagwl sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] sfd ug{ cg'dlt lbg] sfo{nfo{ klg ck/fw dflgpsf] 5. -u_ cf}ifwlsf] jul{s/0f cf}ifwlx?sf] :jefj (Nature) tyf u'0f:t/sf] cfwf/df cf}ifwlnfo{ ljlegg ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5. ;fdfgotof cf}ifwlnfo{ nfu" cf}ifwl / cgo cf}ifwl efudf jul{s/0f u/l cwoog ug{ ;lsg5. cf}ifwl lj1fgn] :jf:yosf] nflu k of]u ug{ plrt dfg]sf / sfg"gn] dfgotf lbpsf nfu" cf}ifwx? nfu" cf}ifwlsf] ju{df kb{5g\ / ;f] afx]s c? ;a} cf}ifwlnfo{ cgo cf}ifwlsf] ju{df /fvl x]g{ ;lsg5. Pp6} ju{leq klg ljlegg pkju{x? x'g ;Sb5g\. cf}ifwl sf] bkmf!& n] cf}ifwlnfo{ ljlegg ;d"x tyf pk ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/] cg'?k cf}ifwl :t/ sf] lgod!) tyf cg';"rl $ n] cf}ifwlx?nfo{ ;d"x sú, vú / uú u/l # ;d"xdf ljefhg u/]sf] 5. o;sf] ;fy} tl ;d"xleq pk;d"x klg /xg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 ;d"x s M of] ;d"xdf nfu" / ljiffn' cf}ifwlx? kb{5g\. of] ;d"x cgtu{tsf] pk ;d"x! df!@! k sf/sf nfu" cf}ifwlx? / ;f];fu ;DalGwt kbfy{x? kb{5g\. pk df &@ k sf/sf nfu" tyf ljiffn' cf}ifwlx? kb{5g\. of] ;d"xsf cf}ifwlx? lrlst;ssf] ;Nnfx -k ]l:qmkzg_ cg';f/ dfq laqml ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{ / laqml ubf{ kmdf{l;i6 jf Joj;foL cfkm}+n] jf lghx?dwo] s'g} Pssf] pkl:yltdf dfq laqml ljt/0f ug{ kfog] Joj:yf 5. o;sf yf]s tyf v'b f laqm]tfn] v/lb laqml u/]sf] kl/df0f / v/lb stf{sf] gfd gfd];l ;lxtsf] clen]v /fvg' kb{5. ;d"x v M of] ;d"xdf ljlegg!%# k sf/sf ;f/ttj -PsL6e OGu ]l8pg6\;_ jf ;f]l;t ;DalGwt s'g} kbfy{ -;A;6fG;_ ;dfj]z epsf cf}ifwlx? /flvpsf] 5. of] ;d"xsf cf}ifwlx? klg lrlst;ssf] k ]l:qmk;g cg';f/ dfq laqml ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{ / kmdf{l;i6 jf Joj;foL cfkm}+n] jf kmdf{l;i6 jf Joj;foLdWo] s'g} Pssf] pkl:yltdf dfq laqml ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf 5. ;d"x u M of] cf]6f pk;d"xx? 5g\. pk;d"x! df ;d"x sú / vú df plnnlvt cf}ifwlx? Go"g k ltztdf /x]sf $@ k sf/sf cf}ifwlx? / df cgo $^ k sf/sf ;fdfgo cf}ifwlx? /flvpsf] 5. pqm pk;d"xdf pnn]v gepsf cgo ;dfgo cf}ifwlx? klg o;} pk;d"xdf kb{5g\. of] ;d"x -u_ sf cf}ifwlx? lrlst;ssf] k ]l:qmk;g gep klg cg'ejsf] cfwf/df s'g} klg laqm]tfn] laqml ljt/0f ug{ ;Sb5 / cf}ifwl laqml ljt/0f ubf{ kmdf{l;i6 jf Joj;foLsf] pkl:ylt clgjfo{ x'fb}g. o; k sf/ cf}ifwl P]gn] nfu" cf}ifwlsf] lgogq0fdf ljz]if tyf k efjsf/l Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. -3_ cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] jul{s/0f 139

150 140 cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fwnfo{ ljlegg cfwf/df ljlegg ju{df jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5. cf}ifwlsf] jul{s/0fsf] cfwf/df nfu" cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fw, ljiffn' cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fw, ;fdfgo cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fw cflbdf ljefhg u/l cwoog ug{ ;lsg5. To;}u/L cf}ifwlsf] ptkfbg, laqml ljt/0f tyf lgsfzl k}7f/l ;DaGwL ck/fw, cf}ifwlsf] :t/;dagwl ck/fw h:tf ju{df klg ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5. cfk/flws bflotjsf] cfwf/df cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fwnfo{ ;fwf/0f k j[mltsf / udel/ k j[mltsf efudf ljefhg u/l cwoog ug{ ;lsg5. o;n] ;a} k sf/sf jul{s/0fnfo{ k ltlglwtj ug]{ b]lvg5. -s_ cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ;fwf/0f ck/fwx?m -v_ o; cgtu{t ;fdfgotof cf}ifwl lgogq0f ;DaGwdf sfg"gn] ug'{ eg]sf] sfo{ gug]{ (Omission) ;DaGwL ck/fwx? kb{5g\. t'ngftds?kdf o:tf ck/fwdf sd cfk/flws bflotj lgwf{/0f ul/psf] kfog5. cf}ifwlsf] pbf]u :yfkgf ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jls[lt lbg'cl3 cf}ifwl Joj:yf ljefuaf6 l;kmfl/; glnpsf], cf}ifwl ptkfbg ubf{ ptkfbg cg'1fkq glnpsf], l;kmfl/; lagf g} cf}ifwlsf] lgsfzl k}7f/l u/]sf], gfd btf{ gu/fo{ laqml ljt/0f u/]sf], ptkfbg cg'1fkq, l;kmfl/; kq, k df0fkq cflbsf] gjls/0f gu/]sf], ptkflbt cf}ifwl hg;'/lift, c;/o'qm / u'0fo'qm gepsf] h:tf k lqmofut tyf k fljlws s'/fx? k"/f gu/]sf] ;DaGwL ck/fwx? of] ju{df kb{5g\. o:tf ck/fwdf ;+nug JolQmnfO{ tlg jif{;dd s}b jf kffr xhf/?k}off;dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf 5 -bkmf #$-!. o:tf ck/fwdf s'g} JolQmnfO{ k ToIf xflg epsf] x'fb}g. udel/ ck/fw /f]syfdsf nflu o:tf sfo{nfo{ ck/fwsf] sf]6ldf /flvpsf] x'g5. cf}ifwl ;DaGwL udel/ ck/fwm o; cgtu{t cf}ifwlsf] k efj z"go x'g], 36L x'g] jf ablng] jf xflgsf/s x'g] u/l cf}ifwldf ld;fj6 ug]{, To:tf] cf}ifwlsf] laqml ljt/0f ug]{, cf}ifwl afx]s c? yf]snfo{ cf}ifwl xf] egl laqml ug]{, Dofb gf3]sf] cf}ifwl laqml ljt/0f ug]{ h:tf ck/fwx? kb{5g\. o:tf ck/fwx? cleo'qmsf] ;lqmotf (Positive act) åf/f ul/g] / csf]{ JolQmnfO{ k ToIf xflg k' ofpg] k j[mltsf x'g] x'fbf a9l uxg dflgg5g\. o:tf ck/fwaf6 s;}sf] HofgnfO{ vt/f k'ug] ;Defjgf epdf hgd s}b jf bz jif{;dd s}b / hl/jfgf ;d]t x'g] sfg"gl Joj:yf 5 -bkmf #$-@. $= nfu" cf}ifw / cf}ifwl ;DaGwL d'2f;fu ;Dalwt sfg"gl Joj:yf -s_ If]qflwsf/ nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ sf] s sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ uffhfhgo nfu" cf}ifwafx]s c? nfu" cf}ifw ck/fw;dagwl d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l u7g u/]sf] jf tf]s]sf] cbfntnfo{ x'g] Joj:yf 5. To:tf] cbfntn] nfu" cf}ifw d'2fdf sf/afxl / lsgf/f ubf{ ljz]if cbfnt P]gadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw tyf clwsf/ k of]u ug]{ / To:tf] cbfntsf] km};nf pk/ ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfug] Joj:yf 5. df o:tf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ ;Dalwt lhnnf cbfnnfo{ tf]lspsf]df (!) df of] clwsf/ ljz]if cbfntnfo{ tf]lsof]. ljz]if cbfnt n] ljz]if cbfntnfo{ of] clwsf/ k bfg gu/]kl5 sf] ;"rgfadf]lhd of] clwsf/ lhnnf cbfntdf g} ;g{ upsf] 5. t/ Jojxf/df sltko lhnnf cbfntx?n] Gofo k zf;g P]g cgtu{tsf] ;fwf/0f clwsf/if]q cfslif{t u/fo{ d'n'sl P]g cgtu{tsf] ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw ckgfo{ sf/afxl ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvg5, h'g nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ P]gn] u/]sf] ljz]if Joj:yfsf] dd{sf] k lts"n 5. uffhfhgo nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL d'2fsf] If]qflwsf/sf] xsdf pqm P]gsf] s= n] ljz]if Joj:yfaf6 afx]s u/]sf] / cf}ifwl;dagwl d'2fsf] If]qflwsf/sf] xsdf cf}ifwl n] s'g} pnn]v gu/]sf] x'fbf Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf & sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ uffhfhgo nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fw / cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fwsf d'2fsf] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f ug]{ If]qflwsf/ ;DalGwt lhnnf cbfntnfo{ 5. d'n'sl P]g -@_ -#_ g+= sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ o:tf d'2f ck/fw epsf O{nfsf jf k ltjfbl /x]sf] Onfsfsf] lhnnf cbfntdwo] h'g;'s}df klg bfo/ ug{ ldnb5. -v_ xsb}of nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl! df ;dfj]z epsf] x'gfn] ;f]xl P]gsf] bkmf # sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL ck/fw epsf] jf eo/x]sf] jf x'g nfu]sf] 5 egg] yfxf kfpg] h'g;'s} JolQmn] b/vf:t jf ;"rgf ghlssf] k x/l sfof{nodf lbg' kg]{ k fjwfg 5. nfu" cf}ifw d'2fdf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbg] xsb}of h'g;'s}nfo{ klg x'g5 eg] k x/laf6 d'2fsf] cg';gwfg epkl5 ;DalGwt cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of ;DalGwt ;/sf/l jslnnfo{ k bfg ul/psf] 5. cf}ifwl cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] cf}ifwl ;DaGwL d'2f ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl P]gsf] cg';"rldf ;dfj]z gep klg pqm cf}ifwl P]gsf] bkmf #* sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ pqm P]g cgtu{tsf] d'2f ;/sf/jfbl d'2f x'g] / ;f]xl P]gsf] bkmf #( n] To:tf d'2fsf] cg';gwfg txslsft cf}ifwl Joj:yf ljefuaf6 v6fopsf] lg/lifsn] ug]{ k jwfg /x]sf] 5. ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbg] xsb}ofsf ;DaGwdf cf}ifwl P]gdf ;/sf/l d'2f ;DaGwL P]gdf h:tf] :ki6 Joj:yf gep klg ck/fwsf] af/]df hfgsf/l k fkt ug]{ hf];'s} JolQmn] cf}ifwl Joj:yf ljefu, sfof{no jf tt;dagwl cg';gwfg txslsft ug{ tf]lspsf] lg/lifs;dif ;"rgf lbg /f]s nufpsf] b]lvfb}g. Jojxf/df klg cf}ifwl ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] hfgsf/l epdf k x/l jf cgo JolQmn] To;/L ;"rgf lbg] ;fdfgo k rng g} 5. To;}n] cf}ifwl ;DaGwL d'2fdf

151 klg ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbg] xsb}of h'g;'s} JolQmnfO{ epsf] b]lvg5. cg';gwfg txslsft sfo{ k"/f epkl5 ;/sf/l d'2f ;DaGwL sf] bkmf #! sf] sfg"gl k fjwfg cg';f/ ;/sf/l jslnn] d'2f rnfpg] u/l u/]sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd ;DalGwt cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of cf}ifwl Joj:yf ljefuaf6 v6fopsf] lg/lifsnfo{ g} x'g5. -u_ xbdofb nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ df nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL d'2fsf] xbdofb tf]lspsf] 5}g. To;sf/0f d'n'sl P]g c=a+= #^ g+= df pnn]v epsf] æp]gdf xbdofb gn]lvpsf] s'/fdf hlxn];'s} gflnz lbp klg nfug ;S5Æ egg] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ nfu" cf}ifw d'2fdf c;lldt xbdofb x'g5. nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ sf] u=adf]lhd kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmnfO{ cbfntsf] cg'dltn] a9ldf tlg dxlgf;dd dfq k x/l lx/f;tdf /fvg ;lsg] x'gfn] lx/f;tdf /fvl d'2f bfo/ ug]{ Dofb tlg dxlgf;ddsf] x'g5. t/ of] ;du d'2fs} xbdofb eg] xf]og. cf}ifwl df klg d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xbdofb gtf]lspsf] x'fbf d'n'sl P]g c= a+= #^ g+= cg';f/ g} c;lldt xbdofb x'g5. nfu" cf}ifw d'2fdf ;/sf/l d'2f ;DaGwL sf] -!_ n] u/]sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ &) lbgsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb x'g] k fjwfg 5. P]= -@_ cg';f/ cgo k rlnt sfg"gn] ydfpg kfpg] Dofbdf a9ldf #) lbg;dd u'h ]sf] Dofb yk x'g ;Sg] / d'n'sl P]g c=a+= %( g+= n] sfa" aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt k/l Dofb u'h ]df #) lbg;ddsf] Dofb yfldg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] nfu" cf}ifw d'2fdf z' sf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb / ydfpg] Dofb ;d]t u/l hddf!#) lbg;ddsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb x'g ;Sb5 -&) ± #) ± #) =!#)_. z' sf] &) lbgsf] Dofb kifnfo{ xs ;/x k fkt x'g5 eg] ydfo{ kfpg] Dofb k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntsf] thlahdf lge{/ ub{5. Jojxf/df ydfpg] DofbnfO{ klg pbf/?kdf JofVof ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. cf}ifwl df k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofbsf ;DaGwdf s'g} pnn]v gepsf] / ;/sf/l d'2f ;DaGwL df klg ;f] P]gsf] cg';"rl aflx/sf ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb ;DaGwdf 5' } Joj:yf gepsf]n] cf}ifwl P]g cgtu{t bfo/ x'g] nfu" cf}ifwl ;DaGwL d'2fdf d'n'sl P]g c=a+=!(# g+= sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd #% lbgsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb / ;f]xl dxnsf] %( g+= adf]lhd #) lbgsf] u'h] sf] Dofb yfdl kfpg] Dofb x'g5. -3_ d'2fsf] k j[mlt nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL d'2fdwo] nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ sf] bkmf $ sf] v08 -s_ df plnnlvt uffhfhgo nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL d'2f ;fdfgo k j[mltsf] dflgg5. o:tf d'2f cgo ;fwf/0f d'2f h:t} lhnnf cbfntdf bfo/ ul/g5 / d'n'sl P]g cgtu{tsf] ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw cfslif{t x'g5. ;f]afx]s clkmd, sf]sf / ;f]af6 ag]sf nfu" cf}ifw / g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l tf]lspsf] k fs[lts jf s[lqd nfu" cf}ifw tyf dgf]2lks kbfy{ ;DaGwL d'2fx? ljz]if k j[mltsf dflgg5g\. o:tf d'2fx? g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l u7g ul/psf] jf tf]lspsf] cbfntaf6 z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f ul/g5. o; k sf/sf d'2fdf ljz]if cbfnt cgtu{tsf] clwsf/ / sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g5. cf}ifwl P]g cgtu{t sf/afxl / lsgf/f x'g] cf}ifwl ;DaGwL d'2f klg sfo{ljlwsf] b[li6af6 x]bf{ ;fdfgo k j[mltsf dflgg5g\. o:tf d'2fx? Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf & sf] ;fdfgo Joj:yf cg'?k lhnnf cbfntdf bfo/ eo{ d'n'sl P]gsf] ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw cgtu{t sf/afxl / lsgf/f ul/g5. k df0fsf] ef/sf] b[li6n] nfu" cf}ifwsf] ;~ro / v]tl u/]sf] ;DaGwL d'2f ;~ro u/]sf] jf v]tl u/]sf] tyo k'li6 epkl5 cfkm\gf] lgbf]{liftf k dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ k ltjfbldf g} /xg] ljz]if k j[mltsf d'2f dflgg5g\ eg] nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL cgo d'2f / cf}ifwl ;DaGwL d'2f cleof]hg kifn] g} k df0fsf] ef/ jxg ug'{ kg]{ ;fdfgo k j[mltsf d'2f dflgg5g\. %= nfu" cf}ifw / cf}ifwl ;DaGwL d'2f;fu ;DalGwt P]g sfg"g / ghl/x? %=! ;Da4 P]gx? -s_ nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ of] P]g nfu" cf}ifw lgogq0f ug]{ p2]zon] agfopsf] klxnf] ljz]if P]g xf]. o;egbf cufl8 dfbs kbfy{ cgtu{t dlb/f nufotsf nfu" kbfy{x? / nfu" cf}ifwx? Pp6} P]gåf/f lgogq0f ug]{ k of; ul/psf] ;fndf nfu" ul/psf] nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ ;fndf u/l xfn;dd t]; f] ;+zf]wg ;d]t u/l nfu" cf}ifw lgogq0fsf] cgt/f{li6«o k of;df P]Soa4tf k s6 ug]{ k of; ul/psf] 5. xfn;dd of] P]g cgtu{t lgodfjnl agg ;s]sf] 5}g. -v_ cf}ifwl of] P]gsf] d'vo p2]zo To:tf cf}ifwlx?sf] ptkfbg, laqmlljt/0f, cfoft lgof{t, ;~ro / pkef]u lgogq0f ug'{ xf] h'g cf}ifwlx? k of]usf] nflu hg;'/lift, c;/o'qm / u'0fo'qm 5}gg\. o;n] nfu" cf}ifwlx?sf] b'?kof]u tyf unt k of]u lgogq0f ug]{ p2]zo klg /fv]sf] 5. of] nfu" cf}ifwl nufot ;a} k sf/sf cf}ifwlsf] lgogq0f / Jojl:yt ug]{ p2]zon] agfopsf] ljz]if P]g xf]. kmdf{:o'6lsn agf]6sf nfu" cf}ifwlx?sf] b'?kof]u jf unt k of]u epdf of] P]g cfslif{t x'g5 eg] ;f] afx]ssf nfu" cf}ifwsf ;DaGwdf nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ nfu" 141

152 x'g5. of] P]g tyf o;cgtu{t ag]sf lgodx?sf] cfwf/df nfu" cf}ifw / nfu" cf}ifwlx? 5'6\ofpg ;lsg5. o;sf] ;'Id cwoogaf6 nfu" cf}ifw / nfu" cf}ifwlsf] alrsf] c:ki6tf w]/} xb;dd x6fpg ;lsg5. plnnlvt P]gx? nfu" cf}ifw tyf cf}ifwl lgogq0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf ag]sf ljz]if P]gx? x'g\. s]xl k df0f Pj+ sfo{ljlwut k fjwfgx? pnn]v ul/psf ep klg ol P]gx? d'votof ;f/jfg kmf}hbf/l sfg"g x'g\. nfu" cf}ifw tyf cf}ifwl ;DaGwL d'2fsf] k of]hgsf] nflu pqm P]gx? dfq kof{kt 5}gg\. cgo P]g sfg"gn] klg k df0f Pj+ sfo{ljlwut s'/fx?df k z:t Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\. To:tf d'vo P]gx? o;k sf/ 5g\M -s_ d'n'sl -v_ k df0f -u_ Gofo k zf;g -3_ ;jf]{rr cbfnt -ª_ ;/sf/l d'2f ;DaGwL -r_ ljz]if cbfnt nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ sf] s= sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cg';f/ uffhfhgo nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwL d'2fdf d'n'sl P]g cgtu{tsf] ;fdfgo sfo{ljw / ;f] afx]ssf cgo nfu" cf}ifw d'2fdf ljz]if cbfnt P]g cgtu{tsf] ljz]if sfo{ljlw cfslif{t x'g] b]lvg5. cf}ifwl P]g cgtu{tsf nfu" cf}ifwl ;DaGwL d'2fdf eg] ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw g} cfslif{t x'g5. %=@= ;Da4 lgod lgodfjnlx? oblk nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ cgtu{t xfn;dd s'g} lgodfjnl ag]sf] 5}g tfklg cf}ifwl cgtu{t dxîjk"0f{ s]xl lgodfjnlx? ag]sf 5g\ h;n] s'g} kbfy{nfo{ nfu" cf}ifw xf] of nfu" cf}ifwl xf] egl 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/zlnf v8f ug'{sf] ;fy} nfu" cf}ifwl lgogq0fsf] ;DaGwdf ljljw Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\. tl lgodfjnlx? lgdgfg';f/ 5g\ -s_ cf}ifwl btf{ -v_ cf}ifwl hffra'em tyf lg/lif0f -u_ cf}ifwl -3_ cf}ifwl :t/ plnnlvt lgodfjnlx?sf] cnfjf nfu" cf}ifw tyf nfu" cf}ifwl ;DaGwL d'2fsf] sf/afxl;fu cgo lgodx? h:t}m lhnnf cbfnt k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;jf]{rr cbfnt ;/sf/l d'2f ;DaGwL cflb klg ce]b?kdf ;DalGwt 5g\. nfu" cf}ifw lgogq0f ;DaGwdf ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3lo k4lt cg'?ksf k of;nfo{ g]kfnn] klg cª\ulsf/ ug]{ k otg u/]sf] 5. o;} qmddf Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 tyf o;nfo{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ 1972 sf] Protocol / UN conventions against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988 sf] g]kfn kif/fi6«;d]t eo;s]sf] 5. SAARC Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1990 sf] klg g]kfn kif/fi6«xf]. ;lgw sf] bkmf ( sf] sfg"gl k fjwfg cg';f/ klg g]kfn kif epsf ;lgwsf k fjwfgnfo{ g]kfn sfg"g dfgg' kg]{ / :jo+ nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ sf] bkmf $ sf] k ltagwftds jfsof+z -! s_ df l;+un sge]g;g cg gfsf]{l6s 8«U;,!(^! pnn]v epsf] kl/k ]Iodf plnnlvt dxf;lgwx? klg nfu" cf}ifw lgogq0f ;DaGwL dfu{bz{s sfg"gsf]?kdf /x]sf] b]lvg5. %=#= dxîjk"0f{ ghl/x? nfu" cf}ifw / nfu" cf}ifwl 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/ s] x'g] egg] ;DaGwdf Jofjxfl/s k of]udf w]/} cgof]n /x]sf] b]lvg5. /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l tf]lspsf sltko nfu" cf}ifw ;DaGwdf s'g} lhnnfdf nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ P]g / s'g} lhnnfdf cf}ifwl P]g cgtu{t d'2f rnfpg] u/]sf] kfog5. o; ;DaGwdf ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] wf/0ff klg :ki6 kfofb}g. s]xl d'2fdf o:tf] k Zg p7]sf]df klg ljifoj:t'df (Content analysis) egbf klg cf}ifwlsf] n]jndf cfwfl/t eo{ JofVof x'g] u/]sf] kfog5. a/fdb epsf] kbfy{ nfu" cf}ifw xf] ls cf}ifwl xf], k df0fsf] ef/ s] s:tf] cj:yfdf k ltjfbldf /xg] xf], nfu" cf}ifwsf] ;~ro lg/k]if bflotj cgtu{t kg]{ ck/fw xf] xf]og, s] slt kl/df0fsf] nfu" cf}ifwnfo{ ;]jgsf] nflu /fv]sf] dfgg] xf] egg] h:tf k Zgx? a]nfavt p7\g] u/]sf] / s]xl xb;dd ;jf]{rr cbfntn] o:tf k Zgx? lg?k0f ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfog5 t/ ;jf]{rr cbfntsf km};nfx?df klg o:tf k Zgx?df ljzn]if0fftds JofVof ug]{ u/]sf] kfofb}g. s]xl d'2fx?df ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 k ltkflbt l;4fgtsf] ;f/ o; k sf/ kfog5!= ;"o{axfb'/ :ofª\tfg ;d]t lj 4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, 1 1 g]=sf=k= -@)^!_ k[i7!!!. 142

153 obl k ltjfblx?nfo{ a/fdb nfu" cf}ifwsf] af/]df s'g} hfgsf/l 5}g eg] nfu" cf}ifw /x]sf] ;jf/ldf ofqf u/]sf] cfwf/df dfq s;"/bf/ dfgg >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj 4 nfnaxfb'/ u'?ª ;d]t, 2 cleo'qmsf] ;flatl aofg a/fdb x]/f]ogaf6 ;dly{t 5 / nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ sf] bkmf!@ cg';f/ lghn] cfk\mgf] lgbf]{liftfsf] k df0f k' ofpg ;s]sf] 5}g eg] lgbf{]if dfgg gx'g]. #= j}hgfy u'ktf ;d]t lj 4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, 3 nfu" cf}ifw a/fdb epsf] tyo k df0faf6 k'li6 epsf] cj:yfdf lgbf]{liftf k'li6 ug]{ k df0fsf] ef/ nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ sf] bkmf!@ cg';f/ k ltjfbldf /xg]. $= ;lrg >]i7 lj 4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, 4 k :t't d'2f k x/lsf] k ltj]bgaf6} p7fg epsf] / lghn] g} k ltjfblx?sf] vfgtnf;l u/l nfu" cf}ifw a/fdb u/]sf] egg] ldl;n ;+nug k ltjb]g tyf a/fdbl d'r'nsfaf6 b]lvg cfpsf]n] k :t't jf/bftsf ;DaGwdf lghn] u/]sf] jskqnfo{ k df0fdf lng ldnb}g egg] k'g/fj]bg lhls/df s'g} sfg"gl cfwf/ gb]lvg]. %= s[i0f lnda' ;d]t lj 4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, 5 k ltjfblx?af6 a/fdb ul/psf] Phensedyl Expectorant elgpsf] l;;l x]bf{ sf]8lgsf] ;ldd>0f /x]sf] egg] b]lvg cfpfb}g. km]lg;l8ndf sf]8lgsf] dfqf lgif]lwt kl/df0f (Quantity) egbf a9l epdf dfq ;f] kbfy{ nfu" cf}ifwsf]?kdf lgif]lwt x'g hfg] b]lvfbf sf]8lg g} gepsf] Phensedyl Expectorant nfo{ cf}ifw egg gldng]. ^= lht]gb >]i7 lj 4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, 6 k ltjfbln] cfkm"n] Kofs u/]sf] ;fdfg;fu lghsf] k ToIf ;DaGw x'g] x'fbf To:tf] Kofs u/]sf] ;fdfgdf nfu" cf}ifw epsf] s'/fsf] cfk/flws bflotj lghn] jxg ug'{ kg]{. &= kbdaxfb'/ ltt' lj 4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, 7 ;x cleo'qmsf] kf]n cgo :jtgq / e/kbf]{ k df0faf6 ;dly{t x'g' kg]{. olb a/fdb epsf] ;fdfg;fu k ltjfblsf] k ToIf ;DaGw 5}g eg] ;x cleo'qmn] cg';gwfgsf] qmddf epsf] aofgdf kf]n u/]sf] cfwf/df dfq cfk/flws bflotj jxg u/fpg gldng]. *= >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj 4 s[i0f /fo{, 8 a/fdb epsf] x]/f]og;fu laqml ug]{ 9s, t/fh', a/fdb gepsf] / laqml ljt/0f ug{ nfubf kqmfp klg gepsf]df laqml ljt/0f u/]sf] egg] gb]lvo{ ;~ro;dd u/]sf] b]lvg]. (= >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj 4 uf]8{g ljlnod /ljg;g, 9 ljb]z hfg nfu]sf] ljb]zl gful/snfo{ k x/ln] lagf sf/0f / cfwf/df kqmfp ug'{kg]{ / lghnfo{ ha/h:tl s]zsf] sf/afxl xf] egl sfuhdf ;xl u/fpg' kg]{ cgo cj:yf gb]lvpsf] / k ltjfbl :jo+n] ;d]t ;f] s'/f k'li6 ug{ g;s]af6 ;f] nfu" cf}ifw lgh k ltjfblsf ;fyaf6 a/fdb epsf] /x]g5 egg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvg gcfpg]. k"j{ k ltkflbt sfg"gl l;4fgt / sfg"gl JofVof ha;dd k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfwodaf6 jf cgo tl/sfaf6 kl/dfh{g ;+zf]wg jf kl/jt{g x'fb}g ta;dd tl l;4fgt jf JofVof clgjfo{?kdf kfngf x'g} kg]{. ^= nfu" cf}ifw / cf}ifwl;dagwl d'2fx?df Wofg k' ofpg' kg]]{ s'/fx? nfu" cf}ifw tyf cf}ifwl ;DaGwL d'2fx?df klg ;/sf/jfbl cgo d'2fx?df h:t} hfx]/l btf{b]lv km};nfsf] sfof{gjog;dd w]/} r/0fx? kf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'g5. ljlegg r/0fdf ljlegg s'/fdf Wofg k' ofpg' kg]{ x'g5. d'2f cg';gwfg ubf{ cg';gwfg clwsf/ln], cleof]hg ubf{ ;/sf/l jslnn], sf/afxl tyf lg0f{o ubf{ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ln] / k ltjfblsf] tkm{af6 k lt/iff ubf{ sfg"g Joj;foLn] Wofg k' ofpg' kg]{ tyf 2 g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= $*%. 3 g]sfk -@)^!_ 4 g]sfk -@)^#_ k[=!*#. 5 g]=sf=k -@)%$_ k[= ^*@. 6 g]sfk -@)^#_ k[= ^@%. 7 g]sfk -@)^#_ k[= &%@. 8 g]sfk -@)%)_ k[=!)). 9 g]sfk -@)^!_ k[= (*). 143

154 s]lgb t x'g' kg]{ s'/fx? s]xl legg / ljz]if k j[mltsf x'g ;S5g\. o;sf afjh"b s]xl ;femf Pj+ ;fdfgo k j[mltsf s'/fx? x'g5g\ hf] ;a} kifn] Wofg k' ofpg' kg]{ x'g5. To:tf d'2fdf Wofg k' ofpg' kg]{ d'vo d'vo s'/fx? o; k sf/ 5g\!= d'2fsf] cg';gwfg ug]{ / sf/afxl ug]{ If]qflwsf/sf] d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of s;nfo{ x'g5 egg] s'/f, #= d'2fsf] k j[mlt ;fdfgo xf] ls ljz]if k j[mltsf] xf], $= ;DalGwt d'2f s'g clwsf/ / sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] k j[mltsf] xf], %= ceo'qmsf s] s:tf df}lns xssf] ;Ddfg ug'{ kg]{ xf] / ;f] kfngf epsf] 5 5}g, ^= vfgtnf;l tyf a/fdbl /Ltk"j{s ul/psf] 5 5}g, ;fifl /fvg' kg]{ / /f]xj/df /fvg' kg]{ dflg; ;xl 9ª\un] /flvpsf] 5, 5}g, &= a/fdb ul/psf] kbfy{ cf}ifwl, nfu" cf}ifwl jf nfu" cf}ifw s'g cgtu{t kb{5, *= a/fdb ul/psf] kbfy{sf] ;xl :ofdklnª\ tyf k/lif0f epsf] 5, 5}g, (= a/fdb ul/psf] kbfy{ dfgotf k fkt kmdf{sf]lkofx?df plnnlvt cf}ifwlleq kg]{ xf] xf]og, To;sf] plrt k/lif0f / ljzn]if0f (Content analysis) epsf] 5, 5}g,!)= k ltjfbln] u/]sf] s;"/sf] k j[mlt / cleof]u nufopsf] sfg"gsf] bkmfdf tfbftdotf 5 5}g,!!= cleo'qmnfo{ plrt ;'g'jfosf] df}sf lbopsf] 5, 5}g,!@= k ltjfblnfo{ sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;Nnfxaf6 jl~rt ul/psf] 5, 5}g,!#= cleo'qmsf] pd]/ k'u]sf] 5 5}g / lghnfo{ s'g} k lt/iff (Détente) k fkt x'g] cj:yf 5, 5}g,!$= d'2fsf] sf/afxl ubf{ afwoftds?kn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ zt{ kfngf u/] gu/]sf] s'/f, h:t}m :jr5 ;'g'jfo{sf] df}sf, d'2f x]g]{ clws/l / k ltjfblalrsf] gftf ;DaGwsf s'/f cflb,!%= jfbl kifn] k df0f k' ofpg] sfg"gl ef/ (Legal burden of proof) k"/f u/]sf] 5, 5}g, s] s:tf] cj:yfdf k df0fsf] ef/ k ltjfbln] jxg ug'{kg]{ xf],!^= cbfntsf] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg nfug] xf] xf]og, k'g/fj]bg nfug] ep s'g cbfntdf slxn];dd k'g/fj]bg nfug] xf],!&= b08 hl/jfgf x'g] ep s] s;/l c;"npk/ jf sfof{gjog x'g] xf], cflb. 144

155 $= jg;dagwl ck/fw Crimes Relating to Forest Resources!= jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] kl/ro ;fdfgotof ck/fw eggfn] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] ug'{ eg]sf] sfo{ gug'{ jf gug'{ eg]sf] sfo{ ug'{ egg] a'lemg5. k rlnt kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfgjlo Jojxf/sf] kl/l;dgnfo{ pnnª\3g ug]{ sfo{ ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ x'g5 / To:tf] ;Ldf pnnª\3g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ lglzrt bflotj jxg u/fog5. s'g} JolQmn] jgsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f / pkof]usf] nflu /fhoåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/psf zt{ljk/lt sfo{ u/]df To:tf] sfo{nfo{ jg;dagwl ck/fw elgg5. /fli6«o jg If]qsf] cfjfb ug]{, To:tf] jgdf cfuf] nufpg], jg k}bfjf/ x6fpg], cf];f/k;f/ ug]{, laqml ljt/0f ug]{ cflb h:tf sfo{nfo{ jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] sf]6ldf /flvpsf] x'g5. jg;dagwl ck/fwn] d'votof /fli6«o jgdf ul/g] jg;dagwl lgif]lwt sfo{nfo{ hgfpfb5. o; ;DaGwL ck/fwnfo{ a'e\mgsf] nflu jg eg]sf] s] xf], s] s:tf] jgnfo{ /fli6«o jg elgg5 / To:tf] jgdf s] s:tf] sfo{ u/]df ck/fw x'g5 egg] s'/f a'e\g' kg]{ x'g5. jg eggfn] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs?kdf?vn] 9flsPsf] If]qnfO{ hgfpf5. jg If]qcGtu{t jgleq /x]sf P]nfgL tyf ktl{ huuf, vf]nfgfnf, af6f], tfn, tn}of cflb ;d]t kb{5g\. jg n] jgnfo{ /fli6«o jg, ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jg, ;+/lift jg, ;fd'bflos jg, sa'lnotl jg, wfld{s jg / lghl jg u/l ljlegg ;d"xdf jul{s/0f u/l 5' f5' } kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 h;dwo] /fli6«o jgsf] kl/efiff Hofb} km/flsnf] 5. o;n] lghl jgafx]s ;a} jgnfo{ ;d]6]sf] 5 / jg;dagwl ck/fw klg o;};fu ;DalGwt 5. pqm P]gsf] sf] b]xfo v08 -ª_ n] /fli6«o jgsf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5, h;cg';f/ æ/fli6«o jg eggfn] lghl jgafx]s g]kfn clw/fholeqsf] jg l;dfgf nufopsf] jf gnfopsf] ;a} jg ;Demg'kb{5 / of] zabn] jgn] 3]l/Psf] jf jgsf] 5]p5fpdf /x]sf] ktl{ jf P]nfgL huuf tyf jgleq /x]sf af6f], kf]v/l, tfn jf vf]nfgfnf / au/ ;d]tnfo{ hgfpf5æ. t;y{ /fli6«o jgsf] kl/efiff a[xt\ k j[mltsf] 5. To:tf] jg If]qdf pqm P]gåf/f lgif]lwt sfo{ ug'{ g} jg;dagwl ck/fw dflgg5. pqm P]gn] jg If]q tyf jg k}bfjf/sf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f / pkef]usf nflu lglzrt dfkb08 Pj+ zt{x? tf]s]sf] 5, h;sf] pnnª\3g g} jg;dagwl ck/fw xf]. jg;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ /fho / ;dfhlj 4sf] uxg ck/fw dflgg5. jg P]gcGtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2fnfo{ ;/sf/jfbl d'2fsf] sf]6ldf /flvpsf] 5. o:tf d'2fdf cg';gwfg txslsft Pj+ d'2fsf] cleof]hg tyf bfo/l ;d]tsf sfdx? /fhosf] tk{maf6 ljlegg ;/sf/l lgsfoaf6 ul/g5. ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl! df ;dfj]z ul/psf d'2fx?sf] cg';gwfg txslsft k x/l sd{rf/laf6 eo{ ;DalGwt ;/sf/l jslnaf6 cleof]hgsf] sfd ul/g5 eg] pqm P]gsf] cg';"rldf gk/]sf t/ ;DalGwt P]gdf epsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf ;DalGwt clwsf/laf6 cg';gwfg eo{ d'2f rng] grng] lg0f{osf] nflu ;DalGwt ;/sf/l jsln;dif ldl;n k7fo{ ;/sf/l jslnaf6 d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o epdf ;f]adf]lhd cleof]u kq tof/ u/l d'2f rnfpg] sfd ;DalGwt clwsf/ln] g} ug]{ sfg"gl Joj:yf 5. jg P]gcGtu{tsf d'2f ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl P]gsf] cg';"rldf gk/]sf] t/ jg sf] bkmf ^! sf] sfg"gl Joj:yfcg';f/ To:tf d'2fdf g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbl x'g]x'fbf ;f]xl P]gsf] ljz]if Joj:yfcGtu{t tf]lspsf sd{rf/ln] d'2fsf] cg';gwfg u/l ;/sf/l jslnsf] lg0f{oadf]lhd d'2f bfo/ ug]{ Joj:yf 5. To;sf/0f jg;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ ljz]if k j[mltsf] ck/fw dflgg5 / o;;dagwl d'2fsf] k j[mlt, If]qflwsf/ Pj+ sfo{ljlw h:tf s'/fx?df klg sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ul/psf] jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] kl/efiff jg;dagwl ck/fwcgtu{t s] s] s'/fx? kb{5g\ egg] s'/f jg;dagwl sfg"gn] s] s:tf sfo{nfo{ ck/fw cgtu{t ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 ;f]xl cfwf/df oslg ug'{kg]{ x'g5. jg;dagwl ljlegg P]gx?n] h]h:tf sfo{nfo{ ck/fwsf] sf]6ldf /fv]sf 5g\ ;f]xl sfo{nfo{ jg;dagwl ck/fw dflgg5. To;}]n] jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] ;j{sflns / ;j{b]zlo kl/efiff ug{ ;lsfb}g. g]kfndf jg;dagwl ljlegg sfg"gx? 5g\, h:t} M jg /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jgohgt' ;+/If0f jftfj/0f ;+/If0f e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f cflb. ol sfg"gx?n] jg ;+/If0f, ljsf; / pkof]u ;DaGwdf ljlegg dfkb08x? lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\, h;sf] pnnª\3gnfo{ ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ dflgg5 / To:tf] pnnª\3gsf] nflu s'g} g s'g} kmf}hbf/l bflotj lgwf{/0f ul/psf] kfog5. t/ klg jgsf] ;+/If0f ljsf; / pkof]usf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] k ltlglwtjd"ns sfg"gsf]?kdf jg nfo{ lng ;lsg5. k :t't zlif{ssf] k of]hgsf nflu jg n] u/]sf ck/fwsf] kl/efiffnfo{ g} jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] kl/efiff cgtu{t /fvl ljzn]if0f ug'{ pko'qm / ;fgble{s b]lvg5. jg n] ck/fwsf ttjx?sf] ljzn]if0f u/l jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5}g. pqm P]gsf] bkmf $( n] u/]sf] sfg"gl Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df /fli6«o jgdf ul/g] b]xfosf sfo{nfo{ jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] kl/efiff cgtu{t /fvg ;lsg5 M -s_ jg If]qsf] huuf kmff8\g], hf]tg], vgg] jf cfjfb ug]{ jf To:tf] huufdf 3/ 5fk f] agfpg], -v_ cfuf] nufpg] jf cfunful x'g hfg] s'g} sfo{ ug]{, 145

156 146 -u_ rf}kfofnfo{ tf]lspsf] jg If]qleq k;fpg] jf r/fpg], -3_ jg If]qaf6 jg k}bfjf/ x6fpg], cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ jf laqml ljt/0f ug]{, -ª_?v jf lj?jf sf6\g], xffufla+uf l5dng], vf]6f] jf af]qmf lemsg] jf s'g} klg k sf/n] gf]s;fgl ug]{, -r_ O{hfht k fkt u/l?v sf6\bf, 9fNbf, l3;fbf{ jf jg If]q aflx/ n}hffbf nfk/jfxl;fu cgo s'g} jg k}bfjf/ gf]s;fg ug]{, -5_ 9'+uf, lu L, afn'jf jf df6f] lemsg], uf]n jf r'g kf]ng] jf ol j:t'x?af6 c? tof/l dfn agfpg] jf ol j:t'x? ;ª\sng ug]{, -h_ jg k}bfjf/ lng k'hl{ kfpsf]df k'hl{ zt{ pnnª\3g u/l jg k}bfjf/ gf]s;fg ug]{, -em_ ljb]z lgsf;l ug{ k ltagw nfu]sf] jg k}bfjf/ ljb]z lgsf;l ug]{, -`_ jg l;dfgf lrgx pv]ng], ;fg]{, k]mg]{, d]6\g] jf laufg]{, -6_ g;{/ldf /x]sf jf j[if/f]k0f ul/psf lj?jf sf6\g] jf effrg], pv]ng] jf c? s'g} k sf/n] gf]s;fg ug]{, -7_ g;{/l jf j[if/f]k0f ul/psf] If]qsf vdaf, tf/sf] af/ jf To:tf c? ;DklQ laufg]{ jf rf]/l ug]{, -8_ 6fFrf jf lg;fg lst]{ ug]{ jf sf7 jf v8f?vdf nufopsf ;/sf/l 6fFrf, lg;fg k]mg]{, laufg]{ jf d]6\g], -9_ lzsf/ v]ng], -0f_ jg / o; P]gcGtu{t jg]sf lgodsf] alv{nfk cgo s'g} s;"/ ug]{. /fli6«o jgdf plnnlvt adf]lhdsf sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] / ;f] ug]{ u/fpg] pbf]u ug]{ sfo{nfo{ ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ dfgl To:tf] sfo{ ug{ lgif]w ul/psf] 5. To:tf] sfo{ u/]df pqm P]gcg';f/ s;"/hgo sfo{ -ck/fw_ dfgl ;hfo ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ul/psf] 5. jg P]g tyf lgodx?n] To:tf sfo{nfo{ s'g} lglzrt cj:yfdf cg'dlt lbpsf] jf cgoyf Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yfdf eg] To:tf] sfo{nfo{ ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ dflgfb}g. pqm P]gsf] Joj:yf d'tflas jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] klxrfgsf nflu jg sf] ;fª\uf]kfª\uf] cwoog ug'{ cfjzos 5. sltko cj:yfdf eg] lgodsf] alv{nfk sfd u/]df jf lgodn] tf]s]sf] zt{sf] pnnª\3g epdf klg ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ dflgg5 h'g kmf}hbf/l sfg"gsf] ;fdfgo l;4fgtsf] k lts"n 5. lsgeg] kmf}hbf/l sfg"g agfpg] Psnf}6L clwsf/ /fhosf] ljlw lgdf{tf tyf Joj:yflksfnfO{ dfq k fkt x'g5. t/ jg P]g / lgodfjnln] s]xl xb;dd sfo{kflnsfnfo{ klg s'g} sfo{nfo{ ck/fw 3f]if0ff ug]{ clwsf/ k bfg u/]sf] kfog5, h:t} M jg n] ;DalGwt lhnnf jg sfof{nodf btf{ epsf] lghl jgsf] wgln] To:tf] jgsf] jg k}bfjf/ cf];f/k;f/ ubf{ jg sfof{nodf lnlvt ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ / lhnnf jg sfof{nodf btf{ gepsf] lghl jgsf] wgln] To:tf] jgsf] jg k}bfjf/ cf];f/k;f/ ubf{ ;DalGwt lhnnf jg sfof{nodf ;"rgf glbo{ jf 5f]8k'hL{ glno{ lghl jgsf] jg k}bfjf/ cf];f/k;f/ u/]df jg sf] bkmf $( sf] b]xfo v08-0f_ sf] sfg"gl Joj:yfcg';f/ ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ x'g uo{ ;f]xl P]gsf] bkmf %) sf] b]xfo v08 -`_ adf]lhd lauf] c;"n u/l Ps xhf/?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf x'g] sfg"gl Joj:yf 5. To;}u/L jg sf] bkmf $( sf] b]xfo v08-0f_ sf] sfg"gl Joj:yfcg';f/ dfly a'fbfdf plnnlvt sfo{ afx]ssf pqm P]gsf] alv{nfksf sfo{nfo{ klg ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ dfgl ;f]xl P]gsf] bkmf %) sf] b]xfo v08 -`_ adf]lhdsf] ;hfo x'g] k fjwfg 5. h:t} M jg P]gsf] bkmf!^ n] /fli6«o jgleqsf] huuf btf{ ug{ jf u/fpg lgif]w u/]sf] 5. ;f] Joj:yf ljk/lt s;}n] To:tf] huuf btf{ u/] u/fpdf plnnlvt adf]lhdsf] s;"/hgo sfo{ dfgl ;hfo ;d]t x'g] Joj:yf 5. o;/l x]bf{ jg P]gn] jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] kl/efiffsf] bfo/fnfo{ Hofb} km/flsnf] agfpsf] kfog5. jg;dagwl ck/fw x'gsf nflu klg c? ;fk]if bflotj (Rleative liability) sf ck/fwdf h:t} ck/fwsf] cfjzos ttj cfk/flws sfo{ (Acts reus) / cfk/flws dg;fo (Mens rea) h:tf s'/fx?sf] ljbdfgtf x'g' cfjzos 5. ctm ;+If]kdf, jg;dagwl ck/fw eggfn] jg;dagwl sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] sfo{ cfk/flws dg;fok"j{s ug'{ jf To:tf sfg"gn] ug'{ eg]sf] sfo{ cfk/flws dg;fon] gug'{ egg] ;Demg'kb{5. o:tf ck/fwdf cfk/flws dg;fosf] :t/ (Degree) km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5. #= jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] jul{s/0f jg;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ ljlegg cfwf/df ljlegg ju{df ljefhg u/l cwoog / ljzn]if0f ug{ ;lsg5. d'2fsf] sfo{ljlwsf] cfwf/df ;fdfgo ck/fw / ljz]if ck/fwdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5 eg] d'2fsf] If]qflwsf/sf] cfwf/df lhnnf cbfntdf bfo/ x'g] d'2f;dagwl ck/fw / lhnnf jg clws[t;dif bfo/ x'g] d'2f;dagwl ck/fw efudf jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5. To;}u/L ;hfosf] k j[mltsf] cfwf/df hl/jfgf dfq x'g] ck/fw, s}b dfq x'g] ck/fw / hl/jfgf tyf s}b b'j} x'g] ck/fw u/l # ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5. d'2fsf] lauf]sf cfwf/df lauf] epsf] ck/fw / lauf] gepsf] ck/fw ju{df jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5 eg] ck/fw tyf ;hfosf] ufdelo{tfsf] cfwf/df uxg k j[mltsf ck/fw / ;fdfgo k j[mltsf ck/fw u/l ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5. oldwo] ck/fw tyf ;hfosf] ufdelo{tfsf] cfwf/df ul/g] jul{s/0fnfo{ a9l j}1flgs / k ltlglwd"ns dfgg ;lsg5. -s_ jg;dagwl uxg ck/fwx? M o;cgtu{t bz xhf/?lkoffegbf a9l hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{egbf a9l s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] jg;dagwl ck/fwx? kb{5g\. o:tf ck/fw ;DaGwL d'2fsf] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f ug]{ If]qflwsf/ ;DalGwt lhnnf cbfntnfo{ x'g5. o; lsl;dsf ck/fw;dagwl d'2fdf d'n'sl P]g

157 cgtu{tsf] ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw / clwsf/ k of]u x'g5. ;hfosf] b[li6n] o:tf ck/fwdf t'ngftds?kdf a9l ;hfo x'g5. o:tf k j[mltsf ck/fw;dagwl d'2fdf k lqmofut tyf sfo{ljlwut s'/fx?df ljz]if Wofg lbopsf] x'g5. jg n] /fli6«o jgdf ul/g] lgdgcg';f/sf ck/fwnfo{ cfk/flws bflotjsf] b[li6n] uxg k j[mltsf ck/fwdf /fv]sf] kfog5 M!= kffr xhf/?lkoffegbf a9l lauf] epsf b]xfoadf]lhdsf jg;dagwl ck/fwx? M -s_ jg If]qaf6 jg k}bfjf/ x6fpg], cf];fk;f/ ug]{ jf laqml ljt/0f ug]{, -v_?v jf lj?jf sf6\g], xffufla+uf l5dng], vf]6f] jf af]qmf lemsg] jf s'g} klg k sf/n] gf]s;fgl ug]{, -u_ O{hfht k fkt u/l?v sf6\bf, 9fNbf, l3;fbf{ jf jgif]q aflx/ n}hffbf nfk/jfxl;fu cgo s'g} jg k}bfjf/ gf]s;fg ug]{, -3_ 9'+uf, lu L, afn'jf jf df6f] lemsg], uf]n jf r'g kf]ng] jf ol j:t'af6 c? tof/l dfn agfpg] jf ol j:t'x? ;ª\sng ug]{, -ª_ jg k}bfjf/ lng k'hl{ kfpsf]df k'hl{ zt{ pnnª\3g u/l jg k}bfjf/ gf]s;fg ljb]z lgsf;l ug{ k ltagw nfu]sf] jg k}bfjf/ ljb]z lgsf;l ug]{, #= bz xhf/?lkoffegbf a9l df]n lauf]sf g;{/ldf /x]sf jf j[if/f]k0f ul/psf lj?jf sf6\g], effrg], pv]ng] jf c? s'g} k sf/n] gf]s;fg ug]{, $= /fli6«o jgleqsf] huuf s;}sf] gfpfdf btf{ ug]{ u/fpg], %= lzsf/ v]ng] -o;cgtu{t /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jgohgt' ;+/If0f sf] Joj:yf ljk/lt lzsf/ v]ng] sfo{nfo{ uxg ck/fw dflgpsf] 5 / o;sf ;DaGwdf ;hfo, d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/l tyf cg';gwfg clwsf/l h:tf ljifodf ;f]xl P]gn] ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5_. ^= plnnlvt adf]lhdsf ck/fw ug{ ps;fpg] jf b'?t;fxg lbg]. plnnlvt adf]lhdsf ck/fw u/]jfkt x'g] ;hfosf ;DaGwdf jg sf] bkmf %), %#, %$ df ljljw Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. -v_ jg;dagwl ;fwf/0f ck/fwx? M o;cgtu{t bz xhf/?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{;dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] jg;dagwl ck/fwx? kb{5g\. dfly v08 -s_ df plnnlvt jg;dagwl uxg ck/fwafx]s jg n] ck/fwsf] >]0fLdf /fv]sf ;a} ck/fwx? of] ju{df kb{5g\. of] ju{df kg]{ ck/fwsf] ;ª\Vof t'ngftds?kdf a9l b]lvg5. o:tf ck/fw;fu ;DalGwt d'2fsf] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f ug]{ If]qflwsf/ ;DalGwt lhnnf jg clws[tnfo{ x'g5. o; ju{sf ck/fw;dagwl d'2fsf] sf/afxldf ljz]if cbfnt sf] sfo{ljlw / clwsf/ k of]u x'g] epsf]n] o; lsl;dsf d'2fnfo{ ljz]if k j[mltsf d'2f dflgg5. o:tf k j[mltsf d'2fdf t'ngftds?kdf 36L ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/psf] x'g5. o; ju{sf ck/fw cgtu{tsf d'2fdf k lqmofut tyf sfo{ljlwutegbf k fljlws kif tyf jg ;+/If0fsf] s'/fnfo{ a9l dxîj lbpsf] kfog5. jg;dagwl ;fwf/0f ck/fwcgut{t jg P]gn] ck/fw dfg]sf /fli6«o jg If]qsf] huuf kmff8\g], hf]tg], vgg] jf cfjfb ug]{ jf To:tf] huufdf 3/ 5fk f] agfpg] sfo{b]lv jg k}bfjf/ cf];f/k;f/ tyf laqml ljt/0f ug]{ ;d]tsf!) xhf/?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{;dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] jg;dagwl ;a} k sf/sf ck/fwx? kb{5g\. o; k sf/sf ck/fw / ;f] jfkt x'g] ;hfosf ;DaGwdf jg sf] kl/r5]b!! df lj:t[t Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. $= jg;dagwl ck/fwdf sfg"gl Joj:yf -s_ If]qflwsf/ jg sf] bkmf ^% -!_ sf] sfg"gl Joj:yfcg';f/ ;f] P]gcGtu{t bz xhf/?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{;dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] d'2fsf] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f ug]{ If]qflwsf/ lhnnf jg clws[tnfo{ k bfg ul/psf] 5. of] jg;dagwl d'2fsf] If]qflwsf/sf ;DaGwdf jg P]gn] u/]sf] ljz]if Joj:yf xf]. bz xhf/?lkoffegbf a9l hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{egbf a9l s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] jg d'2fsf] If]qflwsf/sf ;DaGwdf jg P]gdf s'g} Joj:yf ul/psf] 5}g. To;}n] Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf & sf] ;fdfgo sfg"gl Joj:yfcGtu{t To:tf jg d'2fsf] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f ug]{ If]qflwsf/ ;DalGwt k fb]lzs O{nfsfsf] lhnnf cbfntnfo{ x'g5. d'n'sl P]g sf] sfg"gl Joj:yfcg';f/ jg;dagwl d'2f ck/fw epsf O{nfsf jf k ltjfbl /x]sf] O{nfsfsf] lhnnf jg sfof{no jf lhnnf cbfntdf bfo/ ug{ ;lsg5. lhnnf jg sfof{no / lhnnf cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ eg] dfly pnn]v ul/padf]lhd lauf]sf] cfwf/df x'g] hl/jfgf / s}b ;hfosf] dfqfdf lge{/ ub{5. lhnnf jg clws[tn] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ jg sf] bkmf ^% -#_ n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfo{ k bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf * -!_ sf] sfg"gl k fjwfgcg';f/ lhnnf cbfntn] jg;dagwl d'2fdf u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfo{ k bfg ul/psf] 5. -v_ xsb}of jg sf] bkmf ^) n] jg;dagwl d'2fsf] cg';gwfg txslsft ug]{ xsb}of sdtldf /fhkq cglª\st låtlo >]0fLsf] jg ;xfos bhf{sf] sd{rf/lnfo{ k bfg u/]sf] 5. jg P]gdf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbg] xsb}ofsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl df h:tf] :ki6 Joj:yf gep tfklg jg P]g cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf g]kfn ;/sf/jfbl x'g] epsf]n] o;;dagwl ck/fw epsf], eo/x]sf] jf x'g nfu]sf] yfxf 147

158 kfpg] h'g;'s} JolQmn] ghlssf] jg sfof{no jf k x/l sfof{nodf To:tf] ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbg ;Sg] xsb}ofdf s'g} afwf Jojwfg /x]sf] b]lvfb}g. jg;dagwl s;"/ epsf] 5 egg] d'gfl;a sf/0f epdf sdtldf jg ;xfos bhf{ ;Ddsf] sd{rf/l jf ;xfos k x/l lg/lifs bhf{sf] sd{rf/ln] s'g} :yfgsf] vfgtnf;l lng ;Sg], jg;dagwl s;"/ u/]sf] jf ug{ nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ lagf jf/]g6 lu/k\mtf/ ug{ ;Sg] / s;}n] jg;dagwl s;"/ ug{ nfu]sf] zª\sf nfu]df jf s;"/ ub}{sf] cj:yfdf k]mnf kf/]df jg;dagwl sfd ug]{ sd{rf/l jf k x/l sd{rf/ln] ;f] ck/fw x'g gkfpg] k agw ug'{kg]{ sfg"gl Joj:yf epsf]n] jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] k f/ldes ;"rgf jg;dagwl sd{rf/l jf sfof{no jf k x/l sd{rf/l jf sfof{nodf lbg] xsb}of hf];'s}nfo{ klg k fkt epsf] b]lvg5. jg;dagwl d'2fdf txslsft / bfo/l ug]{ xsb}of sdtldf /fhkq cglª\st låtlo >]0fLsf] jg ;xfos bhf{sf] sd{rf/lnfo{ epsf]n] jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] ;"rgf s'g} k x/l sfof{no jf jg sfof{nodf lbpsf] v08df To:tf] sfof{non] cg';gwfg ug]{ sd{rf/lsxff k7fpg' kb{5. cg';gwfg txslsftsf] sfo{ ;DkGg epkl5 d'2f rng] grng] lg0f{osf] nflu cg';gwfg ug]{ sd{rf/ln] ldl;n ;DalGwt ;/sf/l jsln;dif k7fpg'kg]{ / ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] bkmf #! sf] sfg"gl Joj:yfadf]lhd ;/sf/l jslnaf6 d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o epdf ;f]adf]lhd ;DalGwt jg sfof{nosf] gfdaf6 ;DalGwt lhnnf cbfnt jf sfof{nodf d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of ;DalGwt cg';gwfgstf{ jg sd{rf/lnfo{ x'g5. jg P]gcGtu{tsf] d'2f ;DalGwt P]gdf g} ;/sf/jfbl egl n]lvpsf] d'2f epsf]n] ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] sf] sfg"gl Joj:yfcg';f/ tt;dagwl d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg jf k'gj/fnf]sg jf tt;dagwl s'g} lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of ;DalGwt ;/sf/l jslnnfo{ x'g5. -u_ xbdofb jg df d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xbdofbsf ;DaGwdf s'g} Joj:yf gepsf]n] ;f] P]gcGtu{tsf jg;dagwl d'2fsf] xbdofb ;DaGwdf d'n'sl P]g c=a+= sf] #^ g+= df pnn]v epadf]lhd c;lldt xbdofb cfslif{t x'g5. pqm g+= df ;DalGwt P]gdf xbdofb gn]lvpsf] s'/fdf hlxn];'s} gflnz lbp klg nfug ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. jg P]gcGtu{tsf] d'2fsf] cg';gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf kqmfp k/]sf] cleo'qmnfo{ cg';gwfg txslsfut ug]{ sd{rf/ln] ;f]xl P]gsf] bkmf %( -$_ sf] sfg"gl k fjwfg d'tflas d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/lsf] cg'dltn] lbg;dd y'gfdf /fvl cg';gwfg txslsft ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5. ctm kqmfp k/]sf] cleo'qmnfo{ y'gfdf /fvl d'2f bfo/ ug]{ Dofb lbg /x]sf] b]lvg5 t/ of] Dofb ;du d'2fs} xbdofb eg] xf]og. jg sf] bkmf ^% -#_ sf] sfg"gl Joj:yfcg';f/ lhnnf jg clws[tn] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2fdf lghsf] lg0f{opk/ lrq ga'e\mg] kifn] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Dofb lg0f{osf] ;"rgf kfpsf] ldltn] #% lbgsf] x'g] Joj:yf 5. lhnnf cbfntaf6 z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f epsf] d'2fsf] k'g/fjb]gsf] Dofbsf ;DaGwdf jg df s'g} pnn]v gepsf] / ;f] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl df klg s'g} Joj:yf gepsf]n] d'n'sl P]g c=j++!(# g+= sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf d'tflas lhnnf cbfntaf6 jg d'2fdf epsf] k}m;nfpk/ #% lbg] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb k fkt x'g5. lhnnf jg clws[t tyf lhnnf cbfntn] u/]sf] k}m;nfpk/ jg d'2fdf k'g/fjb]g ubf{ u'h ]sf] Dofb yfdl ydfo{ kfpg] Dofb c=a+= %( g+= n] a9ldf #) lbgsf] x'g5. z' k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb kifn] xs ;/x k fkt ub{5 eg] yfdl ydfo{ kfpg] Dofb k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] c8\8fsf] thlahdf lge{/ ub{5. t/ Jojxf/df yfdl ydfpg] Dofbsf ;DaGwdf cbfnt lgs} ;sf/ftds /x]sf] kfog5. -3_ d'2fsf] k j[mlt sfo{ljlwsf] b[li6n] jg sf] bkmf ^% -!_ sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf cgtu{t lhnnf jg clws[taf6 z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f x'g] -!) xhf/?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{;dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]_ d'2fdf ;f]xl bkmfsf] pkbkmf -@_adf]lhd ljz]if cbfnt adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw / clwsf/sf] k of]u x'g] epsf]n] o; k sf/sf jg d'2fx? ljz]if k j[mltsf d'2f dflgg5g\. t/!) xhf/?lkoffegbf a9l hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{egbf a9l s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] jg d'2f -lhnnf cbfntdf bfo/ x'g] jg d'2f_ df k o'qm x'g] sfo{ljlw / clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf jg P]gdf 5' } tyf ljz]if Joj:yf gepsf]n] To:tf d'2fdf d'n'sl P]g cgtu{tsf] ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw / clwsf/ k of]u x'g] x'fbf To:tf jg d'2f ;fdfgo k j[mltsf dflgg5g\. ;hfosf] b[li6n] lhnnf cbfntaf6 z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f x'g] jg d'2f uxg k j[mltsf dflgg5g\ eg] lhnnf jg clws[taf6 z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f x'g] jg d'2f t'ngftds?kdf ;fdfgo k j[mltsf dflgg5g\. o;/l x]bf{ sfo{ljlwsf b[li6n] ;fdfgo k j[mltsf dflgg] jg d'2f cfk/flws bflotjsf] b[li6n] uxg / sfo{ljlwsf b[li6n] ljz]if k j[mltsf dflgg] jg d'2f cfk/flws bflotjsf] b[li6n] ;fdfgo k j[mltsf b]lvg5g\. a9l udel/ d'2fdf ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw / clwsf/ k of]u x'g] / sd udel/ tyf ;fdfgo d'2fdf ljz]if sfo{ljlw / clwsf/ cfslif{t x'g] of] Joj:yf Gofof]lrt / Jofjxfl/s b]lvfb}g. nfu" cf}ifw;dagwl d'2fdf sd udel/ ck/fwdf ;fdfgo / a9l udel/ ck/fwdf ljz]if sfof{jlw / clwsf/ k of]ux'g] Joj:yfsf] ljk/lt k j[mltsf] k fjwfg jg;dagwl d'2fdf /x]sf] kfog5. %= jg;dagwl ck/fw;fu ;DalGwt P]g, sfg"g / ghl/x? jg;dagwl ck/fw;fu k ToIf, k/f]if tyf sfo{ljlwut?kdf k z:t P]g sfg"gx? ;DalGwt 5g\ eg] ;jf]{rr cbfntdf jg d'2f;fu ;DalGwt ljifo w]/} k'lug;s]sf] ep klg s]xl d'2fdf dxîjk"0f{ ghl/x? k ltkfbg epsf 5g\. 148

159 %=! ;Da4 P]g, sfg"gx? jg;dagwl ck/fw;fu ;Da4 P]gx? w]/} 5g\ tfklg /fli6«o jgsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f / jg k}bfjf/sf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ k d'v p2]zon] hf/l ul/psf] jg nfo{ k ltlglwtjd"ns P]gsf]?kdf lnog5 / of] kl/r5]b cgtu{t d'votof o;} P]gdf s]lgb t /xl jg;dagwl ck/fwsf ljljw kifdf rrf{ kl/rrf{ ul/psf] 5. o;sf cnfjf c? klg ljz]if tyf ;fdfgo P]gx? 5g\ h;n] jg;dagwl ck/fw nufot ljljw ljifodf Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\. -s_ jg M /fli6«o jgsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f, tyf jg k}bfjf/sf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ d'vo ;fndf hf/l ul/psf] of] P]g b]lv nfu" epsf] xf]. hddf!# kl/r5]b / &$ bkmfdf ljeqm of] P]gn] ;fljssf jg / jg ;+/If0f -ljz]if Joj:yf_ nfo{ vf/]h u/l jg;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ ljj/0fftds?kdf kl/eflift u/l jg;dagwl d'2fsf] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f ug]{ If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwdf klg goff tyf ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. of] P]gn] /fli6«o jgnfo{ ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jg, ;+/lift jg, ;fd'bflos jg, sa'lnotl jg / wfld{s jgsf]?kdf Joj:yfkg u/l To;sf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f tyf ;b'kof]u ug]{ p2]zon] o;;dagwl ljljw Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o;sf] ;fy} lghl jgnfo{ 5' } k sf/sf] jgsf]?kdf dfgotf k bfg u/l To:tf] jgsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ;DaGwdf ;d]t ljljw Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. of] P]gdf /fli6«o jgsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{ nufot /fli6«o jgsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f tyf pkof]udf ljlegg dfkb08 agfo{ To;sf] pnnª\3gnfo{ kmf}hbf/l ckf/w dfgl ljlegg k sf/sf] ;hfo tyf cgo cfk/flws bflotjsf] ;d]t l;h{gf u/]sf] 5. jg;dagwl ck/fwsf] hffra'emsf] qmddf cj:yfcg';f/ jg ;'/Iffsf] nflu vl6psf sd{rf/ln] cfjzos an k of]u ug{ ;Sg] / hf]lvdk"0f{ kl/l:yltdf s;"/bf/nfo{ 3'F8fd'gL nfug] u/l uf]nl rnfpg ;Sg], of] P]gcGtu{tsf] s;"/ u/]sf] egg] d'gfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f epdf h'g;'s} JolQmsf] 3/df k j]z u/l vfgtnf;l ug]{, ck/ fw;fu ;Da4 dfnj:t' sahf ug{ ;Sg], s;"/df ;+nug JolQmnfO{ ljgf jf/]g6 lu/k\mtf/ ug{ ;Sg] h:tf ljz]if Joj:yfx? ul/psf 5g\. of] P]gsf p2]zox? sfof{gjog ug]{ p2]zon] jg hf/l u/l P]g nfu" x'fbfs} lbg af6 g} nfu" epsf] 5. -v_ jg;dagwl cgo ljz]if P]gx? jg sf] cnfjf jg, jgohgt' tyf jg k}bfjf/sf] ;+/If0f, ljsf; tyf pkof]usf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ cgo ljz]if P]gx? klg hf/l epsf 5g\. ltglx?dwo] s]xln] jg ;+/If0fsf dfkb08x? to u/]sf 5g\ eg] s]xl P]g -h:t} M /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jgohgt' ;+/If0f jftfj/0f ;+/If0f cflb_ n] jg, jgohgt' tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL ljlegg dfkb08 agfo{ To;sf] pnnª\3gnfo{ kmf}hbf/l ck/fw cgtu{t /fvl cfk/flws bflotj ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\. To:tf P]g cgtu{tsf] ck/fw cg';gwfg, txslsft, d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/l / sfo{ljlwsf ;DaGwdf ;d]t ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\. jg;dagwl cgo ljz]if P]gx? o;k sf/ 5g\ M!= lghl jghª\un lj?jf ;+/If0f #= /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jgohgt' ;+/If0f $= dx]gb k j[mlt ;+/If0f sf]if %= e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ^= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ljlegg P]gdf 5l/P/ /x]sf Joj:yfx?n] jg, jgohgt' tyf jftfj/0fsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f tyf pkof]u h:tf s'/fx?df sfg"gl ;+/rgf (Legal framwork) tof/ u/]sf 5g\. pqm s'/fx?df afwf kfg]{ tyf cf3ft k' ofpg] k j[mltsf sfo{nfo{ kmf}hbf/l ck/fwsf] >]0fLdf /fvl ;hfosf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/psf] kfog5. t/ pqm sfg"gdf epsf lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ Pj+ å}wk j[mlt (Contradictory and overlapping) sf k fjwfgx?n] Jojxf/df s]xl ;d:of ;d]t Nofpg] u/]sf] kfog5. h:t} M /fli6«o jg If]qleqsf] gblsf] afn'jf pkof]usf] ;DaGwdf jg P]g jf :yfglo :jfoq zf;g P]gdWo] s'g sfg"gsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] xf], jg If]qleqsf] hn; f]tsf ;DaGwdf jg P]g cfslif{t x'g] ls hn; f]t P]g cfslif{t x'g] egg] h:tf b'ljwfn] tt;dagwl ck/fw cg';gwfg Pj+ sf/afxldf ;d]t b'ljwf ptkgg ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. jg;dagwl ljz]if P]gx?n] sfo{ljlwut tyf k df0fut s'/fegbf ;f/jfg s'/fx?df a9l Joj:yf ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. jg;dagwl d'2fsf] k of]hgsf] nflu pqm P]gx?sf Joj:yf dfq kof{kt 5}gg\. jg;dagwl d'2fsf sfo{ljlwut Pj+ k df0f ;DaGwL s'/fdf cgo P]g sfg"gx?n] u/]sf Joj:yfx? klg k z:t dfqfdf nfu" x'g5g\. o;;dagwl s]xl P]gx? o;k sf/ 5g\ M!= ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl #= k df0f $= Gofo k zf;g %= ;jf]{rr cbfnt ^= ljz]if cbfnt cflb. 149

160 plnnlvt P]gx?sf] cnfjf jg;dagwl d'2fsf] sf/afxl;fu ljlegg lgodfjnlx? klg ;dalgwt 5g\. h:t} M lhnnf cbfnt k'g/fjb]g cbfnt ;jf]{rr cbfnt ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl cflb. %=@ dxîjk"0f{ ghl/x? jg;dagwl ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf d'2f x]g]{ If]qflwsf/, JolQmsf] gfpfdf btf{ epsf] huuf /fli6«o jgsf] If]qleq k/]df To:tf] btf{ sfod /xg] g/xg], a/fdb epsf jgk}bfjf/ tyf ;jf/l ;fwg d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/l ;dif bflvn u/fpg] gu/fpg], a/fdb jg k}bfjf/ d'2f k}m;nf gx'fb} lnnfd ug{ ldng] gldng], cflb ljifodf a]nfavt k Zg p7\g] / ;d:of cfpg] u/]sf] kfog5 t/ o;k sf/sf ;a} ljifon] ;jf]{rr cbfntdf k j]z kfpsf] jf lg?k0f x'g ;s]sf] kfofb}g. jg;dagwl Hofb} sd d'2f dfq ;jf]{rr cbfntdf k'u]sf] / jg hf/l epkl5 o:tf d'2f emg\ w]/} sd dfqfdf ;jf]{rr cbfntdf k'u]sf] x'gfn] jg;dagwl d'2fsf Hofb} sd ghl/x? kfog5g\. To;sf/0f o;;dagwl ;d:ofsf w]/} ljifox?df ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 JofVof eo{ lg?k0f x'g affsl g} 5. t}klg s]xl d'2fdf ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 dxîjk"0f{ sfg"gl l;4fgt k ltkfbg epsf 5g\. To:tf s]xl d'2fx?df k ltkflbt sfg"gl l;4fgtsf] ;f/;+if]k o;k sf/ 5 M!= >L % sf] ;sf/ lj 4 Hof]ltdfg >]i7, 1 s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfddf btf{xs gepsf] hª\un egl ;j]{ gfkl eo{ >]:tfdf hlgpsf] To:tf] jg l;dfgfleqsf] huufnfo{ jg h+un sfod u/]sf] xs ljxs epsf] egg ;lsg] cj:yf dbgaxfb'/ sfsl{ lj 4 jg sfof{nosf] lkm/fbn] >L % sf] ;/sf/ 2 36gf:yndf k ltjfblx?n] of] olt jg km8fgl u/] egl sf7 a/fdb u/l a/fdbl d'r'nsf ;d]taf6 k dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf] ldl;naf6 gb]lvpsf] / log} JolQmx?n]?v sf6]sf x'g\ egl ;/hdlg ;d]tdf s;}n] eg]sf] gb]lvpsf] cj:yfdf s]jn 7'6fsf cfwf/df dfq lauf] sfod u/l lauf]df 7x/ ug'{ Gofof]lrt gb]lvfbf 7'6fnfO{ lauf] sfod u/l ;hfo u/l kfpmf egg] bfal k'ug g;sg] 7x ofpsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] k}m;nf ldn]s} b]lvg]. #= ;d'gb Ls'df/L a'9fyf]sl lj 4, lhnnf jg sfof{no bfª,, 3f]/fxL ;d]t 3 rffk, vo/ / ;fn hftsf?vx? cf];fk;f/ ljb]z lgsf;l / s6fgdf k ltagw nufpsf] kfog5. k sflzt ;"rgfsf] kl/efiffleq lgj]bsx?sf] huufdf epsf ;fnhftsf?v klg kg]{ cj:yfsf] x'fbf ;f] cfwf/af6 laqml ljt/0f ug]{ k of]hgsf nflu s6fg ug{ cg'dlt kfpmf egl lbpsf] k ltj]bgdf cg'dlt k bfg ug{ gldng] egl lhnnf jg sfof{no df u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"g ljk/lt egg gldng]. $= k'?iff]qd pkfwofo lj 4 lhnnf jg sfof{no tgx'f,, bdf}nl ;d]t 4 jg sf] bkmf $ /!! n] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf 6fF; epsf] egg] lhnnf jg sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6} v'ng cfpsf] / To;nfO{ lgj]bsn] v08g ug{ ;d]t ;s]sf] b]lvfb}g. lhnnf jg sfof{non] pko'{qm n]lvpadf]lhd ;"rgfsf] Dofbleq bfal ug{ upsf] egg] lgj]bssf] s'g} lhls/ gx'gfsf] ;fy} ;/sf/l jg 5'6\ofO{ lkn/ ;d]t ufl8;s]sf] cj:yf 5. pqm P]gadf]lhd lhnnf jg sfof{non] jg l;dfgf sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf hf/l u/]sf] ;"rgfsf] Dofbleq ph'/l kg{ gcfo{ lkn/ ufl8;s]kl5 dfq k :t't l/6 lgj]bg kg{ cfpsf] b]lvg5. o;/l jg P]gcg';f/ ;"rgf k sflzt u/l ;f] Dofbleq ph'/ gk/l jg l;dfgf sfod ug]{ ;Gbe{df lkn/ ufl8;s]kzrft\ ;f] l;dfgfleq ol lgj]bssf] huuf k5{ kb}{g k df0f 5fgljg u/l lg0f{odf k'ug l/6 If]qaf6 gldng] x'fbf l/6 lgj]bg kq vf/]h x'g] 7x ofpsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf] k}m;nf d'gfl;a b]lvfbf ;b/ x'g]. %= clwjqmf Hof]lt aflgof lj 4, k ltlglw ;ef,, l;+xb/af/ ;d]t. 5 jg sf] bkmf ^) adf]lhd d'2fsf] txslsft lhnnf jg clwj[mtaf6 x'g] geo{ sdtldf /fhkq cglª\st låtlo >]0fLsf] jg ;xfos bhf{sf] sd{rf/ln] u/l d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/l lhnnf jg clws[t ;dif d'2f bfo/ ug]{ / d'2f bfo/ ubf{ ;/sf/l jslnsf] /fo lng'kg]{ u/l P]gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg5. t;y{ plnnlvt sfg"gx?df ul/psf Joj:yfx?af6 cfk\mgf] ljifodf cfkm} GofofwLz x'g gx'g] dfgol;4fgtsf] ljk/lt epsf] egg gldng]. ^= s]z/l lj 4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dgqfno ;d]t. 6 lgj]bssf] huufdf b'o{6f l;dnsf?v;dd /x]sf] egg] b]lvg5. jg sf] df jg eggfn] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs?kdf?vx?n] 9flsPsf] If]q ;Demg' kb{5 egg] pnn]v epsf] kfog5. cfk\mgf] huuf 3/af/Ldf nufopsf b'o{6f?vnfo{ jgsf] kl/efiff cg';f/ k"0f{ g]sfk -@)%$_ k[= ^$$ M 2 ;=c=a'= -@)%%_, k[= * M 3 ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #^$@, M 4 ;fnsf] b]=k'= g++= #&^@, km}= M 5 g]sfk -@)%^_ M 6 ;=c=a'= k[= (,

161 jf cf+lzs?kn] 9fs]sf] egg ldn]g. o:tf] jgsf]?kd} gepsf] lghl pkof]usf] 3/ huufdf cgo?v lj jf h:t} /x]sf b'o{?vnfo{ jg egg gldng] x'fbf jg;dagwl P]g lgodsf] lgogq0f lgodg (Control of regulation) leq gkg]{ x'fbf To:tf] b'o{6f?vsf] pkef]usf nflu dgh'/l lng gkg]{ x'fbf jgsf] ;+1f lbo{ sfg"gsf] clwsf/ pnn]v gu/l dgql:t/lo lg0f{oaf6 /f]ssf /fv]sf] sfg"g;+ut gb]lvg]. ^= jg;dagwl d'2fdf Wofg k' ofpg'kg]{ s'/fx? ;/sf/jfbl cgo kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf h:t} jg;dagwl d'2fdf klg ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbg] sfo{b]lv k}m;nf sfof{gjogsf] tx;dd ljlegg r/0fx? (Journey from F.I.R. to execution of the decision) kf/ ug'{kg]{ x'g5. d'2fsf] cg';gwfg txslsft ubf{ ;DalGwt jg sd{rf/ln] Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?, d'2f rng] grng] lg0f{o ug]{ ;/sf/l jsln / d'2f bfo/ ug]{ sd{rf/ln] Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?, d'2fsf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ln] ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fx? / k ltjfblsf] k lt/iff ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foL (Defence lawyer) n] Vofn ug'{kg]{ s'/fx? s]xl km/s / ljz]if k sltsf x'g ;Sb5g\. jg;dagwl d'2fsf] cg';gwfg txslsft jg;dagwl k fljlws sd{rf/ln] ug'{kg]{ x'fbf sfg"gsf /f]x /Lt k' ofpg] s'/fdf s]xl ;d:of b]lvg] / sfo{ljlwut q'l6sf sf/0f jf:tljs ck/fwln] klg 5'6\sf/f kfpg uo{ sfg"g / Gofosf] dszbdf k lts"n c;/ klg kg{ ;Sg] x'g5. jg;dagwl d'2fdf Wofg k' ofpg'kg]{ d'vo d'vo s'/fx? tkl;nadf]lhd pnn]v ug{ ;lsg5 M!= d'2fsf] cg';gwfg ug]{, d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o ug]{, d'2fsf] sf/afxl / lsgf/f ug]{ tyf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? ;DalGwt xsb}of / If]qflwsf/ k fkt lgsfo jf clwsf/laf6 epsf] 5, d'2f bfo/ ug]{ sfo{ xsb}of k fkt clwsf/laf6 epsf] 5, 5}g / d'2f bfo/ ubf{ afwoftds?kn] ckgfpg'kg]{ sfo{ljlw -h:t} M ;/sf/l jslnaf6 lg0f{o u/fo{ Dofbleq d'2f k]z ug]{_ ckgfopsf] 5, 5}g, #= cleo'qm lx/f;tdf ep lx/f;tdf /fvg d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/laf6 lbopsf] Dofbleq d'2f bfo/ ul/psf] 5, 5}g, $= d'2f ;fdfgo jf ljz]if s'g k j[mltsf] xf] / ;f] cg';f/sf] sfo{ljlw / clwsf/ k of]u ul/psf] 5, 5}g, %= lauf] lgwf{/0f x'g'kg]{ d'2fdf lauf] oslg?kdf lgwf{/0f ul/psf] 5, 5}g, ^= cleo'qmsf s] s:tf ;+ljwfg k bq df}lns xssf] ;Ddfg ul/g' kg]{ xf] / ;f]cg';f/ ul/psf] 5, 5}g, &= cleo'qmnfo{ y'gfdf /fvbf oftgf lbg], sfg"g Joj;foL;Fu ;Nnfx lng] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ul/psf] 5, 5}g, ;f] ljifodf lghn] s'g} k Zg p7fpsf] jf sf/afxl rnfpsf] 5, 5}g, *= vfgtnf;l Pj++ a/fdbl ubf{ sfg"gl /Ltk"j{s ul/psf] 5, 5}g / ;fifl tyf /f]xj/df /fvg'kg]{ dflg; 7Ls 9ª\un] /flvpsf] 5, 5}g, (= k ltjfbl pk/ ;hfosf] dfubfal u/l d'2f bfo/ ubf{ lghn] u/]sf] s;"/ / ;hfo dfu ul/psf] P]gsf] bkmfdf tfbftdotf 5, 5}g,!)= d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/laf6 epsf] lg0f{o / k ltjfblnfo{ cf/f]lkt ul/psf] sfg"gsf] bkmfdf tfbftdotf 5, 5}g,!!= jg sf] bkmf %) -!_ sf] b]xfo v08-3_ -$_ adf]lhd lauf]sf] bf]aa/ hl/jfgf x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf / ;f]cg';f/ lhnnf cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf plrt Wofg lbo{ ;f]adf]lhd d'2f bfo/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f / ;f]xl P]gsf] bkmf ^^ adf]lhd a/fdb epsf] ;jf/l ;fwg hkmt gu/l ;f] jfkt yk ;hfosf] dfu u/l ;DalGwt cbfntdf d'2f k]z ug'{kg]{ s'/f,!@= k ltjfblnfo{ plrt ;'g'jfosf] df}sf k bfg ul/psf] 5, 5}g,!#= hkmt ug'{kg]{ dfnj:t'sf ;DaGwdf plrt 9ª\un] dfubfal lnopsf] 5, 5}g,!$= ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf k ltjfblsf] cfk/flws dg;fo lyof] lypg, lghsf] dfgl;s cj:yf s] s:tf] lyof], lgwf{l/t pd]/ k'u]sf] lyof] lypg, lghnfo{ s'g} k lt/iff k fkt x'g] cj:yf 5, 5}g,!%= s] s:tf s'/fdf cleof]hg kifn] k df0fsf] ef/ / k ltjfbln] k df0fsf] ef/ k' ofpg'kg]{ xf] / ;f] cg';f/sf] k df0f ;Da4 kifaf6 k' ofopsf] 5, 5}g,!^= s'g cbfnt jf lgsfosf] k}m;nfpk/ sxff k'g/fj]bg nfug] xf] / s] s'g Dofbleq k'g/fj]bg ug'{kg]{ xf], ;f]adf]lhd epsf] 5, 5}g,!&= s] s'g r/0fdf k'u]kl5 k}m;nf sfof{gjog x'g] xf], k}m;nfdf sfof{gjog ;DaGwL s] s:tf s'/f pnn]v x'g'kg]{ xf], b08 hl/jfgf s] s;/l c;"n pk/ ug'{kg]{ xf], cflb. 151

162 152!= kl/ro %= JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fx Private Criminal Cases kmf}hbf/l sfg"gdf d'2fnfo{ sfo{ljlwut (Procedural) 9ª\un] ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2f / JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f u/l b'o{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5. JolQmut kmf}hbf/l d'2fnfo{ b'lgoffjfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2f klg elgg5. vf;u/l of] ljefhgåf/f udel/ / ;fj{hlgs k j[mltsf] ck/fwnfo{ ;/sf/jfbl / ;fdfgo k j[mltsf] ck/fwnfo{ JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f cgtu{t /flvg5. t/ ;hfosf] b[li6n] 7"nf] / ;fgf] k j[mltsf] egbf klg ck/fwsf] sf/afxl s] s;/l ug]{ egg] k of]hgsf nflu /fhosf] sfg"gåf/f of] ljefhg ul/psf] xf]. ;fdfgotof ;dfhdf zflgt;'/iff tyf cdgrog sfod /fvg /fhon] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] x'g5. o; l;nl;nfdf /fhon] ljlegg sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f u/l kmf}hbf/l s;"/sf] kl/efiff ug'{sf] ;fy} pqm s;"/ pnnª\3g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ b08ftds (Punitive) bflotj jxg u/fpg] nio /fv]sf] x'g5. o;/l cfk/flws bflotj (Criminal liability) jxg u/fpfbf ckgfpg] sfo{ljlw klg km/s km/s x'g5. sltko cj:yfdf /fhosf] lglzrt lgsfon] g} kmf}hbf/l s;"/sf] cg';gwfg, txslsft u/l cleof]hg ug]{ / /fhosf] csf]{ lgsfoaf6 d'2fsf] ;'gjfo{ u/l bf]ifl, lgbf]{ifl 7x/ u/l bf]ifl 7xl/Pdf tt\;dagwl cfk/flws bflotj jxg u/fog5. To:t} sltko cj:yfdf ;/f]sf/ jf kll8t JolQmn] g} d'2fsf] bfo/l, k df0fsf] k :t'lt u/l JolQm g} jfbl eo{ d'2f rng] / /fhosf] :jtgq lgsfosf]?kdf Gofokflnsfaf6 d'2fsf] lg/f]k0f ul/g5. o; b[li6af6 ;/sf/jfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2f / JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2f /fhon] lgdf{0f u/]sf] sfg"gdf lge{/ JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] kl/efiff ;fdfgo cy{df JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f eggfn] kll8t ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm g} d'2fsf] kif -jfbl_ eo{ rng] d'2fnfo{ hgfpf5. JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] :ki6 kl/efiff k rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn] u/]sf] kfofb}g. o; ;DaGwdf ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl df epsf] sfg"gl Joj:yfnfO{ x]g'{ kg]{ x'g5. pqm P]gsf] cg';"rl! df ;/sf/jfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] nfdf] ;"rl lbopsf] 5. ;f]adf]lhd lgdg d'2fx? ;/sf/jfbl eo{ rng] kmf}hbf/l d'2fx? x'g\. 1. /fholj 4sf] ck/fw / ;hfo cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 2. d'n'sl P]g Hofg;DaGwLsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 3. d'n'sl P]g ha/h:tl s/0flsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 4. d'n'sl P]g rf]/lsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f -hf/l rf]/l afx]s_, 5. d'n'sl P]g cfuf] nufpg]sf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 6. uf]jw;dagwl jf d'n'sl P]g rf}kfofsf] dxnsf] * g+= cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 7. ;/sf/l jf c? ;fj{hlgs wgdfn gf]s;fg jf lxgfldgf u/]sf] d'2f, 8. xftxltof/ v/vhfgf ;DaGwL d'2f, 9. d'n'sl P]g vf]6f rngsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 10. hf];'s};fu /xg] ep klg ;/sf/l 5fk b:tvt jf ;f] 5fk b:tvt epsf] jf ;/sf/l sfddf s'g} sd{rf/lsf] 5fk b:tvt epsf] sfuh lst]{ u/]sf] d'2f, 11. c?sf wd{df vnn\ kg]{ u/l s'g} wd{ k rf/ ug]{, s;}sf] wd{ kl/jt{g ug]{ u/fpg] jf ;f] s'/fsf] pbf]u u/]sf] d'2f, 12. h"jf;dagwl d'2f -h"jf cgtu{t_, 13. d'n'sl P]g hlp df:g] a]rg]sf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 14. x'nfs cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 15. hfz'zl cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 16. g]kfn gful/stf cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 17. k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 18. ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl! cgtu{tsf d'2fsf] hl/ofaf6 p7]sf] lst]{ jf hfn;fhl d'2f,

163 19. s]xl ;fj{hlgs -ck/fw / ;hfo_ cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 20. nfu" cf}ifw -lgogq0f_ cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 21. cfjzos ;]jf ;~rfng cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 22. sfnf]ahf/ tyf s]xl cgo ;fdflhs ck/fw / ;hfo cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 23. ckfª\u ;+/If0f tyf snof0f cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 24. lnvtx?sf] uf]kotf ;DaGwL cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 25. /fxbfgl cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 26. d'n'sl P]g 7uLsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 27. d'n'sl P]g ljxfj/lsf] g+= cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f / h'g;'s} tl/sfaf6 nf]ug] :jf:gl sfod x'g] u/l csf]{ :jf:gl NofPdf jf ljjfx u/]df jf /fv]df ;f]xl dxnsf]!) g+= cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 28. j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 29. Hofg;DaGwLsf] dxn / rf}kfofsf] dxnn] ;hfo x'g] afx]s dflg;, ufo{, ;f9]+ / uf]? d/]sf]df ;jf/l ;DaGwL k rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 30. d'n'sl P]g cbnsf]!)s /!)v cgtu{tsf d'2f, 31. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/ k;f/ -lgogq0f_ cgtu{t ;hfo x'g] d'2f, 32. a}+s jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldtj epsf] ;ª\ul7t ;+:yfsf] gubl jf lhg;l ;DalGwt a}+s jf ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/l;fu ldnf]dtf] u/l jf gu/l cgo s'g} JolQmn] d;f]6 jf lxgfldgf u/]sf] d'2f, 33. a}+s jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldtj epsf] ;ª\ul7t ;+:yfdf lst]{ sfuhft k]; u/l 7uL u/]sf] lst]{ tyf 7uL d'2f, 34. aunldf/f rf]/l d'2f, o; afx]s s'g} P]gdf pqm P]g cgtu{tsf d'2f ;/sf/l d'2f ;DaGwL sf] cg;"rl! df ;dfj]z x'g] egl pnn]v epsf d'2f, g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l g]kfn ;/sf/jfbl x'g] egl tf]s]sf kmf}hbf/l d'2f / s'g} P]gdf g} ;/sf/jfbl x'g] egl pnn]v epsf t/ ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl P]gsf] cg';"rldf gk/]sf d'2f klg ;/sf/jfbl d'2f x'g\. plnnlvt d'2fafx]s cgo kmf}hbf/l s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2f JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fx? x'g\ egl egg' kg]{ x'g5. JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf d'2fsf] p7fgb]lv k df0f ;ª\sng, k :t'lt, k df0f;dagwl ef/ (Burden of proof) ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm jf jfbl kifdfly g} /xg5. d'2fsf] p7fg / cgto klg JolQmsf] O{R5fdf e/ kb{5, t/ o;sf] ljk/lt ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2fdf ;/sf/ g} kifsf]?kdf /x]sf] x'g5 / ck/fwsf] cg';gwfg, txslsft u/l cleof]hg ug{] sfo{ ;/sf/l kifåf/f g} ul/g5, k df0fsf] ;ª\sng, k :t'lt / k df0f;dagwl ef/ ;/sf/dfly /xg5 / s]xl ;Lldt cj:yfdf ;/sf/l kifsf] OR5f / Gofofnosf] ;xdltdf d'2f lkmtf{ x'g ;Sb5. JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf h:tf] JolQmsf] OR5fn] hlxn];'s} d'2f ldnfkq u/l 6'+lug] cj:yf /xfb}g. ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2fdf kll8t kif jf ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmx? s]jn ;/sf/l ujfxsf?kdf k :t't ul/g5. ;/sf/jfbl x'g] / JolQmjfbL x'g] d'2fsf] ;Ldfª\sg ug]{ 7f]; / lglzrt cfwf/ 5}g, of] /fhon] cfjzostf cg';f/ yk36 / ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] ljifo xf]. ;fdfgotof /fhon] zflgt ;'/Iff / cdgrog sfod ug]{ bflotj epsf]n] ljlzi6, udel/ / ;dfh ljk/ltsf s;"/sf ;DaGwdf /fhosf] tk{maf6 a9l rf;f] lno{ ;/sf/n] g} cg';gwfg, txslsft u/l cleof]hg ug{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf d'2fx? ;/sf/jfbl x'g] / cgo ck/fwx? JolQmjfbL x'g] ub{5g\. ;/sf/jfbl x'g] / JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2f yk36 / ;+zf]wg x'g ;S5 egg] s'/fnfo{ x]bf{ xf8gftfsf] s/0flsf] dxnadf]lhd hgds}b ;Ddsf] ;hfo x'g ;Sg] ck/fwnfo{ d'n'sl P]gsf] -gjf}+ ;+zf]wg_ k"j{ # g+=adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2f cgtu{t /flvpsf] lyof] eg] pqm ;+zf]wg kzrft\ xf8gftf s/0flsf] dxnadf]lhdsf] d'2f JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf]?kdf /xg upsf] 5. To:t} 7uL;DaGwL d'2f ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl cfpg'k"j{ JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf]?kdf /x]sf] lyof] eg] xfn o;nfo{ ;/sf/jfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fcgtu{t /flvpsf] 5. of] ljefhg s]jn ;hfo 7"nf] jf ;fgf] ;hfosf] b[li6n] dfq ul/psf] x'fb}g, /fhon] cfjzostf 7fg]sf] ljifodf sfg"gåf/f 3f]if0ff u/l ;/sf/fjfbl x'g] / JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fnfo{ ljefhg ul/psf] x'g5. h:tf] pbfx/0fsf nflu 7"nf] ;hfosf]?kdf hgds}b ;Dd ;hfo x'g] xf8gftf s/0fl;dagwl s;"/ JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f x'g] t/ Hofg;DaGwL hl/jfgf dfq x'g] kmf}hbf/l s;"/nfo{ klg ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2fsf]?kdf lnog] epsf]n] of] ljefhg ttsfn k rlnt sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifoj:t' xf] egg] cy{df a'e\mg' pko'qm x'g5. of] /fhosf] glltut s'/fdf (Policy Matter) lge{/ ub{5. #= JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] jul{s/0f dfly elgp e}+m sfo{ljlwut b[li6af6 kmf}hbf/l d'2fnfo{ ;/sf/jfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2f (Offence in which the state is plaintiff) / JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2f (Offence in which the individual is plaintiff) u/l b'o{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5. JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fnfo{ klg cwoogsf] ;'ljwfsf] lgldq d'2fsf] ljifoj:t', k j[mltcg';f/ lgdgadf]lhd jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5. 153

164 JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] jul{s/0f JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f hlp Hofg;DaGwL lnvt;dagwl ;DklQ;DaGwL of}g;dagwl ljjfx;dagwl cbn;dagwl ufnl a]ohtl ljljw ck/fw ck/fw ck/fw ck/fw ck/fw ck/fw ck/fw ck/fw!= ;fwf/0f s'6lk6!= ;/sf/l!= n'6lk6!= xf8gftf s/0fl!= xf8gftfdf ljjfx!= wd{ k rf/ / wd{ kl/jt{g!= ufnl a]ohhtl!= a]/lt;fu y'gg] 5fk of}g pd]/ wfld{s :yn / afx]ssf #= Onfh ug]{ afx]sf] lst]{ #= kz's/0fl u/]sf] ljjfx sfo{df vnn cgtu{tsf hfn;fhl $= cgo #= ;2] egl 9fF6L #= ;+/lift dlxnfsf] s/0fl 3"; ck/fw #= s/sfk ck fs[lts u/]sf] ljjfx $= d'8\g] ;DaGwL #= cgo d}y'g $= dgh'/l a]u/ %= h"7f] ;'ts jfg]{ ck/fw epsf] ljjfx ^= ;fdflhs /Lltl:yltdf %= e'msofgdf kf/l vnn u/]sf] ljjfx &= ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ^= hf/l -s_ hlphofg;dagwl ck/fw M ;fdfgotof hlphofg;fu ;DalGwt ck/fwdf Hofg, s'6lk6, hlp df:g] jf a]rg], ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws, a]/lt;fu y'gg], Onfh ug]{sf] dxnadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] d'2fnfo{ /fvg ;lsg5. Hofg, cª\ueª\u s'6lk6, hlp df:g] jf a]rg], ckx/0f tyf z/l/ agws /fvg] h:tf] ck/fwnfo{ ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl! cgtu{t kfl/psf] 5, ;f] afx]s ;fwf/0f s'6lk6, a]/lt;fu y'gg], Onfh ug]{sf] dxnadf]lhd x'g] ck/fw hlp Hofg;DaGwL JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] sf]6ldf kb{5g\. -v_ lnvt;dagwl ck/fw M lnvt;dagwl ck/fw eggfn] ;fwf/0ftof e"m f lnvt tof/ kfg]{ sfo{nfo{ ;Demg'k5{. e' f lnvt sfuhftsf cfwf/df ul/g] ck/fw epsf]n] o;nfo{ lnvt;dagwl ck/fw elgpsf] xf]. o:tf ck/fwdf s'g} JolQmnfO{ e'msofo{ e"m f lnvt v8f ug{] jf s;}sf] xs hfg] gf]s;fg kfg]{ lgotn] e"m f Joxf]/f b]vfo{ jf s;}nfo{ OR5f lj 4 s/sfkdf kf/l lnvt v8f ul/g5. g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/ lnvt;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ lgdg # efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5.!= hfn;fhl #= s/sfk pko'{qm lst]{ / hfn;fhl ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf d'n'sl P]g lst]{ sfuhsf] dxndf Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ;f] dxncg';f/ lst]{ ck/fwsf] kl/efiff, lst]{ ck/fwsf] jul{s/0f, hfn;fhlsf] kl/efiff / ;hfo;dagwl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5 eg] s/sfk ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf d'n'sl P]g c=g=@$ g+= n] s/sfk;fu sfuh u/fpsf] ab/ x'g] / #* g+= n] xbdofb;dagwl Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o; ;DaGwdf o; sf] lnlvt;dagwl ck/fwdf lj:t[t rrf{ ul/psf]n] oxff k'gn]{vg ul/psf] 5}g. hxff;dd JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] ;Gbe{ 5, ;/sf/l 5fk, b:tvt lst]{ d'2fafx]s c? lst]{ ug]{ ck/fw, hfn;fhl ck/fw / s/sfk d'2f JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2f cgtu{t kb{5g\. -u_ ;DklQ;DaGwL ck/fw M dflg;sf] hlp Hofg kl5sf] Kof/f] j:t' ;DklQ xf]. ;DklQ lj 4sf ck/fwsf rf]/l, 7uL, cfuf] nufpg] / n'6kf6;dagwl ck/fw kb{5g\. ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl! df rf]/lsf] dxn, 7uLsf] dxn / cfuf] nufpg]sf] dxnadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] d'2fnfo{ ;dfj]z u/]sf]n] o:tf ck/fw ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2f cgtu{t kg]{ epsfn] oxff ltglx?sf] rrf{ ul//xg' k/]g. t/ n'6lk6sf] ck/fw eg] JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fcgtu{t kb{5. n'6lk6 ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf klg dfly o;} lbubz{gdf pnn]v epsf]n] yk rrf{ ul/psf] 5}g. -3_ of}g;dagwl ck/fw M of}g;dagwl ck/fw (Sexual offence) nfo{ k fs[lts of}g ck/fw (Natural sexual offence) / ck fs[lts of}g ck/fw (Unnatural sexual offence) u/l b'o{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5. k fs[lts of}g ck/fw eggfn] k fs[lts?kdf of}g lqmof ug{ ;lsg] :ql / k'?ifalrsf] of}g lqmofsnfknfo{ hgfpf5 eg] ck fs[lts of}g ck/fw eggfn] k fs[lts?kdf of}g lqmofsnfk ug{ g;lsg] of}g lqmofnfo{ hgfpf5. ;fdfgotof of}g;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ lgdgadf]lhd jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5 M 154!= ha/h:tl s/0fl xf8gftf s/0fl (Incest)

165 #= of}g b'/frf/ (Sexual harassment) $= kz' s/0fl (Beastiality) %= cgo ck fs[lts d}y'g (Other unnatural sex) pko'{qm of}g;dagwl ck/fwdf ha/h:tl s/0fl (Rape) ;DaGwL ck/fwnfo{ ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl! df ;dfj]z u/l ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2fcgtu{t /flvpsf] 5 eg] cgo of}g;dagwl ;a} ck/fwx? JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fcgtu{t kb{5g\. -ª_ ljjfx;dagwl ck/fw M ljjfx;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ d'n'sl P]g ljjfxjf/lsf] dxnn] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ;f] dxncg';f/ ljjfx;dagwl ck/fwnfo{ lgdgadf]lhd jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5.!= xf8gftf ljjfx M ljjfxjf/lsf]! g++= n] xf8gftfalr ljjfx x'g g;sg] pnn]v u/]sf] 5. hfglhfgl u/]sf] /x]5 eg] xftgftf s/0flsf] dxnadf]lhd ;hfo pd]/ gk'ul u/]sf] ljjfx M g+= n] ljjfx ubf{ ;+/Ifssf] dgh'/l ep dlxnf / k'?ifsf] pd]/!* jif{ / dgh'/l jif{ gk'ul ljjfxjf/l ug{ u/fpg x'fb}g. ljjfx u/] u/fpdf ;f] ug]{ u/fpg]dwo] d'vonfo{ ;hfo x'g5. #= ;xl 5 egl 9fF6L u/]sf] ljjfx M ljjfxjf/lsf] % g++= n] zf/ll/s / dfgl;s bf]if epsf] dlxnf / k'?ifnfo{ ;xl 5 egl 9fF6L ljjfx u/]df dgh'/ gu/] ;f] ljjfx ab/ x'g] / To:tf] 9fF6L ljjfx ug]{ u/l lbg]nfo{ kffr ;o?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf x'g5. $= dgh'/l a]u/ u/]sf] ljjfx M ljjfxjf/lsf] & g+= n] nf]ug] :jf:glsf] dgh'/l lagf ljjfx ug{ gx'g] / lagf dgh'/l ljjfx u/] u/l lbp ab/ x'g5. To:tf] ljjfx ug]{ u/l jif{;dd s}b x'g] Joj:yf 5. %= e'msofgdf k/l u/]sf] ljjfx M ljjfxjf/lsf] * g+= n] ;wjf, ljwjf jf ;DaGw ljr5]b eo;s]sf] :jf:gl dflg;nfo{ sgof xf] egl jf ljjflxt, ljw'/ jf ;DaGw ljr5]b eo;s]sf] nf]ug] dflg;nfo{ ljjfx epsf] lypg egl 9fF6L ljjfx epsf]df To;/L e'msofgdf k/l ljjfx ug]{n] dgh'/ gu/] ljjfx ab/ x'g] / To:tf] ljjfx ug]{ u/fpg] d'vodwo] pd]/ k'u]sf]nfo{ bz xhf/?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf u/l To;/L e'msofgdf kg]{nfo{ lbnfo{ lbg'k5{ egg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ^= ax'ljjfx M nf]ug] dflg;n] Pp6f :jf:gl x'fbfx'fb} csf]{ ljjfx ug'{ g} ax'ljjfx xf]. ljjfxjf/lsf] ( g+= n] lglzrt cj:yfafx]s nf]ug] :jf:glsf] ;DaGw ljr5]b gx'fb} csf]{ ljjfx ug{ jf csf]{ :jf:gl /fvg gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] ( -s_ g+= df lgsf] gx'g] u/l af}nfpsf] / c+z lno{ legg a;]sf]df afx]s cgo cj:yfdf ljjfx ug{ :jf:glsf] ;xdlt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ;fy} ;f]xl dnxsf]!) g+= n] k rlnt sfg"gljk/lt csf]{ ljjfx u/]df jf :jf:gl /fv]df! jif{b]lv # jif{;dd s}b / % xhf/;dd hl/jfgf ;d]t x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. pko'{qm ljjfx;dagwl ck/fwsf] g+=adf]lhd pd]/ gk'ul u/]sf] ljjfx /!) g+=adf]lhd u/]sf] ax'ljjfx;dagwl s;"/nfo{ ;/sf/ d'2f;dagwl n] cg';"rl! leq ;dfj]z u/]sf]n] pqm d'2f ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2fcgtu{t kb{5g\ eg] cgo xf8gftfsf] ljjfx, ;xl 5 egl 9fF6L u/]sf] ljjfx, dgh'/l a]u/ u/]sf] ljjfx / e'msofgdf k/l u/]sf] ljjfx JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fcgtu{t kb{5g\. &= hf/l ;DaGwL ck/fw M hf/lsf]! g+= n] csf{sl :jf:gl xf] egg] hfglhfgl s;}n] s'g} :jf:gl dflg;nfo{ :jf:gl agfpg nu]df hf/l epsf] dflgg] / g+= n] hf/l vtdf ;fw'sf] gflnz k/] hf/l ug{] nf]ug] dflg; / hf/l ul/psl :jf:glnfo{ Ps dxlgfb]lv b'o{ dxlgf;dd s}b / Ps xhf/?lkoffb]lv b'o{ xhf/?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf x'g] sfg"gl Joj:yf 5. -ª_ cbn;dagwl ck/fw M cbnsf] dxnn] vf;u/l wd{, ;fdflhs /Lltl:ylt / ;bfrf/lj 4sf lgdg sfo{nfo{ s;"/sf]?kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M!= csf{sf] wd{df vnn kg]{ u/l wd{ k rf/ / wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg] -! wfld{s :yn jf wfld{s sfo{df vnn k' ofpg] -! s_ #= s}b, y'gf, lrlst;f jf ;+/If0fdf /x]sl dlxnfnfo{ s/0fl ug]{ -% g+=_ $= d'8\g] sfo{ ug]{ -^ g+=_ %= h'7f] ;'ts afg]{ -( g+=_ ^= ;fdflhs /Lltl:yltdf vnn ug]{ -!) g+=_ &= 5'jf5"tsf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{ -!) s g+=_ *= af]s;faf]s;lsf] cf/f]kdf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ug]{ -!) v g+=_ 155

166 156 -r_ ufnl a]ohhtl;dagwl ck/fw M s;}n] c?sf] OHht k lti7fdf cf3ft k' ofpg] sfo{nfo{ ;fdfgo ufnl a]ohhtl;dagwl s;"/ dflgg5. of] s;"/ klg JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] >]0fLdf kb{5. o;;dagwl s;"/nfo{ g]kfn sfg"gn] ljz]if P]gsf]?kdf ufnl / a]ohhtl df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. pqm P]gdf a]ohhtlsf] kl/efiff ug'{sf] ;fy} ufnl, a]ohhtl ;DaGwL s;"/df ljlegg ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ;fy} ;f]xl P]gn] s:tf s'/f a]ohhtl x'g ;Sg] / s:tf s'/f a]ohhtl g7xl/g] xf] ;f];dagwl Joj:yf ;d]t u/sf] 5. of] P]gdfadf]lhdsf] s;"/sf xsdf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ln] ljz]if cbfnt adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg'kg]{ ;d]t Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. -5_ ljljw ck/fw M dfly plnnlvt ck/fw afx]ssf ck/fwnfo{ ljljw ck/fwsf] sf]6ldf /fvg ;lsg5. o; cgtu{t lgdg ck/fw kb{5g\. -!_ uf]jw afx]sf ck/fw M rf}kfosf] dxnn] uf]jw / uf]jw afx]ssf ck/fwsf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf] kl/k ]Iodf uf]awnfo{ ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2f cgtu{t /flvpsf]n] uf]jw afx]s rf}kfosf] dxnadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] d'2f JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] >]0fLdf kb{5g\. -@_ 3"; / e"m f asg] ck/fw M 3"; / e"m f asg] ;DaGwL ck/fwnfo{ d'n'sl P]g, c=a+= #!, #@ / ## g+= df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. c=a+= #! df sd{rf/lsf gfpfdf 3"; vfof] egg] d'2fsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/psf] 5 eg] c=a+= #@ g+= n] ;fifl ;/hdlg afx]s c?n] 3"; vfpdf gflnz ph'/ ug{ ;Sg] / c=a+= ## n] s'g} d'2fdf ;fifl ;/hdlgn] 3"; vfo{ asof] eg] d'2fdf gflnz ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o;nfo{ JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf]?kdf lnog5. -#_ cgo ck/fw M dfly pnn]v epb]lv afx]s kmf}hbf/l sfg"gadf]lhd JolQmjfbL eo{ d'2f rnl ;hfo x'g ;Sg] ck/fwnfo{ cgo ck/fw cgtu{t /fvg ;lsg5. $= JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf JolQmjfbL -b'lgofjfbl_ kmf}hbf/l d'2f;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf k rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] kfog5. w]/}h;f] sfg"gl Joj:yf d'n'sl P]gdf Jojl:yt ul/psf] 5 eg] cgo ljlzi6 P]g lgodx?n] klg tt\ ;DaGwdf sfg"gl Joj:yfu/]sf 5g\. vf;u/l lgdg P]gn] o; ;DaGwL sfg"gl Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\.!= ufnl / a]ohhtl #= ljz]if cbfnt, $= ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw %= k df0f ^= Gofo k zf;g &= ;jf]{rr cbfnt pko'{qm P]gx?n] ;f/jfg / sfo{ljlwut?kdf JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l s;"/sf ;DaGwdf ljlegg Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. vf;u/l sfo{ljlwut?kdf JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] sf/afxl lgdg tlg tl/sfaf6 x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf k rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn] u/]sf] 5 M -!_ ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw M d'n'sl P]g xfd f] b]zsf] ;fdfgo sfg"g epsf]n] o; P]g cgtu{tsf] sfo{ljlwnfo{ ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw elgg5. k foh;f] JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf o;} P]gsf] sfo{ljlw cjndag u/l d'2fsf] sf/afxl / lsgf/f ul/g5. -@_ ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] sfo{ljlw M ;fgfltgf d'2fx?df ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw ckgfo{ l56f] d'2f lsgf/f nufpg] k of]hgsf] nflu of] P]g th'{df ul/psf] xf]. of] P]gsf] bkmf # n] cg';"rl! cgtu{t tf]lspsf d'2f / df tf]lspsf afx]s Ps xhf/?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf jf 5 dxlgf;dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g ;Sg] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf of] P]gadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ;f]cg';f/ cg';"rl! df a]/lt;fu y'gbfsf] dxnsf] # / $ g+=adf]lhdsf] s;"/ / Onfh ug]{sf] dxnsf] & g+= adf]lhdsf] s;"/ tf]lspsf] 5. -#_ ljz]if cbfnt cgtu{tsf] sfo{ljlw M ufnl / a]ohhtl sf] bkmf!! -s_ n] o; P]g cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf sf/afxl / lsgf/f ubf{ ljz]if cbfnt cg';f/sf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg] 5 egg] sfg"gl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. pko'{qm sfo{ljlwut sfg"gl Joj:yfn] JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] sf/afxl s] s;/l ug]{ xf] ;f] oslg ug{ ;lsg5. o;sf] cnfjf JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f ;DaGwL sfg"gl Joj:yfnfO{ lgdg zlif{sdf ;+lifkt rrf{ ul/g5.

167 -s_ If]qflwsf/ JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf JolQmn] g} gflnz ph'/ lbg'kg]{ epsf]n] ;/sf/jfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf h:tf] ck/fwsf] ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ x'fb}g. o;y{ o:tf k j[mltsf] d'2fx? s'g cbfntdf bfo/ x'g ;S5g\ egg] s'/fnfo{ g} If]qflwsf/sf]?kdf lnog5. If]qflwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf d'n'sl P]gsf] g+= / Gofo k zf;g bkmf & sf] sfg"gl Joj:yfnfO{ x]g'{kg]{ x'g5. -@_ n] b]xfosf kmf}hbf/l d'2fx? ck/fw epsf] Onfsfsf] c8\8faf6 x]g'{k5{ egl kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] ;"rl lbopsf] 5. ;f] ;"rlcg';f/sf kmf}hbf/l d'2f ;/sf/jfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2f cgtu{t kb{5g\ eg] -#_ n] c? kmf}hbf/l d'2f ck/fw epsf] Onfsf jf k ltjfbl /x]sf] Onfsfsf] c8\8fdwo] hxff lkm/fbkq lbg5 ;f]xl c8\8faf6 x]g'{k5{ egg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. o;y{ JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f bfo/ ug]{ If]qflwsf/ jfblsf] OR5f cg';f/ ck/fw epsf] jf k ltjfbl /x]sf] Onfsfsf] c8\8fdf gflnz ug{ ;Sg] b]lvg5. To:t} Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf & n] k rlnt sfg"gdf cgoyf Joj:yf epsf]df afx]s lhnnf cbfntnfo{ cfk\mgf] If]qleqsf] ;a} d'2fdf z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 egg] sfg"gl Joj:yf 5. -v_ xsb}of xsb}ofsf ;DaGwdf d'n'sl P]g c=a+= *@ / *# g+=df sfg"gl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. c=a+= *@ n] g]kfn ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2f / 3"; vfg] dfug] ;/sf/l sd{rf/ls} x:tfif/sf] lnvtsf] ;a"t lno{ gflnz u/]sf] 3"; d'2fdf hf];'s}n] gflnz u/] klg x'g5. ;f] afx]s c? u}/d'2fdf h;sf] h'g s'/fdf xs k'u5 p;n] ;f] s'/fdf bfal u/l gflnz lbp dfq nfu5 egg] Joj:yf 5. ctm pqm sfg"gl k fjwfgcg';f/ JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf ;/f]sf/jfnf jf xs k'ug] JolQmnfO{ dfq gflnz ph'/ ug]{ xsb}of k fkt 5. o;sf] cnfjf c=a+= *# g+= n] klg gfafns, j[4, xf]z 7]ufg gepsf] jf af}npsf] jf b'j} cffvf gb]vg] cgwfcgwl jf jssnf6fnf6l dflg;x?sf] / ljb]zdf uo{ kmls{ cfpg] 7]ufg gepsf dflg;sf] xs k'ug] h'g;'s} s'/fdf gflnz, k ltpq/, k'g/fj]bg, lgj]bg lbg jf d'2f dfldnf;dagwl ;a} sfd sf/afxl ug{ c8\8fsf] cg'dlt Psf3/;Fu a;]sf xsjfnfn] kfpg ;Sg] / o:tf xsjfnf gepdf To:tf JolQmsf] /]vb]v jf ;+/If0f ug]{ JolQmn] c8\8fsf] cg'dlt lno{ d'2fsf] sf/afxl ug{ kfpg] u/l j}slnks xsb}of;dagwl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. o;sf] ;fy} c=a+=!) g+= sf] Joj:yf klg xsb}of;fu ;DalGwt 5. ;f] gda/n] d'2fsf] ljifo / k j[mltaf6 ;fj{hlgs lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2f c8\8fsf] cg'dlt lno{ ;j{;fwf/0f hf];'s}n] klg jfbl eo{ rnfpg ;Sg]5 egg] Joj:yfaf6 d'2fdf ;fj{hlgs lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo uffl;psf JolQm hf];'s}n] klg c8\8fsf] cg'dlt lno{ gflnz ph'/ ug{ ;lsg5. -u_ xbdofb d'2fdf xbdofbsf] k Zg ctogt dxîjk"0f{ x'g5. s'g k j[mltsf] d'2fdf slxn];dd d'2f bfo/ ug'{kg]{ xf] egg] s'/f g} xbdofb xf]. ljlegg k j[mltsf JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf cnucnu xbdofbsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ctm k rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/ lgdgadf]lhdsf JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf lgdgadf]lhdsf] xbdofb ;DaGwL Joj:yf tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfpg vf]lhspsf] 5. qm=;+= ck/fw xbdofb ;DalGwt P]gsf] bkmf!= ;fwf/0f s'6lk6 s'6lk6 epsf ldltn] #% lbgleq a]/lt;fu y'gg] 5'6]sf] ldltn] #% lbgleq a]/lt;fu y'g]sf] & g+= #= Onfh ug]{;dagwl tlg dxlgfleq Onfh ug]{sf]!) g+= $= ;/sf/l 5fk afx]s cgo lst]{, hfn;fhl yfxf kfpsf] ldltn] 5 dxlgfleq lst]{ ug]{sf]!* g+= %= s/sfk s/sfkaf6 km';{t epsf ldltn] #% lbgleq c=a+= #* g+= ^= n'6lk6 n'6lk6 epsf ldltn] tlg dxlgfleq n'6lk6sf] & g+= &= xf8gftf s/0fl s;"/ ug]{sf] hlp;dd xf8gftf!@ g+= *= cfzo s/0fl of}g b'/frf/ k sfz epsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq cfzo s/0flsf] ^ g+= (= kz' s/0fl / ck fs[lts d}y'g ep u/]sf] ldltn Ps jif{ kz' s/0flsf] % g+=!)= ljjfx;dagwl ck/fw ha/h:tl ljjfx ep u/]sf] ldltn], ljjfxjf/lsf]!! g+= c?df yfxf kfpsf] ldltn] tlg dxlgfleq!!= hf/l k sfz epsf] ldltn] Ps jif{leq hf/lsf] ^ g+=!@= cbn;dagwl ck/fw s= ljlzi6 xbdofb (i)!* jif{ gf3]sfnfo{ ha/h:tl d'8]df #% lbgleq cbnsf] ^ g+= (ii)!* jif{ d'glsfnfo{ d'8]df tlg jif{leq cbnsf] ^ g+= v= ;fdfgo xbdofb ep u/]sf] ldltn] #% lbgleq cbnsf]!@ g+= 157

168 158!#= ufnl a]ohhtl sf/0f k/]sf] ldltn] 5 dxlgfleq ufnl a]ohhtl P]g bkmf!!!$= uf]jw afx]ssf] ck/fw ep u/]sf] ldltn] #% lbgleq rf}kfosf]!(!%= 3"; e"m f ck/fw s= ;fifl ;h{dlgsf JolQmn] as]sf]!% lbgleq c=a+= ## v= ;fifl ;h{dlg afx]ssf JolQmn] d'2fdf ep k}m;nf epsf ldltn] / c? s'/fdf ep ;f] s'/f epsf ldltn] 5 dxlgfleq c=a+= #@ -3_ d'2fsf] k j[mlt ;fdfgotof JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2fsf] t'ngfdf j}olqms k j[mlt jf JolQmut k j[mltsf] x'g5. cyf{t ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2fsf?kdf /x]sf Hofg, rf]/l, ha/h:tl s/0fl, cfuf] nufpg] cflb ck/fwn] l;ª\uf] ;dfhdf 8/, qf; l;h{gf u/l ;fj{hlgs :jefj u x0f u/]sf] x'g5 eg] JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf ;dfhnfo{egbf klg kll8t JolQmnfO{ c;/ k/]sf] x'gfn] o;sf] k j[mlt j}olqms :jefjsf] 5 elgpsf] xf]. uxgtfsf] b[li6n] ;d]t JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f ;/sf/jfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fegbf ;fdfgo k j[mltsf] d'2f dflgg5. cfk/flws bflotjsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 klg w]/}h;f] JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf sd ;hfosf] Joj:yf epsf] kfog5. x'gt 7"nf] ;hfo x'g] d'2f klg JolQmjfbL d'2f gx'g] xf]ogg\, tyfkl s]xl ckjfbnfo{ 5f]8]/ ;/sf/jfbl d'2fdf egbf JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf sd ;hfo tf]lspsf] x'g5. k rlnt g]kfn sfg"g cg';f/ JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf s}b jf hl/jfgf jf s}b / hl/jfgf b'j} ;hfo x'g ;Sg] sfg"gl Joj:yf 5. ;fdfgotof hl/jfgf dfq x'g;sg] ck/fwdf ;DklQ;DaGwL s]xl ck/fw kb{5g\ eg] s}b dfq x'g] ck/fwdf ;j{:j;lxt hgds}b jf hgds}b x'g] lst]{, xf8gftf s/0flsf] ck/fw / d'8\g];dagwl ck/fw 5g\. ;f]b]lv afx]ssf ck/fwdf s}b jf hl/jfgf jf s}b / hl/jfgf b'j} ;hfo x'g;sg] sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. sfo{ljlwut 9ª\un] klg JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] k j[mltnfo{ ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw, ;+lifkt sfo{ljw / ljz]if sfo{ljlw u/l # k j[mltaf6 x]g{ ;lsg5. w]/}h;f] d'2fx?df d'n'sl P]g cgtu{tsf] ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw ckgfog5 eg] s]xl ck/fwx?df ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw / ljz]if cbfnt adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfo{ d'2fsf] lsgf/ ul/g5. pko'{qm b[li6af6 JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2f h:tf] h3go / udel/ k j[mltsf] geo{ ;fdfgo k j[mltsf] x'g5 egg ;lsg5. $= JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f;fu ;DalGwt P]g sfg"g / ghl/x? JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f;dagwl ;fdfgo sfg"gl Joj:yf d'n'sl P]gsf ljlegg dxndf 5l/P/ /x]sf] kfog5. o;sf] cnfjf ljlegg ljlzi6 P]gx?n] klg tt\ ;DaGwdf sfg"gl Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. ctm JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f;fu ;DalGwt P]g sfg"gx? lgdgadf]lhd 5g\ M $=! P]gx? -s_ d'n'sl P]g vf;u/l JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf ;DaGwdf b]zsf] ;fdfgo sfg"gsf]?kdf /x]sf] d'n'sl P]gdf g} k foh:tf] ;f/jfg sfg"g / sfo{ljlwut Joj:yfx? ul/psf 5g\. d'n'sl P]gdf klg ljlegg dxnx?df o;;dagwl Joj:yf epsf] kfog5. vf;u/l lgdg dxnx?df o:tf d'2fx?;fu ;DalGwt Joj:yf pnn]v epsf] kfog5. -!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] dxn M o; dxndf kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] ;"rl, cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/, s/sfk ck/fw / xbdofb, 3"; e'm f ck/ fw, lkm/fbkq / k ltpq/ ;DaGwL Dofb / u'h ]sf] Dofb yfdg] ;DaGwL Joj:yf, k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Dofb ;DaGwL Joj:yf, jfl/; ;DaGwL Joj:yf, ;fifl k df0f a'e\mg] Joj:yf / xsb}of ;DaGwL Joj:yfx?nfO{ ;d]l6psf] kfog5, h;df JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fx? ;d]t kg{ cfpf5g\. b08 ;hfosf] dxn M o; dxn cgtu{t b08 ;hfo / k}m;nf sfof{gjog ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/psf] 5, s/sfk ;DaGwL d'2fdf ;hfo gtf]lspsf]n] b08 ;hfosf]!@ g+=adf]lhdsf] ;fdfgo Joj:yf cg';f/ ;hfo ug{ oxl gda/sf] cfwf/df bflotj jxg u/fog5. lst]{ sfuhsf] dxn M lnvt ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] xsdf of] dxndf :ki6 Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ;/sf/l 5fk, b:tvt lst]{ afx]s cgo s;"/ JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2f epsf]n] of] dxn dxîjk"0f{ 5. o;n] lst]{ ck/fwsf] kl/efiff ug'{sf] ;fy} lst]{ ck/fwsf] jul{s/0f ;d]t u/]sf] 5. ;fy} lst]{ ck/fw / hfn;fhl ck/fwnfo{ klg k[ys ck/fwsf]?kdf kl/efiff u/l tt\;dagwl ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. n'6lk6sf] dxn M g]kfn sfg"gn] n'6lk6sf] ck/fwnfo{ ljlzi6 9ª\un] kl/eflift u/]sf] 5. o; ck/fwnfo{ rf]/lsf] ck/fwaf6 k[ys u/l JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf]?kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. rf}kfofsf] dxn M o; dxnn] uf]jw / rf}kfof;dagwl ck/fwsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. uf]jw;dagwl d'2f ;/sf/jfbl x'g] epsf]n] ;f]afx]s cgo rf}kfof;dagwl d'2fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5.

169 -^_ -&_ -*_ -(_ -!)_ -!!_ -!#_ -!$_ a]/lt;fu y'gbfsf] dxn M o; dxnn] a]/lt;fu y'gg] s'/fnfo{ ck/fwsf] kl/efiff u/l ;f]xl a]/lt;fu y'gbf Hofg dg{ updf ;f] g+= adf]lhd Hofgdf/sf] aft nfug] / Hofg;DaGwL dxnadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf epsf]n] Hofg d/]df ;/sf/jfbl x'g] / cgo cj:yfdf a]/lt;fu y'g]df JolQmjfbL s;"/ x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. k :t't d'2fsf] sf/afxldf ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cfslif{t x'g5. s'6lk6sf] dxn M o; dxnsf]! g+= df s'6lk6sf] kl/efiff ul/psf] 5 g+= n] cª\ueª\u s'6lk6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;Gbe{df s'6lk6nfo{ ;fwf/0f s'6lk6 / cª\ueª\u s'6lk6 u/l jul{s/0f ul/psf] 5. cª\ueª\u s'6lk6nfo{ ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2f / ;fdfgo s'6lk6nfo{ JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf]?kdf lng ;lsg5. pqm s'6lk6sf] dxnadf]lhd ;fwf/0f s'6lk6df &, *, (,!),!!,!@,!#,!$,!%,!^,!*,!( g+= df 3fprf]6sf] cfwf/df ljlegg ;hfo;dagwl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5, g+= n] 3fp hffr u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. Onfh ug]{sf] dxn M o; dxndf Onfh;DaGwL Joj:yful/Psf] 5. o;df /f]ulsf] kmfobfsf] nflu sfd ug{ kfpg] JolQmn] xf]z gk' ofo{ a]sfobf;fu sfd u/]af6 /f]ul dg{ upsf] jf hlpdf hvd, xflg, kl8f epdf To;nfO{ s;"/ dfgl kffr ;o?lkoff;dd hl/jfgf jif{;dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf pqm dxnsf] * g+=n] u/]sf] 5. vf;u/l of] bkmf Hofg dfg]{ lgotn] u/]sf cj:yfdf nfu" gx'g] nfk/jfxl ;fy Onfh u/]sf] cj:yfdf nfu" x'g5 / o;nfo{ JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f cgtu{t g} lnog5. of] d'2fsf] sf/afxldf ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cfslif{t x'g5. cfzo s/0flsf] dxn M o; dnxsf]! g+= n] of}g b"/frf/ / cfzo s/0flsf] Jofks kl/efiff u/l ;hfo;dagwl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. g+= n] u}/sfg"gl s/0fl ug{ :jf:gl dflg;nfo{ kmsfpg] / j]zofudgsf] nflu ;Dks{ / Joj:yf ug]{nfo{ ;d]t s;"/ dfgl ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. o; dxn cgtu{tsf d'2f klg JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f cgtu{t kb{5g\. xf8gftf s/0fl ug]{sf] dxn M o; dnxn] xf8gftfdf s/0fl ug]{ s'/fnfo{ ck/fw egl gftf / k':tfcg';f/ ;hfo x'g] s'/fnfo{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. t/ ;f]xl dxnsf]!) s g+= n] cfk\mgf hft s'ndf rnl cfpsf] rngcg';f/ ljjfx jf s/0fl x'g] gftf ;DaGwdf ljjfx jf s/0fl epdf ;hfo x'g] 5}g el k yf / k/dk/fnfo{ ;+/If0f u/]sf] kfog5. o; dxn cgtu{tsf d'2f klg d'n'sl P]g gjf}+ ;+zf]wg kzrft\ JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2f cgtu{t kb{5g\. kz' s/0flsf] dxn M o; dxndf kz';fu s/0fl u/]df jf cgo ck fs[lts d}y'g u/]df s;"/ dfgl ;hfo x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ol d'2f klg JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f cgtu{t kb{5g\. ljjfxjf/lsf] dxn M ljjfxjf/lsf] g+= /!) g+=adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] d'2f afx]s cgo d'2fx? JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f cgtu{t kb{5g\. hf/lsf] dxn M o; dxnn] csf{sf] :jf:glnfo{ hfglhfgl eufo{ :jf:gl agfpg nu]df hf/lsf] s;"/ dfgl ;hfosf] Joj:yuf u/]sf] 5. ;fy} lglzrt cj:yfdf ;fw'n] hf/nfo{ ;hfo u/fpg gkfpg] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5. hf/l d'2f klg JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f cgtu{t kb{5. cbnsf] dxn M o; dxnn] csf{sf] wd{ vnn kfg]{ u/l wd{ k rf/ jf wd{ kl/jt{g ug{], d'8\g];dagwl ck/fw, s'n wd{ cg';f/ afg]{, h'7f] ;'ts afg]{, y'gf jf ;+/If0fdf /x]sl dlxnfnfo{ s/0fl ug]{, ;fdflhs /Lltl:yltdf vnn kfg]{, 5'jf5"tsf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{ / af]s;faf]s;lsf] cf/f]kdf ckdfg ug]{ h:tf s'/fnfo{ ck/fw dfg]sf] 5. ol ck/fwdwo] csf{sf] wd{df vnn kfg]{ u/l wd{ k rf/ ug]{ / wd{ kl/jt{g ;DaGwL d'2f ;/sf/jfbl x'g] / cgo k j[mltsf d'2fx? JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fcgtu{t kb{5g\. -v_ ufnl / a]ohhtl M ufnl / a]ohhtl bkmf # df s;}n] c? s'g} JolQmsf] OHhtdf wssf k' ofpg] jf wssf k'unf egg] hfglhfgl jf ljzjf; ug]{ sf/0f eo{ n]v]/ jf jrgn] jf ;ª\s]tn] jf a'lemg] u/l cfsf/ lrgxåf/f ;f] JolQmnfO{ bf]if nufpdf jf To:tf] s'/f k sflzt u/]df lghn] ;f]sf] a]ohht u/]sf] egg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5 eg] bkmf $ n] a]ohhtl u/]sf] g7xl/g] cj:yf ;d]t pnn]v u/]sf] 5. To:t} bkmf & n] hfglhfgl ufnl u/]df / bkmf * n] :jf:gl dflg;nfo{ ckdflgt ug]{ lgotn] s'g} sfd s'/f u/]df ;d]t s;"/ dfgl ;hfo;dagwl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ufnl / a]ohhtl;dagwl s;"/ klg JolQmjfbL s;"/leq kb{5g\. c? JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2f / ufnl / a]ohhtl P]gadf]lhdsf] kmf}hbf/l s;"/df /x]sf] leggtf sfo{ljlwdf /x]sf] 5. o; cgtu{tsf] s;"/sf] ck/fwdf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/n] ljz]if cbfnt sf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. -u_ cgo P]gx? pko'{qm d'n'sl P]g / ufnl a]ohhtl P]gsf cltl/qm JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf ;d]t cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] cgo P]gx? klg 5g\. o:tf d'2fdf ;fifl k df0f cflb sfo{ljlw;fu ;DalGwt Joj:yfx?nfO{ lgdg P]gx?n] ;d]t Jojl:yt u/]sf 5g\.!= k Gofo k zf;g #= ;jf]{rr cbfnt 159

170 $= ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw P]g, %= ljz]if cbfnt lgod lgodfjnl w]/}h;f] JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fx?nfo{ d'n'sl P]gsf] ;fdfgo Joj:yfaf6 g} Jojl:yt ul/psf] 5 eg] cgo dfly plnnlvt P]gn] klg s]xl ;Lldt Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ;f] afx]s lhnnf cbfnt k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / ;jf{]rr cbfnt ;d]tn] klg sfo{ljlwut s'/fdf o;;dagwl k ToIf ck ToIf Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. $=# ghl/x? JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{rr cbfntn] ljjfb lg?k0fsf] l;nl;nfdf dxîjk"0f{ l;4fgtx? k ltkfbg u/]sf] kfog5. o; ;DaGwdf o;} lbubz{gdf dfly plnnlvt ljlegg ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf ;d]t ghl/x? pnn]v epsf]n] oxff s]xl ghl/x?dfq pnn]v ufl/psf] 5.!= dx]gb /fh jd lj 4 >L % sf] ;/sf/ 1 M s'6lk6sf] s;"/ / Hofg dfg]{ pbf]usf] ck/fwsf] alrsf] ;dfgtf kll8t kifsf] cfª hlpdf 3fprf]6 kg'{ xf]. s'6lk6df 3fp rf]6sf] k j[mlt ;fª\3flts klg x'g ;Sg] s'/f s'6lk6sf] ^, & / ( g+= ;d]taf6 k'li6 x'g cfpf5. Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]!!!@ g+= sf] clgtd jfsof+zn] of] s'/f cem k i6 ub{5. s'6lk6sf] s;"/;fusf] oxl ;dfgtfn] ubf{ s'6lk6df rng'kg]{ d'2f Hofg dfg]{ pbf]udf rng k'ug upsf] cj:yf kg{ dxfb]j lj 4 a'lbof b]jl 2 M g+=sf] Joj:yf x]bf{ xftv' f jf log}sf] hf]gl{ effrl kmf]/l k'msfnl a]sddf kfl/lbpdf cª\ueª\u x'g] b]lvg5. xft efflrpsf] eg]sf] JolQmx?sf] xfn hf]l8o;s]sf] egg] b]lvpsf], Ps hgfsf] xsdf dfq klxn] h:tf] sfd gnfug] egg] b]lvpsf] ;Ddsf sf/0fn] s'6lk6sf] g+= sf] pqm zabfjnlleqsf] effrl, kmf]/l, k'msfnl a]sddf kfl/lbpsf] egg] cy{ ug{ ldng] b]lvpg. jf/bftsf] jlh{t Joj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ k :t't d'2fdf PS;/] l/kf]6{ / 8fS6/sf] /focg';f/ cª\ueª\u vt ep u/]sf] klg gb]lvpsf] / jfblx?sf] 3fpvt / xft efflrpsf] ;d]t lgsf] eo;s]sf] xfn sfd gnfug] ;d]t b]lvpsf] gx'fbf s'6lk6sf] & g+=adf]lhd jrg lbg] k xhf/?lkoff / ^ dxlgf s}b x'g]. #= ;"o{k ;fb lj 4 /+ugfy 3 M jfbls} ;fifln] jf/bftsf] ;do / ;xeflutsf] af/]df oslgsf ;fy :ki6 k dfl0ft x'g] u/l egg n]vfpg g;s]sf]n] s'6lk6 g7xg]{. $= dgaxfb'/ lj 4 sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;blo Joj:yf dgqfno;d]t 4 M g]kfn clw/fhosf] sf] wf/f!!-$_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;ffu' ofpg] b]lvpsf]n] wf/f!!-$_ ;Fu ;f] xb;dd cbnsf]!) -s_ sf] :ki6ls/0f aflempsf]n] cdfgo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/psf] 5. %= /fdxl/ lj 4 ;+lutf ;d]t 5 M b'o{ ;GtfgsL cfdf epsl k ltjfbl cfk\mgf] kltsf] ;To 8ufO{ k/ k'?if;fu kf]on upsl / To:tf] :jf:gl dflg;nfo{ k ltjfbln] hf/l u/l nu]sf] egg] s'/f zª\sf/lxt tyoo'qm cfwf/ k df0faf6 k dfl0ft x'g'kg]{ x'g5. tyoo'qm cfwf/ k df0faf6 k'i6ofo{ k dfl0ft x'g cfpsf] g]lvpsf] cj:ydf hf/l u/l nu]sf] 7xb}{g. ^= tf/fb]jl kf}8]n lj 4 dlgqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t 6 M c8\8faf6 sfg"gn] cg'dlt rflxg] u/]sf] ljifodf cg'dlt lbg] glbg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o x'g] xf], xf8gftf s/0fl d'2fsf] gflnz btf{ u/l sf/afxl tyf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ sfg"gadf]lhd lhnnf cbfnts} x'g5. cbftndf bfo/ ug{ NofPsf] gflnz sfg"gadf]lhd /Lt k'u]sf] gk'u]sf] x]/l /Lt k'u]df btf{ ug]{ sfd sfg"gn] ; ]:t]bf/nfo{ clws[t ul/psf] s'/fdf vf;} ljfjb 5}g. btf{ epsf] lkm/fb bfaladf]lhd ;fj{hlgs dxîj / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo /x] g/x]sf], lkm/fb sfg"gsf] /Lt k'ul btf{ ep gepsf] tyf jfblnfo{ lgj]lbsf ;d]t lj 4 xf8gftf s/0fl d'2f bfo/ ug{ xsb}of /x] g/x]sf] egg] ;d]tsf] ljifox?df k ltpq/ lhls/ ;d]t x]/l d'2fsf] tyo, sfg"g / k df0fx?sf cfwf/df Goflos lg0f{o ug]{ lhnnf GofofwLzaf6 Gofo lg?k0f ubf{ ljj]rgf x'g ;Sg] ljifo xf]. o:tf] cj:yfdf o; cbfntn] c;fwf/0f clwsf/sf] k of]uaf6 lhnnf cbfntsf] clwsf/df x:tif]k ug{ Gofo;+ut b]lvpg. &= nf]seqm /f0ff lj= /dfb]jl /fhe08f/l 7 M lst]{ sfuhsf]!* g+= df k o'qm zabfjnlcg';f/ sfd ep u/]sf] ldltaf6 gflnz lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvfbf lst]{ jf hfn;fhl lqmof eof] eg]sf] ldltn] g} gflnz ug'{kg]{ b]lvg df u/]sf] lnvtaf6 xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] df xbdofb g36fo{ k/]sf] k :t't d'2fsf] lkm/fbaf6 cbfntn] OG;fkm ug{ ldng] b]lvg cfpg. 1 g]sfk -@)%!_ 2 g]sfk -@)%%_ k[= #@*. 3 g]sfk -@)%%_ k[=!%*. 4 g]sfk -@)$(_ k[=!)!). 5 ;=c=j'= -@)%(_ k[=!(. 6 g]sfk -@)%*_ k[= #&%. 7 g]sfk -@)%%_ k[= ^#^. 160

171 %= JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf ;DaGwdf Wofg k' ofpg'kg]{ s'/fx? JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf JolQmn] g} lkm/fb bfo/ u/l d'2f rnfpg'kg]{ epsf]n] kmf}hbf/l sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf ;f/jfg sfg"gl kif / sfo{ljlwut kifdf Wofg k' ofpg'kg]{ x'g5. o:tf d'2fdf lkm/fbkq bfo/l b]lv k}m;nf sfof{gjog ;Ddsf k lqmofdf d'2fsf kif / ltgsf sfg"g Joj;foL / d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/lx?n] ljlegg s'/fdf Wofg k' ofo{ ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug'{kb{5. vf;u/l JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf lgdg s'/fdf ljrf/ k' ofpg' kb{5 M -!_ ck/fwsf] k j[mlt / sfg"gn] kl/efiff u/]sf] ck/fw JolQmjfbL x'g] ck/fw xf] jf ;/sf/jfbl x'g] d'2f xf] ;f] oslg ug'{kg]{ s'/f. -@_ JolQmjfbL xf] eg] xbdofb;dagwl s'/f, If]qflwsf/;DaGwL s'/f. -#_ c=a+= *@, *# g+=adf]lhd xsb}of ;DaGwL k Zg / olb ;fj{hlgs k j[mltsf] 5 eg] c=a+=!) g+=adf]lhd cg'dlt lno{ bfo/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f. -$_ gflnz, ph'/ jf lkm/fbkqdf pnn]v ug{ vf]lhpsf] ck/fw s] s:tf] sfo{ljlw ckgfo{ bfo/ ug'{kg]{ xf] ;f] d'2f d'n'sl P]g cgtu{tsf] ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw jf ljz]if cbfnt cgtu{tsf] sfo{ljlw jf ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] s'g sfo{ljlw ckgfpg'kg]{ xf] ;f] s'/f. -%_ lkm/fbkqsf] 9fFrf, b:t"/;dagwl s'/f. -^_ lkm/fbkqdf jfbln] :ki6?kdf gfd, y/ / jtg pnn]v u/]sf] 5 5}g egg] s'/f. -&_ jfbln] v'nfpsf] tyo, dfu bfal / k df0f;dagwl s'/f s] s:tf] 5. -*_ ufnl a]ohhtl P]gadf]lhdsf] s;"/ / d'n'sl P]gadf]lhdsf] s;"/df k ltjfblnfo{ k7fog] ;dfjxfg Dofb, Dofb yfdl k ltpq/ k]z ug{] Joj:yf / u'h ]sf] tfl/v yfdg] cnu cnu sfg"gl Joj:yf;DaGwL s'/f. -(_ d'2fsf kifx?n] tfl/v u'hf/]df x'g] d'2fsf]?k / kl/0ffd / tt\;dagwdf epsf] sfg"gl Joj:yf ;DaGwL s'/f, jf/]; ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] s'/f. -!)_ lkm/fb k ltpq/ ;fy k]z epsf k df0f, ;fifl a'e\mg] k lqmof ;DaGwL s'/f. -!!_ d'2f lkmtf{ lng] k lqmof / kifx? ldnfkq ug{ rfx]df ldnfkq ;DaGwL k rlnt sfg"gl Joj:yf / ldnfkq ubf{ nfug] b:t"/ ;DaGwL s'/f -c=j++=!*@!*#_. -!@_ s'6lk6sf] ck/fwdf lkm/fb ug]{ xf] eg] ttsfn 3f hffr u/fpg'kg]{ ljifo. -!#_ d'2fdf 7x/ ug'{kg]{ tyo / ;f] tyonfo{ ;dy{g jf v08g ug]{ k df0fsf] ljbdfgtf / kof{kttf 5 5}g. -!$_ d'2fdf kfngf ug'{kg]{ sfo{ljlwut / k df0f;dagwl sfg"gn] lgb]{lzt u/]sf s'/f k"/f epsf 5g\ 5}gg\. -!%_ ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 k ltkflbt sfg"gl l;4fgt s] s:tf 5g\ / d'2fdf cfslif{t x'g ;S5 ;Sb}g egg] s'/f. -!^_ d'2f lsgf/f ug{ cª\u k'u]sf] gk'u]sf] s'/f, cª\u k'u]df lg?k0f ug]{ ljifo / k}m;nfdf JofVof ljj]rgf ug]{ tyo, sfg"g / sfg"gl l;4fgt;dagwl s'/f. -!&_ k}m;nf eo;s]kl5 k'g/fj]bg nfug] cbfnt / k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb / ;f] Dofbleq k'g/fj]bg k/] gk/]sf] s'/f. -!*_ clgtd k}m;nfkl5 k}m;nf sfof{gjogsf] Dofb, k lqmof, b08 hl/jfgf / Ifltk"lt{ c;"npk/;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf;DaGwL s'/f, cflb. 161

172 5}7f}F kl/r5]b kfl/jfl/s d'2fx Family Cases ljjfx, ;DaGwljR5]b / dfgfrfdn 162

173 ljjfx Marriage ljjfx eg]sf] s'g} klg pd]/ k'u]sf :ql jf k'?ifn] Pscfk;df j}jflxs agwgdf afflwo{ bfdkto;dagw hf]8\g'nfo{ a'lemg5. k'?if / dlxnfalr epsf] ljjfxn] sfg"gl dfgotf k fkt ub{5. laxfaf/lsf]! g+ df o;} dxndf n]lvp adf]lhd k fjwfgsf] cwlgdf /xl s'n k/dk/f adf]lhd tyf k rlnt sfg"gdf epsf] ljjfxsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd epsf] ljjfx dfgotf k fkt epsf] dflgg5. xfd f] sfg"gl Joj:yf x]bf{ sfg"gn] lgdg tlg k sf/sf] ljjfxnfo{ dfgotf k bfg u/]sf] 5.!_ k/dk/fut ljjfx M cfˆgf] /Lltl:ylt s'n k/dk/f cg;f/ 3/ ;Nnfx u/l jf kl/jf/sf] OR5fcg';f/ u/lg] dful ljjfxnfo{ a'lemg5. o; k sf/sf] ljjfx g]kfndf w]/} k rlnt btf{ ljjfx M btf{ ljjfx eggfn] sfg"gl k lqmof k' ofo{ ;DalGwt lhnnf k zf;g sfof{nodf uo{ lgj]bg u/l lhnnff k zf;gn] btf{ ul/lbo ul/g] ljjfxnfo{ hgfpf5. o; k sf/sf] ljjfx ug{ rfxg] s]6fs]6ln] # hgf ;fifl /fvl lhnnf k zf;g sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'kb{5 / lhnnf k zf;g sfof{non]!% lbgleq pqm lgj]bgdfly cfjzos cg';gwfg u/l ljjfx ug]{ btf{ clwsf/ln] ;fiflx?sf] /f]xj/df btf{ ljjfx u/l ;f]sf] k df0fkq k bfg ub{5. #_ ugwj{ jf k ]d ljjfx M s'g} klg pd]/ k'u]sf] s]6f jf s]6ln] Psfk;df k ]d eo{ ;+/Ifssf] dgh'/l lagf cfkm"v'zl ul/g] ljjfxnfo{ hgfpfb5. ljjfxsf] nflu sfg"gn] tf]s]sf k"jf{wf/x? / ;hfo -laxfaf/lsf] g+_ s]6f jf s]6l b'j}sf] dgh'/l x'g'kg]{, ;+/Ifssf] dgh'/l ep s]6f / s]6l b'j}sf] pd]/!* jif{ k"/f epsf] x'g'kb{5 eg] ;+/Ifssf] dgh'/l gep s]6f / s]6l b'j}sf] jif{ k"/f epsf] x'g'kb{5, ljjfx ug]{ JolQmx?sf] j}jflxs jf zf/ll/s dfgl;s l:ylt n'sfpsf] x'g'xf'b}+g, s'n k/dk/f afx]s ljjfx ug]{ s]6f / s]6lalr xf8gftf ;DaGw x'g'x'fb}+g, sfg"gl?kdf lgif]w ul/psf] x'g'x'fb}+g h:t}m ax'ljjfx. b08glo ljjfx!_ afn ljjfx M laxfaf/lsf] g+ Affn ljjfx eggfn] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] pd]/ k"/f gu/l s]6f / s]6lalr ul/g] ljjfxnfo{ hgfpf5. h;cg';f/ ljjfx ubf{ ;+/Ifssf] dgh'/l ep s]6f / s]6l b'j}sf] pd]/!* jif{ k"/f epsf] / ;+/Ifssf] dgh'/l gep s]6f / s]6l b'j}sf] jif{ k"/f epsf] x'g'kb{5. olb s;}n] afnljjfx u/]df lgdgfg';f/ ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5.!) jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf] afnaflnsfnfo{ ljjfx u/fpsf] /x]5 eg] pd]/ k'u]sf ;a} JolQmnfO{ ^ dxlgfb]lv # jif{;dd s}b /?=!))). b]lv!)))). ;Dd hl/jfgf!) jif{egbf dfly t/!$ jif{ gk'u]sf] afnaflnsfnfo{ ljjfx u/fpsf] /x]5 eg] # dxlgfb]lv! jif{;dd s}b /?=%))). ;Dd hl/jfgf x'g5.!$ jif{egbf dfly!* jif{ gk'u]sf] aflnsfnfo{ ljjfx u/fpsf] v08df # dxlgf;dd s}b jf?=!)))). ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf] / ;+/Ifssf] dgh'/l geo{ ljjfx u/fpsf] v08df ^ dxlgf;dd s}b jf?=!)))). ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g5. ljjfx eog;s]sf] t/ /Lt b:t"/ a'emfo{ ljjfxsf] s'/f l5lg;s]sf] /x]5 eg] s'/f l5gg] d'vo JolQmnfO{?=%))). hl/jfgf u/l To:tf] ljjfx ab/ ul/lbg'kb{5. d2tsf/nfo{ x'g] ;hfo pd]/ k"/f gu/l ljjfx u/fpg d2t u/fpg] ;xof]ul, ndl, k"/f]lxt ;d]tnfo{! dxlgf;dd s}b jf?=!))). ;Dd hl/jfgf x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. pd]/ gk'ul ljjfx u/folbpsf] /x]5 / ;Gtfgsf] hfohgd gepsf] /x]5 eg]!* jif{ pd]/ k'u]kl5 lghx?n] pqm ljjfx ab/ u/fpg ;S5g\. 163

174 afnljjfxsf] ph'/l ug]{ 7fpF / xbdofb M afnljjfx ug{ nfu]df jf u/]sf] yfxf kfpdf t'?gt ghlssf] k x/l sfof{nodf ph'/l lbg'kb{5. o:tf] ph/l hf] sf]xln] klg lbg ;Sb5. afnljjfx epsf] b]vg] hf];'s}n] yfxf kfpsf] # dxlgfleq ph'/ ax'ljjfx M laxfaf/lsf] (,(-s_ /!) g+ s'g} JolQmn] cfˆgl :jf:gl x'bfx'fb}+ jf sfg"g adf]lhd klxnf] >LdtL;Fu ;DaGwljR5]b gu/l csf]{ ljjfx u/]df ax'ljjfx elgg5. t/ sfg"gn] lgdg cj:yfdf bf]; f] ljjfx ug{ 5'6 lbpsf] 5. :jf:glsf] sf/0faf6 ;Gtfg gepsf] egl g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfgotfk fkt d]l8sn af]8{af6 k dfl0ft epdf :jf:gl lgsf] gx'g] u/l af}nfpdf :jf:gl b'j} cffvf gb]vg] u/l cgwl epdf :jf:glnfo{ lgsf] gx'g] u/l of}g;dagwl ;?jf /f]u nfu]df :jf:gl lxf88"n ug{ g;sg] u/l sf'hl epdf :jf:gln] nf]ug]af6 c+zefu lno{ legg a;]df nf]ug];fu :jf:gln] ;DaGwljR5]b u/]df olb s;}n] ax'ljjfx u/]df! jif{b]lv # jif{;dd s}b /?=%))). ;Dd hl/jfgf x'g5. sfg5l :jf:gl x'g cfpg]nfo{ olb >Ldfg\ klxn]b]lv ljjflxt xf] egg] yfxf kfo{sg klg ljjfx u/]sf] /x]5 eg] lghnfo{ klg >Ldfg\nfO{ ep ;/xsf] ;hfo x'g5 t/ >Ldfg\ ljjflxt xf] egg] yfxf gkfo{ ljjfx u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;hfo x'fb}+g. ax'ljjfxsf] ph'/l ug]{ 7fpF / xbdofb M ax'ljjfx u/]sf]df ghlssf] k x/l sfof{nodf ax'ljjfx u/]sf] yfxf kfpsf] ldltn] # dxlgfleq ph'/l ug{'kb{5. ax'ljjfxsf] ph'/l hf] ;'s}n] klg lbg ;S5. #_ ha/h:tl ljjfx M laxfaf/lsf] dxn & g+ ljjfx ug]{ dlxnf jf k'?ifsf] :jtgq dgh'/l glno{ ank"j{s ul/lbg] ljjfxnfo{ ha/h:tl ljjfx elgg5. olb s;}sf] ha/h:tl ljjfx epsf] 5 eg] kl5 lghn] pqm ljjfx ab/ u/fpg rfx]df ab/ u/fpg ;lsg5. o;/l ab/ u/fpgsf] nflu ljjfx epsf] # dxlgfleq ;DalGwt lhnnf cbfntdf gflnz lbg'kb{5. o;/l ha/h:tl ljjfx u/fpg] jif{;dd s}bsf] Joj:yf 5. $_ 9fF6L ljjfx M laxfaf/lsf] dxn $,% * g+ s'g} klg dlxnf jf k'?ifsf] zf/ll/s l:ylt -jss nf6f], dxf/f]ul, n'nf], sf'hf], gk+';s, b'j} cffvf gb]vg] cgwf], xftuf]8f effrl a]sddf epsf]_, dfgl;s l:ylt -af}nfxf jf 5f/] /f]u epsf]_ tyf j}jflxs l:ylt -ljjflxt, ljw'/, ljwjf jf ;DaGwljR5]b epsf]_ 9fF6L 5nL ljjfx ug{'x'fb}+g. zf/ll/s dfgl;s?kdf czqm JolQmnfO{ ;2] tyf cljjflxt xf] egl 9fF6L 5nL ljjfx u/fpdf lgdg adf]lhd ;hfo x'g5. ljjfx ug]{ kifn] zf/ll/s jf dfgl;s l:ylt 7Ls 5 egl 9fF6L 5nL ljjfx u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] JolQmnfO{?= %)) ;Dd hl/jfgf x'g5. To:t} ;wjf, ljwjf jf ;DaGwljR5]b eo;s]sf] dlxnfnfo{ sgof tyf ljw'/, ljjflxt jf ;DaGwljR5]b eo;s]sf] k'?ifnfo{ cljjflxt xf] egl 9fF6L, 5nL ljjfx u/fpdf! jif{;dd s}b /?=%)). ;Dd hl/jfgf x'g5. olb s;}sf] 9fF6L ljjfx epsf] /x]5 eg] kl5 pqm 9fF6L ljjfx ab/ u/fpg ;lsg5. 9fF6L ljjfx u/]sf]df kl5 s'g} Ps kifn] ljjfx ab/ u/fpg rfx]df ljjfx epsf] # dxlgfleq ;DalGwt lhnnf cbfntdf gflnz xfng'kb{5. 9fF6L ljjfx ug]{ u/fpg]af6 lnpsf] hl/jfgf em'lssp/ ljjfx ug]{ kifnfo{ Ifltk"lt{jfkt e/folbg'kb{5. ljjfx;dagwl g]kfndf epsf sfg"gx? M d'n'sl P]gsf] ljxfj/lsf] dxn ljjfx btf{ nf]ug] :jf:glsf] dxn % g+ ljjfx;dagwl cgt/f{li6««o sfg"gx? M Dffgj clwsf/;dagwl ljzjjofkl 3f]if0ffkq!($* sf] wf/f!^ gful/s tyf /fhgllts clwsf/ ljifos ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3lo cg'agwsf] dlxnflj 4 x'g] ;a} k sf/sf e]befj pgd"ng ug]{ dxf;lgw,!(&( ljjfxsf nflu dgh'/l, ljjfxsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ / ljjfx btf{;dagwl dxf;lgw,!(^$ 164

175 ;DaGwljR5]b Divorce ljjfxaf6 h;/l k'?if / dlxnfalrsf] ;DaGw >Ldfg >LdtLsf]?kdf hf]l8g5, To;}u/L ;DaGwljR5]baf6 ;f]xl >Ldfg, >LdtLaLrsf] gftf;dagw tf]l8g5. :ki6?kdf egg] xf] eg] klt / ktglalr s'g} klg k lqmofåf/f hf]l8psf] j}jflxs ;DaGw, ;fdflhs / sfg"gl dfgotf cg'?k klt ktglalrsf] gftf ;DaGwsf] Tofukq g} ;DaGwljR5]b xf]. cyf{t j}jflxs sfg"g cgtu{t sfg"gsf] cª\u k"/fo{ ljjflxt bdkltn] cfkm"x?nfo{ ;f] bfdkto hljgaf6 cnuofpg' jf To:tf] bfdkto hljgsf] cgto ug'{ g} ;DaGwljR5]b xf]. ;DaGwljR5]bkl5 >Ldfg, >LdtLsf]] cl:ttj sfg"gl?kdf ;dfkt u/l b'j} kifnfo{ :jtgqtf k flktsf] nflu rflng] sfg"gl xs g} ;DaGwljR5]b xf]. g]kfnl sfg"gl zabsf]z cg';f/ ;DaGwljR5]b eggfn] kf/kfr's] cyf{t tnfs egg] zab k of]u ul/psf] 5. ;DaGwljR5]bsf] sfg"gl ;+/rgf a[xt\ eptf klg o;;dagwl 5'6\6} sfg"g eg] ag]sf] 5}g. d'n'sl P]gsf] nf]ug] :jf:glsf] dxnaf6 g} ;DaGwljR5]bsf] kl/efiff ;lxt k'g/f]tyfg ul/psf] 5. h'g cs/0f jfso Negative sentence sf] k of]u ul/psf] 5. o;nfo{ cª\u ]hldf Divorce or dissolution of marriage elgg5. nf]ug] / :jf:glalr dgd'6fj eo{ jf ;Fu}a:g g;sg] l:ylt ptkgg eo{ nfug] :jf:glalr sfg"gl?kdf j}jflxs ;DaGw tf]8l cf cfˆg}?kdf cnu cnu Jojxf/ u/l a:g'nfo{ ;DaGwljR5]b elgg5. ;DaGwljR5]bnfO{ kf/fkfr's] klg elgg5. ljjfxn] nf]ug] :jf:glalr j}jflxs ;DaGwsf] :yfkgf ub{5 eg] ;DaGwljR5]bn] nf]ug] :jf:gl alr sfod epsf] j}jflxs ;DaGwsf] cgto ub{5. :jf:gln] ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ kfpg] sfg"gl Joj:yf M -Nff]Ug] :jf:glsf] dxnsf]! g+_ nf]ug]n] bf]; f] ljjfx u/]df, nf]ug]n] :jf:glnfo{ vfg nfpg glbo{ 3/af6 lgsfnf u/]df, nf]ug]n] :jf:glnfo{ nuftf/ # jif{ jf ;f]egbf a9l ;do;dd vf]hva/ glno{ cnu a;]df, nf]ug]n] :jf:glnfo{ Hofg hfg], cª\ueª\u x'g] jf s'g} 7"nf] zf/ll/s tyf dfgl;s si6 x'g] hfn k k~r u/]df, nf]ug]nfo{ lgsf] gx'g] u/l of}g /f]u nfu]df, nf]ug] gk+';s epdf, nf]ug]n] k/:ql;fu s/0fl u/]sf] k dfl0ft epdf. nf]ug]n] ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ kfpg] sfg"gl Joj:yf M -Nff]Ug] :jf:glsf] dxnsf]!,@ g+_ :jf:gln] nf]ug]sf] dgh'/l a]u/ nuftf/ # jif{ jf ;f]egbf a9l ;do;dd cnu a;]df, :jf:gln] nf]ug]sf] Hofg hfg], cª\ueª\u x'g] jf s'g} 7"nf] zf/ll/s tyf dfgl;s si6 x'g] hfn k k~r u/]df, :jf:glnfo{ lgsf] gx'g] u/l of}g /f]u nfu]df, :jf:gln] csf]{ k' if;fu s/0fl u/fpsf] k dfl0ft epdf, ljjfx epsf]!) jif{;dd :jf:glsf] sf/0fn] ;Gtfg gepsf] k dfl0ft epdf. nf]ug] jf :jf:gl b'j}sf] dgh'/ldf klg ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ ;lsg5. s'n k/dk/f cg';f/ cfˆgf] hftl cg';f/ /Lltdf 5'6 epsf] xf8gftf ljjfx afx]s cgo xf8gftfdf ljjfx epsf] /x]5 eg] :jtm ;DaGwljR5]b x'g5. :jf:gln] klxnf] nf]ug] 5Fbf5Fb}+ bf]; f] ljjfx u/]df klxnf] nf]ug];fusf] ;DaGw :jtm ;dfkt x'g5. ;DaGwljR5]b;DaGwL If]qflwsf/M dlxnfn] ;DaGwljR5]b ubf{m l;w} ;DaGwljR5]b u/l kfpg] lgj]bg dfkm{t ;DalGwt jfbl k ltjfbl epsf] lhnnf cbfntdf hfg kfpfl5g\. k'?ifn] ;DaGwljR5]b ubf{m -d'n'sl P]g, nf]ug] :jf:gl sf]! -s_ ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ rfxg] k'?ifn] lgj]bg ;lxt ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=sf] sfof{no jf gu/kflnsfdf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 egl d'n'sl P]g, laxfaf/lsf] dxnsf]! -s_ df Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. / o;]} g+ df b'j} yl/sf] dgh'/ln] ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ rfx]df :yfglo lgsfodf lgj]bg lbg' kb{5. ;DaGwljR5]bsf] cj:yfdf dlxnfsf] c+z xs tyf cgo clwsf/ -nf]ug] :jf:glsf] dxnsf] $s, $v, $u g+=_ nf]ug] :jf:glsf] ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] epdf :jf:glnfo{ c+z efu lbpkl5 dfq} ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ ;lsg5. o;/l nf]ug]af6 k fkt epsf] c+z dlxnfn] cfkm"v'zl ug{ ;ls5g\ / c+zag8f eo;s]kl5 ;DaGwljR5]b epsf] cj:yfdf c+z ;DklQ lghsf] x'g5 / 165

176 ljjfx u/]df jf ljjfx gu/]df s'g} ;Gtfg gepdf lghsf] z]ifkl5 cl3nnf] nf]ug]tkm{sf ;Gtfg ep lghx?n] gep cl3nnf] nf]ug]n] kfpfb5. ;DaGwljR5]bsf] d'2f btf{ u/]sl :jf:gln] nf]ug]sf] c+z gkfpgh]n;dd jf c+z glno{ jflif{s dfl;s eqf lng rfx]df e/fo{ lbg' kb{5 t/ c+z e/folnpkl5 dfgfrfdn k fkt ug{ ;lsbgg\. c+z jf dfgfrfdndwo] s'g} Ps k fkt ub{l5g\. ;DaGwljR5]b eo{ ag8f ug'{ kg]{ s'g} ;DklQ gepsf] cj:yfdf nf]ug]af6 cfo:yfsf] cfwf/df vfg nfpg vr{ e/fpg' kb{5. csf]{ ljjfx ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ c+z ;DklQsf] pkef]u nf]ug] :jf:glsf] dxnsf] $ g+ cj:yfdf ;DaGwljR5]b gu/l s]jn c+z dfqsf] dfu ug{ ;DalGwt cbfntdf uo{ xs k fkt ug{ ;Sbl5g\. dfgfrfdn Maintenance 166 dfgfrfdnsf] Joj:yf c+z cfkm\gf] cwlgdf /x]sf] 3/sf] d'vo dflg;, d'ntm afa' jf nf]ug]n] ktgl jf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ vfg nfpg lbg] sfo{;fu ;DalGwt 5. t/ d'n'sl P]g c+zag8fsf]!) v n] of] bflotj vfg nfpg gk'ug] czqm afa' cfdfnfo{ vfg nfpg lbg' 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] klg bflotj epsf] pnn]v u/]sf] 5. cfkm\gf >LdtL / 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ OHht cfdb cg';f/ vfg nufpg cfjzostf cg';f/ plrt lziffbliff / :jf:yo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug'{ afa' / >Ldfgsf] st{jo xf]. c+zag8fsf] dxnsf]!),!) s, v, u / nf]ug] :jf:glsf] dxnsf] $ s / v df dfgfrfdn ;DaGwdf nf]ug] / afa'cfdfsf] bflotj / 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] st{jo ;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. o; k sf/ dfgfrfdnsf] cj:yf cfo:tfn] vfg gk'ug] czqm afa'cfdf, ;DklQ cfkm\gf] xsdf geo{ vfg nfpg gk'ug] ktgl, 5f]/f, 5f]/L jf ;DaGwljR5]b eo{ c+z k fkt ul/g;s]sl ktglsf] nflu epsf] b]lvg5. ljjfxsf] gftfn] :jf:gln], hgdsf] gftfn] 5f]/f5f]/Ln] afa'cfdfaf6 c+z kfpg] eptf klg nf]ug] / afa'cfdfn] lglzrt zt{ k"/f u Gh]n To:tf :jf:gl jf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] nf]ug] jf afa'cfdf;fu c+zdf bfal ug{ g;sg] s'/f ;d]t sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. d'n'sl P]g P3f/f} ;+zf]wg x'g'egbf cufl8 ;DaGwljR5]b epdf vfg nfpg k'ug] cfkm\gf] ;DklQ cfo:tf gepsl :jf:gldflg;n] vfg nfpg vr{ e/fpg rfx]df nf]ug]n] o:tf] ;DaGwljR5]b epsl :jf:glnfo{ cfkm\gf] OHht cfdb cg';f/ cbfntn] tf]s] adf]lhd Ps;/f] vfg nfpg lbg'kg]{, To:tf] :jf:gldflg;n] csf]{ ljjfx gu/] jf kffr jif{;dd h'g cufl8 x'g5 ;f] ;do;dd dfq eg'{kg]{ sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof]. d'n'sl P]gsf] P3f/f} kl5 nf]ug] :jf:glsf] dxnsf] $ s, $ v, $ u df epsf] ;+zf]lwt sfg"gl Joj:yfn] nf]ug] :jf:glsf] ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] epdf c+zag8f ug{ nufp/ dfq ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] lg0f{o ug'{ kb{5. sfg"g adf]lhd c+z 5'6\ofpg] ;do nf]ug] epdf ;f] nf]ug] dflg;sf] c+zaf6 ;DaGwljR5]b ug]{ :jf:gl dflg;n] kfpg] c+zsf] cg'dfg u/l c+zag8f gep;ddsf] nflu lhljsfsf] lgldq dfl;s?kn] d'2f x]g]{ cbfntn] vr{ e/fo{ lbg' kb{5. km};nfadf]lhd c+z /sd jf vr{ kfpg] epsl :jf:gl dflg;n] c+z /sd jf vr{ gkfpdf lgh kltnfo{ kffr xhf/;dd hl/jfgf jf Ps dxlgf;dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] u/l c+z /sd jf vr{ e/fo{ lbg' kb{5. dfgfrfdn ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 nidlk ;fb lai6 lj 4 e'jg]zj/lsf] ;+/Ifs lvns'df/l epsf] k[=$^ sf] d'2fdf af}nfxl h]ndf y'gl /fv]sf] >LdtLnfO{ vfg nfpg h]naf6} klg kfo{ /fvg] epsf]n] vfg nfpg glbg] nf]ug]af6 dfgfrfdn kfpb}g ls egg] ;DaGwdf dfgfrfdn lbg'kg]{ sfg"gl bflotjaf6 nf]ug] klg5g kfpfb}g egg] l;4fgt ;d]t k ltkflbt epsf] kfog5. ;Ddflgt ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 ;fnsf] b]=k'=g= #@^% sf] nlnf yfkf lj 4 dfgaxfb'/ ;=c=a'= )^) k[=!( vfgf vr{ e/fo{ kfpf egg] d'2fdf ;f;' ;;'/fn] 3/af6 lgsfnf u/]sf]df vfg nfpg lbg' kg]{ egg] l;4fgt ;d]t k ltkflbt epsf] kfog5. ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] :jf:gl dflg;n] c+z glno{ ;f] afkt nf]ug];fu jflif{s jf dfl;s vr{ e/fo{ lng rfx]df cbfntn] To:tL :jf:gl dflg;nfo{ nf]ug]sf] ;DklQ / cfo:tfsf] cfwf/df jflif{s jf dfl;s vr{ :jf:gl dflg;n] csf]{ ljjfx gu/];dd eg'{ kb{5. ag8f ug]{ s'g} ;DklQ geo{ nf]ug]af6 c+z gkfpsl :jf:gl dflg;n] nf]ug]af6 vfgnfpg vr{ e/fpg rfx]df / To:tf] nf]ug]sf] cfdbfgl cfo:tf epdf cbfntn] To:tL :jf:gl dflg;nfo{ nf]ug]sf] cfo:tfsf] cfwf/df vfg nfpg csf]{ ljjfx gu/];dd vr{ e/fo{ lbg' kb{5. ;DaGwljR5]bkl5 arrfsf] l:ylt M -Nff]Ug] :jf:glsf] dxnsf] # g+_ ;DaGwljR5]b ubf{sf] cj:yfdf gfafns ;Gtfg epdf cfdfafa'sf] ;dembf/l ep ;f]xl cg';f/ ;Gtfgsf] kfngkf]if0f, lzifflbiff / ;+/If0f x'g5 t/ nf]ug] :jf:glalr c;dembf/l epdf sfg"gn] lgdg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5.

177 gfafns 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cfdfn] cfkm";fu /fvg rfx]df cfkm";fu /fvg kfpfl5g\, cfdfn] cfkm";fu /fvg grfx]df afa'n] /fvg'kg]{, olb arrf cfdf;fu /x]sf] 5 eg] afa'n] vr{ Joxf]g'{ kb{5. olb afa';fu arrf 5 / afa'sf] cfdbfglegbf a9l cfdfsf] cfdbfgl 5 eg] ;DaGwljR5]b epsl cfdfn] arrfsf] vr{ Joxf]g{' kb{5, arrf h;sf] ;+/If0fdf /x]klg arrfsf] clxt x'g] sfd gu/];dd cfdfafa' b'j}n] arrfnfo{ kfn}kfnf] u/l e]63f6 ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf k bfg ug{'kb{5. ;DaGwljR5]bkl5 arrf hgd]sf] l:yltdf M nf]ug] / :jf:glalr ljjfx lbgleq hgd]sf] ;Gtfg cgoyf k dfl0ft gep;dd ;DaGwljR5]b eps} nf]ug]sf] dflgg5. To;sf/0f klg ;DaGwljR5]bsf] d'2f btf{ ubf{ dlxnfn] cfkm" ue{jtl ep gepsf] s''/f lkm/fbdf pnn]v ug{'kb{5. bfofhf] k]jfsf] Joj:yf d'n'sl P]gsf] nf]ug] :jf:glsf] dxn % :jf:glsf] bfofhf] k]jf df;]sf] cj:yfdf ;a} clzof/sf] dgh'/laf6 lnvtsf] cfwf/df df;]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s /Lt gk'u]sf] cj:yfdf uf]zjf/f wgaf6 Joxf]g{ kb}{g. ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 k ltkflbt dxîjk"0f{ ghl/ l;4fgt nf]ug] :jf:glsf] dxn sf] % g+ bfofhf] k]jf dfl;psf]df ;a} clzof/sf] dgh'/l gepsf]df ;a} clzof/af6 e/fpg gkg]{ Pshgf cljjflxt gf/ln] gepsf] ;DaGw xf] egl egg g;sg] k[i7!@& k[i7 $@$ lkt[tjsf] 7]ufg hlxn] klg cfdfsf] egfodf g} cfwfl/t x'g5. k[i7 **$ >LdtL xf] egg] bfaldf 7f]; ;a"t k df0fsf] cefjdf ktgl sfod ug{ g;lsg] xbdofb o; dxn cgtu{t xbdofb gep tfklg hf/lsf] ^ g+ df hf/lsf] k sfzdf cfpsf] ldltn]! jif{leq / o;} dxnsf]! g+ df n]lvpb]lv afx]s c? s'/fdf ep u/]sf] ldltn]! jif{leq gflnz lbg' kb{5. ;DaGwljR5]b;DaGwL g]kfn sfg"gdf epsf] Joj:yfx? M d'n'sl P]gsf] nf]ug] :jf:glsf] dxn d'n'sl P]gsf] lax]af/lsf] dxn ;DaGwljR5]b;DaGwL cgt/f{li6««o sfg"gx? M Dffgj clwsf/;dagwl ljzjjofkl 3f]if0ffkq!($* sf] wf/f!^ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljzjjofkl wf]if0ff kq!($* sf] cfl6{sn!^ cg';f/ ljjfxsf] ;DaGwdf h:t} ;DaGwljR5]bdf klg kltktglsf] ;dfg clwsf/ x'g]5. gful/s tyf /fhgllts clwsf/;dagwl cgt/fli6«o cg'agw!(^^ sf] cg';f/ ljjfx / ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ bdktl b'j}nfo{ ;dfg clwsf/ / bflotjsf] ;'lglzrttf /fhon] ug'{ kb{5. ;fy} ;DaGwljR5]bkl5 arrfsf] /Iffsf] Joj:yf /fhon] ug'{ kb{5. dlxnflj 4 x'g] ;a} k sf/sf e]befj pgd"ng ug]{ dxf;lgw!(&( sf] cfl6{sn!^ cg';f/ ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ bdkltnfo{ ;dfg clwsf/ 5. gful/s tyf /fhgllts clwsf/ ljifos ;+o'qm /fi6«;ª\3lo cg'agwsf] dlxnflj 4 x'g] ;a} k sf/sf e]befj pgd"ng ug]{ dxf;lgw,!(&(. 167

178 ] Legal Aid Manual 168 Ho]i7 gful/s;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf Senior Citizens!= kl/ro dfgjclwsf/ ;a}sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf]. Dffgj dfqsf] hljgrqmnfo{ x]g]{ xf] eg] hlgdg5g\, x'ls{g5g\, ljjfx x'g5, arrfarrl x'g5g\, a[4a[4f x'g5g\ / cgtodf db{5g\. pko'{qm hljgrqmdwo] Ho]i7 gful/snfo{ ljlegg t/lsf / b[li6n] x]g]{ u/]/ 3[0ff / ckx]ngf ef]lu/xg' k/]sf 5g\. h:t} dfg5] a"9f] x'g5 lgxf' vf]h5, ufo{ a'9f] x'g5 el/ vf]h5 egg] clt kl8fbfol t/lsfn] arg nufo{ dgdf nfu]sf] s'/f g} af]ng gkfo{ u'd;fp/ a:g' kg]{ cj:yf cfpf5g\. t/ ulxl/p/ x]g]{ xf] eg] sltko cg'ejsf s'/fx? xfdln] hfgg' kg]{ vfnsf x'g5g\ eg] sltko ;Lkx? xfdln] l;sg' kg]{ vfnsf x'g5g\. tl cg'ej / ;Lkx?nfO{ Tolts} nf]k agfpg' eg]sf] kl/jf/, ;dfh / b]zs} nflu klg 3f6fsf ljifo x'g\. To;sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ k To]s gful/ssf] bflotj x'g cfpf5. cem egg] xf] eg] dfgjlo?kd} ;+/If0f ug{' / ;dfhdf ;;Ddflgt t/lsfn] affrg kfpg] pxffx?sf] clwsf/ x'g cfpf5. t/ of] af]n]/ dfq x'fb}g, Jojxf/df g} nfu" ug{' kb{5. To;sf] nflu sfg"gl?kdf g} cfpg' kg]{ ljlegg ;/sf/l tyf u}/;/sf/l ;ª\3 ;+:yfsf] cfjfh / dfu cg'?k Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ug{ Ho]i7 gful/s;dagwl NofOPsf] 5. Ho]i7 gful/sx?sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;+jw{gsf nflu plrt sfg"gl Joj:yf x'g' clgjfo{ 5 egg] gful/s cfjfhnfo{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g]kfndf Ho]i7 gful/s;dagwl sf] k fb'ef{j epsf] kfog5. ^) jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf gful/sx?nfo{ h]i7 gful/ssf] kl/efiffleq ;dfj]z u/l c;xfo h]i7 gful/sx?sf] hljgofkg, kfngkf]if0f / x]/ljrf/åf/f ;fdflhs snof0fsf] efjgfnfo{ P]gn] lgb]{lzt u/]sf] b]lvg5. Ho]i7 gful/sx?sf] ;Ddfg ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ug]{ clek fon] Ho]i7 gful/s;dagwl P]g nfu" epsf] kfog5. Ho]i7 gful/sx?k lt >4f, cfb/ / ;b\efjsf] clea[l4u/l pglx?;fu /x]sf 1fg, ;Lk, cg'ej / IfdtfnfO{ ;dfh ljsf;df ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsof];\ egg] x]t'n] P]gsf] th'{df epsf] kfog5. ;fy} g]kfnsf] cgtl/d sf] wf/f!*-@_ df sfg"gdf ep adf]lhdsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff x'g], wf/f #%-(_df /fhon] j[4 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / pggltsf] nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if gllt cjndag ug]{, tyf wf/f #%-!&_ df j[4x?nfo{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/l j[4eqfsf] gllt agfog] ;+j]}wflgs Joj:yf ul/psf] kfog5. s]xl sfg"gdf ;d]t j[4x?nfo{ ljif]if k fyldstf lbg k of; u/]sf] b]lvg5, h;df d'n'sl P]gsf] c=a+=!!g+, c+zag8fsf]!)v, ck'tfnlsf] dxn ;d]tdf s]xl k fyldstf lbo{ kof{kt Joj:yf gep klg s'g} g s'g}?kdf s]xl ;+/If0f ul/psf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld M dfgj ljsf;sf] z' jftb]lv j[4f cyjf Ho]i7 gful/sdfly x]g]{ b[li6df cem egg] xf] eg] clt af]lemnf] j:t'sf]?kdf dflggyof]. sltko cj:yfdf h]i7 gful/snfo{ hª\undf nu]/ 5f8\g], kf6l, dlgb/ / b]jndf nul 5f]8\g] cflb cdfgjlo Jojxf/ ;Gtfgaf6 x'g] u/]sf] ljlegg ;"rgf / sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] qmddf cfpg] JolQmaf6 ;'Gg] / yfxf kfpg] ul/g5. j[4fj:yfs} sf/0fn] 3/sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?af6 ckx]lnt ep/ ;8s lsgf/ / dlgb/ b]jn kf6ldf cfsfznfo{ 5fgf agfp/ lt/is[t hljg latfo/xg' x'g] xfd f afa'cfdfx?sf] b[zon] klg pxffx?sf] b}glotfaf6 klg kss} klg arfpg' kb{5 egg] s'/f pb\uf/ u/]sf] kfpf5f}+ / pxffx?sf] dd{ a'em]/ To:tf] b'mvaf6 d'qm ug'{ xfdl ;a}sf] st{jo xf] egg] b]vfo/x]sf] x'g5. To;sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ k To]s gful/ssf] bflotj x'g cfpf5 eg] cem egg] xf] eg] dfgjlo?kd} ;+/If0f ug{' / ;dfhdf ;Ddflgt t/lsfn] affrg kfpg] pxffx?sf] clwsf/ x'g cfpf5. g]kfndf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ] cj:yf, pglx?n] ef]ug' k/]sf] ;d:ofnfo{ dwogh/ u/l ;+/If0fsf] nflu pglx?sf] dfgjf]lrt hljgofkgsf nflu ;d'lrt ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;'/Iff k bfg ug]{ sfo{nfo{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljlegg ;dodf ljlegg k sf/n] cfkm\gf gllt tyf sfo{qmddfkm{t ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5. #= h]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL cgt/f{li6«o dfgotf Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{of]hgf M g]kfndf h]i7 gful/ssf] ljifonfo{ lnp/ klxnf] k6s cfly{s jif{ )%@. %# df ttsfnlg ;/sf/af6 ah]6df &% jif{ gf3]sf j[4j[4fx?nfo{ j[4eqf lbg] Joj:yf u/l /fhoaf6 o;sf] yfngl u/]sf] kfog5. cgt/f{li6«o:t/df klxnf] k6s ;g\!(*@ leogfdf epsf] ljzj h]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL ljzj ;Dd]ngaf6 o; cjwf/0ffsf] ;"qkft epsf] xf]. To;kl5 vf;u/l hfkfg tyf Sofg8fdf ljz]if Joj:yf ul/psf] kfog5. o;}sf] kmn:j?k Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ug{ Ho]i7 gful/s;dagwl nfu" eo{ ^) jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf gful/ sx?nfo{ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] kl/efiffleq ;dfj]z u/l c;xfo Ho]i7 gful/sx?sf] hljgofkg, kfngkf]if0f / x]/ljrf/åf/f ;fdflhs snof0fsf] efjgfnfo{ P]gn] lgb]{lzt u/]sf] b]lvg5. o;/l Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug]{ p2]zoaf6 j[4x?sf] ;DaGwdf cgt/f{li6«o 3f]if0ff Pj+ k lta4tfx?n] g} x/]s d'n'sdf o; k sf/sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf Pj+ sfo{of]hgfx? lgdf{0f ug{ afwo t'nofof]. o; ;DaGwdf United Nations Principle for Older Persons Macau Plan for Action on Aging 1998, Medrid International Plan for Action on Againg 2002 df plnnlvt ljifo Pj+ 3f]if0ffaf6 xfd f] d'n'ssf] kl/j]zdf cg's"n / pko'qm x'g] u/l Ho]i7 gful/s agfo{ /fhon] k fyldstfdf /fvg] hdsf]{ u/]sf] kfog5. xfn g]kfn ;/sf/ cgtu{t :jf:yo tyf hg;ª\vof dgqfno, Joj:yfkg dfxfzfvfaf6 Ho]i7 gful/s ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] sfo{gjog ul/psf] 5. #= kl/efiff M Ho]i7 gful/s;dagwl sf] n] ^) jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf] g]kfnl gful/snfo{ h]i7 gful/ssf] kl/efiffdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5. hljg ofkgsf] s'g} cfwf/ gepsf], zf/ll/s / dfgl;s?kn] czqm epsf, kfng kf]if0f / x]/rfxf ug]{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:o gepsf tyf

179 kl/jf/sf] ;b:on] x]/ljrf/ gu/l ckx]lnt / pk]lift hljgofkg ug{ afwo epsf Ho]i7 gful/sx?nfo{ P]gn] ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]zo /fv]sf] 5. Ho]i7 gful/s snof0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf u/l pglx?sf] ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ ;'lglzrttf k bfg ug{sf nflu P]gn] ljif]z lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5. ;fj{hlgs ;jf/l ;fwg, ;fj{hlgs sfo{, :jf:y ;]jf, wfld{s tyf ;fj{hlgs :yndf Ho]i7 gful/sx?nfo{ cfjzos ;]jf ;'ljwf / ;xof]u k bfg ug'{ ;a}sf] st{jo x'g] / ;fj{hlgs ;jf/l ;fwgdf sdtldf b'o{6f l;6 Ho]i7 gful/ssf nflu ;'/lift /fvg' kg]{, ofq' ef8fb/df lghx?nfo{ %) k ltzt 5'6 lbg'kg]{ nufotsf Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5. $= sfg"gl Joj:yf M g]kfnsf] cgtl/d sf] wf/f #% sf] pkwf/f ( df /fhon] Psn dlxnf, cgfy afnaflnsf, c;xfo, a[4, ckfª\u, czqm, cflbsf] ;+/If0f / pggltsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gllt cjndag ug]{5 egl pnn]v ul/psf] 5. k rngdf /x]sf] Ho]i7 gful/s;dagwl n] Ho]i7 gful/ssf] :jf:yof]krf/b]lv lnp/ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;+/If0f, ;Ddfg / ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. o;}u/l pkwf/f!& n] a[4, ckfª\u, czqm, dlxnf tyf a]/f]huf/nfo{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/l eqf lbg] gllt cjndag ug]{5 egl sfuhl?kdf b]vfpsf] 5 t/ Jojxf/df cfpg affsl g} 5. Ho]i7 gful/s;dagwl sf] Joj:yf u/l Ho]i7 gful/ssf] :jf:yob]lv lnp/ ;'/Iff, ;+/If0f, ;Ddfg / ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf bkmf # ;Dd u/]sf] kfog5. ;dfh snof0f sf] bkmf $ -s_ / -v_ df ljsf;sf nflu ;xeflutf j[l4 ug{ afns, j[4 dlxnfx? c;xfo jf ckfª\ux?sf] xs lxt / snof0fsf] nflu ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug]{ egl pnn]v u/]sf] 5. Ho]i7 gful/ssf] O{R5flagf s;}n] klg kl/jf/af6 cnu /fvg jf cnu a:g afwo kfg{ gx'g] / k rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd c+zag8f ug { gkg]{ / cfkm\gf] c+z efusf] rn, crn / ;f]af6 a9] a9fpsf] ;Dkltx? Ho]i7 gful/sn] cfkm"v ;L ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ Ho]i7 gful/snfo{ /x]sf] 5. %= If]qflwsf/ M Ho]i7 gful/s;dagwl n] ljefhg u/]sf tlg k sf/sf Ho]i7 gful/sn] pqm P]gdf Joj:yf epsf 5'6, ;]jf, ;'ljwf, ;+/If0f, eqf / ;'/Iff k flktsf] nflu cfjzos sfuhftsf]?kdf g]kfnl gful/stfsf] k df0fkq h;df dfly plnnlvt tlg cj:yf emlnsg] jf a'emfpg] kl/rokqsf] cfjzostf x'g5. h'g sfuh k fkt ug{sf nflu g]kfnl gful/stfsf] k df0fkqsf] cfwf/ lno{ dfly plnnlvt cj:yfsf] gful/sn] tf]lspsf] 9fFrfdf ;DalGwt uf= lj= ;= tyf g= kf=df uo{ cg';"rl kmf/fd e/l btf{ ug'{kb{5. ^= xsb}of xbdofb / ;'ljwf M Ho]i7 gful/s;dagwl sf] bkmf %-#_ adf]lhd h]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu cfb]z ul/psf]df lrq ga'em\g] JolQmn] cfb]z k fkt epsf] ldltn] & lbgleq uf=la=;= cwoif jf gu/ k d'v ;dif lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5. Ho]i7 gful/sdfq kif jf ljkif epsf] d'2fnfo{ cbfntn] k fyldstf lbo{ sf/afxl / lsgf/f ug'{kg]{ / lghx?sf] d'2fsf] ;'g'jfo{ ubf{ sfg"g Joj;foL /fv]/ dfq ug'{ug]{ sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. d'2f dfldnfdf s'g} Ho]i7 gful/sx?n] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ eo{ sfg"g Joj;foL /fvg c;dy{ epdf cbfntaf6 lgo'qm x'g] j}tlgs sfg"g Joj;foLdfkm{t d'2fdf k lt/iff ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfo{ clgjfo{ ul/psf] 5. o;}u/l Ho]i7 gful/s;fu ;DalGwt sfd sf/afxldf ;DalGwt lgsfon] k fyldstf lbo{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ /x]sf] 5. ;/sf/ jfbl eo{ rn]sf] s'g} d'2fdf s}b ;hfo kfo{ s}b ef]lu/x]sf] Ho]i7 gful/snfo{ lghsf] pd]/ / s;"/sf] cj:yf x]/l ^% jif{ pd]/ k"/feo{ &) jif{ k ltzt, &) jif{ pd]/ k"/feo{ &% jif{ ggf3]sfnfo{ %) k ltzt / &% jif{ pd]/ k"/f epsf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xsdf &% k ltzt;dd s}b 5'6 x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf!@ n] u/]sf] 5. o;sf cnfjf s}bsf] ;hfo kfpsf czqm Ho]i7 gful/s jf &% jif{ pd]/ k"/f epsfsf] xsdf s;"/sf] ufdelo{tf x]/l sf/fuf/df g/fvl x]/rfxf s]gb df /fvg cfb]z lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. o;/l Ho]i7 gful/snfo{ x]/rfx s]gb df /fvg]u/l cfb]z lbfbf sf] lgod & sf] b]xfosf s'/fnfo{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{5. s;"/ / s;"/ ubf}sf] lgot, sf/0f / cj:yf lghsf] ljutsf] rfnrng pd]/ / zf/ll/s cj:yf s;"/sf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] ;flatl / lghn] s;"/sf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] Ifdf ofrgf, cgo k f;+lus s'/fx?. &= ;hfo;dagwl Joj:yf M Ho]i7 gful/s;dagwl P]g / cgo sfg"gl Joj:yf ljk/lt ;DalGwt kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfx ug'{kg]{ st{jo epsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:o, gft]bf/ jf xsjfnfn] lghnfo{ cfkm";fu} /fvl kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfx gu/]df jf ug]{ Joj:yf gu/]df To:tf] Ho]i7 gful/sn] kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfxsf] nflu ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= cwoif jf g=kf=sf] j8f ;dif ph'/l lbg ;Sg] 5. ;DalGwt kfngkf]if0f tyf x]/rfx ug'{kg]{ kif kl/jf/sf] ;b:o, gft]bf/ jf xsjfnfalr /fvl d]nldnfk u/folbg' kg]{5. P] # cg';f/ d]nldnfk x'g ;s]g eg] ;DalGwt lgsfosf] sd{rf/l k d'vsf] kfngkf]if0fsf] nflu lnlvt cfb]z lbg;sg]5. pkbkmf $ cg';f/ ;DalGwt j8f sfof{nosf] ;"rgfkf6ldf / cgo pko'qm :yfgdf 6fF:g nufpg' kg]{ 5. pqm cfb]zpk/ lrq ga'em]df ;DalGwt uflj; cwoif, g=kf=sf] k d'v ;dif lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5. olb ;DalGwt lgsfon] u/]sf] cfb]zsf] kfngf gu/]df jf gdfg]df k rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvpsf] eptfklg To:tf] JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} klg ljifosf] l;kmfl/; ug]{ j8f cwoif uflj; cwoif jf g=kf k d'v afwo x'g] 5}g egg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. To:t} bkmf * leiff dfug gx'g];dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf ub}{ pkbkmf b]lv # ;Dd s;}n] klg Ho]i7 gful/snfo{ leiff dfug nufpg, ;+Gof;L, leif' jf kmsl/ agfpg xf'b}g. To:tf] sfo{ u/]df lghn] o; P]g adf]lhd s;"/ u/]sf] dfgl ;hfo x'g]5 egg] Joj:yf ul/psf]

180 ;ftf}f kl/r5]b sfo{ljlw Procedures lkm/fbkq / k ltpq/kq Suit and Reply 170

181 kl/ro lkm/fbkq Suit lkm/fbkq b]jfgl d'2fdf jfbln] lbog] gflnz dfq geo{ JolQmjfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf jfbln] lbg] gflnz klg elgg5. h:tf] s'6lk6, n'6kf6, s/sfk, hfn;fhl, ;/sf/l sfuh afx]s cgo sfuhdf epsf lst]{ cflb b'lgoffjfbl d'2fdf jfbln] c f jf cbfntdf lbg] gflnznfo{ klg lkm/fbkq g} elgg5. lkm/fbkqsf] kof{ojfrl zabsf?kdf ph'/l, gflnz, k x/lk ltj]bg, cleof]ukq / lkm/fbkq cflb h] ;'s} gfds/0f ug]{ ul/ptfklg ol ;a} zabx? lkm/fbkqleq kg{ cfpfb5g\. o;/l ;+If]kdf egg'kbf{ lkm/fbkq eggfn] b]jfgl d'2fdf jfbln] / b'lgoffjfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf jfbln] cfkm"dfly cgofo epsf] Joxf]/fsf] bfal;lxt c f jf cbfntdf lbog] gflnznfo{ hgfpfb5. lkm/fbkq b]jfgl d'2fdf dfq lbog] geo{ b'lgofjfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf lbog] cyf{t bfo/ x'g] cleof]u kq ;d]t nfo{ gflnzsf]?kdf a'lemg5. -lkm/fbkq c=a= &%, &^, lhnnf cbfnt lgod!(, cg';'lr $ _ lkm/fbkq n]vbf Wofg k'ofpg' kg]{ s'/fx? lkm/fbkqsf] 9fFrf d'n'sl P]g, cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] &^ g+ df pnn]v epsf] sfg"gl Joj:yf oblk ;+zf]wg geptf klg xfn lhnnf cbfnt lgod!( cg';"rl $==df cnu 9fFrfsf] Joj:yf /x] epsf] x'fbf ;f]xl cfwf/df t}of/ ul/g' kb{5. d'n'sl P]g c=a= &@ g+ sf] Joj:yf lkm/fbkq lbfbf b]jfgl / kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] 5' f 5' } lbg' k5{. b]jfgl / kmf}hbf/l b'o{ d'2fsf] Pp6} gflnz btf{ u/]df tldwo] s'g} Ps vf/]h x'g] / b'j} vf/]h ug{ gldng] egl ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 -lji0f'/d0f lj 4 /flhzj/l k[ #!), l;kmtlb]jl lj 4 ljzjgfy k[ $!_ l;4fgt k ltkfbg u/]sf] 5. o; afx]s s]xl d'2fdf cnu cnu JolQm / cnu ljifodf Pp6} lkm/fb ul/psf]df cnu cnu gflnz lbg hfg' egl ;=c=af6 km};nf eo{ ;f] adf]lhd k'gm lkm/fb lbo{ OG;fkm epsf] kfog5. ;f] afx]s ;f] adf]lhd ;a} s'/fsf] ;f]xl lkm/fbkqaf6 OG;fkm ug'{ k5{. o;y{ lkm/fbsf] d:of}bf ubf{ c=a= &@ g+ sf] ljz]if Vofn ug'{ kb{5. cnu cnu huufwglpk/ df]xl xssf] ;DaGwdf k/]sf] Pp6} l/6df cfpsf]df l/6 vf/]h epsf] ;d]t l;4fgt ag]sf] kfog5. xbdofb lkm/fb kq xbdofbleq k/]sf] 5 5}g. sfg'gl Joj:yfdf /x]sf] k fjwfg adf]lhd xbdofbleq lkm/fb jf cleof]u bfo/ eof], epg kmf}hbf/l ljjfbdf ;d]t nfu" x'g5. b]jfgl ljjfbdf lkm/fb xbdofbleq kg'{ kg]{ dxtjk"0f{ kif xf] eg] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf ;d]t sfg"gdf Joj:yf ul/p adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq cleof]ukq bfo/ gepdf c=a=!*) g+ adf]lhd vf/]h epsf] 5. o;sf/0f s'g]} klg ljjfbdf s]jn lkm/fb bfo/ ubf{ dfq geo{ vf;u/l b]jfgl d'2fdf s'g} ljjfb z'? x'g'egbf k"j{ cyf{t cbfntdf lkm/fb bfo/ ug'{ cufj} ;f] ;DaGwdf cgoq klg lgj]bg jf sf/afxlsf] cgo k lqmof z'? x'g]x'fbf lnlvt?kdf lbog] To;k sf/sf lgj]bgdf sf/0f / ljjfb cl3g} hfgl ghfgl v'nfopsf] sf/0faf6 ;f]xl cfwf/df kl5 lkm/fb bfo/ ubf{ cl3 bfo/ epsf] tyo cflbnfo{ Wofg lbg g;sbf kl5sf] ldlt /fvl xbdofb sfod ubf{ lkm/fb xbdofbsf] cfwf/df vf/]h epsf] kfog5. vf;u/l gjk j]zl sfg"g Joj;foLn] ol s'/fx?df kof{kt Wofg lbg' kb{5. If]qflwsf/ lkm/fbkq lbpsf] cbfntsf] c g+ / Gofo k zf;g & adf]lhd If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ gkg]{ s'/fsf] Vofn ug'{ kb{5. g+ df s'g ljjfb s'g :yfgsf] Onfsf cbfntdf gflnz btf{ ug]{ xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf oslg u/l If]qflwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;k:6 x'g h?/l x'g5. If]qflwsf/sf] sf/0fn] lkm/fb vf/]h ;d]t x'g ;Sg] epsf]n] To;tkm{ ;r]t /xg h /L x'g5. xsb}of lkm/fb kq lbfbf s;n] gflnz ug{ kfpg] xf] ;f] laifo dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. s'g} klg gflnz h;n] klg bfo/ ug{ kfpfb}g h;nfo{ h'g s'/fsf] c;/ k/]sf] x'g5 ;f]df xs k'ug]n] dfq gflnz ug{ kfpg] x'g5. h:tf] M afa'n] n]gb]g sf/f]af/ u/]sf]df afa' hlljt 5Fb} 5f]/fn] gflnz ug{ ;Sb}g / afa' hlljt g/x]df dfq b]jfgl bflotj ;g]{ x'fbf xs k'ug] 5f]/f jf >LdtL jf cgo xs k'ug]n] gflnz ug{ ;Sb5g\. o;y{ lkm/fb t}of/ ubf{ xsb}of 5 5}g ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5. c=a+ *@ / *# g+ adf]lhd xsb}of 5 5}g < ;fj{hlgs k j[mltsf] emu8fsf] ljifo epdf c=a+!) adf]lhd cg'dlt lno{ lkm/fb ug'{ kg]{ s'/f lkm/fbkqsf] 9fFrf / nfug] b:t"/, sf]6{ kml ;DaGwL s'/f -b]jfgl k s[ltsf] ljjfbdf xs sfod d'2fdf sf]6{ kml sf] sf]6{ kml /fvg] ljifodf Wofg lbg' kb{5._ 171

182 c=a *% g+ sf] Joj:yf adf]lhdsf] cj:yf /x] epsf] s] 5, ;f] ;DaGwdf oslg ug]{, cgoyf k fëgofosf] l;4fgt ljk/lt k'g+ M lkm/fb k/]df c=a!*) g+ adf]lhd vf/]h x'g ;Sg] epsf]n] To;tkm{ / c=a &# g+ adf]lhd d'2fsf]?k ljrf/ u/l lkm/fb u/]df vf/]h x'g hfg] x'fbf c=a &# g+ sf] cj:yf ep gepsf] x]g{ h /L x'g5. lkm/fbkqdf pnn]v epsf] d'2f s] s:tf] sfo{ljlw ckgfo{ bfo/ x'g' kg]{ ;f] d'2f d'n'sl P]g cgtu{tsf] ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw jf ljz]if cbfnt cgtu{tsf] sfo{ljlw jf ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{sf] s'g sfo{ljlw cjndag ug'{ kg]{ xf] ;f] s'/f vf]ng' kb{5. lkm/fbkqdf v'nfpg' kg]{ dxîjk"0f{ s'/fx? lkm/fbkq lhnnf cbfnt lgodfjnl ==========sf] lgoddf lbpsf] 9fFrfdf s'g} c f cbfntdf lbfbf ;f] lkm/fbkqdf lgdgadf]lhd dxîjk"0f{ s'/fx? v'nfpsf] x'g' kb{5. jfblsf] / lghsf] afa'sf] gfd, y/ / jtg, -xfn cfdfsf] gfd ;d]t clgjfo{ ug{ z' ul/psf] 5._ k ltjfblsf] / ghlsf] afa'sf] gfd, y/ / jtg, cbfntsf] gfd, k s/0f, k s/0fx?df vf]lnpsf] Joxf]/f / j:t'l:ylt, ;DalGwt P]g, sfg"gsf bkmf / gda/x?, sf]6{ kml nfug] ep ltg'{ kg]{ lauf], lauf] v'ng g;s]sf]df sf]{6 kmlsf] lgod adf]lhdsf] Joxf]/f, :ki6, ;/n, Pj+ af]wudo efiffdf jfblsf] bfal, s'g sfg"gsf] cfwf/df xbdofbleq kg]{ xf], xbdofb ;DaGwL s'/f, P]g adf]lhd nfug] sf]{6 kml / b:t"/ 6fF;]sf] jf a'emfpsf] jf ga'emfpsf] Joxf]/f, s'g P]gsf] s'g bkmf cgtu{t bfal jf dfu ul/psf] xf] ;f] Joxf]/f s'g P]g cgtu{t cbfntsf] clwsf/if]qleq kg]{ xf] ;f] s'/f ghl/ l;4fgt I]fqflwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf ljb]zdf n]gb]g epsf]df lnvtdf g]kfn z/xbleq ltg]{ zt{ g/x]sf]df gflnz gnfug] -g]sfk -@)@%_ k[i7 ^*_ ljb]zdf 36]sf] s'g} ck/fw g]kfnl cbfntdf bfo/ ug{ ;Sb}g. -g]sfk -@)$!_ K[i7 #^)_ x]g{ gx'g] d'2f x]/]df If]qflwsf/ljxLg eo{ ab/ epsf]. -g]sfk -@)#)_ k[i7 #)@_ xsb}ofsf] ;DaGwdf sdkglsf] xsdf JolQmn] gflnz lbg g;sg]. -g]sfk -@)$!_ afa' hlljt 5Fb} afa'sf] clvtof/lagf 5f]/fn] gflnz lbg g;sg]. -g]sfk -@)#^_ k[i7!!#, g]sfk -@)$$_ k[i7 %%^_ clwsf/ k Tofof]lht geo{ sfof{notkm{af6 d]g]h/n] lbpsf] gflnz nfug g;sg]. -g]sfk -@)$@_ k[i7!*)_ gfafnssf] xsdf afa'n] gflnz ug{ ;Sb5. g]sfk -@)$#_ k[i7 #($ :d/0f zlqm gepsf] afa'sf] xsdf c=a *# g+ n] 5f]/fn] gflnz ug{ ;Sg] g]sfk -@)$$_ k[i7 #*# c=a &@ g+ sf] ;DaGwdf cnu cnu ljifodf cnu gflnz lbg' kb{5 / o;/l km];nf ubf{ klxnf] bfaldf dfq km]};nf ul/g' kb{5 g]sfk -@)@%_ Ps} lbg b'o{ kifx?alr Ps} ljifodf epsf] lnvt adf]lhdsf] /sd lbnfo{ kfpmf egg] ljifodf Pp6} lkm/fb lbp k'ug] g]sfk -@)%^_ cnu cnu h w pk/ cnu cnu l/6af6 k j]z ug'{ kg]{ g]sfk -@)$$_ k[i7!@&% 3/hUuf ;+o'qm ef]ul cfpsf] ljifodf Pp6} lkm/fb cfpg ;Sg] g]sfk -@)$$_ k[i7 &#% c=a *% g+ k fëgofosf] ;DaGwdf legg legg cfwf/df p7]sf] ljjfbnfo{ Pp6} ljjfb dffgl k fëgofo dfgg gldng] ] g]sfk -@)$^_ k[i7 #&! 172

183 klxn] Pp6f P]g cgtu{t k/l km};nf epsf] / kl5 csf]{ P]g cgtu{t bfal u/]df Pp6} ljjfb x'g] / k fëgofo cfslif{t x'g] g]sfk -@)#!_ k[i7 * Psk6s d'2f vf/]h eo;s]kl5 k'gm d'2fsf] gfd km/s kf/l pxl ljifoj:t'df lkm/fb lbpdf vf/]h x'g] g]sfk -@)$$_ k[i7 ##( kl/ro k ltpq/kq Reply s'g} JolQmpk/ s;}n] s'g} s'/fsf] bfal u/l d'2f btf{ ul/;s]kl5 hf] pk/ d'2f bfo/ ul/psf] xf] ;f] JolQmsf gfpfdf sfg"g adf]lhd Dofb hf/l x'g5. o;/l hf/l epsf] Dofbleq jfblsf] bfalsf] v08g jf ;dy{g u/l lghn] cfk\mgf s'/f ;k df0f cbfnt jf d'2f x]g{] clwsf/l ;dif k]z ug'{kb{5 h;nfo{ k ltpq/ jf lnlvt hjfkm elgg5. ;fdfgotof k ltpq/ jf hjfkm lnlvt?kdf nufog5 t/ ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw ckgfog] d'2fdf k ltjfbl cbfntdf pkl:yt epdf / lghn] df}lvs hjfkm lbg rfx]df lghn] eg]sf s'/f aofgsf?kdf clen]v u/l d'2fsf] sf/afxl ug{ ;lsg5. d'n'sl P]g=c=a+= &* g+= sf] cj:yfdf cbfntdf ljrf/fwlg d'2faf6 g} csf{] d'2f l;h{gf x'g ;S5. o;/l l;h{gf x'g] d'2fdf lkm/fb klg aofgaf6 / k ltpq/ klg aofgaf6 g} k]z x'g5. / ;fy} c=a!#( g+ adf]lhd ;d]t lghaf6 epsf] aofgsf] cfwf/af6 ;d]t k ltafbl sfod u/l k ltpq/ ;/x g} dfgl d'2fsf] km};nf epsf] kfog5. To;} u/l ;/sf/jfbl km}fhbf/l d'2fdf klg aofgaf6 g} k ltpq/ nufog5. o;/l aofg ug'{kbf{ cfk\mgf] ;Dk"0f{ s'/f v'nfo{ ;f]sf] k df0f jf ;fifl ;d]t aofgdf g} pnn]v ug'{kb{5. o;/l df}lvs aofg ubf{ s'g} b:t"/ nfub}g. lnlvt k ltpq/ jf lnlvt hjfkm k]z ubf{ eg]?= %) b:t"/ nfub5. k ltpq/kq lbg] Dofb k ltpq/ jf hjfkm nufpg] ;do;ldf tf]lspsf] x'g5. d'n'sl P]g c=a %( g+ adf]lhd cbfntaf6 tf]lspsf] Dofbleq k ltpq/ lkm/fpg g;sg] sfa" aflx/sf] kl/l:yltsf sf/0f Dofbleq k ltpq/ k]z ug{ g;lsg] ep d'2fsf] k j[mlt cg';f/ yfdg] yk Dofb kfog5. h'g d'2f h'g sfo{ljlw cjndag ul/psf] xf] ;f]xl sfo{ljlwsf] cfwf/df Dofb ydfpg] sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] x'fbf ;fdfgo, ;+lifkt / ljz]if sfo{ljlw ckgfo{ bfo/ epsf ljjfbx?df ;f]xl sfo{ljlw cgtu{t / kmf}hbf/l d'2fsf] xsdf ;/sf/l d'2f ;DaGwL df n]lvpsf] Dofb ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/psf] x'g5. / c=a %( ^@ df n]lvp adf]lhd Dofb tf/]v yfldg] Joj:yf ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw cgtu{t bfo/ epsf] ljjfbdf ;f]xl adf]lhd ul/g] x'g5. o;y{ d'2fsf] k s[ltcg';f/ t/ ydfpg kfpg] Dofb ;d]t u'hf/l a;]df To;kl5 cfk\mgf s'/f tyf k df0f k]z ug{ kfofb}g. k ltpq/ g} k]z gu/]sf] d'2fdf epsf] km};nf lrq ga'em]df k ltjfbln] ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ klg kfpfb}g. t/ a]/ltk"0f{ Dofb tfd]n epsf sf/0f k ltjfbln] yfxf hfgsf/l gkfo{ Pj+ ;'gjfo{sf] df}sf gkfo{ s'g} km};nf epsf] /x]5 eg] To;/L km};nf epsf] ldltn] ^ dxlgfleq yfxf kfo{ yfxf kfpsf] #% lbgleq a]/ltk"0f{ Dofb tfd]n epsf] egg] ph'/l / k ltpq/kq ;d]t k]z u/]df a]/ltk"0f{ Dofb tfd]n epsf] b]lvg cfp km};nf ug{] cbfntn] k ltpq/kq btf{ u/l ;f] d'2fdf k'g ;'gjfo{ u/l km};nf ug'{kg{] Joj:yf d'n'sl P]g cbfntl g+= n] u/]sf] 5. k ltpq/kq n]vbf Wofg k'ofpg' kg]{ s'/fx? k ltpq/ k]z ubf{ ;fdfgotof jfbln] bfal u/]sf] s'/fx? g5'6fo{ l6kf]6 ug'{kb{5 / ;f]sf] a'fbfut?kdf hjfkm tof/ ug'{kb{5. k ltpq/ kq n]vg] JolQmn] vf;u/l jfblsf] bfalug{] xsb}of 5 5}g < sfg"g adf]lhdsf] If]qflwsf/ epsf] c8\8f jf cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] xf] xf]og < / bfal ul/psf] ljifodf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] xbdofbleq lkm/fb ph'/l btf{ epsf] 5 5}g < egg] s'/f oslg ug'{kb{5. ol ;Dk"0f{ sfg"gl tyf tyout s'/f oslg epkl5 ;k df0f a'fbfut?kdf k ltpq/kq tof/ u/l Dofbleq} ;DalGwt c8\8f cbfntdf btf{ u/fpg' kb{5. jfblsf] bfal s] xf] oslg ug'{kg{]. kifnfo{ jfblsf] bfal :ki6;fu a'emfo{ lghsf] egfo / k df0f dfu ug'{kg{]. bfalsf] v08g jf :jlsf/ s] ug{] xf] a'fbfut?kdf tof/ ug'{kg{]. cfkm"n] v08g u/]sf] tyonfo{ k'li6 ug{] k df0f pnn]v u/l k]z ug'{kg{]. xsb}of, xbdofb / If]qflwsf/ h:tf ljifodf v08g ug'{kg{] ep sfg"gl Joj:yf;lxt v08g ug{]. d'2f;fu ;DalGwt afx]s cgo tyo pnn]v gug{]. Dofbleq g} k ltpq/ kq k]z ug'{kg{]. cbfnt afx]s cgo k]z ug{] hjfkm jf k ltpq/kqsf] 9fFrf gtf]lspsf] x'fbf cgo c8\8f cbfntdf klg o;} 9fFrfnfO{ k of]u ug{ ;lsg]. 173

184 k ltpq/kqsf] ;fdfgo 9fFrf lhnnf cbfnt lgodfjnlsf] cg';"rldf 5 eg] lnlvt hjfkmsf] 9fFrf k'g/fj]bg Pj+ ;jf]{rr cbfnt lgodfjnlsf] cg';"rldf pnn]v 5. plnnlvt 9fFrfdf d'2fsf] k j[mlt x]/l ;fdfgo km]/abn ug{ ;lsg5. ug'{ gx'g] s'/fx? kifn] geg]sf jf eg] egbf pn6f] s'/f pnn]v u/l kifsf] lxt ljk/ltsf s'/f pnn]v ug'{ gx'g]. cfkm}+n] sfnklgs tyo agfo{ k :t't ug'{ gx'g]. cgfjzos d'2f ug{ ;Nnfx lbg gx'g]. abnfsf] efjgfnfo{ a9fjf lbg gx'g]. tyonfo{ cgfjzos pnemg agfo{ k]z ug{ gx'g]. kifsf] tkm{af6 k]z ug'{kg{] jf:tljs v08g 5'6fpg gx'g]. af6 k]z ug'{kg{] jf:tljs v08g 5'6fpg gx'g]. 174!= kl/rom sf]6{ kml Court Fee ;fdfgo cy{df sf]6{ kml eggfn] d'2fsf] kifn] cbfntdf a'emfpg' kg{] z'ns jf b:t"/ xf]. ;a} d'2fdf sf]6{ kml nfub}g. vf;u/l b]jfgl bfal epsf] d'2fdf sf]6{ kml nfug] ub{5. ck/fwsf] ljifo ;dfj]z g/x]sf ;a} ljifo b]jfgl x'g\. d'2fsf] kifn] bfal lnpsf] lauf] (Amount) df sf]6{ kml nfug] ub{5. ck/fwsf] ljifo ;dfj]z epsf] d'2fdf lauf]egbf klg ;hfo g} k d'v?kdf /x]sf] x'gfn] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf sf]6{ kml gnfug] elgpsf] xf]. ck/fwsf] lgogq0f /fhosf] st{jo Pj+ bflotjleq kg{] ljifo epsf]n] k fom kmf}hbf/l d'2fx? ;/sf/jfbl e} btf{ x'g5g\. cbfnt /fhos} Ps cª\u epsfn] ;/sf/n] bfo/ u/]sf d'2fdf cbfntn] s'g} b:t"/ z'ns lnfb}g To; sf/0f ;/sf/jfbl x'g] b]jfgl jf kmf}hbf/l b'j} d'2fdf sf]6{ kml nfub}g. sf]6{ kml d'vo?kdf ;DklQ;DaGwL d'2fdf bflvnf ug'{kg{] x'g5. rn jf crn s'g} klg ;DklQsf] bfal epsf] d'2fdf sfg"gn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] sf]6{ kml glt/l d'2f btf{ x'g jf rng ;Sb}g. d'2fdf sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug'{kg{] bflotj bfal stf{ -lkm/fbl, ph'/stf{, k'g/fj]bs, lgj]bs_ sf] /x] klg cgttm sf]6{ kml ltg{] lhddf d'2f xfg{] kifsf] g} x'g5. lhtg] kifn] bflvnf u/]sf] sf]6{ kml xfg{] kifaf6 lhtg]n] lkmtf{ lng -e/fo{ lng_ kfpg] x'fbf sf]6{ kmlnfo{ xfg{]n] ltg'{kg{] b:t"/ klg elgg5. sf]6{ kml /fvl d'2f btf{ ug{] JolQmn] d'2f xf of] eg] sf]6{ kml hkmt -e';_ x'g5. sf]6{ kml ;fdfgotof d'2f btf{ ubf{s} avt bflvnf ug'{kg{] xf] tfklg d'2fsf] k j[mlt cg';f/ sltko cj:yfdf d'2fsf] lg0f{o gx'fb} t sltko cj:yfdf d'2f km};nf eo{ sfof{gjog ug{] cj:yfdf ;d]t sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug'{kg{] x'g ;S5. sf]6{ kml gub g} e'qmfgl ug'{kb{5 o;sf] abnf s'g} a}+s Uof/]06L jf cgo s'g} hdfgt :jlsf/ x'fb}g. sf]6{ kml n] sf]6{ kml ;DaGwdf lj:t[t Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ;fy} sf]6{ kml ttsfn /fvg g;sg] kifnfo{ ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=af6 l;kmfl/; epdf cbfntn] kl/l:ylt x]/l c;qm JolQmx?sf] xsdf kl5 km};nf x'fbf /fvg] u/l cfb]z lbg] Joj:yf sf]6{ kml P]g tyf lhnnf cbfnt lgodfjnln] u/]sf] 5. / ;fy} sfg"gl ;fxfotf ;DaGwL n] ;d]t lhnnf sfg"gl ;fxfotf tyf g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;ozgaf6 ;d]t c;xfosf] nflu sf]6{ kml nufotsf] ;DaGwdf ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf] kl/efiff / jul{s/0fm sf]6{ kml sf] n] sf]6{ kml eggfn] o; P]gdf tf]lsp adf]lhd cbfntn] gflnz, ph'/ jf k'g/fj]bg ;fy lng] kml k'g/fjnf]sg jf l/lehg x'fbf lng] kml ;Demg' k5{ egl kl/eflift u/]sf] 5. o; P]gsf] kl/efiff cg';f/ cbfntdf h'g;'s} txdf sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug'{kg{] x'g;s5. To;} u/l o; P]gn] ;/sf/jfbl d'2fdf / kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf of] P]g nfu" x'g] 5}g egl JofVof u/]sf]n] ;/sf/jfbl b]jfgl jf kmf}hbf/l d'2f / JolQmjfbL kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf sf]6{ kml nfub}g. o; P]g adf]lhdsf] cbfnt eggfn] ;fdfgotof g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf tlg txsf lhnnf, k'g/fj]bg / ;jf{]rr_ cbfntnfo{ ;Demg' kb{5. t/ k rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd d'2f x]g{] clwsf/ k fkt h'g;'s} lgsfo jf clwsf/l cfkm}df cbfnt x'g] x'fbf tt\ lgsfo jf clwsf/ln] x]g{] d'2f ;DaGwdf nfug] b:t"/sf] 5'6\6} P]gn] 5'6\6} Joj:yf gu/]sf] ep o;} P]g adf]lhd sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug'{kg{] x'g5. h:t} C0f c;"nl GofofwLs/0f, /fhzj GofofwLs/0f, dwo:ytf P]g cgtu{t ul7t dwo:y cflbn] qmdzm C0f c;"nl GofofwLs/0f P]g lgod, /fhzj GofofwLs/0f Pj+ ;DalGwt s/ sfg"gadf]lhd / dwo:ytf P]g adf]lhdsf] b:t"/ bflvnf ug{ nufo{ d'2f x]g{] ub{5g\. t/ :yfglo lgsfon] s'g} d'2f x]g{] lhdd]jf/l kfpsf] epklg To:tf lgsfodf d'2f ubf{ o; P]g cgtu{tsf] sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug'{ kb{}g. o; cy{df sf]6{ kml eggfn] sf]6{ kml P]g jf ;DalGwt ljz]if P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd b]jfgl d'2fsf kifn] d'2f u/] jfkt cbfntdf bflvnf ug'{kg{] h'g;'s} z'ns jf b:t"/ egg] a'e\mg' kb{5. #= sf]6{ kmlsf] sfg"gl Joj:yf Pj+ jul{s/0fm sf]6{ kmlnfo{ ljlegg lsl;dn] jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5. d'2fsf] k j[mlt, d'2fsf kifsf] x}l;ot, d'2fsf] lsl;d, cflb.

185 s= d'2fsf] k j[mltsf cfwf/df.!= cª\s g} ls6fg epsf] sf]6{ kml sf]6{ kml sf] bkmf ^-v_ df?=!)). sf]6{ kml nfug] d'2fsf] ljj/0f lbopsf] 5. h; cg';f/ lauf] gv'n]sf] b]xfosf] d'2fdf lauf] cg';f/ sf]6{ kml gnful Psd'i6?=!)). sf]6{ kml nfug] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. s= c+z e/le/fo{ ul//xg' gkg{] c+zsf] cª\s;dd sfod u/l kfpf egg] d'2f, v= c+zsf] xs gnfug] u/l kfpmf egg] d'2f, u= c+zsf] olt efu kfpf5 egg] oslg u/l kfpmf egg] d'2f, 3= td;'s sfuhx? ab/ u/l kfpmf egg] d'2f, ª= 3/fozdf ul/lbpsf] /lhi6«]zg kf; ug'{kg{] sfuh kf; u/l lbpg u/fo{ kfpmf egg] d'2f, r= /;Lb e/kfo{ u/fo{ kfpmf egg] d'2f, 5= sfuh km f jf e/kfo{ lbpg egg] d'2f, h= huuf hdlg 3/ k;naf6 p7fo{ kfpf jf p7\g gkg{] u/l kfpmf egg] d'2f, em= bf]xf]/l u/l lbpg egg] d'2f, `= x/lx;fa u/fo{ kfpmf egg] d'2f, 6= affw, k}gl, s'nf] kfgl agfpg Nofpg kfpmf jf ;fd]n u/fo{ kfpmf egg] d'2f, 7= kfgln] huuf kfgl k6fpg lbpg egg] d'2f, 8= /f]n;fu kfgl k6fpg kfpf jf kfgl efu kfpf egg] d'2f, 9= lgsf;, af6f], emofn, 9f]sf v'nf u/fo{ kfpmf jf agb u/fo{ kfpmf egg] d'2f, 0f= e\mofn, 9f]sf, sf}zl lgsf; /fvg tyf ykg kfpmf jf agb u/fo{ kfpmf egg] d'2f, t= xs sfodsf] bfal glno{ gfd;f/l btf{ jf ;f] u/]sf] ab/ u/l kfpmf egg] d'2f, / y= lgif]wf1f d'2f. o;/l?=!)) sf]6{ kml nful btf{ epsf] d'2fdf k ltjfblsf] lhsl/af6 s'g} rn jf crn ;DklQsf] xsafx]s ug'{ kg{] epdf To;sf] lauf] sfod u/l nfug] yk sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug'{kg{] x'g cfpf5. ;DklQsf] kmff6jf/l pnn]v gu/l bfo/ epsf] c+z d'2fdf d'2f btf{ ubf{sf avt?=!)) sf]6{ kml nfu5 t/ cbfntaf6 tfobftl kmff6jf/l dfu e} ;DklQ ljj/0f cfpkl5 ;f]sf] lauf] sfod u/l gk'u sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug'{kg{] cª\s ls6fg gu/l lauf]sf cfwf/df nfug] sf]6{ kml sf]6{ kml P]gn]?=!)) nfug] egl tf]s]sf] afx]s lauf] b]lvg] cgo ;a} d'2fdf lauf]sf] cfwf/df sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug'{kb{5. lauf] lgdg adf]lhd sfod ul/g5. huufhdlg jf cgo crn ;DklQsf] xsdf /lhi6«]zg b:t"/ jf s/sf] /sd lgwf{/0f ug{] k of]hgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] d"nonfo{ lauf] sfod ul/g5. t/ To:tf] crn ;DklQ jf huufhdlg v/lblaqml epsf] /x]5 / v/lblaqml x'fbfsf] d"no s/ jf /lhi6«]zgsf] nflu tf]lspsf] d"noegbf a9l x'g] /x]5 eg] a9l d"no g} sfod ul/g]5. t/ s'g} d"no lgwf{/0f gepsf] / v/lblaqml ;d]t gepsf] cj:yfdf :yfglo jf k rlnt d"nonfo{ g} lauf] sfod u/l ;f] lauf]df sf]6{ kml nufog5. :yfglo ufpf ahf/df laqml b/efpm grn]sf] dfnsf] ;DaGwdf jfbln] sfod u/]sf] df]n lauf]sf] cª\snfo{ sf]6{ kmlsf] lauf] sfod ul/g5. To:t} ;'g rffbl hjfx/ftsf] :yfglo d"nodf ljjfb k/]df g]kfn /fi6«a}+s jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jls[lt k fkt a}+s jf ljqlo ;+:yfn] sfod u/]sf] d"no dfgo x'g5. tna, eqf, ls:tf, vfgf vr{, Ho'gL, dfgfrfdn lbpg lnpg jf lbg gkg{] u/l kfpmf egg] d'2fdf Ps ;fnsf] x'g cfpg] cª\snfo{ sf]6{ kmlsf] lauf] sfod ul/g]5. td;'s adf]lhdsf] ;ffjf Aofhsf xsdf lkm/fb bfo/ ubf{sf] ldlt;ddsf] Aofh;d]t hf]8l x'g cfpg] d"nosf cfwf/df sf]6{ kml nfu5. dfn j:t'sf] :yfglo d"no sfod ubf{ To:tf] dfnj:t' a'emfpg] 7fpF pnn]v u/l s/f/ lnvt u/]sf] ep ;f]xl 7fpFsf] / To:tf] gep d"no l5g]sf] jf dfnj:t' a'e\mg' kg{] 7fpFsf] :yfglo d"no sfod ul/g5. jfbln] v'nfpsf] lauf] 36L xf] egg] s'/f csf{] kifn] lhsl/ u/]df jf cbfntnfo{ nfu]df cfjzos hffra'em u/l lauf] sd b]vfpsf sf/0f gk'u x'g cfpsf] sf]6{ kml bflvnf u/fpg] clwsf/ cbfntnfo{ x'g]5. v= kifsf] x}l;otsf cfwf/df nfug] sf]6{ kml.!= jfbl k'g/fj]bsnfo{ nfug] sf]6{ kml sf]6{ kml z' d'2f bfo/ ubf{sf avt jfbln] g} bflvnf ug'{kb{5. t/ jfbln] sf]6{ kml /fvl bfo/ u/]sf] d'2f jfbln] xf/l k'g/fj]bg ug'{kg{] epdf z' cbfntdf /fv]sf] sf]6{ kml sf]!% k ltzt sf]6{ kml k'g/fj]bg txsf] cbfntdf a''emfpg' kb{5. t/ lauf]sf] cfwf/df sf]6{ kml gnful?=!)). sf]6{ kml nfug] d'2fdf jfbl xf/]sf] ep k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ;d]t?=!)). g} sf]6{ kml nfu5. 175

186 @= k ltjfbl k'g/fj]bsnfo{ nfug] sf]6{ kml z' txdf k ltjfbln] k ltjfb u/] jfkt k ltpq/ b:t"/ afx]s cgo sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug'{ kb}{g. t/ k ltjfbln] d'2f xf/]df eg] jfbln] d'2f bfo/ ubf{ tyf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ /fv]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sf]6{ kml km};nf sfof{gjogsf avt k ltjfbln] jfblnfo{ lkmtf{ e'qmfgl ug'{kb{5. sf]6{ kml /fvl btf{ epsf] d'2f z' cbfntaf6 k ltjfbln] xf/]df jfbln] /fv]sf] sf]6{ kml / ;f] sf]!% k ltzt yk sf]6{ kml g/fvl xfg{] k ltjfblsf] k'g/fj]bg btf{ x'g ;Sb}g. u= cbfntsf] txsf cfwf/df nfug] sf]6{ kml!= z' cbfntdf nfug] sf]6{ kml d'2f bfo/ ubf{sf avt jfbln] bflvnf ug'{kg{] sf]6{ kml o; ju{df k'g/fj]bg txdf nfug] sf]6{ kml jfbl jf k ltjfbln] z' txaf6 d'2f xf/l k'g/fj]bg ubf{sf avt a'emfpg' kg{] sf]6{ kml / ;jf{]rr cbfntaf6 d'2f bf]xf] ofpg] lg:;f k bfg epkl5 jf k'g/fjnf]sg sf] lg:;f k fkt epkl5 lg:;f k fkt ug{]n] a'emfpg' kg{] sf]6{ kml o; cgtu{t kb{5g\. klxnf] k'g/fj]bgsf xsdf dfly pnn]v ep adf]lhd kifsf cfwf/df ul/psf] jul{s/0f adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg txdf sf]6{ kml nfu5. ;jf{]rr cbfntdf bf]xf] ofo{ kfpfsf] lg:;f jf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg:;f k fkt epkl5 gflnz ubf{ bflvnf u/]sf] sf]6{ kml jf km};nfn] tf]s]sf] sf]6{ kmlsf]!) k ltzt /sd sf]6{ kml jfkt a'emfpg' kb{5. To;} u/l c+z d'2fdf z' cbfntaf6 c+zsf] kmff6jf/l glno{ jfbl bfal gk'ug] km};nf epsf]df k'g/fj]bg jf ;jf{]rr cbfntn] c+zsf] kmff6jf/l dfug] cfb]z lbpdf k fkt epsf] kmff6jf/l adf]lhdsf] lauf]df gk'u sf]6{ kml bflvnf u/fpfb5. 3= sf]6{ kml a'emfpg' kg{] ;dosf cfwf/df!= d'2f btf{ ubf{s} avt a'emfpg' kg{] sf]6{ kmlm ;fdfgotof ;a} d'2fdf d'2f btf{ ubf{ s} avt sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug'{kg{] x'g5. t/ s]xl cj:yfdf -o;kl5sf] jul{s/0f adf]lhdsf_ btf{sf avt sf]6{ kml gnfug] Joj:yf sf]6{ kml P]gn] u/]sf] 5. d'2f btf{ ubf{s} avt sf]6{ kml gnfug] egl sf]6{ kml P]gn] tf]s]sf d'2f afx]s ;Dk"0f{ d'2fdf d'2f btf{ ubf{s} avt sf]6{ kml a'emfpg' d'2fsf] sf/afxl x'fb}hffbf a'emfpg' kg{] sf]6{ kmlm c+z d'2fdf ;DklQsf] kmff6jf/l d'2fsf] sf/afxlsf] dwolt/ dfq bflvnf x'g] x'fbf z' df c+z d'2fdf?=!)) dfq bflvnf e} d'2f bfo/ epsf] x'g5. kl5 ag8f ug'{kg{] ;DklQsf] kmff6jf/l k]z epkl5 ;f]nfo{ lauf] dfgl sfod x'g cfpg] sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug'{ kg{] x'g5. To;} u/l s'g} rn jf crn ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf lauf]sf cfwf/df sf]6{ kml bflvnf geo{ btf{ epsf] d'2fdf kl5 bfalsf] ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf xs a]xs ug'{kg{] x'g cfp bfalsf] ;DklQsf] d"no vf]nl ;f] lauf]df sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug{ nufp/ dfq d'2fsf] sf/afxl x'g5. o;/l d'2fsf] sf/afxlsf avt sf]6{ kml bflvnf u/fpfbf btf{ x'fbfsf avt bflvnf epsf] sf]6{ kml s f u/l gk'u /sd dfq bflvnf ug'{kb{5. #= km};nf sfof{gjogsf avt a'emfpg' kg{] sf]6{ kmlm sf]6{ kml P]gsf] n] lgdg cj:yfdf s]xl jf ;a} sf]6{ kml kl5 lng] u/l gflnz, ph'/, k'g/fj]bg jf k'g/fjnf]sg jf d'2f bf]xf] ofpg] lgj]bg btf{ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. s= To:tf] gflnz, ph'/, k'g/fj]bg jf lgj]bg lbg] JolQm lgtfgt u/la eo{ nfug] sf]6{ kml ;a} jf s]xl a'emfpg c;dy{ 5 egg] d'2f x]g{] clws[t jf GofofwLznfO{ ljzjf; ug'{kg{] d'gfl;a cfwf/ epdf, v= ;f] JolQmsf] emu8f k/]sf] j:t' afx]s c? hfoh]yf s]xl ge} sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug{ c;dy{ 5 egl ;DalGwt ufpf ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfaf6 l;kmf/lz e} cfpdf jf d'2f x]g{] clws[t jf GofofwLznfO{ ;f] s'/fsf] ljzjf; ug'{kg{] s'g} d'gfl;a cfwf/ epdf. o:tf] cj:yf k/l s]xl dfq sf]6{ kml nful jf k"/} sf]6{ kml gnful bfo/ epsf] d'2fdf jfbl k'g/fj]bsn] lht]df nfug] sf]6{ kml k ltjfblaf6 bflvnf u/fog5. t/ o:tf] d'2f jfbln] xf/]df nfug] sf]6{ kml jfblaf6} c;"npk/ u/fog5. o; cj:yfdf bflvn ul/g] sf]6{ kml km};nf sfof{gjogsf] r/0fdf jf k'g/fj]bg gnfug] eo{ km};nf clgtd epkl5 bflvnf u/fog5. lauf]sf] lx;fan] sf]6{ kml nfug] cj:yfdf sf]6{ kml cª\s sfod ug{] t/lsf tyf sf]6{ kmlsf] b/ ;Dd lauf] ;Dd lauf] ep bf]; ;Ddsf] lgldq $ k ltzt!))))) ;Dd lauf] ep t]; f] &%))) ;Ddsf] lgldq # k ;Dd lauf] ep rf}yf]!%)))) ;Ddsf] k egbf a9l ep a9l c+z hltsf] lgldq! k ltzt 176

187 dfly pnn]v ep cg';f/ lx;fa ug{] t/lsf dfgf} d'2fsf] lauf]?= #,))))). 5 eg] o;sf] nfug] sf]6{ kmlm sf]?=!)) bf]; sf] $ k ltztn] x'g cfpg]?= (@) t]; f]?= &%))) sf] # k ltztn] x'g rf}yf]?=!%)))) k ltztn] x'gcfpg]?= #))) clxn];dd hddf sf] sf]6{ kml?= ^@&) x'g cfof]. ca affsl lauf]?=%)))). sf]! k ltztsf b/n] %)) x'g] x'fbf bflvnf ug'{kg{] hddf sf]6{ kml?= ^&&) x'g cfpf5. cgom sf]6{ kml nfug] d'2fdf d'2f vf/]h epdf jf bfal gk'ug] epdf klg jfblnfo{ ;hfo xf'b}g. sf]6{ kml nful btf{ epsf] d'2f ldnfkq ubf{ as;fpgl nfub}g. ldnfkq x'fbf cfwf sf]6{ kml lkmtf{ x'g5. To;} u/l sf]6{ kml nfug] d'2fdf jf/]; /fv] jfkt w/f}6l lnofb}g eg] km};nf sfof{gjogsf avt bzf}+b ljzf}+b / lhtfp/l nfub}g. s]jn c9fo{ k ltztsf b/n] e/le/fp jf rng jfktsf] b:t"/ nfub5. lhtg] jfbl k'g/fj]bsn] xfg{] kifaf6 sf]6{ kml lkmtf{ kfpg clgtd km};nf jif{leq b/vf:t lbg' kb{5. sf]6{ kml 36L nufpgsf nflu hfgl hfgl 36L lauf] b]vfpsf] ep sf]6{ kml sf] % k ltzt hl/jfgf x'g] Joj:yf sfg"gn] u/]sf] 5. /lhi6«]zg kfl/t ug{ sfg"gl afwotf gepsf 3/;f/sf n]gb]g td;"s cflbdf cfol6s6 b:t"/ adf]lhd k lt xhf/?= $ sf b/n] cfol6s6 6fF:g'kb{5. td;"s v8f ubf{sf avt cfol6s6 6fF; ul/psf] 5}g eg] ;f] td;"ssf cfwf/df gflnz ug'{kbf{ nfug] cfol6s6sf] kffr bf]aa/ cyf{t k lt cfol6s6 b:t"/ bflvnf u/]kl5 dfq gflnz ph'/ nfug ;S5. ghl/x?m xs sfodtkm{ sf]6{ kml g/fv]sf] egl vf/]h u/]sf] gldng], yk sf]6{ kml dful sf/afxl lsgf/f ug{ ;Sg]. g]sfk -@)$$_, cª\s *, k[= *^& sf]6{ kml bflvnf gu/]sf] egg] cfwf/af6 s'g} c+lzof/nfo{ c+zxsaf6 jl~rt ug{ gldng]. g]sfk -@)%@_, $= Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx?m cfkm"sxff cfpsf] d'2fdf lglzrt sf]6{ kml nfu5 jf lauf]sf cfwf/df nfu5 < d'2f btf{ ug'{k"j{ sf]6{ kmlsf] cª\s oslg u/l ;f]sf] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5. sf]6{ kml gub} bflvnf ug'{kb{5. e"njz sf]6{ kmlsf] cª\s 36L epdf cbfntn] cfb]z u/]sf avt gk'u sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug'{kb{5 eg] a9l bflvnf epsf] sf]6{ kml lkmtf{ x'g ;Sb5. jfbl k'g/fj]bsn] lht] lghn] /fv]sf] sf]6{ kml xfg{] k ltjfblaf6 e/fo{ lng kfpf5. u/la tyf ljjfbsf] ;DklQafx]s cgo ;DklQ gepsfsf] xsdf kl5 sf]6{ kml lng] u/l d'2f rng ;S5. ug{ gx'g] s'/fx?m hfgl hfgl 36L lauf] b]vfpg] tyf 36L sf]6{ kml bflvnf ug{]. lauf]sf cfwf/df sf]6{ kml nfug] d'2fnfo{?=!)) dfq sf]6{ kml /fvl d'2f bfo/ ug{]. sf]6{ kml ltg{ g;sg] kifnfo{ sf]6{ kml gep s} sf/0f d'2f g} bfo/ gu/llbo{ lkmtf{ k7fpg. 177

188 178!= kl/ro tyf kl/efiffm Dofb / Dofb tfd]nl Summons and Notification Dofb (Summons) eggfn] jfbl jf ph'/stf{n] d'2f btf{ ul/;s]kl5 cbfnt jf d'2f x]g{] clwsf/ln] d'2fsf] csf{] kifnfo{ cfk\mgf] s'/f eggsf nflu sfg"gn] ls6fgl u/]sf] ;do;ldf tf]sl k7fpg] ;"rgfnfo{ a'lemg5. c8\8f cbfntaf6 s;}sf gfpfdf Dofb k Kt epkl5 tf]lspsf] Dofbleq g} ;f] JolQm ;DalGwt c8\8f cbfntdf cfk\mgf] egfo / ;a"t k df0f;lxt pkl:yt x'g' kb{5. ;f] tf]lspsf] ;doleq cfk\mgf s'/f jf ;a"t k df0f;lxt pkl:yt gx'g] kifn] ;f] kzrft\ d'2fdf ;/Ls x'g kfpfb}g. Dofb d'2fsf] l;nl;nfdf clt dxîjk"0f{ efu xf]. cbfntl sf/afxl lglzrt ;do;ldfdf ;DkGg ug'{kg{] epsf]n] Dofb;DaGwL Joj:yf clgjfo{ epsf] xf]. Dofb u'hf/]sf]] sf/0fn] kifsf] xs;d]t hfg ;S5. d'2fsf] k ltjfblnfo{ k7fog] Dofb d'2fsf] k j[mlt cg';f/ km/s km/s x'g ;S5g\. o;/l ;do;ldf sl6fg ul/psf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt k ltjfblsf] hfgsf/ldf Nofpg] sfo{nfo{ Dofbtfd]nL elgg5. Dofb k7fpg] sfo{ljlw d'n'sl P]g Pj+ cgo ljz]if P]gx?df Jojl:yt 5g\. DofbnfO{ ljlegg t/lsfn] jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5, h:t} k ltpq/ lbg] Dofb, k'g/fj]bg Dofb, ;fifl ;h{dlgsf dflg;nfo{ pkl:yt x'g lbg] Dofb cflb. t/ o; zlif{scgtu{t k ltjfblnfo{ lbg] Dofb dfq ;fgble{s x'g] x'fbf ;f]sf] dfq rrf{ ul/psf] Dofbsf] lsl;d tyf sfg"gl Joj:yf d'bfsf] k j[mltsf cfwf/df DofbnfO{ lgdg adf]lhd jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5. s= ;fwf/0f sfo{ljlw ckgfog] d'2fsf] DofbM ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw sf] cg';"rl! df plnnlvt d'2f / ;fdfgotof! xhf/;dd lauf] jf df]n ;dfj]z epsf] b]jfgl d'2fafx]s cgo b]jfgl d'2f ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw cgtu{t kb{5g\. ;f] P]gsf] df plnnlvt d'2fdf hlt;'s} df]n lauf] ep klg tl d'2f ;fdfgo sfo{ljlwcgtu{t kb{5g\. ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw ckgfog] d'2fdf k ltjfblsf gfpfdf af6fsf] Dofbafx]s #) lbgleq pkl:yt x'g' egl Otnfogfdf Dofb hf/l ul/g5. o;/l hf/l ul/psf] #) lbg] Dofb u'h ]sf] cj:yfdf cbfntsf] cfb]zn] yk #) lbg yfdg kfog5. cbfntaf6 hf/l epsf] #) lbg] Dofb kifsf] sfa" aflx/sf] kl/l:yltn] u'h g uof] jf JotLt eof] eg] k ltpq/;lxt Dofb yfdl kfpg 5'6\6} lgj]bg k]z u/]kl5 cbfntn] yk #) lbgsf] Dofb k bfg u/l k ltpq/ kq btf{ u/l k ltjfblnfo{ d'2fdf ;/Ls u/fpf5. v= ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw ckgfog] d'2fsf] DofbM dfly pnn]v u/]adf]lhd ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw n] tf]s]sf] pqm P]gsf] cg';"rl! df ;dfj]z epsf d'2f / df ;dfj]z ul/psf d'2fafx]s! xhf/;dd df]n lauf] ;dfj]z epsf] d'2f ;lifkt sfo{ljlw P]gsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfo{ k'k{if ul/g5. o; P]gcGtu{t bfo/ epsf d'2fdf k ltjfblsf cbfntdf pkl:yt ep t'?gt lghsf] aofg lng] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. t/ k ltjfbln] ttsfn aofg ug{ OGsf/L u/l k ltpq/ k]z ug{ rfx]df jf lgh k ltjfbl cbfntdf pkl:yt gepdf lghsf gfpfdf & lbg] Dofb hf/l ul/g5. Dofbsf] ;fydf lghpk/ k/]sf] ph'/l / ;f]sf] k df0f;d]t Psk lt k7fpg' kb{5. d'2f PstkmL{ vf/]h gx'g] epsf] # lbgleq Dofb hf/l ul/;sg' kg{] / tfd]n ug{] sd{rf/ln] ;d]t af6fsf lbgleq tfd]n ul/;sg' kg{] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. o; P]gn] u'h ]sf] Dofb ;fdfgotof gydfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. t/ kifsf] sfa"egbf aflx/sf] kl/l:yltn] ubf{ Dofb u'h ]sf] egg] cbfntnfo{ nfu]df!% lbg Dofb yfdg ;lsg5. o; P]gcGtu{t rn]sf] b]jfgl d'2fsf] k ltjfbln] Dofbleq k ltjfb ug{ g;sg] s'g} ljzj;glo sf/0f epdf lghsf Psf3/sf ;Fusf xsjfnfn] ;f] Dofb e'qmfg epsf] & lbgleq k ltjfblsf] tkm{af6 v08g jf k df0f k]z ug{ ;S5. o; P]gcGtu{t hf/l x'g] Otnfogfdf Dofb cg';"rl # adf]lhdsf] x'g5. hf/l epsf] Dofb k ltjfbl jf lghsf] Psf3/;Fusf kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:o km]nf k/];dd lghnfo{ tfd]n ug'{kb{5. To:tf] sf]xl km]nf gk/]df jf 3/åf/ g} kqf gnfu]df ;DalGwt ufpf ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] ;b:o jf k ltlglw jf s'g} b'o{hgf :yfglo JolQm /f]xj/df /fvl u fdl0f If]q ep ufpf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf / gu/kflnsf ep ;DalGwt j8fsf] s'g} ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf 6fF;L lbpdf /Ltk"j{s tfd]n epsf] dflgg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. t/ jfbln] unt 7]ufgf n]vfpsf] ep To;/L 6fF; epsf] Dofb /Ltk"j{s tfd]n epsf] dflgg] 5}g. u= ljz]if cbfnt P]]gsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg] d'2fsf] DofbM ljlegg P]gx?df ;f] P]g cgtu{tsf d'2fdf ljz]if cbfnt P]gsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg] egl n]lvpsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf d'2fx? / ljz]if cbfnt cgtu{tsf d'2fx?df of] sfo{ljlw ckgfog5. o; sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf k ltjfblnfo{ Dofb k7fpfbf ljb]zdf /x]sf] ep af6fsf] Dofbafx]s #) lbg / :jb]z d} /x]sf] k ltjfblsf] xsdf af6fsf] Dofbafx]s!% lbgsf] Dofb lbog5. o;/l lbpsf] Dofb sfa" aflx/sf] kl/l:ytln] u'h g up!% lbg;dd yfdg ;lsg5. o; sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf ljb]zdf /x]sf] k ltjfblsf] g]kfnl:yt s'g} sfof{no jf k ltlglw ep ;f]xl :yfgdf g} Dofb tfd]n ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5. ljb]zl k ltjfblsf] g]kfnl:yt sfof{no jf k ltlglw gep k ltjfbln] sf/f]af/ ug{] d'vo :yfg jf lghn] :yfol a;f]af; ug{] 7]ufgf jf sf/f]af/ ubf{sf] avt kqfrf/sf] nflu lghn] lbpsf] s'g} 7]ufgf /x]5 eg] To:tf] 7]ufgfdf 6]n]S;, 6]lnkmofS; jf clen]v x'g ;Sg]

189 b"/;~rf/sf cgo s'g} dfwoddfkm{t jf /lhi6«l u/l x'nfsdfkm{t Dofb tfd]n ug{ ;lsg5. s'g} k ltjfblsf] 7]ufgf kqf gnfu]sf] sf/0f Dofb tfd]n x'g g;s]df /fi6«lo:t/sf] ;dfrf/kqdf -ljb]zlsf] xsdf cª\u ]hl b}lgsdf_ k6s ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k sfzg epdf Dofb tfd]n epsf] dflgg5. Dofb tfd]n ug{] sd{rf/ln] af6fsf lbgleq Dofb tfd]n ul/;sg' kb{5. plnnlvt egbf afx]s Dofb tfd]nl sfo{ljlw ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw ckgfpg] d'2fsf] h:t} x'g5. ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw cgtu{t Dofb tfd]nl k lqmofm ;DalGwt JolQm lrg]sf] ep hxff km]nfk/] klg lghnfo{ a'emfpg]. To:tf] gep lghsf] 3/ 8]/fdf u} dflg; lrgl lghnfo{, lgh km]nf gk/], lghsf] Psf3/sf] pd]/ k'u]sf s'g} JolQmnfO{ / a'eml lng gdfg]df 3/8]/fsf] 9f]sfdf 6fF; ug{]. 3/8]/fdf u} Dofb a'emfpfbf jf 6fF; ubf{ ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf g=kf=sf] ;lrj jf ;b:o / b'o{hgf :yfglo enfbdl ;fifl /fvl lghx?nfo{ ;xl u/fpg' kb{5. Dofb 6fF; u/]sf] xsdf Dofbsf] t]; f] k lt ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf g=kf=df klg a'emfpsf] x'g' kb{5. s'g} sdkgl skf{]/]zg jf cgo ;ª\ul7t ;+:yfnfo{ Dofb tfd]n ubf{ To; avt d'vo e} sfd ug{] d}g]lhª\ 8fO/]S6/, 8fO/]S6/ jf c? sd{rf/lnfo{ tfd]n u/] x'g5. ;/sf/l sfof{no jf ;ª\ul7t ;+:yfsf] gfddf jf To:tf] sfof{no jf ;+:yfdf sfdug{] sd{rf/lsf] gfdsf] Dofb x'nfsaf6 k7fo{ tfd]n ug{ ;lsg5 t/ ;f]sf] kx'fr /;Lb bflvnf ug'{kb{5. ;/sf/l sfof{no jf ;ª\ul7t ;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/l jf To:tf ;+:yfsf] s'g} ;b:o jf kbflwsf/lsf] gfdsf] Dofb a'lemglnpdf jf lgh sfof{nodf km]nf gk/]df sfof{nodf klg a'emfpg ;lsg5. To;/L a'emfpfbf lghn] ga'em]sf] jf lgh km]nf gk/]sf]n] To;/L a'emfpg' k/]sf] Joxf]/f n]vfo{ NofPsf]df /Ltk"j{s tfd]n epsf] dflgg]5. t/ sfof{nodf pkl:yt gepsfsf] xsdf lgh sfof{nodf pkl:yt epsf] lbgnfo{ g} Dofb tfd]n epsf] lbg dflgg5. ljb]zdf /x]sf] k ltjfblsf] g]kfnl:yt s'g} sfof{no jf k ltlglw ep ;f]xl :yfgdf g} Dofb tfd]n ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5. ljb]zl k ltjfblsf] g]kfnl:yt sfof{no jf k ltlglw gep k ltjfbln] sf/f]af/ ug{] d'vo :yfg jf lghn] :yfol a;f]af; ug{] 7]ufgf jf sf/f]af/ ubf{sf] avt kqfrf/sf] nflu lghn] lbpsf] s'g} 7]ufgf /x]5 eg] To:tf] 7]ufgfdf 6]n]S;, 6]lnk\mofS; jf clen]v x'g ;Sg] b"/;~rf/sf cgo s'g} dfwoddfkm{t jf /lhi6«l u/l x'nfsdfkm{t Dofb tfd]n ug{ ;lsg5. s'g} JolQmsf gfpfdf hf/l epsf] Dofb lghsf] jf/]; jf ;f] sfdsf nflu clwsf/ kfpsf sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ klg /Lt k' ofo{ tfd]n ug{ ;lsg5. cfkm" pk/ d'2f k/]sf] hfgsf/l x'g cfpdf k ltjfbln] cfk\mgf] gfpfsf] Dofb cbfnt s} /f]xj/df klg a'e\mg ;S5. To;sf nflu gful/stf k df0fkq;lxt lgj]bg lbg'kg{] x'g5. 3/åf/sf] kqf gepsf] dlg;nfo{ Dofb tfd]n ug'{kbf{ ufpf, zx/, 6f]n pnn]v epsf] ep ;f]xl 7fFpdf / ;f] klg gep c8\8fsf] ghls ;a}n] b]vg] 7fpFdf Dofb 6fFl;lbg' kb{5. plnnlvt ltg} lsl;dsf sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf d'2fdf d'= P]= c=a+=!#( g+= adf]lhd dflg; a'e\mbf cbfntn] cjlw tf]sl Dofb hf/l ub{5. o;/l Dofb hf/l ul/psf] JolQm cbfntdf pkl:yt e} aofg ul/;s]kl5 lgh k ltjfbl ;/x b]lvp k ltjfbl sfod u/l tf/]vdf /flvg5. Dofb yfdg] Joj:yfM kifsf] cfk\mgf] sfa" aflx/sf] kl/l:yltn] tf]lspsf] Dofb u'h g upsf] cj:yfdf ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf d'n'sl P]g c=a+= %( g+= adf]lhd #) lbg yfdg ;lsg5 eg] ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf u'h ]sf] Dofb ;f]xl P]gsf] bkmf *-s_ adf]lhd!% lbg yfdg kfog5. To;} u/l ljz]if cbfnt P]g sf] sfo{ljlw ckgfog] d'2fdf klg u'h ]sf] Dofb!% lbg yfdg kfog5. d'n'sl P]g c=a+=%( g+= adf]lhdsf] Dofb #) lbg yfdl ;s]kl5 klg k'g Ps} k6s jf # k6s;dd u/l hddf #) lbg tf]/]v 5'6\6} yfdg kfog5. t/ ljz]if cbfnt P]gsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfog] d'2fdf eg] Dofb jf tf/]v jf b'j} u/l hddf!% lbg Psk6s dfq yfdg kfog5. ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf Ps} k6s jf b'o{ k6s;dd u/l u'h ]sf] Dofb jf tf/]v!% lbg;dd yfdg kfog5. jf o;afx]s d'n'sl P]g cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] ^@ g+=!&% g+= adf]lhd klg ;f] g+= x?df jl0f{t cj:yf cfok/] Dofb yfdg kfog5. Dofbdf xflh/ x'g'kg{] dflg;sf] sf]xl d/l lqmof a:g' k/] lqmof ;dfkt epsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s!% lbg;dd. Dofbdf xflh/ x'g'kg{] dlxnf ;'Ts]/L epdf af6fsf Dofb afx]s #% lbg;dd. Dofbdf xflh/ x'g'kg{] dflg; d/]df, af}nfxf ep jf a]kqf ep ;f] epsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s #% lbgleq lghsf b}ofbf/n] ;sf/ ug{ kfpg]. To;} u/l Dofbdf xflh/ x'g'kg{] dflg; sfhdf v6l updf Dofb tf/]v u'h ]sf] ldltn] #% lbgleq ;f] Joxf]/f hgfo{ Dofb ydfo{ lng kfpf5. To;} u/l vf]nf], klx/f] jf lxpfn] af6f] agb eo{ jf sk\mo{"sf] 3f]if0ff epsf] jf cgo s'g} Joxf]/fn] oftoftsf] ;fwg grn]sf] sf/0faf6 jf e"sdk cflb b}jlk sf]k k/]sf] sf/0fn] Dofb u'h g up ;f] Joxf]/fsf] ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=, g=kf= jf ;/sf/l sfof{noaf6 lg:;f lno{ af6f] v'n]sf] jf oftoftsf] ;fwg rn]sf] jf b}jlk sf]k k/]sf]df ;f] epsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s!) lbgleq xflh/ ep Dofb yfdg ;lsg5. ghl/x?m ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw P]gcGtu{tsf] d'2fdf c=a+=%( g+= nufo{ Dofb jf tf/]v yfdg gldng]. -;=c= jif{! cª\s!% k[=!_ 179

190 >d adf]lhd sfo{ljlwdf Dofb tf/]v yfdg ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw P]g sf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g]. -;=c= a'n]l6g jif{ (, cª\s! k[i7!#_ Dofb tfd]nl ldltaf6 c=a+= %( g+= adf]lhd Dofb ydfo{ c=a+= g+= adf]lhd d'2f ;sf/ u/fo{ c+z d'2fdf k ltpq/ kq btf{ ul/lbg' egl k/dfb]z hf/l. ;=c= a'n]l6g jif{ (, cª\s!# hful/sf] s'/fdf sd{rf/l d/]kl5 d'2f ;sf/ u/fpg gkg{]. g]sfk -@)#*_ cª\s ( k[=!. #= Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx?m ug{ x'g] ug{ gx'g] sfg"gl lnvt tof/ ubf{ hlxn] ;'s} jf:tljs gfd 7]ufgf pnn]v ug'{kg{]. a]/ltk"0f{ Dofb tfd]n epsf] ep ab/ u/fpg' kg{]. sfg"gn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] Dofb -;do_ pknaw u/fp gu/fpsf] oslg ug'{kg{]. tf]lspsf] Dofbleq sfuhft tof/ u/l cbfntdf pkl:yt x'g'kg{]. sy+sbflrt Dofb u'h ]sf] cj:yfdf yfdg ydfpg ;lsg]. Dofb affsl 5Fb} cbfntdf pkl:yt x'g] Pj+ k ltpq/ nufpg]. unt gfd 7]ufgf n]vl Dofb tfd]n u/fpg. Dofb affsl 5Fb} 5 egl lagf sf/0f sfd l9nf] ug{. sf/0f g} gk/l Dofb ydfp/ dfq cbfnt k j]z ug{. em' f sf/0f b]vfo{ Dofb yfdl lng. a]/ltk"0f{ tfd]n epsf] Dofbsf cfwf/df Dofb u'lh of] egl kifnfo{ kmsf{pg. Dofb u'hf/l a:g. ldnfkq Conciliation 180 kl/ro s'g} klg txsf c8\8f cbfnt, Goflos jf cw{goflos lgsfodf ljrf/fwlg ljjfbdf b'j}] kifsf] cfk;l ;xdltadf]lhd ljjfbnfo{ :yfol tj/n] lgk6f/f ul/g] sfg"gl k lqmof ldnfkq xf]. xfdlx?sf] Goflos Oltxf; 5f]6f] eptf klg ljjfbnfo{ ;N6fOg] k lqmof ljutsf] sfg"gl Joj:yfdf ;d]t /x] epsf] kfog5. Gofonosf] Joj:yf gepsf] a]nfdf klg cfk;l ;xdlt h'6fo{ ;dfhsf cu'jfx?af6 uffp ;dfhdf ldnfkq x'g] / s]xl c f cbfntdf ljrf/fwlg ljjfb Goflos af6f]af6 ldnfkq x'g] u/]sf] kfog5. sfg"gadf]lhd epsf] ldnfkq o:tf] ljlw xf] h;n] Ps k6s ljjfb lgk6f/f ul/;s]kl5 ;bfsf nflu ljjfb ;dfwfg x'g5. cfhef]ln d]nlknfk ;d]t sfg"gl Joj:yfsf]?kdf ;+zf]wg eo{ lgodfjnldf cfo;s]sf] x'fbf ldnfkq / d]nldnfk kl/k"/s /x]sf 5g\. d]nldnfksf] ;DaGwdf xfdl cnu zlif{sdf 5nkmn ug]{5f}f. o; zlif{sdf d'n'sl P]g c=a=!*@ g+ df epsf] ldnfkq;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf pnn]v ul/psf] 5. kl/efiff d'n'sl P]g c=a=!*@ g+ adf]lhd >L g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf, / 3';sf] gflnz gk/]sf] ep klg c? k/]sf] d'2fdf jfbl k ltjfblaf6 jf k df0fnfo{ k]z epsf] sfuhaf6 ;/sf/l sd{rf/ln] 3'; vfp dfu]sf] s'/f b]lvg cfpsf] 3'; d'2fdf klg ldnfkq x'g ;Sb}g. ;f] afx]s c? u}/d'2fdf km};nf gep;dd h'g ;'s} txdf klg emul8ofn] cfkm" ldng] epsf] Joxf]/fsf] b/vf:t n]vl d'2f k/]sf] c fdf lbg' kb{5 / ;f] adf]lhd b/vf:t n]vl NofPdf emul8ofnfo{ dtna kl/0ffd ;d]t a'emfo{ b'j} yl/n] n]lvpadf]lhd 5 egl dgh'/l u/]df ldnfkq k9l ;'gfo{

191 ;lx5fk u/fo{ ldnfkq u/fpg' kb{5. ;f] adf]lhd epsf] ldnfkq df ldnfkq adf]lhd ul/lbpg egg] afx]s ldnfkqdf lrq a'em]g egg] ph'/ nfug ;Sb}g. dxîjk"0f{ kifx? ldnfkq gx'g] d'2fx? g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fx?, 3'; d'2fdf / 3';sf] gflnz gk/]sf] ep klg c? k/]sf] d'2fsf jfbl k ltjfblaf6 jf k df0fnfo{ k]z epsf] sfuhaf6 ;/sf/l sd{rf/ln] 3'; vfpsf] dfu]sf] b]lvg cfpsf] 3'; d'2fdf, / ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] sf] adf]lhd u}/;/sf/l JolQmsf] ;DklQ;DaGwL ljifodf c;/ kg]{ epdf d'2f lkmtf{ lng ldnb}g. ldnfkq x'g] d'2fx? ;f] afx]sdf cgo d'2fx? ldnfkq x'g ;Sb5. ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl s] adf]lhd cg';"rl! adf]lhd lkmtf{ x'g] / ;f]xl P]gsf] adf]lhd ldnfkq ug{ ;lsg] d'2fx? -o;/l ldnfkq epsf] d'2fx?df as;f}gl nfub}g _ ldnfkq gx'g] cj:yf l/6 d'2fx?df ldnfkq x'g ;Sb}g. jfbl bfalegbf a9l ljifodf ldnfkq x'g ;Sb}g o;y{ jfbl bfaldf ;Lldt /xl ldnfkq ug{ ;lsg5. b'o{ kif ldnl ;fj{hlgs ;DklQdf c;/ kg]{ u/l ldnfkq ug{ g;lsg]. ldnfkq ubf{ jfl/;dfkm{t dfq ug{ g;lsg] ;f] ;DaGwdf kif :jod\ pkl:yt eo{ d'2f ;sf/ u/l ldnfkq ug{ ;lsg5 jf h'g ljifodf h'g zt{df ldnfkq ug]{ ;f] bvf{:tdf n]lvp adf]lhdsf] zt{x? dgh'/gfdfdf v'nfo{ dfq dgh'/gfdf af6 jfl/; jf cgo sf]xlaf6 ;d]t ldnfkq ug{ ;lsg5. -t/ sfg"gdf Joj:yf gep klg ;DaGwljR5]b d'2fdf eg] lgtfgt JolQmut ljifo epsfn] Gofostf{n] o; d'2fdf ldnfkqdf cfpfbf jf s]xl ;+j]bgzln c+z d'2fdf kifnfo{ pkl:yt u/fo{ dfq ldnfkqsf] cfb]z lbg ;Sg] x'g5_. k'g/fj]bg tyf k'g/fjnf]sg txdf ljrf/fwlg d'2fx?df c=a=@)@ g+ adf]lhd emul8of glemsfopsf] tyf lg:;f k fkt gepsf] cj:yfdf ldnfkq x'g g;sg] t/ Jojxf/df b'j]} kifsf] lgj]bg kg{ cfpdf dfq ldnfkqsf] nflu Gofostf{n] cfb]z lbg ;Sg] tyf ;f] adf]lhd epdf ldnfkq x'g ;Sb5. ldnfkq ab/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf / tt\;dagwl ghl/ l;4fgt ;fdfgotof ldnfkq epkl5 ldnfkq adf]lhd u/l glbpdf afx]s ul/psf] ldnfkq ab/df gflnz nfug ;Sb}g egg] sfg"gl Joj:yf c=a=!*@ g+ df epsf] kfog5. t/ ldnfkq x'fbf t]; f] kifsf] xs hfg] u/l epsf] ldnfkq tyf a]/ltsf c=a=*^ g+ adf]lhd ab/ u/]sf] kfog5. ;Ddflgt cbfntdf k/]sf] o:tf ljjfbx?sf] ;DaGwdf k ltkflbt ghl/ l;4fgt lgdg cfwf/df ag]sf] kfog5 M g]sfk -@)#!_ -dgh'/gfdf a]u/ jfl/;gfdfaf6 epsf] ldnfkq ab/ epsf]_ k[i7 ^! -ldnfkqsf] Joxf]/fdf dtna kl/0ffd ;Demfpg] a'emfpg] sfo{ gepsf] x'fbf ab/ epsf] k[i7 ($ -cglws[t tj/n] sfaf{xl u/l ldnfkq u/]sf] ab/ x'g]_ k[i7 &! -Pp6} d;laf6 n]lvpsf], af/ ut] gn]lvpsf] ldndkq ab/ epsf]_ k[i7 ^! -d'2f k/]sf] ljifoegbf aflx/ epsf] ldnfkq ab/ epsf]_ -w]/} k ltjfbl epsf]df Pp6f;Fu ldnfkq epdf affslsf] xsdf km};nf ug'{ kb{5_ k[i7!%& -huufdf xsg} gepsf] dflg;;fu huuf 5f]l8lbg] u/l epsf] ldnfkq ab/ epsf] kfog5_ k[i7 (&@ -u'7lsf]!! g+ adf]lhd xs 5fl8lbg gldng] df u/]sf] ldnfkq ab/ epsf]_ k[i7 $#* -afa' 5Fb} afa'n] u/]sf] ldnfkqdf 5f]/fn] ab/df gflnz ug]{ xsb}of g/x]sf]_ ldnfkq ab/sf] ;DaGwdf xbdofbsf] Joj:yf -c=a=*^_ c=a=!*@ g+ adf]lhd epsf] ldnfkqaf6 sf]xl t]; f] kifsf] xs lxt hfg] u/l jf a]/ltsf] ldnfkq epsf] /x]5 eg] c;/ kg]{ kifn] c=a=*^ g+ adf]lhd ldnfkq epsf] tyo yfxf kfpsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq gflnz hfg' kb{5. 181

192 ldnfkqdf as;f}gl;dagwl Joj:yf c=a=!*# d'n'sl P]g c=a!*# g+ df ldnfkq ubf{ b]jfgl d'2fdf sf]6{ kml /xg] x'fbf as;f}gl nfub}g / sf]6{ kml g/fv]sf] d'2fdf as;f}gl nfug] ub{5. c=a=!*# sf] sf] b]xfo! df k df0f a'lempsf] cj:yf / ga'lempsf] cj:yfdf a9l 36L /x]sf] kfog5. / as;f}gl lauf]sf] lx;faaf6 lnog] ul/g5. c=a=!*# g+ adf]lhd lgdg adf]lhdsf] as;f]glsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5 M z' txsf] d'2fdf ep jfbl k ltjfbl sf ;fydf k]z epsf] k df0f afx]s c? k df0f s]xl ga'lempsf] ep b]xfodf n]lvpsf] cª\ssf] ;os8f Ps, c? k df0f ;d]t a'em]sf] ep ;os8f tlg / jfbl k ltjfbldf n]lvpsf] u}/k df0f a'lem;sl l5gg dfq affsl ep ;f] cª\ssf] ;os8f kffr as;f}gl nfub5 M c=a=!*# sf] b]xfo!, lauf]sf] k df0f epsf]df jfbln] kqm]sf] lauf]sf] cª\ssf], lauf]sf] k df0f geo{ jfblsf] ph'/ladf]lhd s}b x'g]df ;f] x'g ;Sg] s}bsf] dxlgf Pssf] k}tfnl;?koffsf] b/n] x'g]?koffsf] cª\ssf] ==== c=a=!*# sf] s}b geo{ hl/dfgf dfq x'g]df ;f] hl/dfgfsf] cª\ssf] ================ b]xfo #, k'g/fj]bg tnnf] txsf] km};nfn] nfu]sf] s}b afktsf] dxlgfsf] $%?koffsf b/n], / dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgvgg] ;DaGwdf /lhi6]«zgsf] #%-$_ adf]lhd ;os8f! k ltzt a'emfpg' kb{5. gf]6m o;/l as;f}gl lnfbf b'j} yl/af6 cfwf cfwf lng] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. ldnfkqsf] sfof{gjog c=a=!*$ ldnfkq eo;s]kl5 ldnfkq ul/lbg] lgsfo af6 % lbgleq ldnfkqsf] nflu n]vl k7fpg' kb{5 / o;l/ n]lvk7fpdf ldnfkq sfg"g adf]lhd ug{' kb{5. ldnfkq ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f dgh'/gfdf ep gepsf] jfbl bfaldf ;Lldt ep gepsf] ;fj{hlgs lxtdf c;/ kg]{ jf gkg]{ /Lt k'u] gk'u]sf] w]/} k ltjfblx? epsf] d'2fdf s]xl;fusf] dfq ldnfkq x'g epdf cgosf] xsdf c;/ kg]{ gkg]{ Vofn ug]{ cglws[t ldnfkq xf] jf xf]og < 182

193 km};nf / km};nf sfof{gjog Decision & Execution!= kl/ro tyf jul{s/0fm ljjfbsf] ljifodf k rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd d'2fsf kifx?sf] bfal lhsl/ / ;DalGwt k df0fsf] d"nofª\sg u/l s'g} s'/f x'g] jf gx'g] egl clwsf/ k fkt cbfnt jf clwsf/ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o g} km};nf xf]. km};nf ljlegg lsl;dsf] x'g5. d'2fsf b'j} kifsf] s'/f ;'gl d'2f x]g{] clvtof/ k fkt clwsf/l jf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf g} jf:tljs km};nf xf]. o; ;DaGwdf Goflos jf cw{goflos lgsfoaf6 sfg"g adf]lhd clvtof/ kfo{ d'2fsf kifsf] ;DaGwdf d'v gldn]sf] ljifodf ul/g] OG;fkm lg0f{o g} km};nf xf]. d'2fsf] sf/afxlsf] l;nl;nfdf jfbln] tf/]v u'hf/l yfdg] ydfpg] Dofb;d]t JotLt eo;s]sf] ep k ltjfbln] jfblsf] bfal k"/} jf cf+lzs :jlsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf :jlsf/ u/]sf] xb;dd OG;fkm u/l OGsf/ u/]sf] xb;dd l8;ld; km};nf x'g5. t/ c+z d'2fdf jfbln] tf/]v u'hf/] klg d'2f l8;ld; x'fb}g, 7x/] adf]lhdsf] km};nf x'g5. l8;ld; km};nf epdf jfblnfo{ ;hfo ;d]t x'g5. l8;ld; km};nf pk/ csf{] gflnz nfub}g / k'g/fj]bg klg ug{ kfofb}g. t/ a]/lt;fu l8;ld; epsf] ep ;f] xb;dd k'g/fj]bg nfu5. jfblsf] d'2f lbg] xsb}of g} gepsf] jf xbdofb gf3l bfo/ x'g cfpsf] jf clwsf/if]q gepsf] cbfntdf bfo/ epsf] d'2f vf/]h x'g5 h;nfo{ vf/]hl km};nf elgg5. ;j{:j;lxt hgds}b jf hgds}b x'g] 7x/ km};nf epsf]df d'2fsf] kifn] k'g/fj]bg gu/] klg km};nf ug{] cbfnt :jo+n] ;f] km};nf :jls[ltsf] nflu k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntdf k7fpg] sfo{nfo{ ;fws hfx]/ elgg5. o;/l ;fws hfx]/ eo{ cfpsf] d'2fdf ul/psf] km};nfnfo{ ;fws km};nf elgg5. d'n'sl P]g c=a=!&(,!*% g+ km};nf ug]{ cfwf/ tyf ljlw cyf{t\ km};nfdf v'nfpg' kg]{ s'/fx?, c=a=!*%s g+ adf]lhd s'g} Ps kif xflh/ gepsf] jf k ltjfbl xflh/ gepsf] cj:yfdf s] s;/l km};nf ug]{ egg] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/psf] 5 eg] c=a=!*% v,!*^, /!** g+ adf]lhd Gofostf{n] ;hfodf yk36 ug]{ ;Sg] sfg"gl Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5. / c=a=!*( g+ df z''? tyf k'g/fj]bg km};nfsf] 9fFrfsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. km};nfsf] ;DaGwdf c=a=!(),c=a=!(!,!(@ df jf/g6 hf/l epsf] kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf w]/} k ltjfbl tyf xflh/ gepsf] k ltjfbl epsf] cj:yfdf ul/g] km};nfsf] ;DaGwdf pnn]v u/]sf] tyf ca!(# g+ df km};nf ;'lgkfpsf] tyf hgfpsf] k lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ;fdfgotof s'g} d'2fdf km};nf epkl5 ;f] pk/ sfg"g adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg nfug] ep k'g/fj]bg ug'{kb{5, t/ ;f]xl ljifodf k'gm ;f]xl cbfntdf d'2f nfug ;Sb}g. Psk6s km};nf e};s]kl5 k'gm ;f]xl ljifodf d'2f btf{ ug{ ldnb}g egg] Gofo k zf;gsf] :yflkt dfgotf xf] h;nfo{ k fªgofosf] l;4fgt elgg5. vf;u/l s'g} JolQmn] s'g} JolQm pk/ s'g} ljifodf Ps k6s d'2f u/l km};nf eo;s]kl5 ;f]xl JolQmn] ;f]xl JolQmpk/ ;f]xl ljifoj:t'df k'gm d'2f ug{ gkfog] l;4fgt g} k fªgofosf] l;4fgt xf]. d'n'sl P]g cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] *% g+= n] o; l;4fgtnfo{ :jlsf/ u/]sf] 5 / To;/L d'2f ug{af6 /f]s nufpsf] kfog5. t/ s'g} b'o{ jf ;f]egbf a9l kif eo{ d'2f u/l ;f] d'2faf6 km};nf jf ldnfkq ubf{ u/fpfbf t]; f] JolQmsf] xs xgg epsf] jf xs hfg] sfo{ epsf] ep ;f] ldnfkq jf km};nf ab/ u/l kfpg t]; f] JolQmn] ;f]xl cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ kfpf5. d'n'sl P]g cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] *^ g++= cg';f/ To;/L xs hfg] JolQmn] To:tf] ldnfkq jf km};nf epsf] s'/f yfxf kfpsf] #% lbgleq gflnz u/l ab/ u/fpg kfpg] Joj:yf 5. ;fy} d'2fsf k ltjfblsf gfpfdf a]/ltk"0f{ Dofb tfd]n epsf sf/0f k ltjfbln] yfxf hfgsf/l gkfo{ Pj+ ;'gjfosf] df}sf gkfo{ s'g} km};nf epsf] /x]5 eg] To;/L km};nf epsf] ldltn] ^ dxlgfleq yfxf kfo{ yfxf kfpsf] #% lbgleq a]/ltk"0f{ Dofb tfd]n epsf] egg] ph'/l / k ltpq/kq ;d]t k]z u/]df a]/ltk"0f{ Dofb tfd]n epsf] b]lvg cfp cbfntn] k ltpq/kq btf{ u/l ;f] d'2fdf k'gm ;'gjfo u/l km};nf ug'{kg{] Joj:yf d'n'sl P]g cbfntl g+= n] u/]sf] 5. s'g} klg km};nf x'g] lalqs} sfof{gjog of]uo x'fb}gg\. km};nf sfof{gjogsf nflu ;f] km};nf clgtd x'g' h?/l 5. z' km};nf epkl5 ;fdfgotof xfg{] kifnfo{ k'g/fj]bg ug{] clwsf/ x'g5. To;} u/l z' cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nfnfo{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] cf+lzs jf k"/} pn6l ab/ u/]df ;f] km};nfpk/ klg ;jf]{]rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfu5. k'g/fj]bg nfug] cj:yf /x];dd jf k'g/fj]bg kq ljrf/fwlg /x];dd km};nf clgtd x'fb}g. xfg{] kifn] k'g/fj]bg ug{] Dofb u'hfl/;s]sf] cj:yfdf jf z' cbfnt jf clwsf/lsf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;b/ sfod u/]df jf ;jf{]rr cbfnt ;d]taf6 clgtd?kdf km};nf epsf] cj:yfdf dfq km};nf clgtd epsf] dflgg] x'fbf ;f] km};nf dfq sfof{gjog of]uo xf]. s'g} km};nfpk/ k'g/fjnf]sg lgj]bg btf{ epsf] sf/0fn] jf bf]xf] ofo{ kfpf lgj]bg btf{ epsf] sf/0fn] km};nf sfof{gjog /f]lsfb}g. t/ To:tf] lgj]bgdf lg:;f k fkt epkl5 eg] km};nf sfof{gjog /f]lsg5. ;fdfgotof km};nf sfof{gjog z' lhnnf cbfnt jf z' km};nf ug{] lgsfoaf6 ul/g5. clgtd km};nf epkl5 km};nf adf]lhd ug{] u/fpg] sfo{nfo{ km};nf sfof{gjog elgg5. km};nf adf]lhd b08 hl/jfgf vr{ z'nssf] c;"nlb]lv km};nf adf]lhd s;}nfo{ s]xl s'/f k fkt u/folbg] jf u/]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] cl:ttj ;dfkt ug{] sfo{ ;a} km};nf sfof{gjog g} xf]. lgoldt cbfntaf6 epsf km};nfsf] sfof{gjog z' lhnnf cbfntsf] tx;ln zfvfaf6 x'g5. ljjfb jf km};nfsf] k j[mlt cg';f/ km};nf sfof{gjogsf] sfo{ljlw lgwf{l/t x'g5. km};nf epkl5 km};nf adf]lhd ul/kfpg /Lt k"j{ssf] km};nfsf] gssn lno{ bvf{:t;fy ;DalGwt lgsfodf hfg'kg{] x'g5. ;f]sf] nflu sfg"gn] Dofb;d]t tf]s]sf] x'g5. km};nf sfof{gjog;dagwl Joj:yf d'n'sl P]g b08 ;hfosf] $@,$#,$$,$%,$^ g+ df / lhnnf cbfnt sf] lgod &$,&%,&^,&&,&* df ul/psf]

194 sfg"gl Joj:yf lauf] el/kfpg] km};nfsf] sfof{gjog -b08 ;hfosf] g+=_ lauf] el/kfpg]df cgtld km};nf epsf] ldltn] # jif{leq b/vf:t glbpdf jf b/vf:t lbpkl5 tf/]v u'hf/l a:of] eg] lauf] el/e/fpm x'g ;Sb}g. b08;hfosf] dxnn] cflv/l km};nf -k'g/fj]bg txaf6 epsf]_ epsf] ldltn] # jif{leq lauf] el/e/fpg] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt lgsfodf bvf{:t lbg' kb{5. km};nf adf]lhdsf] lauf] 3/;f/df lbpsf] 5' egg] lhsl/ k'ub}g. lauf] ltg'{kg{]sf] ;DklQ gep jf epsf] ;DklQn] lauf] ltg{ gk'u] lghnfo{ s}b u/fpg ;lsg5. ;f] adf]lhd s}b gu/fpdf s'g} wgdfn n'sfo{ l5kfo{ /fv]sf] yfxf x'g cfp cl3 lauf] e/fo{ kfpsf] jif{leq wgdfnsf] ljj/0f vf]nl bvf{:t lbpdf ;f] wgaf6 gk'u lauf] el/e/fp x'g ;S5. To;/L bf]; f] k6s klg gk'u epdf k'g kqmfp ug{ jf lauf] bfal ug{ kfofb}g. o;/l hfohft u/l lauf] el/e/fpg] k lqof ubf{ lauf] k"/f epg egl el/e/fpg] JolQmnfO{ s}b ug{ rfx]df sfg"g adf]lhdsf] k lqmof cjndag u/l l;wfvr{ ;d]t kfpg]n] bflvnf u/l lghnfo{ lauf] afkt s}b ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] x'fbf & lbgleq s}bsf] nflu bvf{:t u/l l;wf vr{ ;d]t bflvnf u/l s}b ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5. Dofb tf/]vsf] ;DaGwdf km};nf adf]lhd rng rnfpg] k lqmof sfod /xfbf tf/]v u'h g updf c a %(,^@ g+ / ca!&% g+ adf]lhd ;sf/ ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf b08 ;hfosf] $* g+ df Joj:yf ul/psf] x'fbf ;f] adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf u x0f gu/l Dofb tf/]v u' lhpdf ;d]t rng rnfpg] sfd sf/afxl l8;ld; x'fb}g / ^ dxlgfleq sf/afxl rnfo{ dfug cfpdf ;os8f!)ü hl/jfgf c;"n u/l rng rnfolbg' kb{5. rng rnfo{ kfpg] / xssfod km};nfsf] sfof{gjog -b08 ;hfosf] $# g+=_ s'g} rn crn ;DklQ jf j:t' rng rnfo{ lbg] u/l km};nf epsf]df km};nf adf]lhd rng ug{ gkfpdf jf xs sfod eo{ km};nf epsf]df clgtd km};nf epsf] jif{leq rng rnfo{ kfpg bvf{:t lbg'kb{5. jif{sf] Dofb gf3]kl5 km};nf adf]lhd rng rnfpg nfug] b:t"/ cfwf b:t"/ yk a'emfpdf ;f] Dofb gf3]sf]! jif{kl5;dd klg bvf{:t lbg kfog5. xs sfod epsf] km};nfsf] xsdf eg] yk Dofbsf] nflu 8]9L b:t"/ ltg'{kg{] x'g5. rng rnfpg] sfo{df afwf cj/f]w l;h{gf ug{] tyf rng rnfpsf] j:t'df rng ug{ glbpdf To:tf] ug{] JolQmnfO{ ;hfosf] Joj:yf d'=p]= b08 ;hfosf] $# g+= n] u/]sf] 5. /lhi6«]zg bflvn vf/]h gfd;f/l x'g] 7x/ epsf] km};nfsf] sfof{gjog -b08 ;hfosf] $$ g+=_ /lhi6«]zg jf bflvn vf/]h gfd;f/l x'g] u/l km};nf epsf]df ;f] adf]lhd u/l kfpg ^ dxlgfleq bvf{:t lbg' kb{5. To;/L bvf{:t k/]kl5 cbfntn] ;f] adf]lhd ul/lbg ;DalGwt lgsfosf gfddf kq k7fpf5. ;f] kq adf]lhd d'2fsf] kif ;DalGwt lgsfodf u} /lhi6«]zg bflvn vf/]h gfd;f/l u/fo{ lng' kb{5. bflvn vf/]h gfd;f/lsf] xsdf ;f] Dofb gf3]kl5 b/vf:t ug'{k/]df jf kq adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug'{k/]df k To]s jif{sf] lgldq lt/f]sf] $ v08sf] Ps v08 hl/jfgf lt/l ;f] sfo{ ug{ u/fpg ;lsg5. lgvgl kfpg] u/l epsf] km};nfsf] sfof{gjog -b08 ;hfosf] $% g+=_ lgvgl kfpg] u/l km};nf epsf]df y}nl kfpg]n] # jif{leq y}nl w/f}6 /x]sf c8\8fdf lnvt;lxt xflh/ x'g hfg' kb{5. ;f] Dofbleq y}nl lng gupdf y}nl k fkt gx'g ;S5. lgvgl lbg] JolQmsf] b/vf:t k/] lgvgl lng]nfo{ #% lbgsf] Dofb lbo{ lemsfog5 eg] lgvgl lng] JolQmsf] b/vf:t k/] lgvgl lbg] JolQmnfO{ Dofb lbo lemsfog5. ;f] Dofbleq pkl:yt gx'g]nfo{ kqmfp ug{ k7fog5 / kqmfp ;d]t gk/]df hl/jfgf ul/g5. c+z 5'6ofO{ ag8f u/l lbg] km};nfsf] sfof{gjog -b08 ;hfosf] $^ g+=_ c8\8}af6 c+z 5'6ofO{ ag8f ul/lbg] u/l km};nf epsf]df c+z kfpg] jf jif{leq ag8f 5'6ofO{ kfpg b/vf:t lbg'kb{5. jif{sf] Dofb gf3]kl5 km};nf adf]lhd ag8f 5'6ofO{ kfpg km};nf adf]lhd nfu]sf] bzf}+bsf] cfwf b:t"/ yk a'emfpdf ;f] Dofb gf3]sf]! jif{kl5;dd klg bvf{:t lbg kfog5. w]/} hgfnfo{ ag8f 5'6ofOlbg] u/l km};nf epsf]df s]xlsf] dfq bvf{:t k/]df Dofbleq bvf{:t gug{]n] 36L a9l eof] jf c;n sd;n eof] egl ph'/ ug{ kfpfb}g. km};nf adf]lhd ag8f lbg] dflg;sf] bvf{:t k/l sf/afxl x'fbf ag8f kfpg] s'g} JolQm Dofbleq bvf{:t lbg gcfpdf / cbfntaf6 pkl:yt x'g Dofb hf/l ubf{ ;d]t pkl:yt gep lghsf] c+z 5'6ofO{ dfyj/sf] lhddf nufo{ /flvg5. ag8f ul/lbg' kg{] dflg; Dofbleq pkl:yt ge} ag8f 5'6ofpg] sfo{ ;dfkt gx'fb} lghsf Psf3/sf hfgsf/ hxfg jf jfl/; pkl:yt epdf lghx?nfo{ ;d]t /fvl ag8f 5'6\ofpg] sfo{ x'g5. kmff6jf/ldf plnnlvt ;DklQ 36L epdf lhddf lng]sf] c+zaf6 s6\6f u/l lbnfog5 eg] ;f]af6 gk'u ep kqmfp u/l y'lgg5.!% lbg;dd y'gbf ;d]t ;DklQ bflvnf gu/] gk'u ;DklQsf]!) k ltzt hl/jfgf u/l ;f] jfkt s}b ul/g5. cgo km};nf sfof{gjogsf nflu jf/]; klg k7fpg ;lsg5. km};nf sfof{gjogsf] nflu b/vf:t lbg] dflg;n] tf/]v u'hf/] klg l8;ld; xf'b}g. cj:yf cg';f/ d'=p]= c=a+= %(, ^@ jf!&% g+= adf]lhd Dofb tf/]v km};nf sfof{gjogsf r/0fdf klg yfdg ;lsg5. plnnlvt sfg"gl Joj:yf adf]lhd ydfpg] Dofb JotLt epkl5 klg ^ dxlgfleq /Ltk"j{ssf] bvf{:t lbo{ sf/afxl u/l kfpg cfpdf ;os8f bz hl/jfgf u/l km};nf sfof{gjog ul/g5 t/ ;f] Dofbkl5 eg] sf/afxl x'g ;Sb}g. km};nf sfof{gjogsf ;DaGwdf txl;nbf/n] u/]sf] sfd sf/afxldf lrq ga'em] GofofwLz;dIf ph'/ ug{ ;lsg5. GofofwLzn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrq ga'em] d'=p]= c=a+=!& g+= adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;lsg5. k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ ;jf]{rr cbfntdf l/6 lbg] k rng 5.

195 ghl/x?m k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb ;Dd rng rnfpg gx'g], d'2f bf]xf] ofo{ kfpg lgj]bg kb}{df rng rnfpg /f]sg gkg{]. ;=c= a'n]l6g, jif{! cª\s! k[= * km};nf sfof{gjog ug{] u/fpg] xs k =lh=c=nfo{ gepsf]. ;=c= a'n]l6g, jif{ $ cª\s!$ lhtl kfpsf] j:t' ef]urng ug{ hffbf glbpdf dfq k'gm cbfntdf uo{ b/vf:t lbg'kg{] sfg"gl Joj:yf epsf], ;f] j:t' jfbln] rng ug{ hffbf rng ug{ lbpdf cbfntdf rng rnfo{ kfpmf egl bvf{:t lbg'kg{] cj:yf gb]lvg]. ;=c= a'n]l6g, jif{ * cª\s ( k[= * tx;lnbf/sf] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/l kfpsf] ldltn]!% lbgleq lhnnff GofofwLz;dIf ph'/l ug'{kg{]. ;=c= a'n]l6g, jif{!) k[= * km};nf sfof{gjogdf bvf{:t lbg] Dofb d'2f clgtd epkl5 k f/de x'g], k'g/fj]bg vf/]h epsf]df klg vf/]h epsf] ldltaf6} d'2f clgtd 6'ª\uf] nfu]sf] egg'kg{]. ;=c= a'n]l6g, jif{ ( cª\s # k[= ^ lauf] e/fpg bvf{:t lbpkl5 u/]sf] lnvtn] dfgotf gkfpg]. g]=sf=k= -@)$^_ cª\s * k[=()#, g]sfk -@)^)_ k[i7 $$$ c=a=!** sf] ;DaGwdf #= Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx? sfof{gjog ug'{kg{] km};nf clgtd epsf] x'g'kg{]. sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] Dofbleq bvf{:t lbg'kg{]. km};nf sfof{gjogsf] bvf{:t lbg] yk Dofb klg k fkt x'g;sg]. tf/]vdf?h'xflh/ /xg'kg{]. lauf] e/fo{ kfpg] 7x/ km};nf adf]lhdsf] lauf] 3/;f/df n]gb]g ug{ gx'g]. km};nf sfof{gjog ug{ kifn] ;xof]u ug'{kg{]. km};nf sfof{gjogdf tx;lnbf/n] u/]sf] sfdsf/afxl pk/ GofofwLz ;dif / lghn] u/]sf] cfb]z lg0f{o pk/ d'=p]= c=a+=!& g+= adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfug]. ug{ gx'g] sfo{x? k'g/fj]bg rnbf rnb} jf k'g/fj]bg ug{] Dofb affsl 5Fb} km};nf sfof{gjog ul/lng. km};nf sfof{gjog gxf];\ eggfsf vftl/ k'g/fj]bg Dofb g} ga'eml a:g. tf]lspsf] Dofbleq km};nf sfof{gjogsf] bvf{:t k]z gu/l a:g. cbfntdf nfug] b:t"/egbf a9l /sd c;"n pk/ ug{. km};nf sfof{gjognfo{ c;xof]u ug{ Pj+ l9nf ug{. b:t"/ ltg{] /sd gepsf] egl km};nf sfof{gjog gu/l a:g. 185

196 != kl/ro M k'g/fj]bg k'g/fj]bg eggfn] k'g/ cfj]bg cyf{t k'gm cfj]bg ug'{ xf]. Goflos lg/f]k0fsf] ljzj;glotfsf] s;lsf] nflu sdtldf k'g/fj]bgsf] dfwodaf6 Ps tx hffrg' cfjzos x'g] x'fbf k'g/fj]bgsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] xf]. tnnf txsf cbfnt jf lgsfox?n] u/]sf lg0f{o jf km};nfdf lrq ga'em]df To:tf tnnf cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/laf6 epsf] lg0f{o, km};nf jf cfb]z hffrl kfpmf egl dflynnf] cbfntdf sfg"gl clwsf/ :j?k ul/g] k'gm cfj]bg ug'{nfo{ k'g/fj]bg elgg5. tnnf txsf GofofwLz jf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/laf6 hfgl jf ghfgl epsf] e"n;'wf/ u/l Gofo Joj:yfnfO{ ;zqm agfpg tnnf] txsf] OG;fkm dflynnf] txaf6 hffrg] sfd k'g/fj]bgsf] tx M Gofo k zf;g tyf k rlnt cgo g]kfn sfg"gsf] cfwf/df ;fdfgotf k'g/fj]bgsf] efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5 M klxnf] txsf] k'g/fj]bg M z' txsf] km};nf jf lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] sfo{ klxnf] txsf] k'g/fj]bg If]qflwsf/ cgtu{t kb{5. h:tf] lhnnf cbfntn] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] klxnf] txsf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] Joj:yf 5 eg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, ljz]if cbfntn] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2f ;jf]{rr cbfntn] klxnf] txsf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] Joj:yf 5. bf]; f] txsf] k'g/fj]bg M z' k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o km};nf jf clgtd cfb]z pk/ :jtm jf cg'dltsf] dfwodaf6 k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. h:tf] z' txaf6 epsf] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'gl k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] lg0f{o z' txsf] km};nf jf lg0f{o s]xl jf k"/} pn6l x'g] u/l lg0f{o u/]df ;jf]{rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfug] Joj:yf 5 eg] klxnf] txsf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntn] z' cbfnt jf lgsfosf] km};nf jf lg0f{o ;b/ u/]df s]xl lglzrt d'2fdf afx]s bf]xf] ofo{ kfpg] lgj]bg lbo{ To;df bf]xf] ofpg] lg:;f k fkt epdf dfq k'g/fj]bgsf]?kdf ;jf]{rr cbfntn] x]b{5. #= bf]xf]/f] k'g/fj]bg M d'2fsf b'j} kifnfo{ km};nf jf lg0f{o lrq ga'eml b'j} kifn] To:tf] km};nf jf cfb]zpk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] klxnf] tyf bf]; f] txdf k'g/fj]bg u/]df To:tf] k'g/fj]bgnfo{ bf]xf]/f] k'g/fj]bg elgg5. $= k'g/fj]bgsf] tx / cbfntsf] tx M g]kfnsf] Gofo k ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/l epkl5 tf]lspsf vf; s]xl cj:yf h:tf] Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf ( -!_ -v_ -u_ / -3_ ;d]t txsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Joj:yf / cbfntdf lhnnf, k'g/fj]bg / ;jf]{rr u/l # tx sfod ul/psf] Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfnsf] cgtl/d n] klg lg/gt/tf lbpsf] 5. o;/l x]bf{ g]kfnsf] Gofo k 0ffnLdf cbfntsf] tlg tx epklg tx dfq sfod ul/psf] 5. %= k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xsb}of M d'2fsf kifx? -jfbl / k ltjfbl_ n] z' km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sb5g\. g]kfnsf] sfg"gl Joj:yf x]bf{ lgdglnlvt cj:yfsf JolQmx? afx]s d'2fsf] ;a} kifx?nfo{ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g5. k'g/fj]bg nfug] sfg"gl Joj:yf gepsf] ljifodf To:tf] sfo{af6 dsf{ kg]{ JolQm, ;/sf/jfbl x'g] egl ;sf/l d'2f;dagwl P]gsf] cg';"rl! df tf]lspsf] d'2fsf hfx]/jfnf jf ujfxf, k ltjfbln] Dofb u'hf/l a;]sf] af6 PstkmL{ km};nf epsf] cj:yfdf, d'2fsf] kif gepsf] JolQm. ^= ;fws / k'g/fj]bg M ;j{:j;lxt hgds}b jf hgds}b ug'{kg]{ epsf] d'2fdf tnnf cbfntn] u/]sf] ;hfo / OG;fkmdf To:tf kifx?sf] k'g/fj]bg gk/] klg ;f] lg0f{o 7Ls a]7ls s] xf] tnnf cbfntn] Ps tx dflysf cbfnt k'g/fj]bg txdf ;f]wg' hfx]/ ug'{ ;fws xf]. z' cbfntn] ;fws hfx]/ u/]df ;f]xl ;hfo ug]{ u/l 7x/ km};nf u/]df dfq ;jf]{rr cbfntdf ;fws hfx]/ ug'{ kb{5. ;fws hfx]/ epsf] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg k/]df k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xf]af6 / Pp6} d'2fdf s;}sf] k'g/fj]bg k of] / s;}sf] k/]g eg] k'g/fj]bg gug]{sf] xsdf klg OG;fkm hffr u/l d'2f lsgf/f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf

197 &= ;fwssf] /f]xaf6 x]l/g] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg gug]{ s'g} kif jf cgo ;DalGwt s'g} JolQmn] k'g/fj]bg ;/xsf] lhsl/ lno{ lgj]bg lbpdf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntn] To;nfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/l d'2fsf] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5. To;}n] k'g/fj]bg d'2fsf ;DalGwt kifn] cfkm"nfo{ k/]sf] dsf{ pnn]v u/l tnnf txsf] km};nf jf cfb]zdf epsf] q'l6 hffrl ;Rofpg lbog] cfj]bg xf] eg] udel/ k j[mltsf ck/fwdf cfkm"n] u/]sf] ;hfo jf OG;fkm 7Ls 5 5}g egl hffrg cfk"megbf dflynnf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] txdf hfx]/ ug]{ sfd ;fws xf]. of] Joj:yf bz hgf ck/fwl 5'6f];\ t/ Pshgf lgbf]{if ;hfosf] eful gxf];\ egg] kmf}hbf/l Gofosf] l;4fgtdf cfwfl/t 5. k'g/fj]bg Dofb M d'2fsf kifx? xflh/ epsf]df km};nf ;'gl kfpsf] ldltaf6 / xflh/ gepsf]df ;/f]sf/jfnf kifn] gssn ;f/]sf] jf lghsf] gfddf Dofb tfd]n epsf] ldltaf6 k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Dofb z' x'g5. ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl! leq ;dfj]z epsf ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf &) lbgsf] Dofb lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5. ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl! leq ;dfj]z epsf afx]ssf kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf #% lbgsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg' kb{5. ljz]if cbfnt cgtu{tsf] sfo{ljlw cjndag x'g] d'2fdf #% lbgsf] k'g/fj]bg Dofb lbg' kb{5. ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw sf] sfo{ljlw cjndag x'g] d'2fdf #) lbgsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg' kb{5. dfly plnnlvt cj:yf afx]s ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw cjndag ul/g] d'2fdf #% lbgsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg' kb{5. *= k'g/fj]bgsf] u'h ]sf] Dofb ydfpg] Joj:yf M k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] Dofb u'h ]df lgdg adf]lhd ydfpg kfpg] Joj:yf 5. ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] cg';"rl! cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf lbpsf] &) lbgsf] Dofb u'h ]df d'n'sl P]g cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] %( g+= adf]lhd #) lbg / ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] adf]lhd yk #) lbg u/l hddf ^) lbg ydfpg kfpg] Joj:yf 5. cgo kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf c=a+= %( g+=adf]lhd #) lbgsf] Dofb ydfpg kfog5. ;a} b]jfgl d'2fx?df c=a+=%( g+=adf]lhd #) lbgsf] Dofb ydfpg kfog5. ljz]if cbfnt cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] adf]lhd yk #) lbg ydfpg gkfpg] egg] ghl/ l;4fgt g]sfk -@)^)_ lg=g+= &@@) k[i7 $)* df k ltkfbg epsf] 5. c=a=^@ /!&% g+ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h ]df Dofb ydfpg] sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. (= k'g/fj]bg kqdf v'nfpg' kg]{ s'/fx? k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / ;jf]{rr cbfnt lgodfjnl adf]lhd lnvtdf k' ofpg' kg]{ /Ltsf cltl/qm k'g/fj]bg kqdf b]xfosf s'/fx? klg v'nfpg' k5{. h'g km};nfdf cfk\mgf] lrq a'em]sf] 5}g ;f] km};nf ug]{ cbfntsf] gfd, z' d'2fdf jfbl jf k ltjfbl epsf] s'/f, d'2fsf] gfd, km};nf epsf] ldlt, z' d'2fdf bfal u/]sf lauf], To:tf] d'2fdf epsf] ;hfo / sfod epsf] lauf], km};nfdf lrq ga'em]sf s'/fx?, To:fsf] sf/0f / k'g/fj]bg kqdf dfu u/]sf] s'/f, k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] d'2f b]jfgl jf >]:tf;dagwl ep v'ng ;s];ddsf] df]n lauf], k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] d'2f cbfntdf cl3 klg k'g/fj]bg k/]/ cfpsf] ep yfxf ep;ddsf] s'/f, cgo kif jf k ToyL{sf] k'g/fj]bg k/] jf gk/]sf] s'/f yfxf ep ;f] s'/f, k'g/fj]bg s'g sfg"gcgtu{tsf] xf] egg] s'/f, k'g/fj]bs s}b jf y'gfdf k/]sf] ep slxn]b]lv s}b jf y'gfdf k/]sf] xf] ;f] s'/f, b08, hl/jfgf, lauf] a'emfpsf] ep slxn] sxff a'emfpsf] xf], To;sf] k df0f, xbdofb;dagwl s'/f, k'g/fj]bg s'g Ohnf;sf] clwsf/ If]qleqsf] xf], ;f] s'/f. 187

198 !)= k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ ug'{kg]{ M b]xfoadf]lhd b]lvg cfpdf k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ ug'{k5{ M tf]lspsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lspsf] /Lt / tf]lspsf] s'/fx? pnn]v u/l NofPsf], b08, hl/jfgf, jf w/f}6 nfug]df ;f] a'emfpsf], hdfgl lbpsf]df ;f] sfg"g cg'?k epsf], Dofbleqsf], b:t"/ jf sf]6{ kml nfug] ep ;f] jfkt rflxg] gub?k}off bflvn epsf]. t/ ;f] s'/f l5g'jf ldl;n x]/]kl5 dfq oslg x'g ;Sg] /x]5 eg] To:tf] l5g'jf ldl;n cfpgf;fy cfjzos b:t"/ jf sf]6{ kml bflvn u/fpg x'g5. z' km};nf / k'g/fj]bg kqsf] :ki6 a'lemg] / /Ltk"j{ssf] gssn k]; epsf], t/ pk/f]qm adf]lhdsf] /Lt gk'u]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ ug{ x'fb}g.!!= tf/]vdf ga;] klg x'g] M!@= d'n'sl P]g, cbfntl agbf]a:tsf]!($ gda/ adf]lhd ;'ljwf kfo{ w/f}6 jf hdfgtdf /x]sf] afx]ssf] c? d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs jf k ToyL{ jf ;fj{hlgs xs, lxt / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf d'2f bfo/ ug]{ kifn] rfx]df cbfntsf] cg'dltn] d'2fdf tf/]vdf ga;] klg x'g5. d'2fsf] sf/afxl s'g} klg ;do k'g/fj]bs / k ToyL{nfO{ a'e\mg cfjzos epdf cbfntn] a'e\mg x'g5. k'g/fj]bslo clwsf/ If]q M g]kfnsf] sfg"g k 0ffnLdf k'g/fj]bslo clwsf/ If]q;DaGwL Joj:yf Gofo k zf;g / cgo k rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf ul/psf] 5. k'g/fj]bslo clwsf/ If]qnfO{ Gofo k zf;g / k rlnt g]kfn sfg"g ;d]tsf] Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ b]xfp adf]lhd 5. Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf * adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfo{ cfk\mgf dftxtsf lhnnf cbfnt / k rlnt sfg"gdf cgo Joj:yf epsf]df afx]s cfk\mgf] k fb]lzs clwsf/ If]qleq /x]sf] cgo s'g} lgsfo jf clwsf/ln] d'2f dfldnfdf u/]sf] z' km};nf jf clgtd cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] / sfg"g adf]lhd ;fws hffrg] clwsf/ If]q k fkt 5. Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf jf clgtd cfb]z pk/ b]xfpsf] cj:yfdf ;jf]{rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfub5 M s_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] z' sf/afxl / lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2f, v_ bz jif{ jf ;f]egbf a9l s}bsf] ;hfo epsf] d'2f, u_ z' cbfnt, clwsf/l jf tf]lspsf] lgsfon] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf lg0f{o ubf{ s]xl jf k"/} pn6l epsf] d'2f, 3_ ;jf]{rr cbfntdf ;fws hfx]/ epsf] d'2f. Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf!@ adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf] ofpg] lg:;f k fkt epkl5 bf]xf] ofpg] lg:;f k fkt epsf] d'2f k'g/fj]bgsf]?kdf btf{ u/l x]l/g5. ljz]if cbfnt sf] bkmf!& adf]lhd ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf jf clgtd cfb]z pk/ ;jf]{rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfub5.!#= k'g/fj]bg n]vbf ljrf/ k' ofpg' kg]{ s'/fx? M k'g/fj]bg n]vbf b]xfpsf s'/fx? Wofg k' ofpg' kb{5. d'2f;fu ;DalGwt tyo k df0fsf] cwoog u/l q'l6sf] ;xl?kdf klxrfg ug]{ / To;sf] cfwf/df v08g ug]{. ;f/jfg / sfo{ljlw sfg"g s] sf] q'l6 5 To;sf] klxrfg u/l To;;Fu ;DalGwt ghl/x?sf] k of]u ;d]t 7Ls lsl;dn] epsf] 5 5}g :ki6 ug]{. k df0fsf] d"nofª\sg s;/l ul/psf] 5 To;sf] ljzn]if0f u/l nufpg' kg]{ k df0f nufpsf] / gnufpg' kg]{ gnufpsf] 5 5}g ljzn]if0f u/l k'g/fj]bg lhsl/ a'fbf tof/ ug]{. z' txdf slt sf]6{ kml nfu]sf] 5 x]/l k'g/fj]bg txdf nfug] sf]6{ kml lgwf{/0f ug]{. k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h ]sf] 5 5]}g lglzrt ug]{. k'g/fj]bg lhsl/sf k s/0fx? n]vbf gbf]xf]l/g] u/l :ki6 / ;/n efiffdf lhsl/sf k s/0fx? k9\bf cfkm"n] egg vf]h]sf] / dfu bfal ljifo :ki6 x'g] u/l n]vg]. 188

199 z' cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf adf]lhd olb hl/jfgf, b08 cflb ltg'{ Joxf]g'{ kg]{ epdf ;f] lt/l jf wg hdfgl lbpkl5 dfq k'g/fj]bg nfub5 ;f] ljrf/ ug]{. k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg' kg]{df cbfntaf6 ;f] Dofb hf/l ul/psf] gepdf klg d'2fsf kifn] cfkm"nfo{ nfu]sf] b08 ;hfo hl/jfgf lt/]sf] jf km};nfsf] gssn lnpsf] dwo] h'g sfd klxnf x'g5 ;f]xl ldltaf6 k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb z' x'g5. km};nfdf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb glbg] egl n]lvpsf] eptfklg k'g/fj]bg nfug] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg kfpg] l;4fgt /fdk't/sf] d'2fdf l;4fgt k ltkfbg epsf] 5. k'g/fj]bg cbfnt sf] lgod!^ / ;jf]{rr cbfnt lgodfjnlsf] adf]lhd lnvtdf k' ofpg' kg]{ /Lt k'g/fj]bg kqdf klg k' ofo{ tof/ ug'{ kb{5. k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnlsf] sf] lgod #(, ;jf]{rr cbfnt sf] lgod $* n] k'g/fj]bg kqdf v'nfpg' kg]{ egl tf]lspsf s'/fx? k'g/fj]bg kqdf v'nfpg' kb{5. k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lbg] k'g/fj]bg kq k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnlsf] lgod #* adf]lhd cg';"rl # sf] 9fFrfdf / ;jf]{rr cbfnt lgodfjnlsf] lgod $& adf]lhd adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf tof/ ug'{kb{5. /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf] / c=a+=!(^ g+= klg Wofg lbg' kb{5. y'gfdf /x]sf] jf s}bdf epsf] dflg;n] c=a+=!($ g+=adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpf5. c=a+=!($ g+=df k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Dofb ;DdnfO{ w/f}6 jf hdfgdf 5f8\g] cj:yf / OGsf/ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfsf] pnn]v u/]sf] 5.!$= k'g/fj]bg btf{ ug]{ :yfg M ;jf]{rr cbfnt lgodfjnl, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnl / c=a+=!(% g+= ;d]t adf]lhd b]xfpsf c8\8f jf cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg btf{ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. h'g c8\8f, cbfnt, clwsf/l jf lgsfon] km};nf, lg0f{o jf cfb]z u/]sf] 5 ;f]xlsf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] c8\8f cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/df jf, d'2f km};nf ug]{ cbfnt lgsfo jf clwsf/ldf jf, y'lgpsf] dflg;n] lgh y'gfdf /x]sf] c8\8f, clwsf/l cbfnt jf lgsfodf jf, ;/sf/l sd{rf/ln] cfk"m jxfn /x]sf] jf sfh vl6psf] ghlsdf To; lsl;dsf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] c8\8f ep ;f]xl c8\8fdf / To:tf] c8\8f gep k'g/fj]bg txsf] d'2f ;'Gg] c8\8fdf / ;f] klg gep d'2f x]g]{ c? h'g;'s} c8\8fdf klg lbg x'g5.!%= k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] / ;fws hffrg] clwsf/ M Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf!$ df cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] / ;fws hffrg] clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. o:tf] clwsf/ of] P]g / cgo k rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd b]xfp adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf 5. tnnf] cbfnt lgsfo jf clwsf/lsf] lg0f{o ;b/, pn6l jf s]xl pn6l ug{. tnnf] cbfnt lgsfo jf clwsf/ln] ug{ kfpg] km};nf jf clgtd cfb]z ug]{. d'2fdf OG;fkm ug'{ kg]{ k Zgx?;Fu ;a"t k df0fx? tnnf] cbfnt, clwsf/l jf lgsfo a'e\mg 5'6fPsf] /x]5 eg] cfkm}n] a'e\mg] jf d'2fsf] nut sfod} /fvl tl k df0fx? a'e\mgsf nflu ldl;n tnnf] clwsf/l, cbfnt jf lgsfodf k7fpg] jf, tnnf] cbfnt, clwsf/l jf lgsfon] d'2fdf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ k Zgx?dWo] s]xldf lg0f{o u/l / s]xldf lg0f{o gu/l km};nf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] d'gfl;a dflkmssf] ;do tf]sl affsl k Zgx? ;d]tsf] lg0f{o u/l d'2f lsgf/f ug'{ egl ldl;n tnnf] cbfnt, clwsf/l jf lgsfodf k7fpg]. ;=c= af6 k ltkflbt glh/ l;4fgtx? Ps} d'2fdf s]xl s'/f affsl /fvl km};nf u/]df c=a+=!(@ sf] q'l6 x'g]. g]sfk -@)%&_, k[ %^!, g]=sf=k= -@)%&_, k[ %^^. k'g/fj]bg nfug] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg Dofb lbg'k5{. g]sfk -@)@&_, g]=sf=k= -@)$)_, k[!(!. ;/sf/l d'2f ;DaGwL P]gdf &) lbg] k'/fj]bg Dofb lbg'k5{. g]sfk -@)#&_, k[ %#. km};nfdf k'g/fj]bg Dofb gn]v]klg k'g/fj]bg Dofb nfu5. g]sfk -@)@*_, z'? Dofb u'hg]{ k ltjfbln] k'g/fj]bg txsf] km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] gkfpg] k Zg p7\bf kl5 7x/]sdf]lhd x'g] u/l ;=c= df k'g/fj]bg;dd btf{ epsf] b]lvg5. g]sfk -@)%#_, 189

200 ;lifkt, ljz]if / ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw Summary, Special and Ordinary Trial s'g} d'2fsf] k'k{if / ;'gjfo{ s'g sfo{ljlw adf]lhd x'g] egg] s'/f sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g5. cg';gwfgsf] qmddf ljlegg k sf/sf ljlzi6 s;"/df ;DalGwt P]gn] tf]s]sf] ljz]if k sf/sf] sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g ;S5. pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ck/fwdf xbdofb yk x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf, dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgogq0f df epsf] kll8tsf] aofg k dflf0ft ug]{ Joj:yf jf nfu" cf}ifw jf e i6frf/sf] s;"/df () lbg;dd Dofb yk x'g ;Sg] Joj:yfnfO{ lng ;lsg5. t/ cbfntdf d'2f dfldnfsf] ;'gjfo{ / k'k{ifsf] sfo{ljlw eg] xfdln] d"ntm lgdglnlvt tlg efudf jul{s/0f ug{ ;S5f} M s= ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw v= ljz]if sfo{ljlw u= ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw s= ;+lifkt sfof{ljlw (Summary Procedure) ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw n] ;+lifkt sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ;fgf ljjfb / s;"/x?df cbfntl sfo{ljlwdf nfdf] ;do gnfuf];\ egg] p2]zon] ;+lifkt sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. v= ljz]if sfo{ljlw (Special Procedure) g]kfn ;/sf/n] vf; lsl;dsf egl 7x/fPsf d'2fx?sf] k'k{if / lg0f{o ug{sf nflu ljz]if cbfnt u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ljz]if cbfnt n] u/]sf] 5. o; P]gsf] bkmf # df pnn]v u/] adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l lglzrt k sf/sf d'2fx? x]g]{ u/l ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g ug{ ;S5. xfn o:tf] Pp6f ljz]if cbfnt sf7df08f}df :yfkgf ul/psf] 5 / o;n] e i6frf/ nufotsf d'2fx? x]g]{ u/]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] cgtl/d ;+ljwfgn] lglzrt k sf/sf d'2fx? x]g{ ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g x'g ;Sg] t/ s'g} lglzrt d'2fsf] xsdf ljz]if cbfnt u7g ug{ g;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ;fdfgotof ljz]if cbfnt P]g cgtu{tsf] sfo{ljlw ljz]if cbfnt P]g adf]lhd ul7t ljz]if cbfntsf] xsdf dfq nfu" x'g ;Sg] eptfklg sltko P]gx? lgdf{0f ubf{sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] P]g cgtu{tsf] d'2f z'? cbfntsf]?kdf lhnnf cbfntn] jf cgo cw{goflos lgsfon] x]g]{ eptfklg sfo{ljlw eg] ljz]if cbfnt P]gsf] sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'g5. ufnl a]ohhtl, nfu" cf}ifw, cfjzos a:t' ;+/If0f, sfnf] ahf/ tyf s]xl cgo ;fdflhs ck/fw, ljz]if ;]jf cgtu{tsf s;"/ h:tf s;"/x?df h'g ;'s} cbfnt jf cw{goflos lgsfon] d'2f x]g]{ xf] eg] klg sfo{ljlwsf] xsdf ljz]if cbfnt P]gs} sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ljz]if cbfnt egbf cl3 ttsfnlg ljz]if cbfnt n] klg ljz]if sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof]. u= ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw (Ordinary Procedure) s'g} 5'6\6} P]gn] ;fdfgo sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5}g. ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw jf ljz]if cbfnt sf] sfo{ljlw nfu" gx'g] t/ d'n'sl P]g cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] dxndf Jojl:yt sfo{ljlw / ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl P]gsf s]xl k fjwfgn] Jojl:yt u/]sf] sfo{ljlwnfo{ ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw egg ;S5f}F. ol tlg} k sf/sf sfo{ljlwnfo{ xfdln] ;xhtfsf] nflu lgdglnlvt cfwf/df a]unf a]un} x]g{ ;S5f}F. c= sfg"gl If]qflwsf/, cf= ;dfxjfg Otnfogfdfsf] Dofb, O= d'2f lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ Dofb, O{= y'g5]s ;DaGwL Joj:yf, p= k'k{ifsf] cgo sfo{ljlw, pm= Dofb tfl/v yfdg] Joj:yf, / P= k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb, c= sfg"gl If]qflwsf/ ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cfslif{t x'g] d'2fx? b]jfgl jf kmf}hbf/l b'j} k s[ltsf x'g ;S5g\. ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw sf] cg";"rl! df ljlegg P]g cgtu{tsf d'2fx?sf] ;"rl lbopsf 5g, hf] ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{t k5{g\. To;}u/L ;f]xl P]gsf] df & k sf/sf d'2fx?sf] 190

201 pnn]v 5g\, h;df ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw P]g nfu" x'g5g\. s'g s'g d'2fdf ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g5 egg] s'/f x]g{sf nflu pqm P]gsf] cg';"rl! nfo{ x]g'{ ckl/xfo{ x'g5. ljz]if cbfnt sf] sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g ;Sg] cfwf/x? d"ntm b'o{ k sf/sf 5g\. klxnf], g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljz]if cbfnt, sf] bkmf # adf]lhd /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l u7g u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntn] x]g]{ egl tf]s]sf d'2fx? / bkmf $ adf]lhd ;do ;dodf yk36 u/]sf d'2fx? ljz]if cbfntsf] clwsf/if]qleq k5{g\. To:tf d'2fx?df d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/l klg ljz]if cbfnt x'g5 eg] csf]{tkm{ sfo{ljlw klg ljz]if cbfnt cgtu{ts} nfu" x'g5. ;f]afx]s s'g} P]g lgdf{0f x'fbf ;DalGwt P]gn] klg ljz]if cbfnt P]gsf] sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] s'/f tf]sg ;S5. o:tf]df d'2f lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/l hf] ;'s} epklg ;f]n] k of]u ug]{ sfo{ljlw eg] ljz]if cbfnt P]g adf]lhdsf] x'g5. ufnl a]ohhtl d'2f, nfu" cf}ifw d'2f / dfgj a]rljvg d'2f lhnnf cbfntn] g} x]g]{ eptfklg ;DalGwt P]gn] g} sfo{ljlwsf] xsdf ljz]if cbfnt P]gsf] sfo{ljlw tf]lslbpsf] x'gfn] sfo{ljlwsf] xsdf eg] ljz]if cbfnt P]gsf] g} sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g5. To:tf d'2fx? h;df ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw P]g / ljz]if cbfnt P]g b'j} nfu" x'fb}gg\ ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw leq k5{g\. ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw;dagwl clwsf+z Joj:yf dfly pnn]v ul/p adf]lhd d'n'sl P]g cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] dxndf Jojl:yt ul/psf 5g\. sltko 7"nf k s[ltsf Hofg h:tf] udel/ d'2f b]lv s'6lk6 h:tf ;fdfgo d'2f;dd ;fdfgo sfo{ljlwsf] kl/lwleq k5{g\. cf= ;dfxjfg Otnfogfdfsf] Dofb ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf k ltpq/ kq lbg] Dofb & lbgsf] x'g] Joj:yf ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw sf] bkmf & cg';f/ tf]lspsf] cg';"rl # sf] 9fFrfn] u/]sf] 5. ljz]if sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] d'2fx?df k ltjfblsf xsdf Dofb hf/l ubf{ af6fsf] Dofb afx]s To:tf] k ltjfbl ljb]zdf /x]sf] ep #) lbg;ddsf] / :jb]zdf /x]sf] ep!% lbg;ddsf] cjlw tf]sl ;dfxjfg hf/l ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ljz]if cbfnt sf] bkmf!)-!_ df ul/psf] 5. k ltjfblsf] 7]ufgf kqf gnful jf cgo s'g} sf/0fn] Dofb a'emfpg g;lspsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ #) lbg;ddsf] Dofb lbo{ d'2f bfo/ epsf] s'/fsf] ;+lifkt ljj/0f pnn]v u/l sdtldf b'o{ k6s /fli6«o :t/sf] b}lgs klqsfdf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k sflzt u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] Dofb /Ltk"js{ tfd]n epsf] dflgg] s'/f bkmf!) sf] pkbkmf -(_ df ul/psf] 5. ;f]xl pkbkmfdf ljb]zlsf] xsdf eg] To:tf] ;"rgf /fli6«o :t/sf] c+u] hl b}lgsdf k sflzt ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. k fylds 5fglag M ;lifkt sfo{ljlw P]g cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf lkm/fbkq jf ph'/l bfo/ epkl5 bfo/ x'gf;fy} cbfntn] k ltpq/ kq jf aofgsf nflu Dofb k7fpg] Joj:yf ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw P]gdf 5}g. ;f] P]gsf] bkmf % n] k f/ldes 5fglagsf] qmddf cbfntn] jfblsf] bfal jf k ltjfbl dfly nufpsf] cleof]u sfg"gdf cfwfl/t 5 ls 5}g egg] / jfbln] k]z u/]sf] k df0f ;fgble{s / ph'/lnfo{ k dfl0ft ug{ kof{kt 5g ls 5}gg\ egg] s'/fsf] hffra'em u5{. o;/l 5fglag ubf{ jfblsf] ph'/l g} nfug g;sg] b]lvpdf jf k fylds?kdf ljzj;glo jf kof{kt k df0f gepsf] b]v]df jf ph'/ldf epsf s'/f k dfl0ft x'g g;sg] b]v]df cbfntn] To:tf] sf/0f pnn]v u/l lkm/fb jf ph'/l k ltpq/ lbg] Dofb hf/l ug'{egbf cufl8 g} vf/]h ug{ ;Sg] sfo{ljlw bkmf % df /flvpsf] 5. ljz]if sfo{ljlw jf ;fwf/0f sfo{ljlwdf o:tf] k f/ldes cj:yfdf g} btf{ eo;s]sf] d'2f vf/]h ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5}g. O= d'2f lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ DofbM ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf k ltpq/ bflvn epsf] jf k ltpq/ aofg u/]sf] ldltn] jf To:tf] sfd ug]{ cjlw u'h ]sf] ldltn] () lbgleq d'2f lsgf/f ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw P]gsf] bkmf!) -!_ n] u/]sf] 5. t/ () lbgleq g} c+u k'lu;s]sf] cj:yfdf cª\u k'u]sf] ldltn] # lbgleq lsgf/f cyf{t km};nf ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf bkmf!)-@_ n] u/]sf] 5. ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df tnnf] cbfntaf6 ldl;n k fkt epsf] ldltn] () lbgleq k'g/fj]bg lsgf/f km};nf ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ bkmf!! v n] u/]sf] 5. ;f]xl bkmfsf] pkbkmf -@_ df Joj:yf ul/p adf]lhd cufl8 g} cª\u k'lu;s]sf] d'2fdf To:tf] cªu k'u]sf] ldltn] tlg lbgleq lsgf/f ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf 5. ljif]z sfo{ljlwsf] d'2fsf] xsdf ljz]if cbfnt sf] bkmf!^ -!_n] d'2f btf{ epsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq km};nf ul/;sg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] ljz]if cbfntn] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkqdf ;jf]{rr cbfntn] k fyldstfsf ;fy ldl;n k fkt epsf] ldltn] # dlxgfleq ul/;sg'kg]{ Joj:yf ;f]xl bkmf!^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] u/]sf] 5. d'n'sl P]g cbfntl agbf]a:tsf] dxnn] Jojl:yt u/]sf] ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf d'2fx?df km};nf ug'{ kg]{ Dofbsf] Joj:yf ;f]xl dxnsf]!$ /!% g+= n] u/]sf] 5.!$ g+= df z'? txsf] cbfntn] k ltpq/ k/]sf] jf kg]{ cj:yf k'u]sf] Dofbaf6! jif{leq km};nf ul/;sg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. k'g/fj]bg txsf] xsdf eg] pqm g+= n] z'? sf/jfxlsf] ldl;n k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntnfo{ k fkt epsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq km};nf ul/;sg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. t/ tf]lspsf] DofbeGbf cl3 g} a'e\mg' kg]{ k df0f a'lem;s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] a'lem;s]sf] ldltn] #% lbgleq} km};nf ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5.!$ g+= n] u/]sf] Joj:yf afwoftds Joj:yf xf] / s'g} sf/0fjz!$ g+= n] pnn]v u/]sf] Dofbleq km};nf x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xl dxnsf]!% g+= n] Dofb ykg] k lqmofsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5.!$ g+= n] pnn]v u/]sf] Dofbleq km};nf sf/jfxl ug{ c8\sg] d'gfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f kl/cfpdf c8sfpsf] Joxf]/f n]vl cfk\mgf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] c8\8fdf Dofbleq hfx]/ ug' kg]{ Joj:yf!% g+= n] u/]sf] 5. To:tf] k'g/fj]bg 191

202 ;'Gg] c8\8fn] plrt nfu]df Ps k6s Ps dxlgf;ddsf] Dofb yk u/l lbg ;Sg] / To;eGbf a9l Dofb lbg' kg]{ eof] eg] cfk"megbf klg dflynnf] cbfntdf hfx]/ ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o:tf]df dflynnf] cbfntn] yk Dofb lbp ;f] Dofbleq d'2f km};nf ug'{ k5{. plnnlvt!$ /!% g+= nfo{ g]kfnl Gofo k 0ffnLdf cbfnt / sfg"g Joj;foL s;}n]klg jf:tf ug]{ jf kfngf ug]{ u/]sf 5}gg\. xfn} sfg"g ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] s]xl ;+:yfx?n] eg] o:tf] Dofb gf3\gf;fy dflynnf] cbfntdf!& g+= adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg lbg] Jojxf/ z'? u/]sf 5g\. kf6g k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] s'g} s'g} Ohnf;af6 o; ;DaGwdf cfb]z ;d]t lhnnf cbfntsf] gfddf epsf] b]lvpsf] 5. ljz]if u/l dflg; y'gfdf /x]sf d'2fx?sf] xsdf t of] k fjwfgsf] kfngf ug{ afwo u/fpg] sf]lzz sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] x'g'k5{. O{= y'g5]s;dagwl Joj:yf M h'g;'s} sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] xf] eg]klg b]jfgl d'2fdf / b'lgofjfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf y'g5]s ;DaGwL Joj:yf cfslif{t x'fb}g. ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf k'k{ifdf cleo'qmsf] clgjfo{ pkl:yltsf] k Tofe"ltsf]?kdf jf cleo'qmnfo{ k df0f gi6 ug{af6 jf k efljt kfg{af6 /f]sg] pkfosf]?kdf k'k{ifsf] l;nl;nfdf y'g5]s ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/psf] x'g5. ;DalGwt sfo{ljlw sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ k'k{ifsf] l;nl;nfdf y'gfdf /fvg] xf] jf ;fwf/0f tfl/vdf /fvg] xf] jf w/f}6l lno{ w/f}6l lbg ;s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq tf/]vdf /fvg] xf] egg] s'/f y'g5]s ;DaGwL cfb]z ubf{ d'2fsf] k'k{if ug]{ cbfntn] 6'+uf] u5{. ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw P]g cgtu{tsf ;/sf/jfbl x'g] kmf}hbf/l d'2fx?df y'g5]s ;DaGwL s'g} a]un} Joj:yf 5}g / To:tf d'2fx?df klg d'n'sl P]g c=a+=sf]!!* g+= sf] k fjwfg g} nfu" x'g5. ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf d'2fx?df x'g ;Sg] s}bsf] ;hfo ;fgf] x'g] epsf] / ;fdfgotm # jif{egbf a9l s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] s;"/ ;+lifkt sfo{ljlwleq gkg]{ epsf] x'gfn] ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf s;"/df s;}n] afwoftds?kdf y'gfdf a:g' kg]{ cj:yf x'fb}g. t/ cbfntaf6 w/f}6 dfu u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] w/f}6l /fvg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] eg] o:tf d'2fdf klg y'gfdf a:g' kg]{ x'g ;S5. ljif]z sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf k'k{ifsf] l;nl;nfdf d'n'sl P]g c=a+=sf]!!* g+= nfu" x'fb}g. ljz]if cbfnt sf] bkmf & sf] b]xfosf] -u_, -3_ / -ª_ n] o:tf] km/s Joj:yf u/]sf 5. ljz]if cbfnt P]gsf] sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] d'2fdf s'g} kifnfo{ tf/]vdf /fvl k'k{if ug]{ jf cfjzos k/]sf avt lemsfpg] jf vf; ;dodf xflh/ x'g cfpg] u/l tf/]vdf g/fvl k'k{if ug]{ clwsf/ cbfntnfo{ x'g] Joj:yf pqm bkmf & sf] b]xfosf] -u_ df ul/psf] 5. To;}u/L bkmf & sf] -3_ df ttsfn k fkt k df0faf6 s'g} cleo'qmnfo{ y'gfdf /fvl k'k{if ug'{ kg]{ gb]lvpdf lghn] xflg gf]s;fgl u/]sf] lauf] jf u}/sfg"gl?kdf lnpsf] /sd / lghnfo{ x'g ;Sg] s}b jf hl/jfgf ;d]tnfo{ b[li6ut u/l w/f}6l jf hdfgt dfug ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. bkmf & sf] -ª_ df eg] ttsfn k fkt k df0faf6 y'gfdf /fvl k'k{if ug'{ kg]{ kof{kt / d'gfl;a sf/0f epdf k rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvpsf] eptfklg To:tf] cleo'qmnfo{ y'gfdf /fvl k'k{if ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. h'g;'s} P]g cgtu{tsf] sfo{ljlw nfu" eptfklg s]xl ljz]if k sf/sf s;"/x?sf] xsdf ;DalGwt P]gn] klg y'g5]s ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] x'g ;S5. pbfx/0fsf nflu dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/ k;f/ -lgogq0f_ sf] bkmf * n] / hf;';l sf] bkmf & n] To:tf P]g cgtu{tsf] s;"/df y'g5]s ;DaGwL 5'6\6} Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ljz]if sfo{ljlw nfu" gx'g] / ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] ;/sf/jfbl kmf}hbf/l d'2fdf y'g5]s ;DaGwL Joj:yf d'n'sl P]g c=a+=sf]!!* g+= n] u/]sf] 5. s:tf] cj:yfdf cleo'qmnfo{ y'gfdf /fvl k'k{if ug]{ s:tf] cj:yfdf w/f}6l dfu ug]{ / s:tf]df ;fwf/0f tf/]vdf /fvg] egg] Joj:yf pqm!!* g+=df ul/psf] 5. ;f/f+zdf!!* g+= sf] Joj:yfnfO{ tn pnn]v ul/p adf]lhd jlu{s[t ug{ ;lsg5 M s= y'gdf /fvl k'k{if ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf M g]kfndf :yfol a;f]af; gepsf] s'g} cleo'qmnfo{ tlg jif{ jf ;f]egbf a9l s}bsf] ;hfo x'g ;Sg] ck/fwdf cleof]u nfu]sf] cj:yfdf y'g5]ssf] cj:yf;dddf k fkt k df0faf6 lgh s;"/bf/ b]lvpsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ ;fdfgotof y'gfdf /fvl k'k{if ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf 5. To;}u/L g]kfndf :yfol a;f]af; gepsf] JolQmsf] xsdf lghnfo{ cleof]u nfu]sf] s;"/df ^ dxlgf jf ;f]egbf a9l s}bsf] ;hfo x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf epdf dfly plnnlvt dfkb08 lghnfo{ klg nfu5. v= w/f}6 jf hdfgt lno{ tf/]vdf /fvl k'k{if ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf M!!* g+= sf] dflysf] k fjwfg adf]lhd y'gfdf /fvg gkg]{ Joj:yf epsf] t/ ttsfn k fkt k df0faf6 eg] s;"/bf/ b]lvpsf] cj:yfsf] cleo'qm;fu w/f}6l jf hdfgt lno{ tf/]vdf /fvg' kg]{ Joj:yf 5. csf]{ zabdf egg] xf] eg] cleo'qmsf] g]kfndf :yfol a;f]af; epsf] t/ cleof]u nfu]sf] s;"/df # jif{egbf sd s}bsf] ;hfo jf hl/jfgfdfq x'g] jf g]kfndf :yfol a;f]af; gepsf] cleo'qmsf] xsdf ^ dlxgfegbf sd s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] jf hl/jfgfdfq x'g] cleof]u nfu]sf]df ttsfn k fkt k df0faf6 s;"/bf/ b]v]df w/f}6 jf hgdfg lno{ tf/]vdf /fvg] Joj:yf 5. u= y'gfdf /fvg' kg]{ cj:yfsf JolQmnfO{ klg w/f}6 jf hdfgt lno{ tf/]vdf /fvg] Joj:yf M ;fdfgotof y'gfdf /fvg' kg]{ cj:yfsf cleo'qmnfo{ klg p;sf] gfafns pd]/ jf zf/ll/s jf dfgl;s cj:yfn] ubf{ y'gfdf /fvg cg'ko'qm x'g] s'/f cbfntnfo{ nfu]df cbfntn] y'gfdf g/fvl w/f}6 jf hdfgt lno{ To:tf] cleo'qmnfo{ tf/]vdf /fvl k'k{if ug{ ;S5. 192

203 To;}u/L hgds}bsf] ;hfo x'g ;Sg] s;"/sf] d'vo cleo'qm jf dltof/nfo{ afx]s cgo cleo'qmx?sf] xsdf ck/fw x'fbfsf] kl/l:ylt, cleo'qmsf] pd]/, lghsf] zf/ll/s jf dfgl;s cj:yf / klxn]sf] cfr/0fnfo{ ljrf/ u/]/ cbfntn] s'g} cleo'qmnfo{ y'gfdf g/fvl w/f}6 jf hdfgt lno{ k'k{ifsf] nflu tf/]vdf /fvg ;S5. pm= Dofb tfl/v yfdg] Joj:yfM g]kfnl Gofo k 0ffnLdf xbdofb ykg kfpg] Joj:yf 5}g. o;sf] Pp6fdfq ckjfb s]xl ;fj{hlgs ck/fw / ;hfo df d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/lsf] cfb]zn] d'2f btf{ ug]{ xbdofb & lbgaf6 yk u/l a9ldf #% lbg;dd a9fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf ;fdfgotm k ltpq/ lkm/fpg] Dofb, tfl/v yfdg gkfog] Joj:yf bkmf *-!_ df 5. t/ ;f] bkmfsf] k ltagwftds jfsof+zsf] -s_ df pnn]v ul/p cg';f/ sfa' aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt k/l u'h g upsf] cbfntnfo{ nfu]df k ltpq/ jf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb Ps k6s a9ldf!% lbg;dd yfdg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. tfl/vsf] xsdf eg] o:tf] Dofb a9ldf b'o{ k6s hddf!% lbgdf ga9\g] u/l yfdg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ljz]if cbfnt sf] bkmf!! adf]lhd ljz]if sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] d'2fx?sf] z'? sf/jfxl / k'g/fj]bg txdf a9ldf!% lbgsf] nflu Psk6s u'lh Psf] Dofb sfa' aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt k/]sf] cfwf/df yfldg ;S5. ;fwf/0f sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] d'2fx?df eg] tf/]v jf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb yfdg] Joj:yf d'n'sl P]g c=a+=sf] %( g+= df ul/psf] 5. pqm Joj:yf adf]lhd s'g}klg d'2fdf u'lh Psf] tfl/v a9ldf # k6s / hddf #) lbg;dd yfldg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5. To;} u/l ;fdfgo k'g/fj]bg bfo/ ubf{ klg k'g/fj]bg bfo/ ug]{ Dofb a9ldf #) lbg;dd yfldg ;S5. ;/sf/l d'2f;dagwl sf] adf]lhd pqm P]gsf] cg';"rl! cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ rfxg] kifn] d'gfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f b]vfpdf k rlnt sfg"gn] ydfpg kfpg] Dofb cyf{t c=a+=sf] %( g+= n] lbpsf] #) lbgsf] Dofbsf] cltl/qm yk #) lbg;dd Dofb yfdg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. csf]{ zabdf o:tf] d'2fdf c=a+=sf] %( g+= adf]lhd #) lbg / ;=d'=;= P]gsf] adf]lhd #) lbg u/l d'gfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f b]vfo{ a9ldf yk ^) lbg;dd k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb yk ug{ ;lsg5. P= k'g/fj]bgsf] DofbM ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb #) lbgsf] x'g5. o:tf] Dofb km};nf ;'lgkfpsf] ldltaf6, km};nfsf] gssn lnpsf] ldlt, b08 hl/jfgf lt/]sf] ldlt jf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb kfpsf] ldltdf h'g cl3 5, To;}af6 z'? x'g5. ljz]if sfo{ljlw cgtu{tsf] d'2fdf ljz]if cbfnt sf] bkmf!& df epsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd o:tf] d'2fdf #% lbgsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb k fkt x'g5. cbfntl agbf]a:tsf]!(# g+= df epsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd ;fdfgo sfo{ljlw nfu" x'g] d'2fdf lrq ga'e\mg] kifn] km};nf ;'lgkfpsf], sfuh u/]sf] jf km};nf x'fbf pkl:yt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf km};nfsf] gssn lnpsf] jf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb k fkt u/]sf] ldltn] #% lbgleq k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;S5. 193

204 cf7f}f kl/r5]b JolQmut36gf btf{;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf Registration of Personal Events 194 JolQmut36gf btf{;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf dflg;sf] hljgdf 36\g] k d'v 36gf btf{ k 0ffnLsf] Oltxf; x]bf{ o'/f]ksf rr{x?nfo{ o;sf] >]o hfg5. a]nfotdf kfb/lx?n] gfd /fvg] -Gjf/g u/fpg]_, ljjfx u/fpg] tyf d[to';+:sf/df ;+nug x'g] / To:tf sfo{x?sf] clen]v ;d]t rr{df g} /fvg] ub{y]. ;g\!%#@ tfsf c+u ]hsf rr{n] To:tf 36gfx?sf] ;fktflxs tyofí /fvg cfb]z klg lbopsf] kfog5. ;g\!(#* lt/ yf]d; j mda]nn] a]nfotdf rr{x?nfo{ tl 36gfx?sf] ;fktflxs tyofí /fvg cfb]z lbpsf] kfopsf] 5. :jl8]gdf!^)*, SofGf8fdf!^!), lkmgn}08df!^@*, 8]gdfs{df!^$* df pqm sfo{sf] z' jft epsf] kfog5. xfd f] l5d]sl d'n's ef/tdf ;g\!*^^ df o;sf] z' jft epklg ;g\!(^( df 36gf btf{ k 0ffnLnfO{ sfg"gl?kn] clgjfo{ ul/of]. g]kfndf klxnf] k6s ufpfk~rfot n] JolQmut 36gfx? btf{ u/fpg sfg"gl?kdf clgjf{o u/]sf] lyof]. oblk of] P]g k efjsf/l tj/n] nfu" x'g ;fndf s]gb Lo tyofí ljefun] kfpn6 /lh:6«]zg k f]h]s6 ;~rfng u/]sf] ;fnlt/?dflgofsf] a'vf/]:6df ;DkGg ljzj hg;ª\vof ;Dd]ngn] hg;vof tyofí ;ª\sng tyf ljzn]if0fdf ljz]if Wofg k' ofpg ;b:o /fi6«x?nfo{ cfjxfg u/]cg';f/ JolQmut 36gfx?nfO{ sfg"gl?kdf lnlka ug'{kg]{ cfjzostf dxz'z )& )$ df hgd, d[to tyf JolQmut 36gf -btf{ ug]{_ ljwflosfn] kfl/t df nfndf]x/ nful k sflzt epsf] pko'{qm P]gdf hgd, ljjfx, a;fo{;/fo{, ;DaGwljR5]b / d[to' btf{ u/fpg' kg]{ k lqmof, 36gf btf{ ug]{ lgsfo, 36gfsf] ;"rgf lbg] JolQm OToflb k lqmofx? pnn]v ul/psf] 5. dflg;sf] hljgdf ljlegg JolQmut 36gfx? 36\g] u5{g\ t/ sfg"gl b[li6sf]0fdf dflg;sf hljgdf 36\g] tl ofjt 36gfnfO{ JolQmut 36gfsf?kdf x]l/b}g. hgd, d[to' tyf cgo JolQmut 36gf -btf{ ug]{_ sf] sf] -s_ n] JolQmut 36gf eggfn] s'g} JolQmsf] hgd, d[to', ljjfx, ;DaGwljR5]b tyf a;fo{ ;/fo{ ;Ddmg' kb{5 egl kl/efiff u/]sf] kfog5. JolQmut 36gfnfO{ sfg"gl?kdf clen]vls/0f ug{sf nflu pqm P]gn] 36gfnfO{ btf{ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. g]kfndf hgd, d[to', ljjfx, ;DaGwljR5]b tyf a;fo{ ;/fo{ h:tf JolStut 36gf btf{ ug]{ p2]zosf ;fndf P]g hf/l eptf klg o;sf] sfof{gjog eg] ef}uf]lns?kdf ljlegg r/0fdf /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l lj:tf/ ul/psf] kfog5. clgtd ;fndf /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/]kl5 dfq o;sf] bfo/f g]kfnel/ lj:tf/ x'g upsf] 5. o; P]g tyf o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] hgd, d[to', tyf JolStut 36gf -btf{ ug]{ _ n] 36gf btf{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] kfog5.

205 hgd btf{;dagwl sfg"gl k lqmof hgd btf{ Birth Registration dflg; hgd]kl5 p;sf] 3/kl/jf/df ;f+:s[lts k/dk/fcg';f/ gfds/0f ul/g5 / arrfn] kl/jfl/s gfd k fkt ub{5. o;/l g} sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]cg'?k ;DalGwt :yfglo lgsfosf] sfof{nodf JolQmut 36gf btf{ cgtu{t hgdbtf{ u/fog5. :yfglo lgsfoåf/f 36gf btf{ u/l k bfg ul/g] k df0fkq JolQmut 36gf btf{ epsf] k df0fsf]?kdf lnog5. :yfglo lgsfodf hgd btf{ ubf{ pnn]v ul/psf] afnssf] gfdn] sfg"gl dfgotf k fkt ub{5. g]kfndf hgd btf{ u/fpg] sfg"gl ;fnb]lv z' eptf klg arrfsf] hgdlbg ;Demg], l6kg] k rng klxn]b]lv g} /x]sf] kfog5. arrf hgd]kl5 3/sf d'vo JolQmn] arrfsf] gfd, hgd]sf] ;do, ldlt OToflb cfk\mgf] JolQmut 3/fo;L sfuhftdf l6kf]6 ul//fvg] / l6kf]6sf cfwf/df Hof]ltif;Fu k/fdz{ u/l To; arrfsf] hgds'08nl agfo{ ;'/lift /fvg] rng /x]sf] kfog5. of] wfld{s k rngsf cltl/qm dflg;n] k fs[lts k sf]k tyf P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmdsf cfwf/df kmnfgf] k sf]k epsf] jf P]ltxfl;s clj:d/0flo 36gf 36]sf] ;fnsf cfwf/df hgd epsf] tyo /fvg] k rng /x]sf] kfog5. h:tf]!(() ;fndf hgd]sf] dflg;n] cfk"m () ;fnsf] e'orfnf]df hgd]sf] eg5g\. o;af6 s] k :6 x'g5 eg] klxn] klg cfk\mgf] hgd]sf] ;fnk lt dflg; ;r]t lyp / cfk\mgf arrfsf] hgdsf nflu kl08t;fu s'08nl agfpg] / To;sf] tyofí /fvg] h:tf sfdx? x'g] ub{y]. hgdbtf{sf] If]qflwsf/ hgd, d[to' tyf JolQmut 36gf btf{ sf] bkmf # n] kl~hsflwsf/l tyf :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/l;dagwl Joj:yf u/sf] 5. hf] s]gb Lo txdf -:yfglo ljsf; dgqfno_ Ps kl~hsflwsf/l / g]kfnsf x/]s uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfdf :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/l /xg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/nfo{ o; P]gadf]lhdsf 36gf btf{ ug]{ clwsf/lsf]?kdf tf]lspsf] 5. ;DalGwt uf=lj=; jf gu/kflnsfdf a;f]jf; ug]{ hf] ;'s}n] klg k~hls/0f zfvfaf6 hgdbtf{ ug{ ;S5g\. hgdbtf{sf] ;"rgf lbg] xsb}of ljbdfg sfg"gl Joj:yfcg';f/ arrf hgd]sf] ;"rgf kl/jf/sf] d'vo JolQmn] / lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf kl/jf/sf] pd]/ k'u]sf] k'?ifx?dwo] ;a}egbf h]7f] JolQm jf hf];'s}n] ;"rs ep/ ug{ ;lsg5. olb s'g} JolSt ;"rgf kmf/d eg{ ;DalGwt :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lsxff pkl:yt x'g g;sg] epdf To:tf JolQmn] s'g} JolQmnfO{ jf/]z d's// u/l tl sfo{ u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. a]jfl/;] arrfx?sf] xsdf ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l To:tf a]jfl/;] arrfx?sf] hgdsf] ;"rgf cd's JolSt ;+:yfn] ug]{ / ;f] /fhkqcg';f/ :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/ln] klg hgdbtf{ lstfadf btf{ u/l k df0fkq lbg] sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. hgdbtf{ ug]{ Dofb M HfGd, d[to' tyf JolQmut 36gf btf{ P]gcg';f/ arrf hlgdpsf] #% lbgleq hgd btf{ u/fpg' k5{. gu/fpdf kl~hsflwsf/ln] a9ldf? %) lno{ hlxn];'s} klg hgdbtf{ u/fpg ;lsg] sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. arrf g]kfnaflx/ hlgdpsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ st{jo epsf] JolQm g]kfn cfpkl5 lghn] ^) lbgleq ;"rgf lbg' kb{5. btf{ epsf] pd]/, gfd / hft ;Rofpg] Psk6s hgdbtf{ ul/;s]kl5 gfd, pd]/ jf cgo s]xl ;Rofpg'kg]{ epdf hgdbtf{ u/]sf] ^ dxlgfleq ;DalGwt lgsfodf tf]lspsf] 9fFrfdf b/vf:t kmf/d e/l :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/l;dif lbg' k5{. To;pk/ :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/ln] cfjzos 5fglag Pj+ hffra'dm u/l pko'qm b]v]df klxn]sf] k df0fkqdf /x]sf] gfd, pd]/ cflb lgmz'ns ;RofOlbg ;S5g\. ljjfx btf{ Marriage Registration ;fdfgotof ljjfx eggfn] k'/'if / dlxnfalr klt ktglsf]?kdf a:gsf nflu ul/psf] dgh'/l xf]. ljjfx dlxnf / k' ifalrsf] efjgftds Pstf klg xf]. o;n] ;fdflhs ;ff:s[lts ;DaGwsf] ;fy} kl/jf/sf] cfwf/lznf ;d]t v8f ub{5. ljjfx ;+;f/el/ s'g} g s'g}?kdf /x]sf] b]lvg5. ljjfx Ps ;fdflhs ;+:yf (Social Institutions) klg xf] h'g x/]s ;dfhdf ljbdfg 5. ljjfxn] sfgf"gl, wfld{s / ;ff:s[lts?kdf dlxnf / k'?ifalrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ hgfpf5. ljjfxn] ;Gtfgsf] ;[li6 / kfl/jfl/s hljg lgaf{x ug{ 195

206 ;fdflhs dfgotf k bfg ub{5. ljjfx ;fdflhs k/dk/f, hflt / wd{cg';f/ km/s km/s k j[mltsf] x'g] ep klg o;n] klt ktglalr j}bflgs ;DaGw :yflkt ub{5. h'g;'s} lsl;dn] s]6f / s]6lalr ljjfx ep klg o;nfo{ JolQmut 36gfsf]?kdf HfGd, d[to' tyf cgo JolQmut 36gf -btf{ ug]{_ n] kl/eflift u/]sf] 5. ljjfx ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ sfg"gl s'/fx?! s]6f / s]6l x'g' kg]{ g]kfnsf] sfg"gcg';f/ ljjfx s]6f / s]6lalr dfq x'g] kl/snkgf u/]sf] 5. t;y{ ljjfxsf nflu s]6f / s]6l x'g' clgjfo{ s]6f / s]6lsf] pd]/ k'ug' kb{5 ljx]af/l ubf{ dlxnf k'?ifsf] pd]/ :f+/ifssf] dgh'/l ep!* jif{ / ;+/Ifssf] dgh'/l jif{ k'u]sf] x'g'k5{. o;/l!* jif{egbf sd pd]/df epsf] ljjfxnfo{ afnljjfx elgg5. afnljjfx u/fpg]nfo{ ;hfo ;d]t x'g5. #= ljjfx ubf{ s]6f s]6lsf] dgh'/l x'g' kb{5 ljjfx ubf{ s]6f s]6lsf] dgh'/l x'g' kb{5. dgh'/l geo{ ha/h:tl u/]sf] ljjfx s]6f jf s]6ln] rfx]df ab/ u/fpg ;S5g\. $= xf8gftfleq ljjfx ug'{ xf'b}g xf8gftf kg]{df ljjfx ug'{ u/fpg' x'fb}g. xf8gftf eggfn] cfk\mgf] ghlssf] gftf xf] hf];fu ljx]af/l rnb}g. xf8gftf;fu ljjfx ubf{ ;hfo x'g5. %= 9fF6]/ ljjfx ug'{ x'fb}g. ljjfx ubf{ zf/ll/s jf dfgl;s ljs[lt -jssnf6f], dxf/f]ul, n'nf], s'fhf] cgwf], cgwl, gk'+;s ax'nfpsf] jf 5f/] /f]u_ epsf] s'/fnfo{ 9fF6L ljjfx ug{ u/fpg xf'b}g. o;/l 9fF6]/ ljjfx epsf] cj:yfdf s]6f jf s]6ldwo] s'g} kifn] dgh'/l gu/] ljjfx ab/ x'g5. s]6f s]6lsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 9fF6]/ ljjfx ug{ u/fpg x'fb}g. ;wjf, ljwjf jf ;DaGwljR5]b eo;s]sf] dlxnfnfo{ sgof xf] egl jf ljjflxt, ljw'/ jf ljr5]b eo;s]sf] nf]ug] dflg;nfo{ cljjflxt egl 9fF6]/ ljjfx ug{ u/fpg x'fb}g. o:tf] em'sofgdf k/l ljjfx ug]{n] dgh'/ gu/] ljjfx ab/ x'g5. ^ ax' ljjfx g]kfn sfg"gn] ax' ljjfxnfo{ k ltagw nufpsf] 5. s'g} klg ljjfx epsf] nf]ug] dflg;n] >LdtL x'fbf x'fb} csf]{ ljjfx u/]df To;nfO{ ax'ljjfx elgg5. ax'ljjfx ug]{ cyf{t csl{ :jf:gl Nofpg] jf :jf:gl eo{ cfpg] b'j}nfo{ sfg"gl ;hfo x'g5. t/ lgdgcj:yfdf eg] sfg"gn] ax'ljjfx ug{ 5'6 lbpsf] 5. :jf:glnfo{ of}g;dagwl s'g} ;?jf /f]u eo{ lgsf] gx'g] epdf, :jf:gl lgsf] gx'g] u/l af}nfpdf, :jf:glsf] sf/0faf6 ;Gtfg gepsf] egg] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfgotf Kf fkt d]l8sn af]8{af6 Kf dfl0ft epdf, :jf:gl lx+88'n ug{ g;sg] u/l sf'hl epdf, :jf:gl b'j} cffvf gb]vg] u/l cgwl epdf, :jf:gln] c+z lno{ legg a;]df, ljjfx btf{sf] If]qflwsf/ hgd, d[to' tyf JolQmut 36gf btf{ cg';f/ ljjfx btf{ ug]{ clwsf/ :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lnfo{ tf]lspsf] 5. g]kfndf x/]s uf=lj=;=df uf=lj=;= ;lrjnfo{ :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/l tf]lspsf] 5 eg] gu/kflnsfdf JolQmut 36gf btf{ kl~hsflwsf/l tf]lspsf] x'g5 h;dfkm{t ljjfx btf{ ul/g5. ljjfxsf] ;"rgf lbg] xsb}of ljjfx btf{ ug{ klt / ktgl b'j} hgf :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lsf] sfof{nodf pkl:yt eo{ ;"rgfsf] kmf/d e/l a'emfpg' kb{5. o;/l ljjfxsf] ;"rgf Kf fkt x'gf;fy :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/ln] ;"rgf lbg cfpg] JolQmn] e/]sf] kmf/fd 7Ls 5 5}g hffrl 7Ls gep 7Ls ug{ nufo{ lghsf] NofKr] ;xl5fk ug{ nufo{ 36gf ljj/0f lstfadf btf{ ul/lbg5g\. olb ;"rgf ug{ cfpg] JolQm n]vk9 ug{ ghffgg] ep lghn] eg]adf]lhd :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/l cfkm}n] kmf/fd e/l jf eg{ nufo{ lghsf] NofKr] ;xl5fk ug{ nufo{ To:tf] 36gf;DaGwL lstfadf btf{ ul/g5. ljjfx btf{sf] Dofb HfGd, d[to' tyf JolQmut 36gf btf{ P]gcg';f/ :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lsf] sfof{nodf klt ktgl b'j}n] ljjfx epsf] #% lbgleq ;"rgf lbg' kb{5. ljjfx g]kfnaflx/ epsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ st{jo epsf] JolQm g]kfndf cfpkl5 lghn] ^) lbgleq ;"rgf lbg' kb{5. 196

207 ljjfx btf{ P]g cg';f/ ljjfx btf{ ug]{ k lqmof g]kfndf ljlegg hfthflt, wd{, k/dk/f Pj+ cfcfkm\gf] s'n /Lltlyltcg';f/ ljjfx ug]{ k rng /x] ep klg o;nfo{ sfg"gl?kdf btf{ u/fpg la ;fndf ljjfx btf{ P]g hf/l epsf] lyof]. ljjfx btf{ cg';f/ bdktln] cfk\mgf] ljjfxnfo{ btf{ u/fpg rfx]df ljjfx btf{ clwsf/l;dif bvf{:t lbg' kg]{ sfg"gl Joj:yf 5. clwsf/if]q s'g} bdkltn] cfk\mgf] wd{, hflt jf s'nsf] /Lltlylt, k/dk/f jf rng Jojxf/cg';f/ epsf] ljjfx jf j}jflxs ;DaGw btf{ ug{ rfx]df tf]lspsf] 9fFrfdf b/vf:t n]vl ljjfx btf{ clwsf/l;dif k]z ug'{ kb{5. bdktln]!% lbgb]lv cfk"m /lxa;l cfpsf] If]qsf ljjfx btf{ clwsf/l;dif b/vf:t lbg ;Sg]5. g]kfndf k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lnfo{ ljjfx btf{ clwsf/l x'g] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. xsb}of ljjfx btf{ u/fpg clgjfo{?kdf klt ktgl b'j} lhnnf k zf;g sfof{nodf pkl:yt eo{ b/vf:t lbg' kb{5. b/vf:t lbfbf tlg hgf ;fiflx?sf] gfd n]vg' cfjzos x'g5. ljjfx btf{ u/fpg cfjzos sfuhftx? ljjfx btf{ u/fpgsf nflu ljjfx btf{ kmf/fdsf ;fy} ljjfx k dfl0ft l;kmfl/; kmf/d, klt ktgl b'j}sf] gful/stfsf] k df0fkqsf] kmf]6f]skl, :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/l sfof{nodf epsf]] ljjfx btf{ k df0fkqsf] kmf]6f]skl / * - * cf]6f kf;kf]{6 ;fohsf] kmf]6f] ;+nug u/l lhnnf k zf;g sfof{nodf b/vf:t lbg' kb5{. lhnnfl:yt ;/sf/l jf ;/sf/l lzif0f;+:yf jf ;/sf/l :jfldtj epsf] ;+:yfsf sd{rf/lsf] xsdf dflysf] k df0fsf] ;fy} ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] cg'/f]w kq ;+nug ug'{ kb{5. k df0fkqsf] k ltlnlk lbg] ljjfx btf{ k df0fkq x/fpdf jf s'g} sf/0fn] gi6 epdf To:tf] k df0f kqsf] k ltlnlksf] nflu klt jf ktgln] x:tfif/ u/l lhnnf k zf;g sfof{nodf pkl:yt eo{ lgj]bg lbg' k5{. lgj]bg k]z u/]kl5 ljjfx btf{ clwsf/l jf tf]lspsf] sd{rf/ln] ljjfx btf{ k df0fkqsf] GfSsn lbg5g\. ;DaGwljR5]b btf{ Divorce Registration ljjfxaf6 h;/l s'g} k'?if / dlxnf >Ldfg >LdtLsf]?kdf a:5g\ To;}u/L ;DaGwljR5]baf6 ;f]xl >Ldfg >LdtLaLrsf] gftf ;DaGw tf]l8g5. :ki6?kdf egg] xf] eg] dlxnf / k'/'ifalr s'g} klg k lqmofåf/f hf]l8psf] ;DaGw ;fdflhs / sfg"gl dfgotfcg'?k 6'6\g' g} ;DaGwljR5]b xf]. cyf{t j}jflxs sfg"gcgtu{tsf] /Lt k'/\ofo{ ljjflxt bdkltn] cfkm"x?nfo{ ;f] bfdkto hljgaf6 cnuofpg' jf To:tf] bfdkto hljgsf] cgto ug'{ g} ;DaGwljR5]b xf]. ;DaGwljR5]bkl5 >Ldfg >LdtLsf]] cl:ttj ;dfkt eo{ b'j} kifnfo{ :jtgqtf k fkt x'g5. g]kfnl sfg"gl zabsf]ifcg';f/ ;DaGwljR5]b eggfn] kf/kfr's] cyf{t tnfs egg] zab k of]u ul/psf] 5. ;DaGwljR5]bsf] sfg"gl ;+/rgf a[xt\ eptf klg o;;dagwl 5'6\6} sfg"g eg] ag]sf] 5}g. d'n'sl P]gsf] nf]ug] :jf:glsf] dxnaf6 g} ;DaGwljR5]bsf] kl/efiff;lxt k'g/f]tyfg ul/psf] 5. ;DaGwljR5]b;DaGwL clwsf/if]q ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ sfg"gn] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] nflu leggf legg} k lqmof lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5. dlxnfn] ;DaGwljR5]b ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt jfbl k ltjfbl epsf] lhnnf cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg' k5{ eg] k'?ifn] ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=sf] sfof{no jf gu/kflnsfdf lgj]bg lbg' k5{. b'j} kifalr Ps jif{egbf a9l ;do;dd klg d]nldnfk x'g g;sg] cj:yf b]lvpdf cfk\mgf] /fo;lxt ;DalGwt lhnnf cbfntdf ldl;n;lxt l;kmfl/z ug'{ k5{. cbfntaf6 j}wflgs?kdf ;DaGwljR5]b eo;s]kzrft\ ;DaGwljR5]b epsf] lg:;f -km};nf_ lnp/ cfk"m a;]sf] uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfdf nf]ug] jf :jf:gln] btf{ u/fo{ ;DaGwljR5]bsf] k df0f kq lng' kb{5. ;DaGwljR5]b btf{ ug]{ DofbM ;DaGwljR5]bsf] nflu s'g} xbdofb tf]lspsf]5}g. nf]ug] / :jf:glalrsf] s'g} h6lntf, ;dfwfg ug{ g;lsg] c;dembf/l a9]sf] v08df h'g;'s} a]nfdf klg ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ sfg"gn] 5'6 lbpsf] 5. t/, cbfntaf6 ;DaGwljR5]b eo;s]kzrft\ :yfglo lgsfo -uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf_ df cbfntaf6 lg0f{o epsf] #% lbgleq btf{ u/fpg' kb{5. #% lbgleq ubf{ lgmz'ns x'g5. To;kl5 hlxn];'s} up klg hl/jfgf lt/]/ btf{ ug{ ;lsg5. 197

208 198 a;fo{;/fo{ btf{ Migration Registration a;fo{;/fo{ eggfn] cfkm" :yfo{?kn] a;f]af; ul//x]sf] :yfgaf6 cgoq :yfgfgt/0f x'g' xf]. hgd d[to' tyf cgo JolQmut 36gf btf{ ug]{ cg';f/ ^ dxlgfegbf a9l cjlwsf] nflu g]kfnleq Ps uffp ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf If]qaf6 csf]{ uffp ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf If]qdf jf ljb]zdf a;fo{ ;/L hfg] jf ljb]zaf6 a;fo{ ;/L cfpg] sfo{nfo{ a;fo{;/fo{ egg] a'lemg5. sfg"gsf] b[li6df ljlwk"j{s ;DkGg epsf] a;fo{;/fo{ dfq jf:tljs cy{df a;fo{;/fo{ xf]. ljlwk"j{s ;DkGg epsf] a;fo{;/fo{nfo{ Jojl:yt a;fo{;/fo{ elgg5. ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3sf] ax'efiflo hg;f+lvos zabsf]ifn] a;fo{;/fo{sf] kl/efiff lgdg k sf/n] u/]sf]5 : æa;fo{;/fo{ eg]sf] Ps ef}uf]lns If]qaf6 csf]{ ef}uf]lns If]qdf ;g]{ Ps k lqmof xf] h;df k fo: hgd]sf] 7fpFaf6 af;:yfg ;f/]/ nlift :yfgdf uog5.æ The United Nations Multilingual Demographic Dictionary defined migration as follows: "Migration is a form of geographical mobility or spatial mobility between one geographical unit and another, generally involving a change in residence from the place of origin or place of departure to the place of destination or place of arrival." a;fo{;/fo{sf] lsl;d :!_ cflgt/s a;fo{;/fo{ : b]zleq g} Ps ef}uf]lns If]qaf6 csf]{ ef}uf]lns If]qdf a;fo{ ;g]{ k lqmofnfo{ cflgt/s a;fo{;/fo{ elgg5. o;df uf=lj=;af6 lhnnf, lhnnfaf6 c~rn / c~rnaf6 ;a} If]q afxo a;fo{;/fo{ : Ps /fi6«af6 csf]{ /fi6«df ul/g] a;fo{;/fo{nfo{ afxo a;fo{;/fo{ elgg5. a;fo{;/fo{sf] k sf/ :!_ c:yfol a;fo{;/fo{ : s]xl ;dosf] nflu cfkm" a;]sf] 7fpF 5f]8]/ k'gm ToxL+ kmls{p/ cfpg] k lqmofnfo{ c:yfol a;fo{;/fo{ elgg5. o;n] ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;DaGw / hg;ª\vofdf vf;} 7"nf] c;/ :yfol a;fo{;/fo{ : cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;DaGwnfO{ ;w}+fsf lgldt tf]8]/ s'g} goff :yfgdf uo{ a:g] k lqmofnfo{ :yfol a;fo{;/fo{ elgg5. o:tf] a;fo{;/fo{n] ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;DaGwsf ;fy} ;DalGwt 7fpFsf] hg;ª\vofdf ;d]t k efj kfb{5. a;fo{;/fo{sf sf/0f :!_ cfly{s sf/0f (Economic Factor) : cfkm" a;f]af; u/]sf] :yfgdf vfbfggsf] cefj, e"ldsf] pj{/f zlqmdf sdl, cf}wf]lus cflb sf/0fn] dflg;x? Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf a;fo{ ;g{ afwo ;fdflhs sf/0f (Social Factor) : j}jflxs ;DaGwkl5, prr lziffsf] nflu ufpfaf6 zx/df, ;fdflhs ;+:sf/, kfl/jfl/s emu8f, hfltut e]befj dfgdof{bfdf sdl cflb a;fo{;/fo{sf ;fdflhs sf/0f x'g\.

209 #_ /fhg}lts sf/0f (Political Factor) : b]zdf x'g] /fhg}lts pynk'yn, ctofrf/, oftgf b08 ;hfoaf6 arg, o'4, /ª\ue]b cflb a;fo{;/fo{sf /fhg}lts sf/0f x'g\. $_ k fs[lts sf/0f (Natural Disaster) : b]zsf] s'g} Ps 7fpFdf x'g] k fs[lts k sf]k h:t}m e" Ifo, af9lklx/f], e"sdk cfflb sf/0fn] ubf{ klg dfflg;x? Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf a;fo ;5{g\. %_ hg;fª\lvos sf/0f (Demographic Factor) : a9\bf] hg;ª\vofn] klg dflg;x? 3gf a:tlaf6 sd a;f]af; x'g] 7fpFlt/ / a9\bf] zx/ls/0faf6 lbss ep/ klg a;fo{;/fo{ ub{5g\. ^_ wfld{s sf/0f (Religious Factor) : dflg;x? wd{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf klg Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf ;b{5g\. h:t}m /f0ffsfndf 7"nfa8fx? j[4j[[4f epkl5 sfzl hfg] k rng lyof]. To:t} xfn klg d'l:nd ;d'bfox? xhsf] nflu ;fpbl c/a hfg], lxgb"x? b]j3f6 hfg], af}4 wdf{jndalx? n'ldagl, wd{zfnf cflb 7fpFdf hfg] k rng /x]sf] kfog5. a;fo{;/fo{ btf{sf] If]qflwsf/ hgd, d[to' tyf JolQmut 36gf btf{ cg';f/ a;fo{;/fo{ btf{ ug]{ clwsf/ :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lnfo{ tf]lspsf] 5. g]kfndf x/]s uf=lj=;=df uf=lj=;= ;lrjnfo{ :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/l tf]lspsf] 5 eg] gu/kflnsfdf JolQmut 36gf btf{ kl~hsflwsf/l tf]lspsf] x'g5 h;dfkm{t a;fo{;/fo{ btf{ ul/g5. a;fo{;/fo{ btf{sf] ;"rgf lbg] xsb}of a;fo{;/fo{sf] ;"rgf a;fo{;/fo{ ;g]{ kl/jf/ ep kl/jf/sf] d'vo JolQmn] / kl/jf/ gep a;fo{;/fo{ ug]{ JolQmn] tf]lsp adf]lhdsf] kmf/fd e/l :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lsf] sfof{nodf ;"rgf ug'{kb{5. o;/l ;"rgf Kf fkt x'gf;fy :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/ln] ;"rgf lbg cfpg] JolQmn] e/]sf] kmf/fd l7s 5}g hffrl 7Ls gep 7Ls ug{ nufo{ lghsf] NofKr] ;xl5fk ug{ nufo{ To:tf] 36gf;DaGwL lstfadf btf{ ul/lbg5g\. olb ;"rgf ug{ cfpg] JolQm n]vk9 ug{ ghffgg] ep lghn] eg]adf]lhd :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/l cfkm}n] kmf/fd e/l jf eg{ nufo{ lghsf] NofKr] ;xl5fk ug{ nufo{ To:tf] 36gf;DaGwL lstfadf btf{ ul/lbg5g\. a;fo{;/fo{ btf{sf] Dofb HfGd, d[to' tyf JolQmut 36gf btf{ P]g cg';f/ a;fo{;/fo{ epsf] ;"rgf :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lsf] sfof{nodf #% lbgleq lbg' kb{5. t/ ;f] Dofb gf3]sf] #% lbgleq cfpdf cf7?k}+off b:t"/ lno{ btf{ ul/lbg] Joj:yf 5. sfa" aflx/sf] kl/l:yltdf afx]s :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/ln] pqm tf]lspsf] Dofbleq klg a;fo{;/fo{ btf{ gu/fpg]nfo{ a9ldf krf;?k}+off;dd hl/jfgf u/l btf{ ul/lbg'kb{5. d[to' btf{ Death Registration d[to' eg]sf] k fs[lts s'/f xf]. ;+;f/df s'g} klg hljhgt' cd/ x'fb}g. s;}sf] hljg nfdf] x'g5 eg] s;}sf] 5f]6f]. ;fdfgotof d[to' eg]sf] dfgjsf] hljg cgto x'g' xf]. hljgsf] cgto 36gf / cj:yfcg';f/ km/s km/s x'g] ub{5g\. /f]u, s'kf]if0f, b'3{6gf, xtof, a'9\of}nl, ef}lts Ifltsf] sf/0f d[to' x'g ;S5. xfd f] b]zdf JolQmsf] d[to'n] ;w}f sfg"gl dxîj /fv]sf] kfog5 lsgeg] o;n] ;DklQ tyf ;fdflhs cj:yf;fu k ToIf tyf ckf ToIf ;DaGw /fv]sf] x'g5. d[to'sf] ljifo s]jn b]jfgl sfgf"g;fu dfq} hf]l8g] geo{ slxn]sfxlf kmf}hbf/l sfg"g;fu klg ;DaGw /fv]sf] kfog5. clwsf+z ck fs[lts d[to' kmf}hbf/l ck/fw;fu ;DalGwt epsf] kfog5. s'g} klg dflg;sf] hljgdf 36\g] JolQmut 36gfdWo] d[to' klg Ps xf]. o:tf 36gf eo;s]kl5 ;DalGwt :yfglo lgsfodf hfgsf/l u/fo{ 36gf btf{ u/fpg] ul/g5. d[to' btf{sf] If]qflwsf/ hgd, d[to' tyf cgo JolQmut 36gf btf{ ug]{ sf] bkmf # n] kl~hsflwsf/l tyf :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/l;dagwl Joj:yf u/sf] 5. s]gb Lo txdf Ps kl~hsflwsf/l / x/]s uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfdf Ps Ps :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. kl~hsflwsf/l tyf :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lnfo{ o; P]gadf]lhdsf 36gf btf{ ug]{ clwsf/lsf?kdf tf]lspsf] 5. ;DalGwt uf=lj=; jf gu/kflnsfdf a;f]jf; ug]{ hf];'s}n] klg k~hls/0f zfvfaf6 d[to' btf{ k df0fkq k fkt ug{ ;lsg5. 199

210 d[to' btf{sf] ;"rgf lbg] xsb}of d[to' epsf] ;"rgf lbgsf] nflu kl/jf/sf] d'vo JolSt tf]lspsf] 5. kl/jf/sf] d'vo JolQmn]] :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lsxff tf]lspsf] ;"rgf kmf/ddf lj:t[t ljj/0f vf]nl kmf/d e/]/ lbg' k5{. d'vo JolQmsf] cg'kl:yltdf kl/jf/sf] pd]/ k'u]sf] k'?ifx?dwo] ;a}egbf h]7f] JolQmnfO{ ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ st{jo tf]lspsf] 5. o;/l ;"rgf Kf fkt x'gf;fy :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/ln] ;"rgf lbg cfpg] JolQmn] e/]sf] kmf/fd 7Ls 5 5}g hffrl 7Ls gep 7Ls ug{ nufo{ lghsf] NofKr] ;xl5fk nufo{ To:tf] 36gf;DaGwL lstfadf btf{ ul/lbg5g\. olb ;"rgf ug{ cfpg] JolQm n]vk9 ug{ ghffgg] ep lghn] eg]adf]lhd :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/l cfkm}n] kmf/fd e/l jf eg{ nufo{ lghsf] NofKr] ;xl5fk nufo{ To:tf] 36gf;DaGwL lstfadf btf{ ul/lbg5g\. d[to' jul{s/0f d[to'nfo{ s;/l jul{s/0f ug]{ egg] s'g} dfkb08 geptf klg d[to'sf] k j[mltsf cfwf/df lgdgcg';f/ jul{s/0f u/]sf] kfog5. d[to' Death xtof k fs[lts d[to' b}jlk sf]k cgo Homicide Natural death Natural calamities Others b08glo jft gnfug] a]jfl/;] b'3{6gf, ue{ktg, Punishable Inculpable c:ktfndf d[to' dg;fok ]l/t cfj]zk ]l/t eljtjo Intentional homicide Justifiable homicide Accidental homicide d[to' btf{sf] Dofb HfGd, d[to' tyf JolQmut 36gf btf{ P]gcg';f/ d[to' epsf] ;"rgf :yfglo k~hlsflwsf/lsf] sfof{nodf #% lbgleq lbg' kb{5. d[to' g]kfnaflx/ epsf] ep ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ st{jo epsf] JolQm g]kfn cfpkl5 ^) lbgleq ;"rgf lbg' kb{5. Dofbleq btf{ gu/l l9nf cfpg]nfo{ :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/ln] a9ldf krf;?k}off;dd hl/jfgf lno{ btf{ ul/lbg5g\. o;/l hgd, d[to', ljjfx, ;DaGwljR5]b / a;fo{;/fo{nfo{ sfg"gl?kdf JolQmut 36gfsf?kdf btf{ ug]{ ul/psf] 5. o:tf 36gfsf] btf{ k df0fkq JolQmut 36gf epsf] 5 egg] s'/fsf] k df0f x'g5. o:tf] k df0f kq s'g} klg sfof{no cbfntdf k]z ug{ tyf j}olsts sf/f]af/df k of]u ug{ ;lsg5. e'm f ljj/0f k]z u/l o:tf] k df0f kq lnpsf] k dfl0ft epdf k df0fkq /2 x'g5. 36gf btf{ z'ns 36gfsf] ;"rgf btf{ u/]kl5 :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/ln] ;f] btf{ u/fpg]nfo{ lgmz'ns btf{ k df0f kq lbg] Joj:yf 5. t/ tf]lspsf] Dofb gf3]sf] ldltn]] #% lbgleq :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lsf] sfof{nodf btf{ ug{ cfpdf? * lno{ 36gf btf{ ug]{ sfg"gl Joj:yf 5 / ;f] Dofb gf3]kl5 btf{ ug{ cfpdf a9ldf %)?koff;dd hl/jfgf u/l btf{ ul/lbg] k fjwfg 5. ljj/0f ;Rofpg ;Sg] 36gf btf{ eo;s]kl5 s'g} sf/0fn] ;Rofpg' k/]df :fdalgwt JolQmn] ;Rofpg' kg]{ sf/0f vf]nl klxn] k fkt u/]sf] k df0fkq ;d]t ;fy} /fvl :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lsf] sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg' kb{5. lgj]bg k fkt epkl5 :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/ln] kl~hsflwsf/lsf] cg'dtl lno{ 36gf btf{ k df0fkq / btf{ lstfadf ;d]t lgj]bgadf]lhd ;RofOlbg] sfg"gl Joj:yf 5. ;f] ubf{{?=!?k}off b:t"/ nfug]

211 k df0fkqsf] gssn lbg] 36gf btf{ k df0fkq x/fpdf jf s'g} sf/0fn] gi6 epdf To:tf] k df0f kqsf] gssnsf] nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmn] :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/lsf] sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] 5. lgj]bg k]z u/]kl5 :yfglo kl~hsflwsf/ln] btf{ lstfasf] s}lkmot dxndf btf{ k df0fkqsf] gssn lbpsf] a]xf]/f n]vl 36gf btf{ k df0fkqsf] GfSsn lbg]5g\. ;f] 36gf btf{ k df0fkqsf] gssn lng? % b:t"/ ltg'{ kg]{5. b08 ;hfo 36gf btf{ u/fpfbf s;}n] c?nfo{ b'mv lbg] tyf JolQmut nfe k fkt ug]{ lgotn] em'7f] ;"rgf lbo{ 36gf btf{ u/]sf]] k dfl0ft epdf To:tf] btf{ /2 x'g5 ;fy} To:tf] em'7f ;"rgf lbg] JolQmnfO{ a9ldf! ;o?k}off;dd hl/jfgf jf Ps dxlgf;dd s}b jf b'j} x'g]5. 201

212 202!= kl/rom gful/stf;dagwl sfg"gl k fjwfg Citizenship ;fdfgotof s'g} klg b]zdf $ cj:yfsf dflg;x? a;f]af; ul//x]sf x'g5g!_ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] ljb]zl gful/s, #_ /fho laxlg JolQm $_ bf]xf]/ gful/stf k fkt JolQm ol dflg;x?sf] sfg"gl x}l;otdf eg] km/s km/s x'g5. t;y{ gful/stf k fkt ug'{ ctogt dxîjk"0f{ s'/f dflgg5. gful/stf k df0fkq lagf dxîjk"0f{ sfo{x? h:t} M huufsf] :jfldtj xfl;n ug]{, huuf btf{, a}+s vftf vf]ng], prr lziff cwoog ug]{, ;fj{hlgs k zf;gdf cf}krfl/s /f]huf/l xfl;n ug]{, uf8l rnfpg] nfo;]g; k fkt ug]{, s'g} s'g} ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otf lng tyf gful/s Pj+ /fhgllts clwsf/ k of]u ug{af6 jl~rt x'g5. ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s clwsf/x? Jofjxfl/s?kdf k fkt ug{ klg gful/stf k df0fkq lagf sl7g of c;dej 5. s'g} klg /fi6«n] cfkm\gf] gful/snfo{ lglzrt clwsf/ k bfg ul/g'sf] ;fy} pqm clwsf/sf] ;+/lift, ;Da4{g / k Tofe't ul/psf] x'g5 h'g s]jn cfkm\gf] gful/snfo{ dfq k bfg ul/psf] x'g5. d'ntm /fhon] cfkm\gf] gful/snfo{ k bfg ul/g] clwsf/nfo{ tlg k sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5 h'g ljb]zl gful/sn] pkef]u ug{ kfofb}g. gful/s clwsf/ cgtu{t JolQmut :jtgqtf, wd{ ;DaGwL clwsf/, 5fkfvfgf, ;"rgfsf] xs, jfs :jtgqtf, ;ª\ul7t x'g] clwsf/, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL xs cflb kb{5g\. /fhlglts clwsf/ cgtu{t dt lbg] clwsf/, lgjf{rgdf efu lng] clwsf/, /fhgllts bn vf]ng kfpg] clwsf/, ;+j}wflgs k lqmof adf]lhd ;/sf/df ;fd]n x'g] :jtgqtf cflb kb{5g\. cfly{s clwsf/ cgtu{t /f]huf/l ;DaGwL xs, Jofkf/ Joj;fo, k]zf ug{ kfpg] xs, ;DklQ cfh{g, a]rlavg, ef]u ug{ kfpg] xs cflb kb{5g\. gful/stf k df0fkq lagf g]kfnl gful/s Ps k sf/n] /fho ljxlg cj:yfdf k'u5. of] /fho ljxlgtf ljlegg sf/0fn] cfpg ;Qm5. h:t} M gful/stfsf] dxîj ga'eml, gful/stf k df0fkq lngsf] lgldt b/vf:t glbgfn], gful/stf k df0fkq xfl;n ug]{ em~em6df kg{ grfxgfn] kl/efiff / jul{s/0f M gful/stf eg]sf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ cfkm" a;]sf] /fi6«sf] gful/s xf] elg gful/snfo{ lrgfpg] kl/ro kq xf]. /fhoaf6 k fkt x'g] ;fdflhs, gful/s, j}olqms, /fhgllts, cfly{snufot ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x? / ;'ljwf tyf cj;/ k fkt ug{sf nflu gful/stfsf] cfjzostf kb{5. xfn;dd ljzjdf b'o{ l;4fgtnfo{ cª\ulsf/ u/l gful/stf ljt/0f ug]{ ul/psf] kfog5. tl x'g\ j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf ljt/0f ug]{ k 0ffnL (Jus Sanguinis) / hgdsf] cfwf/df gful/stf ljt/0f ug]{ k 0ffnL (Jus soli) j+zhsf] cfwf/df (Jus Sanguinis): o; l;4fgt cgtu{t s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ pgsf]] k"j{h gful/s epsf] cfwf/df gful/stf lbog5. s'g} b]zsf] gful/s oslg ug]{ dfwofd g} k'j{h s'g b]zsf] gful/s xf] ;f] df cfwfl/t x'g5 o;df JolQmsf] hgd s'g b]z :yfgdf epsf] xf] egg] s'/f;fu ;+algwt x'b}g. pbfx/0fsf] nflu hd{g, cli6«of, k mfg;, x+u]/l cflb b]zx?df j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf lbg] k rng /x]sf] 5. hgdsf] cwf/df (Jus Soli): o; l;4fgt cgtu{t s'g} klg JolQmsf] hgd sxff epsf] xf] ;f]xl cfwf/df gful/stf lbog5. o;df JolQmsf] k"j{h s'g b]zsf] gful/s lyof] cyjf 5 egg] s'/f;fu ;DalGwt x'fb}g s]jn JolQmsf] hgd sxff epsf] xf] To;nfO{ g} cfwf/ agfp/ gful/stf k bfg ul/g5. pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;+o'qm /fho cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f, a flhn cflb b]zx?df hgdsf] cfwf/df gful/stf lbg] k rng /x]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]g]{ xf] eg] g]kfnsf] cgtl/d sf] df gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 / g]kfnsf] cgtl/d / g]kfn gful/stf n] cj:yf cg';f/ hgdsf] / j+zhsf] cfwf/ gful/stf lbg] b'j} l;4fgtnfo{ cª\ulsf/ ul/psf] 5. gful/stfsf] k sf/ g]kfndf ljbdfg sfg"g cg';f/ gful/stf ljt/0f ug]{ k lqmof cg';f/ hddf $ lsl;dsf x'g5g\ s j+zhsf] gftfn] g]kfnl gful/stf, u cª\uls[t g]kfnl gful/stf, / v hgdsf] cfwf/df g]kfnl gful/stf, 3 ;Ddfgfy{ g]kfnl gful/stf.

213 s = j+zhsf] gftfn] g]kfnl gful/stf s'g} JolQm g]kfnl gful/s epsf afa' cfdfaf6 hgd]df Tof] JolQm j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnl gful/s x'g]5. g]kfn gful/stf bkmf # cg';f/ j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnl gful/stf k fkt ug{ a'jf g]kfnl x'g' kg]{ clgjfo{tf ul/psf] 5. pqm P]gsf] bkmf #-#_ cg';f/ g]kfn ;/xbleq km]nf k/]sf] lkt[tj dft[tjsf] 7]ufgf gepsf] gfjfns lkt[tj dft[tjsf] 7]ufgf gnfu];dd j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnl gful/s x'g] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. v= hgdsf] cfwf/df g]kfnl gful/stf g]kfn gful/stf bkmf $ n] ;fn r}q d;fgt;dd g]kfn ;/xbleq hgd e} g]kfndf :yfol a;f]af; ub}{ cfpsf] JolQmn] hgdsf] cfwf/df g]kfnl gful/stf k fkt ug]{ Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. u= cª\uls[t g]kfnl gful/stf olb g]kfnl gful/s;fu ljjfx ug]{ ljb]zl dlxnfn] g]kfnl gful/stf xfl;n ug{ rfx]df lglzrt ljlw cg';f/ tf]lspsf] clwsf/lsxff b/vf:t lbg ;Sg]5. To;/L b/vf:t lbfbf To:tf dlxnfn] cfkm\gf] ljb]zl gful/stf TofUg] k lqmof z' u/]sf] k df0f / j}jflxs ;DaGwsf] k df0f k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf g]kfn gful/stf bkmf %-!_ n] u/]sf] 5. s'g} g]kfnl dlxnfn] ljb]zl gful/s;fu ljjfx u/]sf]df lghaf6 hgd]sf] ;Gtfgn] klg cª\uls[t g]kfnl gful/stf k fkt ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf g]kfn gful/stf bkmf %-@_ u/]sf] 5. o;/l gful/stf k fkt ug{ lgdg sfuhftx? k]z ug'{ kg]{ x'g5. cfdfsf] g]kfnl gful/stfsf] k df0f kqsf] k ltlnlk. :yfol a;f]af; u/]sf] Joxf]/f v'ng] ;DalGwt :yfglo lgsfosf] l;kmfl/; x'g' kb{5. afa'sf] gful/stfsf] cfwf/df lghn] ljb]zl d'n'ssf] gful/stf glnpsf] lg:;f k]z ug'{ kb{5. g]kfn gful/stf sf] bkmf %-$_ n] tf]lspsf] lglzrt zt{ / cj:yf k"/f ul/;s]sf ljb]zl gful/sx?dwo] lj1fg, bz{gzf:q, snf, ;flxto, ljzjzflgt, dfgjsnof0f, g]kfnsf] cf}bf]lus, cfly{s jf ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf;df ljz]if of]ubfg u/]sf jf ug{ ;Sg] JolQmx?nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'gfl;a 7x ofpdf tf]lsp adf]lhd cª\uls[t gful/stf k bfg ug{ ;lsg]5. zt{ tyf cj:yf -s_ g]kfnl jf g]kfndf k rlnt cgo s'g} efiff af]ng / n]vg hfg]sf] x'g'kg]{. -v_ g]kfndf s'g} Joj;fo u/l a;]sf] x'g'kg]{. -u_ cgo b]zsf] gful/stf Tofu]sf] jf TofUg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] x'g'kg]{. -3_ g]kfndf sdtldf!% jif{ a;f]af; u/]sf] x'g'kg]{{. -ª_ g]kfnl gful/snfo{ cª\uls[t gful/stf lbg] sfg"gl k fjwfg jf k rng epsf] d'n'ssf] gful/s epsf] x'g'kg]{. -r_ c;n rfnrng epsf] x'g'kg]{. -5_ dfgl;s?kn] :j:y epsf] x'g'kg]{. 3= ;Ddfgfy{ g]kfnl gful/stf g]kfn gful/stf sf] bkmf ^ n] s'g} cgt/f{li6«o Vofltk fkt JolQmnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf k bfg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. $= gful/stf sxffaf6 k fkt ug{ ;lsg5 -If]qflwsf/_ cfkm" a;f]af; u/]sf] ;DalGwt lhnnf k zf;g sfof{nodf tf]lspsf] 9fFrfdf lgj]bg lbo{ g]kfnl gful/stf k fkt ug{ ;lsg5. -lgj]bgsf] 9fFrf g]kfn gful/stf lgodfjnl,@)^# sf] cg';"rl! df pnn]v ul/psf] 5_ g]kfnl gful/stf k df0f kq k bfg ug]{ clwsf/ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lnfo{ x'g5. o pqm lgj]bg ;fy afa' jf cfdf jf cfkm\gf j+ztkm{sf] tlg k':tfleqsf] gft]bf/sf] g]kfnl gful/stfsf] k df0fkq, o a'af jf cfdf afx]s cfkm\gf j+ztkm{sf] tlg k':tfleqsf] gft]bf/sf] g]kfnl gful/stfsf] k df0fkq k]z ulpsf] ep gftf v'ng] k df0fkq k]z ug'{ kb{5. o a;f]jf; ul/cfpsf] ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfn] ul/lbpsf] l;kmfl/; jf hgdbtf{. %= xsb}of!^ jif{ jf To;eGbf dflysf] pd]/ k'u]sf gful/snfo{ gful/stf k df0fkq k fkt ug]{ clwsf/ x'g5. goff gful/stf k df0fkq xfl;n ug{sf] lgldt g]kfnsf] cgtl/d g]kfn gful/stf P]g, cg';f/ hgd, j+zh jf cª\uls[t s'g ju{df k5{ ;f] cg';f/ leggf legg} cj:yf k lqmof k"/f ul/psf] x'g' kb{5. 203

214 ^= gful/stf ;dfkt x'g] cj:yf s'g} g]kfnl gful/sn] cfkm"v'zl s'g} ljb]zl d'n'ssf] gful/stf k fkt u/]kl5 g]kfnl gful/stf sfod g/xg], s'g} g]kfnl gful/sn] g]kfnsf] gful/stf TofUg lbpsf] lgj]bg btf{ ul/psf] ldltb]lv g]kfnl gful/stf sfod g/xg], s'g} ljb]zl JolQmn] em'7f] ljj/0f jf aofg lbo{ g]kfnl gful/s xf] egl em'sofo{ g]kfnl gful/stf k df0fkq k fkt u/]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfnl gful/stf sfod g/xg], s'g} JolQmnfO{ Ps};fy g]kfnsf] / ljb]zl d'n'ssf] gful/stf k fkt x'g] cj:yf epdf To:tf] JolQmn]!^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf] b'o{ jif{leq s'g} Ps d'n'ssf] gful/stf g/f]h]df Dofb gf3]kl5 lghsf] gful/stf sfod g/xg] &= gful/stf k df0fkqsf] nflu b:t"/ g]kfnl gful/stf k df0f kq g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgmz'ns k fkt ul/g5, s'g} lsl;dsf] b:t"/ nfub}g. *= g]kfnl gful/stfsf] k ltlnlk k fkt ug{ ;lsg] s'g} JolQmsf] g]kfnl gful/stf x/fpdf jf gi6 x'gupdf h'g lhnnfaf6 gful/stf lnpsf] xf] ;f]xl lhnnfdf k ltlnlk kfpgsf nflu lgj]bg lbp/ k fkt ug{ ;lsg5. bf]xf]/f] gful/stf lng kfofb}g. (= em'7f] ljj/0f lbo{ gful/stf lnbf b08 ;hfo em'7f] ljj/0f lbo{ gful/stf lnpdf lgdgfg';f/sf] b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/psf]5 M em'7f] ljj/0f lbo{ ljb]zln] gful/stf lnpdf Ps jif{b]lv % jif{;dd s}b jf?= krf; xhf/b]lv?=! nfv;dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo ljb]zlnfo{ gful/stf lbnfpg] sfo{df 5 dxlgfb]lv # jif{;dd s}b jf ;gfvt u/]df jf l;kmfl/; u/]df?= krrl; xhf/b]lv?= %) xhf/;dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo em'7f] jf lst]{ gful/stf tof/ u/]df Ps jif{b]lv % jif{;dd s}b jf?= al; xhf/b]lv?=! nfv;dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo gful/stfsf] ljj/0f cfkm"v'zl ;RofPdf # dxlgf;dd s}b jf?=!) xhf/;dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo g]kfnl gful/sn] em'7f] ljj/0f lbpdf jf gful/stf ;DaGwL P]g lgodsf] lj 4 sfd u/]df?=!% xhf/;dd hl/jfgf sd{rf/ln] ablgotk"j{s gful/stf lbpdf jf ljj/0f ;RofPdf ljefulo sf/afxl pbf]u ug]{ jf dltof/nfo{ d'vo s;"/bf/nfo{ x'g] b08 ;hfosf] cfwf ghl/ l;4fgtx?m gful/stf k fktstf{sf] hgd g]kfndf x'fbf lghsf lktf g]kfnsf] gful/s x'g'kg]{. g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= $$#. clwsf/if]q geo{ g]kfnsf] gful/s xf] jf xf]og egg] ljjfbdf clvtof/lagf ul/psf] lg0f{o sfg"g;ddt gx'g]. g]sfk -@)#!_ k[= #*#. sfg"gdf Joj:yf gepsf] s'g} kl/rokq ab/ epsf] sf/0fn] gful/stf ;DaGwL hgdl;4 xs nf]k gx'g]. g]sfk -@)#$_ k[= #(@. 204

215 gjf}f kl/r5]b l/6;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf, To;sf] k of]u / k rng Writs and Injuctions 205

216 206!= l/6sf] kl/efiff l/6;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf, To;sf] k of]u / k rng Writs and Injuctions l/6 eggfn] ;fdfgo cy{df s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{ hf/l ul/g] ljz]ifflwsf/o'qm cfb]z xf]. o;nfo{ ljz]iflwsf/o'qm egg'sf] sf/0f z' df o; lsl;dsf] cfb]z hf/l ug]{ clwsf/ /fhfnfo{ dfq lyof]. lsgls l/6sf] ljsf; a]nfotaf6 epsf] kfog5. s'g} ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/lx?n] sfg"gadf]lhd cfk"mnfo{ tf]lspsf] st{jo plrt 9ª\udf lgjf{x u/] gu/]sf] / dftxtsf GofofwLs/0fx?n] klg cfk"mnfo{ k fkt clwsf/ If]qleq /x]/ sfd u/] gu/]sf] eg]/ ;'lglzrt x'g] cfwf/sf?kdf /fhfn] l/6nfo{ k rng / k of]udf NofPsf] kfog5. o;sf] dfwodaf6 ;a} cbfnt, cfof]u / kbflwsf/lx?sf] sfo{df k efjsfl/tf Nofpg] / ;'Jojl:yt 9ª\uaf6 ;Dkfbg u/fpg] pkfosf]?kdf ol pkrf/x? k rngdf cfpsf b]lvg5g\. z' df /fhfdf /x]sf] of] clwsf/ kl5 qmdzm /fhosf prr cbfntx?af6 k of]u / k rng x'g upsf] kfog5. xfdlsfxff klg of] clwsf/ ;a} cbfntaf6 k of]u x'g] geo{ prr cbfntx?nfo{ dfq o;sf] k of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k rlnt ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] k bfg u/]sf] 5. h;sf] pnn]v kl5 ul/g] g]kfndf l/6sf] z' jft g]kfndf agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] l/6;fu ldnbf]h'nbf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;j{k yd JolQmut :jtgqtf sf] bkmf $ df Joj:yf u/]sf] eptf klg pqm Joj:yf nfu" x'g ;s]sf] kfofb}g. agblk ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, k ltif]w, clwsf/k[r5f / ptk ]if0f kf"r} k sf/sf l/6 hf/l x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf klxnf] k6s k wfg Gofofno sf] bkmf #) df epsf] xf]. o;kl5 hf/l epsf] gful/s clwsf/ sf] bkmf!^, ;jf{]rr cbfnt sf] bkmf!!, g]kfn clw/fhosf] sf] wf/f ( tyf g]kfnsf] sf] wf/f &! df l/6 hf/l ug{] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf epsf] kfog5. g]kfn clw/fhosf] n] l/6nfo{ cem Jofks agfo{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifonfo{ klg l/6 If]qdf k j]z ug{ kfpg] Joj:yfsf] z' jft eof]. g]kfnsf] cgtl/d n] emg\ l/6;dagwl Joj:yfnfO{ ;flasegbf cem Jofks agfpsf] kfog5, lsgeg] ;flassf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf gul/psf sltko xsnfo{ df}lnsxssf]?kdf ;dfj]z u/l o;sf] If]qflwsf/ cem Jofks Pj+ lj:t[t u/]sf] 5. #= cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ g]kfndf l/6;dagwl If]qflwsf/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / ;jf]{rr cbfntnfo{ k fkt 5. ol cbfntx?nfo{ k fkt l/6;dagwl If]qflwsf/ lgdgfg';f/ pnn]v ug{ ;lsg5 M ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] l/6;dagwl If]qflwsf/ ;jf]{rr cbfntnfo{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qcGtu{t ljlegg k sf/sf l/6x? hf/l ug]{ clwsf/ k fkt 5. c;fwf/0f clwsf/if]q cgtu{t k fkt ol clwsf/x?nfo{ b]xfocg';f/ jul{s/0f ug{ ;lsg5 M -s_ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf M Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg (Judicial Review) sf] If]qflwsf/ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg eggfn] ;a} ;/sf/l sfdsf/afxlsf ;DaGwdf cbfntaf6 ul/g] j}wtfsf] k/lif0f egg] a'lemp klg ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf ;Gbe{df o;sf] ljlzi6 cy{ 5. lnlvt ;+ljwfg epsf b]zx?df ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfo{ ;fy{s t'nofpg] p2]zon] ;+ljwfgnfo{ d"n sfg"g dflgg] x'fbf ;+ljwfgsf] df}lnstfnfo{ arfpg ;+ljwfg;fu aflemg] u/l sfg"g agfopdf ;+ljwfg;fu aflempsf] xb;dd To:tf sfg"gx? cdfgo x'g] Joj:yf ul/psf] x'g5. s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;fu aflempsf] 5 jf 5}g egl ;+j}wflgstfsf] k/lif0f ug]{ If]qflwsf/nfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] If]qflwsf/ elgg5. g]kfnsf] cgtl/d sf] wf/f!-!_ of] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g xf]. o; ;+ljwfg;fu aflemg] sfg"g aflempsf] xb;dd cdfgo x'g]5 egl ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] cgtl/d wf/f!)& -!_ n] o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k bq df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt agb]h nufopdf jf cgo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;fu aflempsf] x'fbf ;f] sfg"g jf To;sf] s'g} efuab/ 3f]lift u/l kfpf egl s'g} klg g]kfnl gful/sn] ;jf]{rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] cg';f/ s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfgl;t aflempsf] b]lvpdf ;f] sfg"gnfo{ k f/deb]lv g} jf lg0f{o epsf] ldltb]lv cdfgo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{rr cbfntnfo{ x'g]5 egg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. pqm Joj:yfaf6 ;+ljwfg;fu aflempsf sfg"g ab/ u/fpg hfg kfpg] clwsf/ g]kfnl gful/snfo{ dfq k fkt 5. ljb]zl gful/s jf s'g} ;ª\ul7t ;+:yfn] of] clwsf/sf] k of]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yf 5}g.

217 -v_ l/6 If]qflwsf/ s'g} ljifodf prr Goflos lgsfoaf6 s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{ hf/l ul/g] cfb]znfo{ l/6 elgg5. s'g} klg JolQmsf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'ug updf ;f]sf] pkrf/sf] nflu l;w} prr Goflos lgsfodf k j]z ug{ kfpg] / prr Goflos lgsfon] klg cfk}m hffra"em u/l cfjzos cfb]z hf/l ug{ kfpg] clwsf/if]qnfo{ l/6 If]qflwsf/ elgg5. ;fdfgotof ;+ljwfg k bq df}lns xssf] xgg epsf] l:yltdf h;sf] xs xgg epsf] xf] pm l;w} l/6 lgj]bg lnp/ ;jf]{rr cbfntdf k j]z ug{ kfpf5 / cgo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gepsf] jf ep klg k efjsf/l gepsf] cj:yfdf sfg"gl xssf] pkrf/sf] nflu klg l;w} ;jf]{rr cbfntdf k j]z ug{ kfpf5. of] If]qflwsf/ pkrf/ ljgfsf] s'g} clwsf/ x'fb}g egg] dfgotfdf cfwfl/t 5. g]kfnsf] cgtl/d sf] wf/f!)& -@_ n] o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k bq df}lns xssf] k rngsf] nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gepsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ep klg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{kt jf k efjxlg b]lvpsf] cgo s'g} sfg"gl xssf] k rngsf] nflu cfjzos / pko'qm cfb]z hf/l u/l To:tf] xssf] k rng u/fpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{rr cbfntnfo{ x'g]5. ;f] k of]hgsf] nflu k"0f{?kdf Gofo u/l plrt pkrf/ k bfg ug{ ;jf]{rr cbfntn] agblk ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, ptk ]if0f, k ltif]w, clwsf/k[r5fnufot pko'qm cfb]z hf/l ug{ ;Sg]5 egg] ;+j}wflgs Uof/]G6L k bfg u/]sf] 5. -u_ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb x]g]{ If]qflwsf/ ;fdfgo cy{df ;fj{hlgs lxt / ;/f]sf/ lglxt ljifo;fu ;DalGwt ljjfbnfo{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb egg ;lsg5. xsb}of;dagwl k/dk/fut cjwf/0ff cg';f/ h;sf] h'g s'/fdf xs k'u5 cyjf h;sf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'u]sf] x'g5 ;f]sf] pkrf/sf] nflu p;}n] cbfntdf pkrf/ dfug hfg' k5{. t/ s'g} ljifo s'g} vf; JolQmsf] JolQmut xs lxt jf ;/f]sf/;fu dfq ;DalGwt gep/ s'g} ;d'bfo jf hg;fwf/0fsf] ;fd"lxs xs lxt jf ;/f]sf/;fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] x'g5. o:tf] l:yltdf vf; kll8t JolQm cfpg g;s]s} sf/0fn] dfq ol ljifox? pkrf/ ljxlg /xg gkfcf];\ egg] p2]zon] o:tf] ljifodf hf];'s}n] klg cbfntdf ljjfb n}hfg kfpg] Joj:yf ul/psf] x'g5. slxn]sfxlf kll8t kif cfk\mgf] xs clwsf/k lt g} ;r]t gepsf] jf ;r]t ep klg cfly{s cefjsf] sf/0fn] d'2f ug{ g;s]sf] cyjf c? g} ljlegg sl7gfosf] sf/0f Gofo;Ddsf] ltglx?sf] kx'fr c;dej epsf] x'g;sb5. To;}n] ul/al / cefjaf6 u'lh /x]sfx?nfo{ klg Gofosf] bfo/fleq Nofpg Pj+ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] a[xq/ lxt / :jfy{sf] /Iff ug{ Goflos If]qdf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb x]g]{ gjlgtd\ If]qflwsf/sf] ljsf; epsf] 5. xfd f] ;jf]{rr cbfntnfo{ klg o;;dagwl If]qflwsf/ k fkt 5. ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eggfn] s'g} vf; JolQm jf JolQmx?sf] JolQmut xs jf ;/f]sf/df dfq ;Lldt epsf] ljjfb gep/ g]kfn clw/fhosf] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;fu ;DalGwt epsf] ljjfbsf] af]w x'g5 egl /fw]zofd clwsf/l lj= dlgqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno, ;d]t epsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{rr cbfntn] o;sf] ;LdfnfO{ kl/eflift ul/lbpsf] 5. 1 $= k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] l/6;dagwl If]qflwsf/ k rlnt l/6x?dwo] k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfo{ agblk ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z / lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bg lng] / ;'g'jfo ug]{ If]qflwsf/ k fkt 5. agblk ToIfLs/0f / k/dfb]zsf] l/6 hf/l ug]{ clwsf/ ;jf]{rr cbfntnfo{ klg /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;jf]{rr cbfntnfo{ k fkt o;;dagwl If]qflwf/sf] t'ngfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfo{ ;Lldt?kdf dfq ol If]qflwsf/x? k fkt epsf] b]lvg5. -s_ ef}uf]lns lx;fan] ;jf]{rr cbfntnfo{ g]kfn /fhoe/ If]qflwsf/ k fkt epsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfo{ cf cfk\mgf] k fb]lzs clwsf/if]qleq dfq of] If]qflwsf/ k fkt 5. -v_ ljifoj:t'sf lx;fan] ;jf]{rr cbfntnfo{ df}lns xs / sfg"gl xs b'j} k sf/sf xssf ;DaGwdf pkrf/ k bfg ug]{ If]qflwsf/ k fkt 5 eg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfo{ sfg"gk bq xssf ;DaGwdf dfq If]qflwsf/ k fkt 5. sfg"gl Joj:yf k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfo{ cfk\mgf] k fb]lzs If]qflwsf/leq s'g} lgsfo jf clwsf/ln] s'g} JolQmsf] sfg"g k bq xsdf cf3ft k' ofpdf ;f] xssf] k rngsf] nflu cfjzostfg';f/ agblk ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z jf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/l ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5. Gofo k zf;g sf] bkmf *-@_ o; P]gåf/f k bq s'g} clwsf/df s;}n] cf3ft ug]{ zª\sf nfu]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ph'/ lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] ph'/ldf cbfntn] hf"ra"em u/l k ltjfblnfo{ ;f] gug'{ egl lgif]wf1f lbg ;Sg]5. gful/s clwsf/ sf] bkmf!&-!_-@_ lu/k\mtf/ epsf jf y'lgpsf JolQm cfk}mn] jf c? s;}dfk{mt agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]zsf] lgldq k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5. gful/s clwsf/ sf] bkmf!^-!_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] lgj]bgdf ;DalGwt cbfntn] 7f8f] hf"ra"em u/l k rlnt sfg"gsf] clvtof/llagf y'lgpsf] 7xl/g cfpdf To;/L lu/ k\mtf/ epsf] jf y'lgpsf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd 5f8\g] cfb]z dfq lbg] ;Sg]5. gful/s clwsf/ sf] bkmf!^-@_ df!^ -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k/]df cbfntn] ;f] ;DaGwdf 7f8f] hffra'em u/l sfg"gsf] clvtof/ lagf y'gfdf k/]sf] b]lvp sfg"g adf]lhd 5f8\g cfb]z lbg ;Sg] sfg"gl Joj:yfn] d'n's e/sf ;Dk"0f{ If]qut k sf/n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ;d]t To; k sf/sf] l/6sf] clwsf/ sfg"gåf/f k bq ul/psf] x'gfn] l/6sf s]xl k rng ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 dfq x'g] s]xl k/dfb]z,lgif]wf1f, / agbl k ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg k'g/fj]bg txdf ;d]t clwsf/ k bfg ul/psf] 5. 1 g]sfk -@)$*_ k[= *!). 207

218 %= l/6sf] jul{s/0f l/6sf] jul{s/0f b]xfocg';f/ ug{ ;lsg5 M s_ agblk ToIfLs/0f v_ ptk ]if0f u_ k/dfb]z 3_ k ltif]w ª_ clwsf/k[r5f. 208!= kl/efiff M s_ agblk ToIfLs/0f Habeas Corpus agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] zflabs cy{ y'gfdf /x]sf] agblnfo{ ;z/l/ cbfnt;dif pkl:yt u/fpm egg] x'g5. o; cgtu{t s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ u}/sfg"gl y'gfdf /flvpsf] k Zg p7]df lghnfo{ cbfnt;dif pkl:yt u/fo{ lghsf] y'gfsf] j}wtfsf] k/lif0f ug]{ ul/g5. obl o;/l k/lif0f ubf{ lghsf] y'gf u}/sfg"gl b]lvpdf lghnfo{ agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/l u/]/ cbfntn] y'gfaf6 d'qm ug]{ cfb]z lbg ;Sb5. sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmsf] j}olqms :jtgqtf ckx/0f gul/g] ;+j}wflgs k Tofe"lt cg'?k rfx] /fho jf JolQmsf] tk{maf6 lsg gxf];\ s'g} JolQmsf] j}olqms :jtgqtf ckx/0f ul/g5 eg] lghnfo{ u}/sfg"gl y'gfaf6 d'qm u/l ckxl/t :jtgqtfsf] k'g:yfkg ug'{ of] l/6sf] d'vo p]2zo agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg s;n] lbg ;S5 < agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg y'gfdf /x]sf] JolQm :jo+ jf lghn] lbg g;sg] cj:yfdf lghsf tkm{af6 lghsf] gft]bf/, ;fyl jf c? s'g} klg JolQmn] bfo/ ug{ kfpf5. ;fy} u}/sfg"gl y'gfdf /x]sf] hfgsf/l k fkt x'g cfpdf cbfnt cfkm}n] sf/afxl p7fo{ cfb]z hf/l ug{ klg ;Sb5. #= agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z s;sf lj 4df hf/l x'g;s5 < agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z u}/ sfg"gl y'gfdf /fvg] h'g;'s} JolQm, ;+:yf, lgsfo jf kbflwsf/lsf lj 4df hf/l x'g;sb5. $= ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gl Joj:yf sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmsf] j}olqms :jtgqtfsf] ckx/0f x'g] 5}g. -g]kfn cgtl/d sf] wf/f!@-@_._ k rlnt g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmsf] Hofg jf j}olqms :jtgqtf xl/g] 5}g. -gful/s clwsf/ sf] bkmf!@._ sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s eggfn] sfg"gsf] plrt sf/afxl (Due process of Law) nfo{ a'lemg5 / sfg"gsf] plrt sf/afxlleq ;f/jfg / sfo{ljlwut b'j} sf/afxl kg]{ x'fbf j}olqms :jtgqtfdf c;/ kg]{ u/l sf/afxl ubf{ ol b'j}kifnfo{ clgjfo{?kdf kfng ug'{kb{5. -k ]d rf}nfufo{sf] xsdf s[i0fs'df/l >]i7 lj= u[xdgqfno ;d]t g]sfk -@)^!_ k[=!(), lg=g+= &##@._ y'gfsf] sf/0f kqf nufpfbf sfg"g;+ut sf/0f gb]lvp y'gfaf6 d'qm ug]{ cfb]z hf/l ug'{ g} agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] pkrf/sf] p2]zo xf]. -cda/axfb'/ u'?ª lj= lq= lj= ;'/Iff k x/l uf8{, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= #!._ agblnfo{ y'gfdf /fvg'sf] sfg"g;+ut cfwf/ / cj:yf gb]lvpsf] cj:yfdf agblnfo{ y'gfaf6 d'qm ug]{ cfb]z hf/l ug'{ agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] pkrf/sf] p2]zo xf]. ->L % sf] ;/sf/ lj= jnn' cu jfn ;=O=, g]sfk -@)%#_ k[= %@#, lg= g+= ^@!* lh=k =sf= affs] lj= lblujho l;+3n, g]sfk -@)%$_ k[= #)&, lg=g+= ^#*(._ %= agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bgdf d'votm lgdgk Zgx? ljrf/0flo x'g5g\ M y'gfsf] sf/0f sfg"g;+ut 5 5}g. y'gfdf /fvg] sfg"gl clvtof/l 5 5}g. clvtof/jfnf hf] xf] p;}sf] cfb]zn] y'gfdf /flvpsf] xf] xf]og. y'gdf /fvbf cjndag ug'{kg]{ ;a} sfg"gl sfo{ljwsf] kfngf ul/psf] 5 5}g. h'g sfg"gsf] clvtof/l k of]u u/l y'gfdf /flvpsf] xf] ;f] sfg"g :jo+ ;+j}wflgs 5 5}g. ^= sfg"gl Joj:yf ;jf]{rr cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt cg';f/ cbfntn] lgdg lnlvt cj:yfdf agblnfo{ y'gfaf6 5f]8\g] cfb]z lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 M

219 ;"rgfdf tf]lspsf] lbg jf k]zlsf] lbg k ToyL{n] s'g} sf/0f gb]vfpdf -k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnlsf] lgod #@-s_ / ;jf{]rr cbfnt lgodfjnlsf] lgod #^-s_._ sf/0f b]vfp klg ;f] sf/0f d'gfl;a gb]lvpdf -k'= c= lg= lgod #@-v_ / ;=c= lgod #^-s_._ sfg"g ljk/lt y'gfdf /fv]df -k'= c= lg= lgod #@-u_ / ;=c= lgod #^-v_._ ablgot;fy jf k j[q wf/0ff agfo{ y'gfdf /fv]sf] b]lvpdf -k'= c= lg= lgod #@-u_ / ;=c= lgod #^-v_._ cbfntsf] cfb]znfo{ 5Ng] jf k efjxlg u/fpg] ablgotn] agblsf] ;DaGwdf e'm7f] hjfkm lbpdf -;= c= lg= lgod #(._ s'g} agblnfo{ Ps7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf :yfgfgt/ u/]df -;= c= lg= lgod #(._ cbfntn] dfu]sf] hjfkm k i6?kdf glbo{ cfn6fn u/]df -;= c= lg= lgod #(._ &= agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/l x'g] cj:yf -!_ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] clvtof/l ljgf y'gfdf /fv]df -lvnaxfb'/ lu/l lj= lhnnf k x/l sfof{no, sf7df8f}+, g]sfk, -@)$(_ k[= $@&, lg= g+= $%@( bnaxfb'/ dnn lj= DofUbL lh= c=, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= $@, lg= g+= %)##._ -@_ y'gfdf /fv]sf] sf/afxldf clwsf/ If]qfTds q'l6 /x]sf] b]lvpdf -cln csa/l lj= ;b/vf]/ zfvf, l8nnl ahf/, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[=!)%, lg= g+= $$^#_, -lvdnfn b]jsf]6fsf xsdf >LdtL nidl lj= u[x dgqfno ;d]t, g]sfk -@)%(_ k[= $*#, lg= g+= &!!%,._ -#_ y'gfdf /fvg'kg]{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sf/0f gb]lvpdf -cda/axfb'/ u'?ª lj= lq= j= ;'/Iff k x/l uf8{, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= #!, lg=g+= $$%)._ -$_ afwoftds?kdf kfng ug'{kg]{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw kfng gu/]df -s[i0fwjh v8\sf lj= sfg"g tyf Gofo dgqfno ;d]t, g]sfk -@)%%_ k[=!(%, lg= g+= ^%#)._, -lvdnfn b]jsf6f]sf xsdf >LdtLnIdL lj= u[x dgqfno ;d]t, k[= ^#*, lg= g+= ^&&%._ -%_ ablgot;fy jf k j[q efjgfn] u l;t eo{ y'gfdf /fv]df -ljqmd dnn lj= lh= k = sf= sf7df8f}+, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= *$&, lg= g+= %)))., ltn' 3n] lj= lh= k sf= sf7df8f+}, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= *(), lg= g+= %))&._ -^_ y'gfd} /fvg'kg]{ sf/0f gv'nfo{ y'gfdf /fv]df -dfof kf7s lj= u[x dgqfno, g]sfk -@)%#_ k[= ##$, lg= g+= ^!*@._ -&_ agblk ToIfLs/0fdf k'gm lgj]bg lbg afwf gkg]{ -zld{nf lqkf7l lj= d= k+= ;lrjfno ;d]t, g]sfk -@)^)_ k[= ^!*, lg= g+= &@%@._, dlgfs'df/ L jfojf lj= u[xdgqfno ;d]t, g]sfk -@)^!_ k[= $&(, lg= g+= &#&!._ -*_ y'gfsf] lg/gt/tf /x]sf]df lg0f{o x'fbfsf] cj:yf;dd klg sfg"g ljk/ltsf] y'gf hf/l /x]df -;Ltf/fd cu jfn lj= lh= k = sf= sf7df8f}+, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= %(&, lg= g+= ^)#*._ -(_ h'g sfg"gcgtu{t y'gfdf /flvpsf] xf] ;f] sfg"g g} c;+j}wflgs epdf -/fhlj k/fh'nlsf] xsdf ;+hlj k/fh'nl lj= e = lg= zfxl cfof]u_ ljz]iff kmfu'g._ *= agblk ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/l gx'g] cj:yf -!_ y'g'jf y'gfaf6 d'qm eo;s]sf] cj:yfdf -k ]d k = b+ufnsf xsdf 6Lsf/fd clwsf/l lj= lj= u[xdgqfno ;d]t, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[=!($, lg= g+= $@**, hd'gf >]i7 lj= lh= k = sf= sf7df8f}+, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= *@*, lg= g+= $^!#._ -@_ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/laf6 Dofb yk eo{ sfg"gl sf/afxlsf] l;nl;nfdf y'gfdf /x]sf]df -;tlz s[kfnfglsf] xsdf ;'lgtf s[kfnfgl lj= lh= k = sf= sf7df8f}+, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[=!!, lg= g+= $@$$._ -#_ lg0f{osf] cf}lrtoleq k j]z u/l tyosf] lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ l:ylt /x]df -?knfn /fo{ lj= lh= k = sf= eqmk'/, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[=!%*, lg= g+= $@*!, o'qmaxfb'/ u'?ª lq= lj= /fhzj GofofwLs/0f, sf7df8f}+, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[= &#!, lg= g+= $$!)._ -$_ k"k{ifsf] lgldq y'gfdf /x]sf]df -cnl csa/l lj= ;b/vf]/ zfvf, l8nnlahf/, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[=!)%, lg= g+= $$^#, cda/ j= u'?ª lj= lq=lj= ;'/Iff k x/l uf8{, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= #!, lg= g+= $$%), rgb axfb'/ ;fsl{ lj= sf7df8f}+ lhnnf cbfnt, g]sfk -@)$*_ lg= g+= $@$*, g]afª nfdf lj= sf7df8f}+ lhnnf cbfnt, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[=!&$, lg= g+= $$&&, tf;l lj= cwofudg ljefu g]sfk -@)%)_ dgaxfb'/ rf}xfg lj= cy{ dgqfno ;d]t, g]sfk -@)%$_ k[= $)*, lg= g+= ^$!$.._ -%_ sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt cgo Goflos k lqmof lg/y{s x'g] epdf -cnl csa/l lj ;b/vf]/ zfvf, l8nnfahf/, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[=!)%, lg= g+= $$^#._ -^_ y'gfsf] l:ylt kl/jt{g epsf]df k"j{ y'gf cj}w ep klg kl/jlt{t y'gf u}/sfg"gl gepdf -cda/ j= u'?ª lj= lj= lq=lj= ;'/Iff k x/l uf8{, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= #!, lg= g+= $$%), xl/jgb l;+x lj= cwofudg ljefu, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[=!, lg= g+= $*$!, zde'axfb'/ :ofªtfg lj= lhnnf k x/l sfof{no, nlntk'/, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= %&!, lg=g+= $%^@, ggbaxfb'/ clwsf/l lj= sf= lh= c=, g]sfk -@)%&_ k[= &^, lg= g+= ^*$(._ 209

220 -&_ sfg"gadf]lhd clwsf/ k fkt lgsfoaf6 sf/afxlsf] l;nl;nfdf y'gfdf k/]sf]df -r]tgf/fo0f v/]n, lj= # g+= If]q s/ sfof{no, g]sfk -@)%)_ k[= ^@$, lg=g+= $*!@._ -*_ k"/f cfb]z eog;sb} ckl/ksj (immature) lgj]bg k/]sf]df -(_ P]gsf] bkmf gv'n]sf] sf/0faf6 dfq y'g'jf k"hl{ c+ a+=!@! g+=sf] ljk/lt gx'g] -sdnk ;fb af:tf]nf lj= ljz]if k x/l ljefu, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= #$(, lg= g+= $%!!._ -!)_ ;dfgfgt/ clwsf/if]q k of]u u/l pkrf/ dfu]sf]df csf]{ cbfntaf6 epsf] sf/afxlsf] Joxf]/f e'm7f jf unt pnn]v u/]df -k'=c=lg= s / ;=c=lg= lgod $) v._!= kl/efiff v_ ptk ]if0f Certiorari 210 ptk ]if0f ;+:s[t zabaf6 lnopsf] zab xf]. o;sf] cy{ dfyl k7fpg' xf] eg] Certiorari zabsf] jf:tljs cy{ To be more fully informed of xf]. ;f]x f}+ ztfablsf] cgtolt/ ol pkrf/x? ;fdfgo gful/sx?nfo{ klg k fkt x'g yfn] / ;fljsdf gful/sx?n] /fhfsf] gfdaf6 o;;dagwl lgj]bg ug{ kfog] Joj:yfaf6 o;sf] z' jft epklg cfhsn ol pkrf/x? prr cbfntaf6 k fkt x'g5g\. l/6sf] hggl d'n's a]nfotdf ;g\!(#* kl5 agblk ToIfLs/0f afx]ssf c? k/dflwsf/o'qm l/6x?nfo{ k/dflwsf/o'qm cfb]z (Prerogative order) egg] ul/psf] ptk ]if0fsf] ljsf; ptk ]if0f c;fwf/0f k j[mltsf] pkrf/ xf] t/ of] pkrf/ clwsf/sf]?kdf k fkt x'fb}g. of] w]/} xb;dd cbfntsf] :jljj]sdf lge{/ ub{5. of] l/6 dftxt cbfnt / lgsfosf u}/sfg"gl sfd sf/afxlnfo{ lgogq0f ug]{ ;zqm dfwod xf]. of] w]/} k frlg l/6x?dwo] kl/k"0f{ pkfosf] l/6 xf]. ptk ]if0fsf] p2]zo tnnff txsf cbfnt jf cw{ Goflos clwsf/l jf l6«j"gnnfo{ cfkfm\gf] If]qflwsf/leq cg'zflift?kdf /fvg' xf]. t/ c? d'2fsf sf/afxldf x:tif]k ug'{ xf]og. pnk ]if0fsf] l/6 ko{j]ifslo / ;'wf/jfbl clwsf/sf] l/6 xf]. ptk ]if0fn] sf]xl s;}sf] xssf] 3f]if0ff ub}{g. a clwsf/ If]q aflx/ uo{ k fs[lts Gofo l;2fgtljk/lt lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 5}g To:tf] lg0f{o dfq ab/ ul/lbg5. ptk ]if0fsf] l/6 klg!&cf}+ ztfablsf] z' df untlsf] l/6af6 k rngdf cfpsf] xf]. z' df of] l/6 tnnf cbfntaf6 epsf km};nf jf sf/afxlsf qmddf /x]sf sfd sf/afxl bf]xf] ofpg tnnf] cbfntsf d'2f kings Bench df k' ofo{ sfg"gcg';f/ epsf] 5 5}g x]/l sfg"gadf]lhd epsf] gb]lvp ;f] sfo{ ab/ u/l bf]xf] ofpg of] l/6 hf/l ul/gyof]. xfn cw{goflos clwsf/l sfo{ug]{ k zf;slo lgsfo jf c8\8fsf clwsf/l / sfg"gadf]lhd ul7t ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/l lj?4 ;d]t of] l/6 hf/l ul/g5. #= ptk ]if0fsf] lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] cj:yf ptk ]if0fsf] lgj]bg h'g ljifodf h;sf] xs k'u5 p;}n] dfq lbg kfpf5. cfkm\gf] xs gk'ug] ljifodf ptk ]if0fsf] lgj]bg lbg kfofb}g. t/ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf eg] ;j{;fwf/0f hf];'s}n] lbg kfpf5. o:tf] l/6df JolQmsf] :jfy{egbf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lxt ufl;psf] x'g' kb{5. l/6 lgj]bssf] klg s]xl g s]xl meaning full relation x'g' kb{5. $= ptk ]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/l ug{ ;lsg] lgsfox? ptk ]If0fsf] cfb]z clwsf/if]qftds q'l6 u/l lg0f{o ug{] s'g} cbfnt, GofofwLs/0f, ;/sf/l Pj+ ;fj{hlgs clwsf/l / sfg"gadf]lhd ul7t lgsfosf lj 4df hf/l x'g;sb5. t/ s'g} JolQm jf lghl k j[mltsf] ;+:yfsf] lj 4df of] l/6 hf/l x'"b}g. %= ptk ]if0fsf] p2]zo dfly elgp em} ptk ]if0f (Certiorary) sf] zflabs cy{ k dfl0ft ug'{ (to certify) cyjf k"0f{?kdf ;"lrt x'g' (to be fully informed of ) xf]. ptk] if0fsf] d'vo p2]zo s'g} klg lgsfonfo{ cfk\mgf] clwsf/if]q aflx/ hfg glbg' cyf{t\ ;a}nfo{ cf cfk\mgf] If]qflwsf/leq /fvg' xf]. o;df lglxt l;4fgt s] 5 eg] x/]s dftxt cbfnt / lgsfon] c;lldt If]qflwsf/ k fkt u/]sf x'fb}gg\. To;}n] olb ltgsf If]qflwsf/ / clwsf/x? c;lldt x'fb}gg\ eg] ltglx? sfg"gl ;Ldfleq /xg'k5{. o; cgtu{t dftxt cbfnt, ;/sf/l Pj+ ;fj{hlgs clwsf/l / lgsfosf ljjflbt lg0f{o tyf cfb]zx?nfo{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf lgldt ;jf]{rr cbfnt;dif NofOG5 / k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ clwsf/ If]qfTds q'l6 /x]sf] kfog5 eg] tl lg0f{o Pj+ cfb]zx?nfo{ ab/ ul/g5. ptk ]if0fsf] cfb]zn] unt lg0f{osf] 7fpFdf 7Ls lg0f{o ug]{ ge} s]jn unt / q'l6k"0f{ s'/fnfo{ k f/deb]lv g} ;kmf u/l d]l6lbg] sfd ub{5.

221 ^= ptk ]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/l x'g] cj:yf / ;jf]{rr cbfntsf km};nfx? ptk ]if0fsf] l/6 s:tf] l/6 xf] < of] s'g clwsf/ln] s] s:tf] cj:yfdf u/]sf sfdsf/afxlnfo{ s] s;/l ab/ uf/pg ;lsg5 < ab/ u/fpg s] s:tf] xsb}ofsf] cfjzostf kb{5 < of] s'g s'g cj:yfdf hf/l x'g5 / s] s:tf] cj:yfdf hf/l x'b}g egg] ;DaGwdf a'em\g lgs} ufx«f] x'g5. tyflk ;jf]{rr cbfntn] u/]sf km};nfnfo{ ;d]t ;Fu;Fu} p4/0f u/l pnn]v ubf{ o;nfo{ a'em\g / ;f] cg'?k k of]udf Nofpg ;d]t ;lhnf] x'g] x'fbf oxff ljifo / k ;ª\u;Fu} d'2fnfo{ klg p4/0f ul/psf] 5. ctm o;nfo{ a'em\g p4l/t d'2fnfo{ klg x]g'{ h?/l 5. clwsf/ If]qfTds q'l6 eggfn] If]qflwsf/sf] cefj (Absence of jurisdiction) sf] l:ylt jf If]qflwsf/ epklg ;f]egbf a9l If]qflwsf/ u x0f u/]sf] (Excess of jurisdiction) l:ylt / cfk\mgf] If]qflwsf/ x'fbfx'fb} klg OGsf/ (Refusal of jurisdiction) u/]sf] l:ylt ;a} kb{5. -!_ cfk"mnfo{ gepsf] clwsf/if]q u x0f u/]sf]df -/f]ljg df;{6g lj= >d sfof{no, g]sfk -@)%*_ k[= #@#, lg+ g+= &))*, ;/dfg] ;fpb lj= lh= k = sf=, c5fd, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= *!$, lg=g+= $((%, k"0f{gfy ld> lj= glthf k sfzg ljz]if ;ldlt, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= #(%, lq= lj=, lg=g+= ^))@, b]j]gb s'df/ cof{n, lj= ;fpy Plzof kf6{g/l;k g]kfn, g]sfk -@)%&_ k[=!$^, lg= g+= ^(#*, d's'gbs[i0f >]i7 lj= k x/l k wfg sfof{no, g]sfk -@)%&_ k[= ^&), lg= g+= ^(#*._ -@_ cfkm\gf] clwsf/if]qegbf aflx/ uo{ lg0f{o u/]df -piff l;+x /fhk't lj= lhnnf sfof{no, sf7df8f}+, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= ##@, lg= g+= $%)*, d's'gbs[i0f >]i7 lj= k x/l k wfg sfof{no, g]sfk -@)%&_ k[= ^&), lg= g+= $%)*._ -#_ clwsf/if]q kg5fo{ sf/afxl u/]sf]df -O{Zj//fh k'/l lj= g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg, g]sfk -@)%&_ lg= g+= ^*$)._ -$_ clwsf/sf] k of]u sfg"g;+ut 9ª\udf gu/]df o; cgtu{t sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] sfo{ljlw cjndag gug'{, sfg"gsf] JofVof Pj+ k of]udf b]vfb]lv q'l6 (Apparent error of law on the face of the record) ug'{, tyf ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' (Relevant matters) nfo{ jf:tf gu/l c;dalgwt ljifoj:t' (Extraneous materials) nfo{ cfwf/ lno{ b]vfj6l lg0f{o (Purported decision) ug'{ h:tf cj:yfx? kb{5g\. -%_ tf]lspsf] sfo{ljlw cjndag gu/]df -lunaxfb'/ a:g]t lj= e"=;'=sf=, nlntk'/, g]sfk -@)%*_ k[= $%@, lg= g+= &)@$, 6fg xf]ª r', lj= d= k= ;lrjfno, g]sfk -@)%(_ k[= &(&, lg= g+= &!^),._ -^_ sfg"gsf] k of]u Pj+ JofVofdf b]vfb]vl q'l6 u/]df -nf]saxfb'/ vql lj= dwodf~rn If]qLo cbfnt, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[= ^&%, lg= g+= $$)), eld a= >]i7 lj= d= If] k x/l ljz]if cbfnt, g]sfk -@)%#_ k[= ^%(, lg= g+= ^@%)._ -&_ k fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fgtsf] ljk/lt lg0f{o u/]df uh]gb a= clwsf/l lj= e"=;'=sf= sf7df08f} g]=sf=k= -@)%)_ k[= ^&!, lg=g+= ^&!, /fddl0f kf]v/]n lj= lhnnf jg sfof{no, pbok'/ g]=sf=k= -@)%!_ k[=!&@, lg=g+= $*&*._ -*_ lg0f{odf d'gfl;a / kof{kt sf/0f gv'nfopsf]df -hljg yfkf lj= lq= lj= k/liff lgogq0f sfof{no, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= &%@, lg= g+= $^)@, k ]d a= a:g]t lj= g]=a}= ln=, g]sfk, -@)%)_ k[= #%(, lg=g+= $&^^, d0flgb /Ghg lj= :jf:yo dgqfno, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= $!$, lg=g+= ^))%._ -(_ k j[q efjgf /fvl ablgot;fy clwsf/sf] k of]u u/]sf]df -cro"ts[i0f v/]n lj= d= k= ;lrjfno g]sfk -@)%%_ k[= ^@$, lg= g+= ^^@$, s[i0fd'/fl/ zdf{ lj= u'7l ;+:yfg, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= $(!-s_, lg= g+= ^)@), ;fljql zdf{ lj= zfxl g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud, g]sfk -@)^)_ k[= &&#, lg= g+= &@&#._ -!)_ clwsf/sf] k of]u :j]r5frf/l / e]befjhgs eo{ Gofo;+ut / ljj]sk"0f{ gepdf -afa'/fd kf}8]n lj= d=k= ;lrjfno, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[=!$#, lg=g+= $*&%, alb s'df/ a:g]t lj= d=k= ;lrjfno, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= &$$, lg=g+= $(*%, /fdrgb uf}td lj= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfno, g]sfk, -@)%@_ k[ ^%%, lg=g+= ^)$&._ -!!_ Goflos dgsf] k of]u gu/l csf{n] p7fpsf] l6kk0fl ;b/ u/l lg0f{o u/]sf]df -s[i0f/fh k'8f;}gl lj= e"=;'=sf sf7df8f}+, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[= #!!, lg=g+= $#!$, sfzlsfgt ld> lj= c~rnfwlz sfof{no hgsk'/, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= ^*@, lg=g+= $%*(, kf;fª\ z]kf{ lj ;u/dfyf c=k =sf=, g]sfk -@)%)_ k[=!##, lg=g+= $&)*, k tfknfn >]i7 lj= lhnnf k zf;g sf= h'dnf, g]sfk -@)%#_ k[= ^#&, lg=g+= ^@$#._ -!@_ Psk6s lg0f{o ul/;s]sf]df k'gm ph'/ lno{ klxn]sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf]df -nidldfg dfggw/ lj= sf7df08f}+ gu/k+rfot, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[= ($, lg=g+= $@^&, /fdk sfz rf}w/l lj= dfnkf]t ljefu, g]sfk -@)%#_ lg=g+= ^!&@._ -!#_ ljgf u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof -pkl:yt x'g'kg]{ ;a} pkl:ylt geo{_ lg0f{o u/]sf]df -lbn/fd a'9fyf]sl lj= bfª lhnnf jgif]q ;'b[9ls/0f cfof]u, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= $^%, lg=g+= $%#*, ef]nfk ;fb zdf{ lj= sf=g=k+=, g]sfk -@)#!_ k[= #@&, lg=g+= *^!._ -!$ :ki6 sfg"gl Joj:Yff 5Fbf5Fb} ;f]sf] ljk/lt ljefulo lg0f{o jf kl/kqsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o u/]sf]df -df]xg/fh pkfwofo lj= d+=k= ;lrjfno, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= %&$, lg=g+= $%^#, e}/jk ;fb pkfwofo lj= e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dgqfno, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= %@#, lg=g+= ^)@*._ -!% ;hfo ug]{ clwsf/ h;nfo{ tf]lspsf] 5 p;n] :ki6sl/0f gdful clwsf/ gepsf] JolQmn] dfu]sf] :ki6ls/0fsf] cfwf/df sf/afxl u/]sf]df - Zofd/fhf >]i7 lj= g]kfn a}+s ln=, g]sfk -@)%)_ k[= #$#, lg=g+= $&^@, /fdxl/ bfxfn lj= cfjf; tyf ef}lts of]hgf dgqfno, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= &)&, lg=g+= $(&&._ 211

222 -!^_ kzrftbzl{ c;/ kg]{ u/l lg0f{o u/]df -lbg]z/fh zdf{ lj= g]=k =k = k lti7fg, g]sfk -@)^!_ k[= &!@, lg=g+= &#(@, g/]gb t'nfw/ lj= /3'klt h"6 ldn;, g]sfk -@)%)_ k[= $^^, lg=g+= $&^(, 1fgaxfb'/ ad lj= hnkf df=lj= aemfª, g]sfk -@)%(_ k[= $^%, lg=g+= &!!@._ -!&_ thlahl clwsf/ epklg o;sf] k of]u sfg"g;ddt, Gofof]lrt / ;b\ljj]sdf cfwfl/t gepdf -nfskf nfdf lj= :yfglo ljsf; dgqfno, g]sfk -@)%(_ k[=!, lg=g+= &)%@._ -!*_ h'g p2]zosf nflu clwsf/sf] k of]u ul/psf] xf] ;f] p2]zo / lg0f{odf lnopsf cfwf/x?alr d'gfl;a ;DaGw gepdf &= ptk ]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/l gx'g] cj:yf -!_ h'g s'/fsf] dfu u/]sf] xf] ;f] k"/f eo{;s]sf] cj:yfdf -/fdk ;fb cfrfo{ lj= $ g+= gfkl6f]nl, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[= $(^, lg=g+= $#%*, t]haxfb'/ sfsl{ lj= d=k= ;lrjfno, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= ^^@, lg=g+= $%*#._ -@_ dftxt cbfnt jf lgsfodf ljrf/fwlg /x]sf] ljifodf -tf/fb]jl kf}8]n lj= d=k= ;lrjfno, g]sfk -@)%*_ k[= #&%, lg=g+= &)!^, ndaf]b/ nfn sfo:t lj= dfnkf]t sfof{no, lj/f6gu/, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[= #)$, lg=g+= $#!#, 6]saxfb'/ v8\sf lj= /fli6«o jfl0fho a}+s, g]sfk k[= #&%, lg=g+= $#@(._ -#_ lglj{jfb xs sfod gepsf] ljifodf -s[i0f k ;fb pk ]tl lj= lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dgqfno, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= ^@*, lg=g+= $%&$, k'?iff]qd l;qmlsf/ lj= lziff tyf ;+:s[lt dgqfno, g]sfk -@)%)_ lg=g+= $&$$, s]z/ a= /fhe08f/l lj= e"=;'=sf= sf7df8f}+, g]sfk -@)%)_ k[= ^^!, lg=g+= lg=g+= $*@#, zdf{ggb clwsf/l lj= jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dgqfno, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= &#(, lg=g+= $(*$._ -$_ tx tx cbfntaf6 k}m;nf epsf]df -cg'u xb]jl a fx\o0fl lj= ;Kt/L lhnnf cbfnt, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[= $@&, lg=g+= $#$$, hltdfg >]i7 lj= klzddf~rn If]qLo cbfnt, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= *#!, lg=g+= $^!$._ -%_ cf}lrtoleq k j]z u/l tyosf] lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ ljifodf -k'gdrgb cu jfn lj= jl/u~h eg;f/ sfof{no g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= ^$, lg=g+= $$%#, k ]ds'df/l lj= u'7l nut tyf txl;n sfof{no, g]sfk -@)%)_ k[= %), lg=g+= $^*&, hfgslb]jl rgb lj= uf]ljgb af]x/f, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= &*@, lg=g+= $(*(, k ]d a= >]i7 lj= k x/l k wfg sfof{no, g]sfk -@)%#_ k[= ^(@, lg=g+= ^@^)._ -^_ j}slnks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf epsf]df -dbgnfn s]l8of lj= cgtmz'ns sfof{no, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= $^(, lg=g+= ^)!$, b]jlk ;fb uf}td lj= s[=lj=a}= zfvf sfof{no, wgu9l, g]sfk -@)%#_ k[= &!#, lg=g+= ^@^*, /fds[i0f lg/fnf lj= c=b'=c=cf=, g]sfk -@)^!_ k[= *@@, lg=g+= &$)$, z+s/nfn cu jfn lj= g]kfn lne/ ln=, g]sfk -@)%&_ k[= $@&, lg=g+= ^()@._ -&_ ljkifl agfpg' kg]{nfo{ ljkifl gagfpsf]df -eqm a= v8\sf lj= zf=g]=af=lg=, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= *!&, lg=g+= $^!), k ]ds'df/l nfdf lj= u'7l nut tyf tx;ln sfof{no, lg=g+= $^*& g]sfk -@)%)_ k[= %), 5]k w/g' dfeml yf? lj= ;'s'daf;l ;d:of ;= cfof]u, df]/ª, g]sfk -@)%#_ lg=g+= ^!^$._ -*_ Afb/ u/fpg dfu ul/psf] ljifo ckl/ksj (Immature) epdf -6]srGb kf]v/]n lj= s/ ljefu, sf7df8f}+, g]sfk -@)%#_ k[= #!), lg=g+= ^!&^, cldasfb]jl pkfwofo lj= d=k= ;lrjnfo, g]sfk -@)%&_ k[= #(*, lg=g+= ^*((, /fhf/fd kf]v/]n lj= c=b'=c=cf=, g]sfk -@)^)_ k[= ($%,lg=g+= &@((, lul/hf k = sf]o/fnf lj= c=b'=c=cf=, g]sfk -@)^!_ k[= *$&, lg=g+= &$)&._ -(_ cj:yf, :j?k / u'0f ljrf/ u/l l/6 If]qdf k j]z u/]sf] cj:yf epdf -k ]dl;+x hf]zl lj= gf/fo0f l;+rfo{ cfof]hgf sf] l/= g+= #$%!, cf= ld= )%(.#.$, u'0f]zj/ emf lj= u[x dgqfno sf] l/= g+= #@@) cf= ld= )%(.#.!!._ -!)_ sfg"gsf] ;j}wflgstfsf] k/lif0fsf] lgj]bg sfg"gl JolQmn] lbpsf] cj:yf epdf -lgdf{0f Joj;foL ;+3sf tkm{af6 bnaxfb'/ sfsl{ lj= ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dgqfno, ;=c= a'n]l6g -@)%(_ cf=ld= )%(.%.@&, k[=!._ -!!_ l/6 hf/l ubf{ lg/y{s x'ghfg] epdf -bfdf]b/ k = /]UdL lj= P;\=aL=cfO{=a}+s, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[=!%%, lg=g+= %)%^, cfzgf/fo0f dxh{g lj= sf7df8f}+ lhnnf cbfnt, g]sfk -@)%#_ k[=!, lg=g+= ^!@#, t]hgfy wdnf lj= k ltlglw;ef ;f+;b kb\d;'gb/ nfjtl, g]sfk -@)%$_ k[= ^!%, lg=g+= ^$^!,._ -!@_ t]; f] kifsf] clwsf/ :yflkt eo;s]sf]df -dxdb d':tkmf sjl8o lj= afn s'df/l If]qL, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= *!, lg=g+= $$%^, ;'/]zs'df/ lrdl/of ;d]t lj= nf]s ;]jf cof]u, g]sfk -@)%#_ k[= ^#@, lg=g+= ^@$@._ -!#_ s/f/af6 ptkgg xs k rng u/fpg dfu epsf]df -z]/ a= s]=;l= lj= d=k= ;lrjfno, g]sfk -@)%#_ k[= $@^, lg=g+= ^!((, /fhs'df/ kf08] lj= ;fs{ ;lrjfno, sf7df8f}+, g]sfk -@)%#_ k[= $*%, lg=g+= ^@!), :jodafa' >]i7 lj= s[lif ;fdu L ;+:yfg, g]sfk -@)%)_ k[= $), lg=g+= $^*%._ -!$_ k s6?kdf sfg"gl q'l6 (Apparent error of law) /x]sf] gb]lvpdf -u0f]z zfso lj= e"==;'=sf= nlntk'/, g]sfk -@)^)_ lg=g+= &!(^._ -!%_ cfk\mgf] jf cfk"megbf dflynnf] jf cfk"m ;/x s} clwsf/if]q epsf cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/lsf] Goflos lg0f{o ab/ ug{ dfu u/]sf]df -nidlgf/fo0f dxh{g lj= d=k= ;lrjfno, g]sfk -@)%*_ k[= *@, lg=g+= ^(&(,._ 212

223 -!^_ glltut ljifodf -lbg]zs'df/ cr5fdl lj= d= k= ;lrjnfo, g]sfk k[= lg= g+= &)(&._ -!&_ h'g ljwfg cgtu{tsf] xssf] pkrf/sf] nflu lgj]bg k/]sf] xf] ;f] ljwfgnfo{ g]kfn sfg"gsf] ;+1f lbg gldng] epdf -;f]dk ;fb k'8f;}gl lj= g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]ng ;+3, g]sfk lg= g+= %)&*._ -!*_ ;+ljwfgsf] s'grflxf wf/f jf g]kfn sfg"gåf/f k bq s'grf+lxf xs xgg\ epsf] 5 ;f] v'nfpg g;s]df -!(_ k df0fsf] kof{kttf / ckof{kttf tyf ;a"t k df0fsf] d"nofíg u/l lg0f{o ug' kg]{ x'g cfpdf -cfzfggb kl08t lj= Ko"7fg lh=c=, g]sfk k[= $**, lg=g+= ^)!(, d]3/fh zfxl lj= kf7snf zfxl ;d]t, g]sfk -@)%)_ k[=!%*, lg=g+= $&!#._ -@)_ ;kmfxft lnp/ gcfpdf -w 'j a= s]=;l= lj= df]xgdfof dxh{g, g]sfk -@)%)_ lg=g+= $&$^, s'~hljxf/l lj= s/ sf== x]6f}8f, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= &&@, lg=g+= $(*&, j]bgfy ;fksf]6f lj= g]=a}+=ln=, g]sfk -@)%&_ k[= &*^, lg=g+= ^(%%._ -@!_ xsb}ofsf] cefj epdf -knsl yf? lj= u fdl0f cfjz j:tl ljsf; sdkgl g]=sf=k= -@)%#_ cª\s k'i6 ^( lg=g+= ^!#@._ -@@_ cg'lrt ljnda u/l lgj]bg k/]sf]df -rgb s'df/ e6/fo{ lj 4 s[lif dgqfno ;d]t g]=sf=k= -@)#(_ k[i6 ^%* lg=g+= $%*@, ljho/fh uf}td lj 4 e"ld;'wf/ dgqfno ;d]t g]=sf=k -@)%!_ k[i6 $*$ lg=g+= $(#&._ *= ptk ]if0fsf] cfb]zsf] Goflos / cw{ Goflos lgsfodf k of]u ptk ]if0fsf] cfb]z Goflos sfo{ jf cfb]zdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g. cbfntsf] x}l;otn] O{hnf; sfod ug{ cfjzos 5}g. Goflos k lqmtlsf] sfdug]{ clwsf/ k fkt clwsf/l jf ;DalGwt kifsf] xs jf ;DklQsf] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] jf kif ljkifx? pk/ bflotj tf]sg] clwsf/ln] u/]sf] ;a} sfd lg0f{o / cfb]zdf nfu"x'g5. k zf;lgs sfo{ eggfn] k zf;g;dagwl sfo{ h;df Goflos sfo{ kb]{g. :jljj]såf/f sfo{ug]{ ;'ljwf kfpsf] x'g5 To;nfO{ k zf;lgs sfo{ elgg5. k zf;lgs sfo{sf] cfb]z jf lg0f{o x6fpg ab/ug{ ptk ]if0fsf] l/6 hf/l x'fb}g. (= Pp6f l/6sf] cfb]z dfu]df csf]{ l/6sf] cfb]z lbg ;lsg]. Pp6f ljifosf] l/6 lgj]bg dfu u/]sf]df csf]{ ljifosf] cfb]z lbg ldn5 ldnb}g egg] ljifodf xfdlsxff klg z' z' df ljjfb gp7]sf] x}g. l/6sf] If]q 7Ls 7Ls?kdf al;g;s]sf] / o; ljifodf 1fg klg Tolt gepsfn] hgtf e ddf kg{;sg] / of] sfo{ljlw ;Ddsf] s'/f x'gfn] h'gaf6 lgj]bssf] xs k rng x'g;s5 ;f] ljifodf l/6 hf/l ug]{ kl/kf6l al;;s]sf] kl/k ]Iodf ;d]t larf/u/l l/6 hf/l ug{x'g5 egg] s'/f o1d"lt{ AfGhf8] la= b'uf{bf; >]i7sf] d'2fdf g]sfk -@)@&_ cª\s & d"nrgb cfhfb la= dbgdf]xg hf]zl g]sfk -@)@%_ lg=g+=$%) sf] d'2fdf ;d]t af]ln;lspsf] 5. To:t} ;+ljwfgdf g} æcgo pko'{qm cf1f cfb]z Æ hf/lug{ ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf epsf]n] klg Ps ljifosf] l/6 dfu u/]klg pko{'qm cfb]z hf/l ug{ ldn5.!)= ptk ]if0fsf] l/6 k/lif0fug]{ cfwf/x?m ptk ]if0fsf] l/6 hf/lug{sf] nflu ptk ]if0f xf] ls x}g egl Test ug{ lgfdg tlg s'/fnfo{ cfwf/ agfpg'k5{ -!_ ;[lhtk Zgsf] lgwf{/0fug]{ clwsf/l clvtof/ k fkt 5 5}g, -@_ To:Tff clwsf/ln] u/]sf] lg0f{oaf6 gful/ssf] clwsf/df c;/ k/]sf] 5 5}g, -#_ To:tf clwsf/ln] To:tf] sfo{ Goflos cfwf/df ug'{kg]{ xf] xf]og,!!= cw{ Goflos clwsf/ldf x'g'kg]{ cfjzos ttjx? ;du df egg' kbf{ Goflos clwsf/l / l6«a'gnsf] sfo{ k j[mlt :k:6 x'g] x'fbf ;f]sf] klxrfg ug{ ufx«f] 5}g. t/ cw{goflos clwsf/lsf] sfo{ dgql, ;lrj, ljefulo k d'v, ;fj{hlgs clwsf/l / sfg"gadf]lhd ;ª\ul7t lgsfoaf6 ;d]t x'g] x'fbf ptk ]if0fsf] k of]hgsf nflu o:tf lgsfosf sfo{nfo{ k zf;lgs jf cw{goflos s] xf] egl 5'6\6ofpg lgdg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'g5. 1. sfg"gåf/f ul7t ;Ifd clwsf/l xf] xf]og Competent Authority under law. 2. ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug]{ clwsf/ 5 5}g Power of Authority to decide the question. 3. b'j} kifåf/f ;'gjfo{ u/l lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ 5 5}g. Power to give decision after hearing involving both parties. 4. To:tf] lg0f{on] JolQmsf] clwsf/df c;/ k5{ kb}{g. Decision of Authority must affect the rights of individual. 5. To:tf] clwsf/ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o cftdflgi6 cfwf/df ug]{ xf] xf]og. Objective nature of decision in contrast to subjective opinion of the Authority. 6. Goflos?kn] st{jo lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ xf] xf]og. The duty to act. 213

224 != kl/efiff u_ k/dfb]z Mandamus k/dfb]zsf] zflabs cy{ cfb]z (Command) x'g5. k/dfb]z s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gl lgsfo jf clwsf/ln] sfg"gåf/f tf]lspsf] ;fj{hlgs st{jo k"/f ug{ OGsf/ u/]df To:tf] st{jo k"/f u/fpg cbfntaf6 hf/l ul/g] Ps k sf/sf] cfb]z xf]. of] lj:t[t pkrf/sf] :jefj epsf] prr:t/lo ljz]if clwsf/ ;DkGg l/6 xf]. xfdlsxff of] l/6 hf/l ug]{ clwsf/ ;jf]{rr cbfnt Pj+ k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfo{ k/dfb]z hf/l x'g] k"jf{j:yfx? M 1. ;fdfgotof k/dfb]zsf] l/6 hf/l x'g lgdgfg';f/sf] k"jf{j:yf ljbdfg x'g' kb{5. M 1. sfg"gl st{josf] ljbdfgtf, 2. st{jo ;fj{hlgs k j[mltsf] x'g'k5{, To:tf] st{jo k"/f u/fokfpg] lgj]bssf] sfg"gl clwsf/ x'g'k5{, lgj]bsn] To:tf] st{jo kfng u/fokfpg clvtof/jfnf ;dif dfu u/]sf] x'g'k5{ / clvtof/jfnfn] st{jo k"/f ug{ OGsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf x'g'k5{. 5. ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gl lgsfo cyjf clwsf/ln] ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gåf/f tf]lspsf] cfk\mgf] sfo{ k"/f ug'{ p;sf] bflotj Pj+ st{jo klg xf]. To:tf lgsfo jf clwsf/ln] cfk\mgf] st{jo kfng gu/]sf] sf/0fn] s'g} JolQmsf] xs jf ;fj{hlgs xssf] k rngdf afwf cj/f]w v8f x'g5 eg] To:tf] xs k rng u/fpg cf1f jf cfb]z hf/l ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ g]kfnsf] cgtl/d sf] wf/f!)& n] ;jf]{rr cbfntnfo{ k bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] Gofok zf;g sf] bkmf *-@_ n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfo{ ;d]t of] clwsf/ k bfg u/]sf] 5. #= k/dfb]zsf] lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] JolQm k/dfb]zsf] s'g} sfg"gl st{jo k"/f ug{ OGsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf hf/l x'g] cfb]z epsf]n] To:tf] sfg"gl st{jo k"/f u/fo kfpg] clwsf/ h;nfo{ x'g5 p;}n] dfq k/dfb]zsf] lgj]bg lbg ;S5. $= k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/l x'g ;Sg] lgsfox? k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;fj{hlgs k j[mltsf st{jo epsf Goflos, cw{goflos / k zf;slo s'g} klg lgsfo / clwsf/lsf lj 4df hf/l x'g ;Sb5. To;}n] of] j}olqms k j[mltsf] lgsfo / st{josf ;Gbe{df hf/l x'fb}g / ;fj{hlgs egb}df cfly{s, k fljlws Pj+ Joj:yfkg h:tf k Zg lglxt Hofb} ;fdfgo (Too general) k j[mltsf] ljifodf klg hf/l x'fb}g. %= k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/l x'g] cj:yf -!_ clglzrt sfn;dd lg0f{o gu/]sf]df -l/ghl nfdf lj= ljz]if k x/l ljefu, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[=!^&, lg=g+= $$&%, OGb dfof u'?ª lj= ljz]if k x/l ljefu, g]sfk -@)%)_ k[= ^$#, lg=g+= $*!&._ -@_ sfg"gadf]lhd k"/f ug'{kg]{ st{jo k"/f gu/]sf]df -?b nfn lj= e"= ;'= tyf Jo= dgqfno, g]sfk -@)%)_ lg= g+= $&#@, 1fg' rfkfufo{ lj= e}/xjf e+;f/ sfof{no, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[=!^*, lg=g+= %)^)._ -#_ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sf/afxl rff8f] g6'ª\uofpsf]df -eful/y pkfwofo lj= dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;l, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= ^%$, lg=g+= $(^^._ -$_ k fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fgtadf]lhd k ltjfbsf] df}sf lbg OGsf/ u/]df -kbds'df/l /f0ff lj= b08 s'df/l rfln;], g]sfk -@)#)_ k[= #$(, lg=g+= &*^._ ^= k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/l gx'g] cj:yf -!_ s/f/lo xs / bflotj kfngf u/fpg dfu u/]sf]df -:jo+afa' >]i7 lj= s[lif ;fdu L ;+:yfg, g]sfk -@)%)_ k[= $), lg=g+= $^*%._ -@_ s'g} sfd ug{] clwsf/ g} gepsf] lgsfosf lj 4 l/6 k/]sf]df -k'/]gb cof{n lj= lgjf{rg cfof]u, g]sfk -@)%)_ k[= %(, lg=g+= $^()._ -#_ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] st{jo kfngf u/fpg ;do d} dfu u/]sf] k dfl0ft gepsf]df -dfotnfn u'?ª lj= /Iff dgqfno, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= (!^, lg=g+= %)!)._ -$_ glltut ljifodf -xl/ k = Gof}kfg] lj= d=k= ;lrjfno, k[=!^), lg=g+= &!*$._ 214

225 -%_ st{jo kfngf ug'{kg{] k i6 sfg"gl Joj:yf gepsf]df -u0f]zbq n]vs lj= lziff tyf ;+:s[lt dgqfno, k[= ^%@, lg=g+= $(^%._ -^_ lglj{jfb xssf] ljifo gepdf -gf/fo0fbf; dfggw/ lj= /f]hfo r'l/xf/, k[=!^), lg=g+= ^^&&._ -&_ sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{kg]{ sfd ;DkGg e};s]sf]df -;d/fh s'+j/ lj= lgjf{rg cfof]u, k[= (&, lg=g+= #&&._ -3_ k ltif]w Prohibition!= kl/efiff k ltif]wsf] zflabs cy{ /f]sg' xf]. o;sf] d'vo p2]zo dftxt cbfnt / GofofwLs/0fnfO{ cfk\mgf] If]qflwsf/leq ;Lldt /fvg' xf]. ptk ]if0f / k ltif]wsf alr s]xl leggtf ep klg loglx?nfo{ Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s pkrf/sf?kdf lnog5 / ol pkrf/x?sf] k of]usf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ klg ;dfg 5g\. ptk ]if0fsf] pkrf/ clwsf/if]qegbf aflx/ up/ epsf lg0f{ox? ab/ ug{ k of]u ul/g5 eg] k ltif]wn] clwsf/if]qegbf aflx/ up/ lg0f{o lngaf6 /f]sb5. To;}n] ptk ]if0fn] ljut (Past) nfo{ x]b{5 eg] k ltif]wn] eljionfo{ x]b{5. ol b'o{alrsf] leggtfdf d"ntm s'g pkrf/ jf sf/afxl s'g cj:yfdf k of]u x'g] egg]df /x]sf] k ltif]wsf] lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of ptk ]if0f h:t} k ltif]wsf] lgj]bg klg h;sf] h'gs'/fdf xs k'u5 p;}n] dfq lgj]bg lbg kfpf5. cfk\mgf] xs gk'ug] ljifodf lgj]bg lbg kfpfb}g. #= k ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/l x'g] lgsfo k ltif]wsf] cfb]z dftxt cbfnt / GofofwLs/0fsf lj 4df cfkm"nfo{ k fkt If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/ up/ sfd ug{af6 /f]sg hf/l x'g5. of] d'2fsf] /f]xdf epsf] sf/afxlsf] ;Gbe{df dfq hf/l x'g5. $= k ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/l x'g] cj:yf -!_ cglws[t sf/afxl epsf]df To:tf] sf/afxlnfo{ /f]sg' k/]df -s]bf/l;+ 7s'/L lj= afudtl c~rnfwlz sfof{no, k[=!*), lg=g+=!)^$, s[i0f a= /fo{ lj= ;Ltf/fd /fo{, lg=g+= $&$)._ -@_ clwsf/ljxlg jf tf]lspsf] clwsf/egbf aflx/ up/ s'g} sfd sf/afxl ug{ vf]lhpsf]df -#_ k fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fgtljk/lt sfd sf/afxl / lg0f{o x'g nfu]df -$_ df}lns clwsf/nfo{ s'lg7t ug{ nfu]df -%_ k rlnt sfg"gn] clwsf/ glbpsf] ljifodf sf/afxl ug{ nfu]df -^_ sfg"g g} c;+j}wflgs epdf %= k ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/l gx'g] cj:yf -!_ j}slnks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf epsf]df -ls/0fljqmd /f0ff lj= sf7df8f}+ lhnnf cbfnt, lg=g+= $&#$._ -@_ k zf;lgs sfd sf/afxlsf] ljifodf -#_ glltut ljifodf -$_ lgj]bssf] xsdf s'g} tfltjs c;/ k/]sf] b]lvg gcfpsf]df 215

226 -ª_ clwsf/k[r5f Quo Warranto!= kl/efiff clwsf/k[r5fsf] zflabs cy{ s'g clwsf/åf/f (By what authority) egg] a'lemg5. of] l/6 d"ntm ;fj{hlgs kbdf epsf] lgo'lqmsf] ljifo;fu ;DalGwt 5. o; l/6 cgtu{t s'g} ;fj{hlgs kbdf axfn /x]sf] JolQm pqm kbdf axfn /xg cof]uo /x]sf] k Zg p7]df cbfntn] To:tf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] JolQm;Fu ltdl s'g clwsf/cgtu{t ljjflbt kb wf/0f u/]sf 5f} eg]/ ;f]wb5. olb s'g} JolQmn] ljjflbt kb wf/0f ug]{ clwsf/ /fvb}g eg] cbfntn] lghnfo{ pqm kbdf /xl sfd ug{af6 lgif]w ub{5 / pqm kb l/qm epsf] 3f]if0ff klg ub{5. of] l/6 sfg"g cgtu{t ;fj{hlgs kbdf ul/g] lgo'lqmsf] ;DaGwdf sfo{kflnsl sf/afxlnfo{ lgogq0f ug]{ pkfosf]?kdf k rlnt 5. o;sf] d'vo p2]zo ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug{ kfpg] s'g} klg gful/ssf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug'{ / lagf clwsf/ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf clwsf/lsf] cglws[t sfd sf/afxlaf6 gful/s xssf] ;+/If0f ug'{ clwsf/k[r5fsf] lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of clwsf/k[r5fsf] l/6sf] k j[mltaf6} of] s'g} lghl k j[mltsf] kbdf epsf] lgo'lqmsf ;DaGwdf nfu" geo{ ;fj{hlgs kbdf epsf] lgo'lqm;fu ;DalGwt x'g] epsf]n] o:tf] l/6 lgj]bg s'g} klg gful/sn] bfo/ ug{ kfpf5. #= clwsf/k[r5fsf] cfb]z hf/l x'g] lgsfo clwsf/k[r5fsf] cfb]z u}/sg"gl?kdf lgo'lqm kfpg] / lgo'lqm lbg] clwsf/lsf] lj 4df hf/l x'g5. $= ;fj{hlgs kb ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf sfdx? ug'{kg]{ ;a} ;/sf/l kbx? clwsf/k[r5fsf] k of]hgsf nflu ;fj{hlgs kb x'fb}gg\. ;fj{hlgs kb xf] jf xf]og egl 5' ofpg M -!_ -@_ -#_ o:tf] kb ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gn] l;h{gf u/]sf] / lgo'lqm, lgjf{rg jf dgf]gog s'g} t/xn] k"lt{ x'g] x'g'k5{, To:tf] kbdf kbflwsf/lx?nfo{ ;+ljwfg jf cgo k rlnt sfg"gåf/f hg;fwf/0fk lt s'g} st{jo lgjf{x ug]{ cleef/f ;'ldkpsf] x'g'k5{, To:tf] st{jo lgjf{x ubf{ Tof] kbflwsf/ln] /fhosf] ;fj{ef}d sfo{sfl/0fl, ljwflosl jf Goflos clwsf/dwo] s'g} clwsf/ jf To;sf] c+z k of]u ug{ kfpg] x'g'k5{, -$_ clwsf/sf] k of]u p;n] c? s'g} dflynnf] kbflwsf/lsf] cfb]z jf lgb]{zgadf]lhd ug'{kg]{ ge} ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gadf]lhd :jtgq?kdf ug]{ x'g'k5{. -s]zj k = e /fo{ lj= d=k= ;lrjfno, k[= #)^, lg=g+= %)*$._ -%_ clwsf/k[r5fsf] l/6 xssf] l/6 xf]og. -cd[t k = vff8 ;fdflhs ;]jf /fli6«o ;dgjo kl/ifb\, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= $^#, lg=g+= $(##._ s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb 5 / To; kbdf epsf] lgo'lqm cj}w 5 eg] ;f]sf] lj/f]w u/l To;nfO{ ab/ u/fpg s'g} klg gful/sn] clwsf/k[r5f dfu ug{ ;Sg]. clwsf/k[r5f dfu ug{ cfk\mgf] xs, lxt jf :jfy{df cf3ft k/]sf] b]vfpg' cfjzos 5}g, ljjfbf:kb kb ;fj{hlgs xf] eg]/ b]vfpg' kof{kt x'g5. -s]zj k = e /fo{ lj= d=k= ;lrjfno, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= #)^, lg=g+= %)*$._ %= clwsf/k[r5fsf] cfb]z hf/l x'g] cj:yf -!_ sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lspsf] sfo{ljlw / k lqmof k"/f gu/l lgo'qm, lgjf{lrt jf dgf]gog epsf]df -@_ sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lspsf] of]uotf k"/f geo{ lgo'qm, lgjf{lrt jf dgf]gog epsf]df -#_ sfg"gadf]lhd lgjf{rg eo{ gcfpsf]df. ^= clwsf/k[r5fsf] cfb]z hf/l gx'g] cj:yf -!_ ;+ljwfg jf ljwflosfåf/f jf lgjf{rgåf/f :yflkt x'g] kb geo{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ l;h{gf x'g] kb epdf, -@_ clwsf/ / st{jo sfg"gåf/f gtf]lso{ k Tofof]hg ul/psf] clwsf/ k of]u ug]{ kb epdf, -#_ cfk\mg} :jtgq ljj]ssf] k of]u gu/l ;/sf/sf] gllt lgb]{zgsf] cwlgdf /xl sfd ug'{kg]{ kb epdf -s]zj k = e /fo{ lj= d=k= ;lrjfno, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= #)^, lg=g+= %)*$._ -$_ ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xlsf] kb geo{ c/fpsf] sfd ug]{ kb epdf -cd[t k = vff8 lj ;fdflhs ;]jf /fli6«o ;dgjo kl/ifb\, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= $^#, lg=g+= $(##._ 216

227 != kl/efiff -r_ lgif]wf1f Injuction ;fdfgotof s'g} sfo{ ug{af6 lgif]w ug{ lgif]wf1f hf/l ul/g5. lgif]wf1fsf] zflabs cy{ lgif]w ug'{ xf].t/ d'2fsf] :jefjcg';f/ o;sf]?k lgif]wftds jf lgb]{zgftds b'j} x'g5. s'g} sfo{ ug{af6 lgif]w ug{ jf s'g} sfo{ ug{ lbg'kg]{ cbfntsf] cfb]zaf6 s'g} JolQmsf] sfg"gl clwsf/sf] ljifodf clgtd lg0f{o gx'fbf;dd oyfl:yltdf sfod /fvg lgif]wf1f hf/l x'g5. lgif]wf1fsf] Joj:yf ;dgofosf] l;4fgtaf6 k fb'ef{j epsf] xf]. of] d'2fsf] k j[mlt x]/]/ JolQm / ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/l b'j}sf lj 4df hf/l x'g5. c? l/6x? h:t} lgif]wf1fsf] sf/afxl klg lgj]bgaf6 x'g5 tfklg of] :jo+df l/6 eg] xf]og. lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]zn] g t s;}sf] xs clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ub{5 g s;}sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;dflkt g} ub{5. of] d'2fsf] sf/afxl g6'lª\up;dd ljjflbt ljifoj:t'nfo{ oyfl:yltdf /fvg] /f]syfdd'vl pkrf/sf] af6f] xf]. o;n] d'2fsf] k}m;nfnfo{ lgik of]hg x'gaf6 arfpf5. lgif]wf1f s] xf] / o;nfo{ s;/l s'g?kdf k of]u ug]{ egg] ;DaGwdf ljlegg c8\8f cbfntdf låljwf kl//x]sf] cj:yfdf o;nfo{ :ki6 kfg{ / ;a} cbfntsf] o;;dagwl sf/afxldf Ps?ktf Nofpg ;jf]{rr cbfnt km"nsf]6{n] Pp6f lgb]{lzsf hf/l u/]sf] 5. pqm lgb]{lzsfn] xfn;dd lgif]wf1fsf] af/]df a'e\mg / sfd sf/afxldf Ps?ktf Nofpg ;xof]u k' ofpsf] g]kfndf lgif]wf1f;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf g]kfndf Gofokflnsf;DaGwL 5 } ;+lxtfa4 sfg"gsf]?kdf hf/l ul/psf] k wfg Gofono sf] bkmf #) n] k wfg GofofnonfO{ ljlegg lsl;dsf l/6x? hf/l ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ lbg] lsl;dn] æljwfgåf/f k bq k rngsf nflu h'g;'s} JolQmx?, sdkgl, skf]{/]zg, clwsf/ ju{sf] lj 4 agblk ToIfLs/0f nufot hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z k"hl{ hf/l ug]{ clwsf/ k wfg GofononfO{ x'g]æ egg] Joj:yfn] lgif]wf1f ;d]t k of]u ug{ ;lsg] h:tf] b]lvp tfklg cfd hgtfnfo{ gful/s clwsf/ k bfg ug]{ p2]zon] NofOPsf] gful/s clwsf/ n] ljlegg lsl;dsf clwsf/x?sf] Joj:yf u/l To:tf clwsf/sf] s;}af6 xgg epdf jf cf3ft kg]{ zª\sf nfu]df To;sf lj 4df lgif]wf1fsf] ph'/l ;'Gg] Joj:yf u/]af6 sfg"gl?kdf lgif]wf1fsf] k of]u ug]{ k fjwfg /x]sf] kfog5. ;fy} To;/L ph'/l lbfbf sf]6{ kml sf] bkmf ^-!$_ n] sf]6{ kml /fvl lgif]wf1fsf] ph'/l lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o;/l pko'{qm P]gn] ;d]t c:yfol, :yfol, cgtl/d jf lgif]wftds jf cf1ftds lgif]wf1fsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} Joj:yf gu/l cbfntn] :jljj]slo clwsf/ k of]u u/l cfpsf] kfog5. To;}u/L gful/s clwsf/x? s;}af6 pnnª\3g x'g] cfzª\sfsf] cj:yfdf lgif]wf1fsf] ph'/l lbg ;lsg] k fjwfg epaf6 u}/ gful/sn] o:tf] ph'/l lbg ;Sg] jf g;sg] egg] s]xl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5}g. o:t} k Zg ;dfj]z epsf] hgsl;+x ;xun lj 4 4fl/sfk ;fb cfo{sf] lgif]wf1fsf] hf/l u/l kfpmf egg] d'2fdf -g]sfk -@)!(_ lgif]wf1f hf/l ug]{ jf gug]{ ljifo cbfntsf] :jljj]slo ljifo epsf] / s;}sf] xs clwsf/ xgg\ x'g ;Sg] cfzª\sf epdf lgif]wf1f hf/l ug{ ;Sg] l;4fgtnfo{ cftd;ft ub}{ u}/g]kfnlsf] xsdf eg] s]xl af]lnpg. To:t} k Zg ;dfj]z epsf] P;=s]=3f]if lj 4 jg dgqfnosf] ;lrj ;d]t -g]sfk -@)#)_ k[i7!**_ epsf] d'2fdf æ>l % sf] ;/sf/sf] 7]Ssf;DaGwL xsdf jfwf lj/f]w epdf ;f] xs k rng u/fo{ kfpmf egl bkmf!*adf]lhd hf] ;'s}n] klg ph'/ ug{ ;Sb5. To;df gful/stfsf] cfwf/df s'g} agb]h nufpsf] b]lvfb}g, t/ cgo bkmfåf/f k bq xssf ;DaGwdf ph'/ ug{sf nflu dfq gful/stfsf] agb]h nfu]sf] 5Æ egl JofVof ul/psf] 5. o;/l x]bf{ P]gn] / JofVof ;d]tn] k i6 gu/] tfklg Goflos, ;dgjoftds / ;b\ljj]ssf] cfwf/df jf:tljs Gofosf] nflu ljb]zlsf] xsdf ;d]t lgif]wf1f hf/l ug{ ldng] g} b]lvg5. gful/s clwsf/ n] hgtfnfo{ k bfg u/]sf] xs clwsf/df s;}n] cf3ft k' ofpg nfu]sf] cfzª\sf epdf ph'/ lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ep tfklg To;sf] sfo{ljlwsf] xsdf s]xl gaf]n]sf] ;Gbe{df 6Lsfs'df/L lj 4 /fdz/0f ;d]t -@)!#_ sf] d'2fdf ;=c= km"na]graf6 ^ ( df ljlegg lsl;dsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg' k5{ egl ;b/ ckln / kxf8 dw]zsf ckln c8\8fx?nfo{ n]vl k7fpg] egl lg0f{o epsf] b]lvg5. To;}u/L lgif]wf1f s] s:tf] cj:yfdf hf/l x'g5, k of]hg s] xf] egg] h:tf ljifodf P]gdf k i6 gep tfklg dfly ljj]rgf ul/p cg';f/ sf l;4fgtnfo{ cftd;ft ub}{ ljlegg d'2fx?df ;jf]{rr cbfntn] k i6?kdf lgif]wf1fsf] af/]df af]n]sf] 5. To:tf lg0f{ox?df d'vo?kdf hgsl;+x ;xun lj 4 åfl/sfk ;fb g]sfk -@)!(_ >Lw/k ;fb ltldn;]gf lj 4 g]kfn /fi6«a}+s g]sfk -@)@@_ k[i7!&^, /fgl hubdafs'df/l /f0ff lj 4 uf]hn zdz]/ lgif]wf1f g]sfk -@)@^_ dfwjzdz]/ lj 4 s'~h a= If]qL lgif]wf1f g]sfk -@)@*_ /fdk ;fb e08f/l lj 4 >L % sf] ;/sf/ g]sfk -@)@*_ k[i7 ##%, u'7l ;+:yfg lj 4 g/]gb ljqmd zdz]/ yfkf lgif]wf1f g]sfk -@)#@_ k[i7 $#, /tgnfn cu jfn lj 4 ;'O; ;+:yfsf] cwoif kmfb/ h]d; 8«];Dofg lgif]wf1f g]sfk -@)$$_ k[i7!$*, czf]ss'df/ lj 4 uf]ljgbgf/fo0f lgif]wf1f g]sfk -@)$$_ k[i7 #^#, ljzjaxfb'/ lj 4 Hof]lt zdz]/ lgif]wf1f g]sfk -@)%#_ k[i7 ^*@. ol d'2fx?df gful/sclwsf/ n] k bfg u/]sf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft kg{ hfg] cfzª\sfsf] cj:yfdf, lglj{jfb xs :yflkt epsf] cj:yfdf, lgif]wf1f hf/l x'g5 eg] sfo{ g} ;DkGg eo;s]sf] cj:yfdf hf/l x'fb}g. To;}u/L xs a]xssf] k Zg v8f epsf] cj:yfdf d'2fsf] 6'ª\uf] gnfu];dd oyfl:yltdf /fvg ;d]t lgif]wf1f hf/l x'g5. 217

228 gful/s clwsf/ P]g åf/f k bq clwsf/x? M sfg"gsf b[li6df ;dfgtf bkmf # wd{, hft, hflt jf lnª\usf] cfwf/df e]befj gug]{ bkmf $ s'g} ljz]if ju{sf] lgldq ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ bkmf % jfs :jtgqtf OToflb ;DaGwL clwsf/ bkmf ^ wd{;dagwl xs bkmf & sfg"gsf] clvtof/ lagf s'g} s/ gnufpg] bkmf * ;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/ bkmf ( gful/ssf] jf;:yfgsf] /Iff bkmf!) ck/fw 7x/ ;hfo;dagwl clwsf/ bkmf!! j}olqms :jtgqtf bkmf!@ O{R5f lj 4 sfd u/fpg dgfxl bkmf!# gfafnssf] xs bkmf!$ lu/ktf/lsf] ;DaGwdf arfp bkmf!% u}/sfg"gl y'gflj 4sf] xs bkmf!^ pkrf/sf] xs s'g} klg gful/ssf] sfg"g tyf ;+ljwfgk bq xsdf cf3ft kg]{ cfzª\sfsf] ljbdfgtf epdf To;sf] pkrf/sf] nflu k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ph'/l lbg] sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. h;df cbfntn] cfjzostf cg';f/ Ifltk"lt{sf] ;d]t cfb]z ug{ ;Sb5. bkmf!& xbdofb ;fdfgotof lgif]wf1f df xbdofbsf] vf; k of]u /x] epsf] gkfoptf klg gful/s clwsf/ sf] df bkmf!& /!* adf]lhd n]lvpsf ljjfbdf d'2f ug'{kg]{ sf/0f epsf] ldltn] * dxlgfleq ph'/ gu/] d'2f rng ;Sb}g. #= lgif]wf1fsf] sf/afxl ;DaGwdf ;jf{]rr cbfntaf6 hf/l cfb]z 1. lgif]wf1f s'g} d'2f dfldnfdf hf/l ug]{ gug{] ljifodf cj:yf x]/l ckln ;'Gg] cbfntn] thlah ug'{ k5{. of] ljifo pqm cbfntsf] thlahsf] xf], ;f] hf/l u/l dfug] s'g} JolQm jf kifsf] xs xf]og. 2. lgif]wf1f s'g} sfo{ ug{ lgif]w jf dgfxl ug]{ (Prohibitory) dfq geo{ ;f] hf/l epsf lgif]wf1f sfof{gjo ug{ o;f] ug'{ egl s/ nufpg klg x'g ;S5. 3. h'g d'2f dfldnfdf ckln cbfntsf lrqdf Ifltk"lt{ jf d'cfahf lbp Gofo k5{ egg] nfub5, To:tf] snddf lgif]wf1f hf/l ug{ ldng] 5}g. 4. s;}sf] cgt/sfnlg lgif]wf1f hf/l u/l kfpmf egg] ph'/l gflnz kgf{;fy ckln cbftnn] ph'/ldf n]v]sf] ljifodf ph'/jfnfsf] b]vfb]vl (Prima facie) xs bfal nfug] gnfug] s] xf] < ljrf/ u/l xsbfal k'ug] b]v]df dfq lgif]wf1f hf/l ug'{ x'g5. To:tf] ug{nfo{ ckln cbfntn] xs bfal k i6 ug]{ ;a"t k df0f bflvn ug{ ph'/jfnfnfo{ s/ nufpg x'g5. o:tf] lgif]wf1f hf/l epsf] ljkifl jf cgo s'g} JolQmnfO{ dsf{ kg{ updf To:tf JolQmn] k rlnt sfg"gsf] /Lt k' ofo{ lgif]wf1f hf/l u/fodfug] kifpk/ gflnz ug{ x'g5 / To:tf] gflnz ph'/ kg{ cfpdf z' gflnz x]g]{ cbfntn] klg lno{ k rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{k5{. 5. pqm lgif]wf1f hf/l x'fbf jf ;f]egbf cufj} k :t't d'2f dfldnfdf cj:yf x]/l ljkifnfo{ a'e\mg Gofof]lrt nfu]df clws[t cbfntn] ljkiflnfo{ Dofb ;dg tfd]n u/l a'e\mg x'g5. ;f] geo{ cj:yf ljrf/ ubf{ t'?gt} cgt/sfnlg lgif]wf1f hf/l ug{ cfjzos 7xg{ cfpdf Pstk{m (Ex-parte) ;'g'jfo u/l hf/l ug{ klg x'g5. 6. lgif]wf1f hf/l u/l kfpf egl lgj]bgkq lbg] lgj]bsn] csf{sf] xs bfaldf cf3ft ug{ vf]hbf lrq a'emfo{ /x]sf] jf csf/0f l9nf;':tl u/l lgj]bg jf ph'/ u/]sf] jf xsbfalsf] ljifodf cfkm\gf] tk{maf6 sfg"gn] ug'{kg]{ jf gx'g] ul/;s]sf] b]lvp dfq lghsf] ph'/df cbfntn] ljrf/ ug'{k5{. 7. o:tf] lgif]wf1f Ps k6s hf/l epkl5 d'2f dfldnfsf] clgtd 6'ª\uf] gnfu];dd jf cbfntn] tf]s]sf] ldlt;dd jf csf]{ cfb]z hf/l gu/];dd nfu" /xg]5. 218

229 8. lgif]wf1f hf/l epsf] ljifodf ;f] cf1f gdfgl pnnª\3g ug]{ kif jf JolQmnfO{ cbfntsf] cjx]ngf jf a]ohhtl u/] jfkt k rlnt sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ;hfo x'g]5. lgif]wf1f hf/l ubf{ cbfntn] d'gfl;a dflkmssf] zt{ agb]h (Conditions) nufo{ hf/l ug{ klg x'g5. 9. Ps k6s hf/l u/]sf] lgif]wf1fnfo{ cbfntn] s]xl ;dosf nflu To:tf] ug{ plrt nfu]df :ylut ug{ klg x'g lgif]wf1f hf/l ug{ jf kl//x]sf] d'2} l5gl lbg h'g rff8f] x'g5 ;f] ul/lbg' k5{. 11. lgif]wf1f gful/s clwsf/ n] s'g} gful/snfo{ lbpsf] clwsf/ ;'/lift ug{nfo{ afx]s c? snddf hf/l ug{ x'fb}g. -;jf{]rr cbfnt -km'n sf]6{sf] lg0f{o_ g]sfk -@)!^_, k[= *._ $= lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/l x'g] cj:yfx? -!_ xsdf cf3ft kfg]{ cfzª\sf epdf -nidl /f]lhg P08 6k]{G6fOg O08= k f= ln= lj= g]kfnu~h gu/k~rfot, g]sfk -@)$*_ lg=g+= $@(@._ -@_ cfs[lt cg'xf/ kl/jt{g ug]{ cfzª\sfsf] l:ylt ljbdfg epdf -s[i0f a= >]i7 lj= t'n;leqm >]i7, g]sfk -@)$*_ k[=!#!, lg=g+= $@&$._ -#_ k}m;nf sfof{gjogdf afwf c8\rg x'g] sfo{ ug{ /f]sg' kg{] / oyfl:yltdf sfod /fvl sfg"gl af6f] cg';/0f u/fpg' kg{] epdf -rgb dfg dxh{g, lj= gf/fo0f dxh{g, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= ^^, lg=g+= %)#*._ -$_ ck"/0flo Iflt Joxf]g'{ kg]{ l:yltsf] ljbdfgtf epdf -cª\ubs'df/ vgfn lj= vgfn 6]«l8ª sdkgl, g]sfk -@)%^_ k[= &%&, lg=g+= ^&(*._ -%_ d'2f rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf ljjflbt ljifoj:t'nfo{ oyfl:yltdf /fvg' kg{] epdf %= lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/l gx'g] cj:yf -!_ sfo{ g} ;DkGg eo;s]sf]df -sd{ l5l/ª lj= lji0f' k = af6fh', g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= (*),lg=g+= %)@$, uf]ljgb k = cof{n lj= lji0f' a= sfsl{, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= #*#, lg=g+= $(!$, /fd k = e08f/l lj= kf]v/f km/]i6 l8=le= sfof{no, g]sfk -@)#)_ k[= ##%, lg=g+= &*@._ -@_ xsa]xs 5'6\ofpg / xssf] l;h{gf ug'{kg{] epdf -rgb dfg dxh{g lj= gf/fo0f dxh{g, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= ^^, lg=g+= %)#*._ -#_ ljrf/fwlg d'2fdf c;/ kg]{ epdf -dgf]x/ zfx lj=?b k = e't{]n, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= (^(,lg=g+= ^!)&._ -$_ cg';gwfgsf] sfo{ cj?4 x'g] epdf -lbjfs/ zdf{ lj= 5lj g]kfn g]sfk -@)%(_ k[= &)&, lg=g+= &!$^._ -%_ cfzª\sf ljbdfg gepdf -ljhos'df/ zfx lj= cgtmz'ns ljefu, g]sfk -@)$(_ k[= $#%, lg=g+= $%#!, ;"o{eqm ;f+uf5] lj= laho a= / fhe08f/l, g]sfk -@)%%_ lg=g+= ^%#$, uf]ljgb k = cof{n lj= lji0f' a= sfsl{, g]sfk -@)%!_ k[= #*#, lg=g+= $(!$._ -^_ xs sfod eog;s]sf] ljifodf lgj]bg lbpsf]df -lvdfggb yf? lj=?kgb]xl lh= c=, g]sfk -@)%@_ k[= *(@, lg=g+= ^)*(, ;"o{eqm ;f+uf5] lj= ljho a= /fhe08f/l, g]sfk -@)%%_ lg=g+= ^%#$._ -&_ ;fwf/0f sfg"gl k lqmofaf6 g} pkrf/ kfpg] Joj:yf epdf -k ]drgb s;f}wg lj= rgb fjtl b]jl, g]sfk -@)%#_ k[=!(@, lg=g+= ^%!&._ 219

230 ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf ljjfbx Public Interest Litigation 220!= kl/rom g]kfnsf gful/sx?nfo{ ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gk bq xs clwsf/x?sf] ljifodf cfjzos epdf ;DalGwt JolQmsf] k ToIf ;/f]sf/sf ljjfbx? afx]s ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf ljifox?df klg cbfnt k j]z u/l cfjzostfg';f/ sf/afxlsf] dfu ug{ ;Sg] xsb}of epsf] / o:tf] ljifo lno{ cfpg] JolQmnfO{ klg sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] cfjzostf kg{ ;Sg] epsf]n] sfg"gl ;xfotf lbg] sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] o; ljifodf 1fg /fvg' cfjzos x'g5. sltko cj:yfdf cfly{s ljkggtf, c;'ljwfhgs ef}lts cj:yf, clziff, 1fgsf] sdl jf cgo s'g} sf/0fn] ;fj{hlgs?kdf klg JolQmsf] ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gl xsdf k lts"n k efj kg{ ;Sg] jf clwsf/sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ Ps} k j[mltn] ;a}n] kxn ug{ g;sg] epsf]n] ;j{;fwf/0fnfo{ ;fdfgotof Gofo ljd'v x'gaf6 /f]sg]] p2]zon] s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] xs lxtsf] sfo{ ug{ o:tf] d'2f cbfnt ;dif NofOG5. o:t}, sltko cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs st{josf] lgjf{x gul/psf] jf lgsfo jf kbflwsf/lx?n] cfkm"nfo{ k fkt clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] cj:yfdf To;af6 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] xs lxtdf k lts"n c;/ kg{ hfg] / ;fj{hlgs st{josf] kfngf gug{] jf clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yfn] :j]r5frf/l :j?k wf/0f u/l cgttf]utjf sfg"gl /fhosf] :yfkgf ug{] ;+ljwfgsf] p2]zo g} lgis[o agg ;Sg] cj:yf x'fbf o; k j[mltsf] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2faf6 ;fj{hlgs?kdf lxt x'g] e} sfg"gl /fhosf] :yfkgf u/fpg ;xof]u k'ub5. o; p2]zosf nflu g]kfnsf] cgtl/d sf] wf/f #@ cg';f/ pqm efuåf/f k bq xssf] k rngsf nflu wf/f!)& df n]lvpsf] tl/sf cg';f/ sf/afxl rnfpg kfpg] xs ;'/lift ul/psf] / wf/f!)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ n] o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k bq df}lns xs pk/ cg'lrt agb]h nufopsf]n] jf cgo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;fu aflempsf] x'fbf ;f] sfg"g jf To;sf] s'g} efu ab/ 3f]lift u/l kfpfm egl s'g} klg g]kfnl gful/sn] ;jf{]rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] egg] clwsf/ lbptfklg pkwf/f -@_ n] ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljjfbdf ;dfj]z epsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gl k Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu cfjzos / pko'qm cfb]z hf/l u/l xssf] k rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'ª\uf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf{]rr cbfntnfo{ /x]sf] egg] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]af6 >L ;jf]{rr cbfntnfo{ ;+ljwfgn] uxg lhdd]jf/l lbpsf] kfog5. o;/l ;fj{hlgs lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf o; k j[mltsf d'2f ;fwf/0ftof ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/if]q cgtu{t rng] eptfklg sltko cj:yfdf ;fdfgo sfo{ljlwsf]?kdf tnnf] txsf cbfntx?df klg rng ;Sg] / o;sf] k of]u x'g ;Sg] ;DaGwdf tn k s/0f === df pnn]v ul/psf] s:tf] ljjfbnfo{ ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb dfgg] < ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eggfn] s'g} vf; JolQm jf JolQmx?sf] JolQmut xs jf ;/f]sf/df dfq ;Lldt epsf] ljjfb gep/ g]kfn /fhosf] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;fu ;DalGwt epsf] ljjfbsf] af]w x'g5. s'g} ljjfb ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] xf] jf xf]og egg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o Tof] ljjfb ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;fu ;DalGwt 5 jf s'g} vf; JolQm jf JolQmx?sf] xs jf ;/f]sf/;fu ;DalGwt 5 egg] cfwf/df ug{' kg{] x'g5 -clwjqmf /fw]zofd clwsf/l lj 4 dlgqkl/ifb ;lrjfn ;d]t, g]sfk -@)$*_ cª\s!@ lg=g+= $$#) k[i7 *!)_. hg;fwf/0fsf] ;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/df JolQm ljz]ifsf] :jfy{ jf ;/f]sf/ ;lgglxt /xg ;Sb5. g]kfn ;/sf/ jf cgo s'g} ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf s'g} kbflwsf/ln] sfg"g jf ;+ljwfgadf]lhd ug{'kg{] s'g} sfd gu/] jf ug{ gx'g] s'g} sfd u of] / kl/0ffdtm s'g} JolQm jf JolQmx?nfO{ sfg"gsf] b[li6df s'g} JolQmut Iflt k'u]sf] 5}g t/ hg;fwf/0fsf] ;fdfgo lxt jf :jfy{df k lts"n k efj k/]sf] 5 eg] Tof] ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'g5 -clwjqmf uf]kfn l;jfsf]6l lj 4 cy{ dgqfno ;d]t, cª\s $ lg=g+= $*(% sfg"gsf] c;+j}wflgstf cbfntsf] hfgsf/ldf NofO{ gful/ssf] df}lns xs s'l07t ug{] sfg"gnfo{ cj}w s/f/ u/fpg' ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'g5 -lgj]bs clwjqmf nlnfdl0f kf}8]n lj 4 d=k=;= ;d]t cª\s % lg=g+= &@!$ k[i7 #%$_. #= ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fleq s:tf] ljifoa:t' kb{5g\ < b]zsf] ;'/Iff, zf;g Joj:yf, ;dflhs zflgt, hg;fwf/0fsf] lzfiff, :jf:yo, / g}ltstf, b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf, d"noj[l4, ;+ljwfgdf /fhosf lgb{]zs l;4fgtsf]?kdf Jojl:yt ;fdflhs Gofosf s'/f OToflb ljifoa:t'x? ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifoleq kb{5g\ -clwjqmf /fw]zofd clwsf/l lj 4 dlgqkl/ifb ;lrjfn ;d]t, g]sfk -@)$*_ cª\s!@ lg=g+= $$#) k[i7 *!)_. /fli6«o xs jf bflotj l;h{gf x'g] ljifo -g]sfk -@)%!_ cª\s $ lg=g+= $*(% P]ltxfl;s / k"/ftfltjs h:tf dxîjk"0f{ s'/f ;DaGwdf ;"rgf dfu ug{] ljifo lg=g+= ^@#! k[i7 %*@_, kof{j/0f ;d:ofsf] ljifo -g]kfn sfg"g klqsf :j0f{ z'ehgdf]t;j k[i7!^(_, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / k"/ftjfltjs dxîjsf] ljifo -@)%# cª\s! lg=g+= ^!@& k[i7 #%_, n}lª\us ;dfgtfsf] ljifo -g]sfk -@)%&_ lg=g+= ^*(*

231 k[i7 #&^_, /fli6«o ;Dkbf tyf ;f] ;DaGwdf epsf ;Glw ;Demf}tfsf ljifo -g]sfk lg0f{o g+= ^#!# k[i7 &&_, lgjf{rgdf efu lng kfpg] jf gkfpg] ljifo -g]sfk cª\s % lg=g+= $()% k[i7 #!$_, ;fj{hlgs Goflos kbdf epsf] lgo'qmlsf] ljifo -g]sfk -@)%!_ cª\s! lg=g+= $*%@ k[i7 $@_ O{TofbL ljifox? klg ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifoleq kb{5g\. $= s:tf] ljifoj:t'nfo{ ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fleq ;dfj]z ug{ ldnb}g < ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] gfddf lglxt :jfy{, ;:tf] nf]slk otf, af}l4s pt;'stf, lh1f;f / rf;f] ckmjfx km}nfpg] jf cfkm\gf] lj1fkg u/fpg] p2]zon] s'g} kif cbfntdf k j]z ug{ vf]hb5 eg] ;f] ljifodf cbfnt pbf;lg /xg5. ===h'g;'s} ljifo hg;fwf/0fsf] ;fd"lxs xs / :jfy{;+fu uffl;psf] 5 egb}df To:onfO{ ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fleq ;dfj]z ug{ ldnb}g. To:tf] ljjfb sfg"g / ;+ljwfgdf cfwfl/t x'g kb{5 / cbfntaf6 lg?k0f x'g] k j[mltsf] x'g' kb{5 -clwjqmf uf]kfn l;jfsf]6l lj 4 cy{ dgqfno ;d]t, g]sfk -@)%!_ cª\s $ lg=g+= $*(% oyfy{tf / jf:tljs tyoafx]s sfnklgs ;d:ofsf] lg?k0f ug{] st{jo cbfntsf] gx'g] x'fbf o:tf ljifodf cbfntn] s'g} Gofo lg/f]k0f ub}{g -lgj]bs clwjqmf k'/]gb cof{n lj 4 lgjf{rg cfof]u ;d]t g]sfk -@)%)_ cª\s! lg=g+= $^() k[i6 %^_. ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug{ sfg"gl jf ;+j}wflgs k Zg pnn]v gu/]sf] cj:yfdf cbfnt :jo+n] g} To:tf] k Zg jf ljifosf] l;h{gf u/l ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug{' cbfntaf6 x'fb}g -lgj]bs e/tdl0f h+ud lj 4 d=k=;=;d]t g]sfk -@)%(_ lg=g+= &)**._ %= ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] d'2f bfo/ ug{] lgj]bspk/ s:tf] bflotj x'g5 < ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf d'2f ug{] lgj]bsn] ;f] ljjfbdf cfk\mgf] ;fy{s ;DaGw jf tfltjs ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] 5 egg] b]vfpg' dfq kof{kt x'fb}g. ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf cbfnt ;dif sf]/f sfg"gl k Zgsf] k :t'tls/0f dfq ug{] p2]zo g/fvl To:tf] ljjfbnfo{ sfg"g / Gofo;Ddt lg/f]k0f ug{ sfg"g;ddt, Gofof]lrt / ljj]sk/s ;'emfj k]z ug{' cfk\mgf] ;fj{hlgs lhdd]jf/l /x]sf] ;Demg' k5{. o:tf] ljjfb cfk\mgf] nf]slk otfsf] ljifo ge} ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] ljifo epsf]n] xf/hltsf] s;ldf o;nfo{ /fvg' xf'b}g. ^= ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fdf s;/l xsb}ofsf] k Zg cfslif{t x'g5 < ;fdfgo cy{df xsb}of eg]sf] xs k'ug] JolQmn] xs k'ug] s'/fdf ph'/ ug{ kfpf5 egg] xf]. JolQmut xs clwsf/sf] k Zgdf s'g} l/6 lgj]bg jf tnnf] txsf] cbfntdf lgj]bg jf lkm/fb bfo/ epsf] 5 eg] ;j{k yd cbfnt k j]z ug{nfo{ xsb}of 5 jf 5}g egg] d"n k Zg p7\5. ;fdfgotof s'g} ljifodf sfg"gl sf/afxl rnfp/ ljjfbsf] Goflos lg?k0f u/fpg cbfntsf] ;fxf/f lnfbf cfk\mgf] s'g} lghl xs jf ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] jf To; ;DaGwdf epsf] tyf ljjfbdf NofOPsf sfd sf/afxlaf6 cfkm\gf] s'g} sfg"gl jf ;+j}wflgs clwsf/df cf3ft k/]sf] b]vfpg' kg]{ x'g5. h'g ljjfbnfo{ ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eg]/ cbfntdf lgj]bg kq lbpsf] xf], Tof] ljjfbsf] ljifoa:t';fu lghsf] ;fy{s ;DaGw jf tfltjs ;/f]sf/ x'g}k5{ / ;fy} ljjfbdf d'l5psf] ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/;fu ;DalGwt hg;fwf/0fsf] k ltlglwtj lghn] ;xl?kdf ug{ ;Sb5 egg] s'/f klg lghn] cbfntnfo{ ljzjf; u/fpg ;Sg' k5{. s'g} JolQmn] l/6 xfng' k5fl8 ;fwf/0f cle?rl jf rf;f]nfo{ dfq cfwf/ dfgg ldnb}g. cfkm\gf] s'g} cy{k"0f{ ;DaGw gepsf jf cfkm"nfo{ ;/f]sf/ /fvg' kg{] kof{kt / d'gfl;a sf/0f gepsf] s'g} s'/fdf cfkm}n] ljjfb v8f u/l ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2f dfgl cbfntdf k j]z ug{ ldnb}g -clwjqmf /fw]zofd clwsf/l lj 4 dlgqkl/ifb ;lrjfn ;d]t, g]sfk -@)$*_ cª\s!@ lg=g+= $$#) k[i7 *!)._ s]jn sfg"g Joj;foLsf] x}l;otaf6 lgj]bg bfo/ ul/psf] cfwf/df To:tf] ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t';fu lgj]bssf] ;fy{s ;DaGw / tfltjs ;/f]sf/sf cltl/qm lghn] ;DalGwt hg;fwf/0fsf] k ltlglwtj ;xl?kdf u/]sf] /x]5 egg ;Sg] cfwf/ /xfb}g -g]sfk -@)%(_ k[i7 ^)$ lg=g+= &@#@._ &= ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] d'2f s'g s'g cbfntdf btf{ x'g ;S5 < -s_ >L ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/if]q cgtu{t g]kfnsf] cgtl/d sf] wf/f!)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ cg'?k ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf ;jf{]rr cbfnt ;dif btf{ x'g] l/6 lgj]bgx? kb{5g\. o; cgtu{t ;+ljwfg;fu aflempsf] sfg"g ab/ 3f]lift u/l kfpfm egg] ljifo / s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gl k Zgsf] lg/f]k0f u/fo kfpfm egg] ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifox? ;dflji6 x'g5g\. ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifoleq} ;+j}wflgs ;jf{]rrtfsf] ljifo klg kg{] x'gfn] c;+j}wflgs sfg"g ab/ 3f]lift u/l kfpfm egg] l/6 lgj]bgx?nfo{ ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] l/6 lgj]bgs}?kdf u x0f ug{] ul/g5. -v_ d'n'sl P]g, cbfntl agbf]a:tsf]!) g+= df d'2fsf] ljifo jf k j[mltaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jf ;fj{hlgs lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2f If]qflwsf/ epsf] cbfntsf] cg'dlt lno{ lkm/fbkq btf{ u/fo{ cbfntsf] ;fwf/0f sfo{ljlw cgtu{t sf/afxl rnfpg ;lsg5. tnnf] txsf] cbfntn] To:tf] lkm/fbkq btf{ ug{ cg'dlt glbpdf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;lsg5. :yfglo?kdf ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] ljifox? ;f]em} dflynnf] cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/if]qleq k j]z u/fpg' plrt xf'b}g. sltko cj:yfdf k df0fx? a'eml To;nfO{ d"nofª\sg u/l lg0f{o lbg' kg{] cj:yf x'g] epsf]n] ;fdfgotof >L ;jf{]rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0fif]q cgtu{t kg]{ l/6sf] dfwodaf6 Gofo lg/f]k0f ug{ s]xl ck7\øf/f] kg{ ;S5, To:tf k df0fx? a'eml lg0f{o ug{' kg{] ljifox?df oyf;dej / If]qflwsf/n] EofP;Dd lhnnf cbfntdf ;fwf/0f d'2fsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfo{ btf{ u/fpg' k5{. 221

232 *= ;fj{hlgs lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf btf{ ul/g] lgj]bg d:of}bf ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg{] s'/fx? -s_ h'g ljjfbsf ;DaGwdf lgj]bg btf{ ug{ nflupsf] xf] ;f] ljjfb lsg / s;/l ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/leq k5{ / To; ljifodf lgj]bg lbg] JolQmsf] ;/f]sf/ s;/l uffl;g5, To;sf] cfwf/ pnn]v ug{]. -v_ ljjflbt ljifoa:t'df s'g ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gl Joj:yfsf] kfngf gepsf] jf ;f]sf] k lts"n x'g] u/l sfo{ epsf] xf], ;f] ;DaGwdf To:tf ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gl Joj:yf nufot ;jf{]rr cbfntaf6 k ltkflbt l;4fgtx? ;d]tsf] cwoog u/l ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s:tf] vfnsf] pkrf/af6 ljjfbsf] lgk6f/f ug{ ;lsg5, To; ljifodf g} s]lgb t /xl lgj]bgsf] d:of}bf ug{' kb{5. -u_ cgfjzos?kdf ljkiflx? agfpg' xf'b}g. h'g h'g lgsfo tyf kbflwsf/lx?sf] sfo{af6 ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmsf] xs lxtdf c;/ kg{ upsf] xf] To:tf k To]s lgsfo tyf kbflwsf/lx?nfo{ dfq ljkifl agfpg' kg{] x'g5. -3_ lgj]bg d:of}bf ubf{ ;se/ ;+If]kdf tyout tyf sfg"gl Joj:yfx?nfO{ gbf]xf]l/g], :ki6 cy{ nfug] u/l ;fdfgo / ;Ddfghgs zabx?sf] k of]u ub{} aql; k++lqmdf ga9fo{ d:of}bf ubf{ plrt x'g5. >L ;jf]{rr cbfntdf btf{ ul/g] lgj]bgsf] d:of}bf tlg k[i7egbf a9l epdf # k[i7df ga9\g] u/l ljjfbsf] ;+lifkt Joxf]/f, ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gl k Zg / dfu ul/psf pkrf/x?sf] ljj]rgf u/l ;f/;+if]k ;d]t k]z ug{' kg{] Joj:yf ;jf{]rr cbfnt sf] lgod $) s= n] u/]sf] 5. -ª_ s]xl cj:yfdf ljjfbsf] ljifodf s'g} oyfl:ylt sfod /fvg cgtl/d k j[mltsf] pkrf/ ckl/xfo{ b]lvpdf / ;f] gep ck"/0flo Iflt x'g] cj:yf b]vfpg ;Sg] epdf To:tf] ljjflbt sfo{ jf lg0f{o cfb]z cflbsf] sfof{gjognfo{ ttsfn /f]sg ;jf{]rr cbfnt sf] lgod $! cgtl/d cfb]z dfu ug'{ kb{5. o:t} lgj]bgdf p7fopsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gl k Zgsf] hl6ntf / ;f] ljjflbt ljifon] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfo{ k' ofo/x]sf] Iflt ;d]tnfo{ ljrf/ ubf{ l/6 lgj]bgdf l56f] lg0f{o lbg' kg{] cj:yf epdf ;jf{]rr cbfnt sf] lgod %s=, #*-#_, ^#-#_ ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;'gjfo{sf] nflu cu flwsf/ ;d]t dfu ug{' kb{5. t/ ol k j[mltsf cfb]zx? ;fdfgo k j[mltaf6 jf ;b}j dfu ubf{ o;sf] k efjsfl/tfdf k lts"n k efj kg{ hfg] x'fbf ckl/xfo{ cj:yfdf dfq o:sf] dfu ug'{ plrt x'g5. -r_ d'n'sl P]g cbfntl agbf]a:tsf]!) g+= cgtu{t btf{ ul/g] lgj]bgdf ;d]t ;/f]sf/sf ljifox? ;d]t :ki6 pnn]v u/l ;fdfgo d:of}bfsf l;4fgtx?sf] kfngf ;fy} ;DalGwt P]g sfg"gaf/] k i6 pnn]v ug'{ kb{5. cbfntdf bfo/ x'g] o:tf d'2fdf cgtl/d k j[mltsf] / oyfl:ylt sfod /fvg cfjzos epdf d'n'sl P]g c=a+=!&!s adf]lhd lgj]bg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5. (= s]xl ofb /fvg' kg]{ sfo{ljlw / cbfntl k lqmofx? -s_ ;jf{]rr cbfntdf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ubf{ klg ;jf]{rr cbfnt lgodfjnl adf]lhd?=%)). btf{ b:t"/ a'emfpg' cfjzos x'g5. sfg"gl ;xfotf cfjzos epsf] cj:yfdf klg of] b:t"/ 5'6 x'g] sfg"gl Joj:yf 5}g. -v_ s'g} k df0f sfuhx? ;+nug ul/psf] cj:yfdf To;sf] ;Ssn k lt klg cbfntdf lnp/ hfg' kb{5. ;Ssn gepdf k]z ul/g] pqm lnvtsf] ; f]t / ;Ssn /xg] :yfg pnn]v ug'{ cfjzos x'g5. lgj]bg btf{ ug{] JolQmsf] kl/ro v'ng] k df0f cfjzos epsf]n] gful/stfsf] k dfl0ft k ltlnlk lgj]bg ;fy ;+nug ug{' plrt x'g5. s'g} ;ª\ul7t ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 l/6 btf{ epsf] 5 eg] ;f] ;+:yfsf] btf{ k df0f kq, ljwfg OToflbsf ;fy} lgj]bsnfo{ lgj]bg k]z ug]{ clwsf/ epsf] k df0f -h:t} sfo{;ldltaf6 lg0f{o epsf] dfogo"6sf] k ltlnlk ptf/_ ;d]t ;fy} /fvg' kb{5. -u_ btf{ epsf] lgj]bgdf ;fdfgo 6fOksf] q'l6 jf e"n epsf] cj:yfdf ljkiflnfo{ lnlvt hjfkmsf] Dofb hfg'k"j{ g} ;jf]{rr cbfnt sf] adf]lhd k"/s lgj]bg u/l To:tf e"n jf q'l6 ;Rofpg ;lsg5. -3_ l/6 lgj]bg;fu ;DalGwt cgo sfo{ljlwx? ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf btf{ x'g] l/6df klg nfu" x'g] epsfn] sfg"g Joj;foLn] To;tkm{ Wofg /fvg' cfjzos x'g5. lgj]bsn] cbfntsf] cg'dltn] tf/]vdf ga;] klg x'g5 / s'g} sf/0fa; tf/]vdf kif pkl:yt gepklg cbfntn] d'2fsf] ljifoj:t'df k j]z u/l lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g5. 222

233 bzf}f kl/r5]b j}slnks ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ljlegg :j kx Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) 223

234 j}slnks ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ljlegg :j?kx? Different Models of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)!= kl/ro ;dfh;fu} ljjfbsf] hgd x'g] epsfn] o;sf] ;dfwfg klg ljlegg :j?kdf x'fb} cfpsf] 5. ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] k/dk/fut :j?knfo{ x]bf{ h:tf]nfo{ To:t} u/]/, dfgohgsxff up/, srx/l u/]/ h:tf ljlegg dfwodaf6 ;dfwfg x'g] u/]sf] kfog5. t/ cfw'lgs ;dfhdf ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s b'j} dfwodx? k efjsf/l?kdf ceof; ul/fb} cfpsf] kfog5. cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s?kdf ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ k lqmofnfo{ j}slnks ljjfb ;dfwfg k 0ffnLsf]?kdf kl/eflift ul/g5. ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ;Gbe{df /fhoåf/f Jojl:yt ul/psf] k 0ffnLnfO{ ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] cf}krfl/s k lqmof ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slnks pkfox? ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] j}slnks pkfo eggfn] ;dfgotof cbfntegbf aflx/ cf}krfl/s Gofok lqmofegbf legg k lqmofaf6 t6:y t]; f] kifsf] ;xof]udf ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{] k 0ffnL egg] a'lemg5. ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu cbfntaf6 ckgfog] k lqmofnfo{ cf}krfl/s dfg]/ ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] j}slnks pkfonfo{ cgf}krfl/s k lqmof klg egg] ul/g5. To;}u/L ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] d"n lhdd]jf/l k rlnt sfg"gn] cbfntnfo{ k bfg ug{] u/]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ cfwf/ agfp/ cbfntegbf aflx/ ul/g] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] k4ltnfo{ j}slnks pkfosf]?kdf lng] u/]sf] kfog5. t;y{ ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] j}slnks :j?kx? ljlegg 5g\. j}slnks ljjfb ;dfwfgsf :j?knfo{ lg0f{o lg?k0fsf] (Adjudicative) :j?kdf d"nofígsf] :j?k (Evaluative), d]nldnfksf] :j?kdf (Meditative) / ldl>t k lqmofsf] :j?kdf (Hybrid and Combined process) u/l jul{s/0f ug{] u/]sf] kfog5. lg0f{o lg?k0fsf] :j?kdf dwo:ytf (Arbitration), d"nofígsf] :j?kdf k]zfut / ljz]if1af6 u/fog] d"nofíg, d]nldnfksf] :j?kdf d]nldnfk (Mediation), d}ql;]jf (Conciliation) / ;xdlt lgdf{0f (Consensus building) tyf ldl>t k lqmofleq d]nldnfk / dwo:ytfsf] ldl>t k lqmofsf]?k Med-Arb, jftf{, d]nldnfk d'2f d"nofígsf] ldl>t?kdf Mini-Trail cflb kb{5g\. o;/l ljlegg :j?kleq ljlegg k lqmofx? kg{] epsfn] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] nflu cjndag ul/g] d'vo j}slnks pkfox? lgdg 5g\ M -s_ d]nldnfk (Mediation) d]nldnfknfo{ j}slnks ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] ;jf{]ts[i6 pkfosf]?kdf lnog5. d]nldnfk eggfn] d'2fsf kifx?alrsf] ljjfbdf dfgo ;xdltdf k'ug lg:kif Pj+ t6:y t]; f] kifaf6 ;xhstf{sf]?kdf sfo{ ug{] ;+jfb / jftf{sf] :j]lr5s / uf]kglo k lqmof ;Demg' kb{5 -;jf{]rr cbfnt lgodfjnl -@)$( o;sf klg ljlegg k sf/x? 5g\. d'2f cbfntdf k j]z ug'{k"j{ (Pre-litigation stage) klg d]nldnfk x'g5. of] Pp6f :j?k xf]. To;}u/L ;d'bfod} d]nldnfkstf{åf/f ljjfb ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k' ofo{ ul/g] ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk (Community Mediation) csf{] :j?k xf]. To;}u/L s]gb«(mediation Centre) åf/f u/fog] d]nldnfk, :yfglo lgsfoåf/f u/fog] d]nldnfk (Mediation Under Local Bodies), d'2fsf] sf/afxlsf] qmddf x'g] d]nldnfk (Court related mediation), cbfnt ;lgglxt d]nldnfk (Court annexed mediation), cbfnt k ]lift (Court Referred) d]nldnfk h:tf ljlegg k sf/sf k rngdf /x]sf 5g\. d]nldnfkaf6 ljjfb ;dfwfg ubf{ d]nldnfkstf{n] s'g} lg0f{o glbo{ kifx?nfo{ cfkm}n] pko'qm 7fg]sf] ;xdltdf k'ug ;xhstf{sf] dfq} e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] x'fbf o;sf] k of]uaf6 ljjfb ;dfwfg x'fbf b'j} kifn] hltsf] cg'e"lt ub{5g\. o;nfo{ ljjfb ;dfwfgdf Win-Win Approach sf gfdn] klg lrlgg5. -v_ dwo:ytf (Arbitration) ljjfbsf kif / ljkifl b'j}n] /f]h]sf] dwo:y ;ldlt jf lg0f{ostf{n] ljjfb lg0f{o u/l ;dfwfg ul/g] k lqmofnfo{ dwo:ytf elgg5. o;sf] ceof; /fli6«o / cgt/f{li6«o sfg"gl ;+ogqsf] cfwf/df jfl0fho ;DaGwL ljjfbx?df x'fb} cfpsf] 5. lg0f{o lbo{ ;dfwfg x'g] dfwod ep klg cbfntl lg0f{o / dwo:y lg0f{odf cfd"n leggtf 5. dwo:ytfaf6 ljjfb ;dfwfg ubf{ cbfntegbf aflx/ kifx?n] g} 5fg]sf] lg0f{ostf{af6 x'g5. o;df cjndag ul/g] k lqmof nlrnf] / cgf}krfl/s x'g5. dwo:ytfsf ;DaGwdf g]kfndf dwo:ytf n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. -u_ ;dembf/l (Conciliation) ljjfb lg?k0fsf nflu dwo:y ;dif k'ug'cl3 Conciliator n] b'j} kifnfo{ /fv]/ 5nkmn u/fo{ ;dembf/ldf k'ug] jftfj/0f agfolbg] k lqmof xf]. d]nldnfk k lqmof / ;dembf/l k lqmofdf vf;} leggtf kfofb}g. of] klg k/dk/fut / k'/fgf] ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{] k lqmof xf]. o;nfo{ ;xefuld"ns Pj+ k efjsf/l dfwodsf]?kdf lnog5. o;df sg;llnp6/n] ;Defljt ;dfwfg tof/kf/l kifx? ;dif k :t't ub{5g\. To;df kifx?sf] lg/lif0f Pj+ :jlsf/kzrft\ ;Demf}tf tof/ ul/g5. of] dfwod klg /fli6«o / cgt/f{li6«o?kdf j}slnks ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] pkfosf]?kdf ceof; ul/fb} cfpsf]

235 -3_ jftf{ (Negotiation) ljjfbsf b'j} kif Ps cfk;df cfkm} jf cfkm\gf k ltlglwx? dfkm{t egfo Pj+ ts{ ljts{ /fv]/ ljjfbsf] dfgo ;dfwfg lgsfng] k lqmofnfo{ jftf{sf] dfwodåf/f ljjfb ;dfwg ug{] k 0ffnL jf Negotiation egg] ul/g5. hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ ljjfb ;dfwfgdf o;sf] k of]u ul/g5. o;nfo{ kifx?alrsf] ;f}bfjfhl (Bargaining process) k lqmofsf]?kdf klg lrlgg5. kifx?alr jftf{af6 ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'sf] :j?k sd x'fb} cfo{ ;xdlt;dd k'ug] sfd x'g5. jftf{nfo{ c8fgdf cfwfl/t (Position based) / lxtdf cfwfl/t (Interest based) u/l b'o{ efudf aff8\g ;lsg5. kl/0ffdsf] lx;fan] x]bf{ c8fgdf cfwfl/t jftf{n] (Win Loose) xf/hltsf] kl/0ffddf k'ul ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg x'g5 egg] lxtdf cfwfl/t jftf{n] hlthlt (win-win) sf] kl/0ffdaf6 ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg x'g5. jftf{sf] k f/ldes r/0f c8fgdf cfwfl/taf6 z' x'g] ub{5 egg] cfkm\gf] lxtsf cfwf/df 5nkmn cufl8 a9\bf lxtdf cfwfl/t jftf{ eo/x]sf] x'g5. o;af6 g} b'j}nfo{ ;Gt'li6 ldnl lbuf]?kdf ljjfb ;dfwfg x'g5. -ª_ ldlg 6«fon (Mini-Trial) ldlg6«fon d]nldnfk, jftf{ / Adjudication sf ljz]iftfsf] ljsl;t?k xf]. o;df k lqmof z' ug{ lglzrt ;dotflnsf, cgf}krfl/s ;'g'jfo, v'nf 5nkmn / t]; f] lgikif JolQmaf6 ;'emfj lng] sfd x'g5. -r_ :jtgq lj1 Independent Expert Appraisal (IEA) of] dfwod k fljlws ljifosf ljjfbx? ;dfwfg ug{ cjndag ul/g5. o; k lqmofdf kifx?n] ljjfbsf] ljifodf ljz]if1 ;'emfj k bfg ug{ lg:kif Pj+ :jtgq JolQm 5gf}6 ub{5g\. kifx?sf] ;xdltsf cfwf/df To:tf] ljz]if1n] k/fdz{sf/l / lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\. pk/f]qm d'vo :j?kx?sf] cltl/qm, Early Neutral Evaluation (ENE), Adjudication, Med-Arb, Concili-Arb, Fact Finding h:tf :j?kx? j}slnks ljjfb ;dfwfg ;+ogqsf ljlegg?kdf /x]sf 5g\. j}slnks ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ljlegg :j?kx? ep klg a9l dfqfdf d]nldnfk, dwo:ytf, jftf{ / ;dembf/l k lqmof g} ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] qmddf clws k of]u x'g] ub{5g\. jftf{ Negotiation kl/ro M ;fdfgo af]lnrfnlsf] cy{df egg] xf] eg] b'o{ jf b'o{egbf a9l JolQmx?aLr s'g} vf; ljifonfo{ lnp/ x'g] æs'/fsfglæ jf æ5nkmnæ g} jftf{ xf]. ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfosf?kdf jftf{nfo{ oltn] dfq a'lemfb}g. ;fdfgo af]lnrfnlsf?kdf ul/g] s'/fsfgl ljjfb ;dfwfgtkm{ nlift gx'g ;Sb5. a]n'sf vfg] vfgfdf s]sf] t/sf/l ksfpg] egg] ;DaGwdf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?alr ul/g] 5nkmn, af6f] ldr]sf] egg] ljifodf huufjfnf / ;f] af6f]sf k of]ustf{x?alr ul/g] 5nkmn, sf]zl gblsf] affw eltsfbf To;af6 kll8tx?sf] k'g:yf{kgf / Ifltk"lt{ ug]{ ljifodf g]kfn / ef/t ;/sf/sf k ltlglwx?alr epsf] s'/fsfgl jftf{sf pbfx/0fx? x'g\. jf:tjdf egg] xf] eg] jftf{ o:tf] snf xf] h'g ;~rf/, Jofkf/ k j4{g, dgf]lj1fg, ;dfhzf:q, /fhgllt, sfg"g Joj;fo nufot ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ ;a} If]qnfO{ ctofjzos x'g5. h'g :yfgdf cfly{s sf/f]af/ jf ljjfb x'g5, TofxfF jftf{sf] dfwodaf6 ;dfwfgsf] pkfo vf]hg' pko'qm dflgg5. kl/efiff M Negotiation is a process by which the involved parties resolve matters of dispute by holding discussions and coming to an agreement which can be mutually agreed by them. It also refers to closing a business deal or bargaining on some product. 1 cyf{t\ jftf{ Pp6f 1 (4 September 2008) 225

236 226 o:tf] k lqmof xf], h;af6 kifx? jf ;d"xx?alrdf /x]sf] s'g} ljjfbsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/l cfkm"x? :jo+ g} cfk;df ;xdt x'g] ;Demf}tfdf k'ub5g\. ljåfg cf]lne/ -!((^_ n] jftf{sf/x?n] ;+o'qm?kdf ax'cfoflds ljsnkx? vf]hl u/l s'g} Psdf ;xdt x'g] k lqmof xf] egg] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\. (Oliver (1996) negotiation - "negotiators jointly searching a multidimensional space and then agreeing to a single point in the space.") pko'{qm kl/efiffx?af6 jftf{ eggfn] b'o{ jf ;f]egbf a9l kifx?sf alr s'g} ljjflbt ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf ;dfwfg kqf nufpg] rfxgfn] ul/g] 5nkmn xf] egg] a'lemg5. jftf{ / d]nldnfk (Mediation) alr leggtf M jftf{ / ;xhls/0fdf cfwfl/t d]nldnfk b'j} ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slnks tl/sfx? x'g\. tyflk loglx?sf alr s]xl leggtf eg] cjzo 5. jftf{df ljjfbsf b'o{ kifx? cfkm} jf pglx?sf k ltlglwx? a;l cfk;df 5nkmn ul/g] k lqmof xf], h;df t]; f] kifsf] pkl:ylt cfjzos 7flgFb}g. ;f] jftf{df t]; f] kifn] ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ t/ Tof] ck ToIf?kdf dfq x'g5. t/ ;xhls/0fdf cfwfl/t d]nldnfkdf sdtldf tlg kif /xg5g\, ljjfbsf b'o{ kifx? / Ps d]nldnfkstf{ (Mediator). oblk d]nldnfkdf klg t]; f] kifsf] e"ldsf ;xhls/0f ug'{df dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] x'g5. jftf{df ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] k lqmofdf kifx?sf] e"ldsf k"0f{?kdf :jtgq /xg5. s'g k lqmof ckgfpg] / s'g ljifodf ;xdt x'g] ls gx'g] egg] ljifo kifx?sf] OR5fdf lge{/ ub{5. ;}4flGts zabx?df egg] xf] eg] jftf{df k lqmof / kl/0ffd b'j}df kifx?sf] k"0f{ lgogq0f /x]sf] x'g5. t/ ;xhls/0fdf cfwfl/t d]nldnfkdf s'g k lqmof jf k4ltdf 5nkmn ug]{ egg] s'/f Mediator n] lgwf{/0f ub{5 t/ s] s:tf] kl/0ffd jf lgisif{ cfpg] u/l ;xdt x'g] jf ;xdlt g} gx'g] egg] ljifodf eg] kifx?s} lgogq0f x'g5. ;+If]kdf ;a} d]nldnfkdf jftf{ x'g5 t/ ;a} jftf{af6 d]nldnfk x'fb}g. jftf{sf k sf/ M jftf{sf kifx?n] cfkm\gf] lxt ;'/lift ug{ /0fgLlt Pj+ ljifoj:t' cflbsf] cfwf/df jftf{nfo{ lgdgadf]lhd jul{s/0f u/]sf] kfog5. ljjfbdf cfwfl/t jftf{ M o; k sf/sf] jftf{df kifx? s'g} ljjfbsf] ljifodf s]lgb t epsf x'g5g\. o; cgtu{t s/f/sf zt{x? pnnª\3g epsf] ljifonfo{ lnp/ ul/g] jftf{, Trade Mark pnnª\3g epsf] ljifo, j}olqms xflg gf]s;fgl ;DaGwL ljifo cflb ;dfj]z x'g] ub{5g\. sf/f]af/;dagwl jftf{ M o; k sf/sf] jftf{ kifx?n] eljiodf ug]{ sf/f]af/, k]zf jf Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] x'g5. s'g} j:t' jf ;]jf v/lb ug]{;dagwl jftf{, Kof6]G6, l8hfog jf k ltlnlk clwsf/sf] k of]u;dagwl jftf{, s'g} /f]huf/lsf nflu ul/g] jftf{ / s/f/sf zt{x? kl/jt{g ug{ ul/g] jftf{ cflb sf/f]af/;dagwl jftf{df ;dfj]z epsf x'g5g\. k ltikwl{ jftf{ M o; jftf{df b'o{ kifx?sf alrsf] cfk;l lxtx? Ps csf]{;fu k ltikwf{ ug]{ ub{5g\. o; k sf/sf] jftf{df Pp6fn] s]xl kfpg' eg]sf] csf]{n] s]xl u'dfpg' ;/x x'g5. h:tf] s'g} ljqm]tf sfxff ;fdfg lsgbf To;sf] d"nonfo{ lnp/ ;f}bfafhl ul/g5. ;f}bfafhldf d"nodf l/ofot jf 5"6 kfpg' eg]sf] Jofkf/Ln] s]xl u'dfpg' xf]. o;df qm]tf / ljqm]tfalrsf] lxtdf k ltikwf{ epsf] x'g5. o; qmddf x'g] jftf{ k ltikwl{ jftf{ xf]. o:tf] jftf{nfo{ k ltågåftds (adversarial), c;xof]uftds (noncooperative), ljt/0fftds ;f}bfafhl (distributive bargaining), c8fgdf s]lgb t (positional) tyf s7f]/ ;f}bfafhl (hard bargaining) klg egg] u/]sf] kfog5. o; k sf/sf] jftf{ aff8kmff8 ul/g] ljifoj:t' ;Lldt 5 egg] dfgotfdf cfwfl/t x'g5. o;nfo{ yk nfe (Zero Sum) lagfsf] jftf{ klg elgg5. ;xof]uftds jftf{ M jftf{df kifx?alr Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ug]{ cfzon] klg jftf{ ug{ ;lsg5. o;nfo{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{, g/d / ;xof]ul ;f}bfafhl klg egg] ul/g5. o:tf] jftf{af6 b'j} kifn] lht lhtsf] dxz'z ub{5g\. o; k sf/sf] jftf{af6 ;a} kifx?n] clws nfe lng ;Sb5g\. h:tf] s'g} huufaf6 af6f] lgsfng huufwgl;fu huuf lng] jftf{ k ltikwl{ k j[mltsf] x'g5 eg] ToxL af6f] vf]ng] / To;sf] :t/ ;'wf/ u/]/ ;a}n] pkef]u ug]{ egg] xf] eg] Tof] ;xof]uftds jftf{ x'g hfg5. o; k sf/sf] jftf{df v'nnf 5nkmn x'g5. ;fy} ;xdltaf6 x'g] nfe klg ;+o'qm?kdf ljt/0f ul/g5. o:tf] k sf/sf] jftf{ ubf{ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;a}sf] ;xeflutf / of]ubfg x'g'sf] cltl/qm To;af6 x'g] nfe klg ;a} kifsf ;femf x'g5g\ / nfe ;a}n] k fkt ub{5g\ egg] b[li6sf]0faf6 ul/g5. o:tf] jftf{af6 cfk;df ljzjf;, ;xof]u, ;xsfo{, l;h{gftds ;DaGw lgdf{0f ug]{ jftfj/0f agg hfg5. o:tf] jftf{df slxn]sfxlf csf]{ kifsf] k ltikwl{ lxt x'g ;Sg] 8/ /x]sf] x'g5. ;xof]uftds jftf{ ug{ jftf{sf] nio / p2]zo s] xf] egl oslg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf, csf{sf] s'/f Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg ;Sg] w}o{tf, ljjfbsf ;jfnx?nfo{ s'g JolQmut / s'g ;fd"lxs ;/f]sf/sf x'g\ eg]/ cnu u/]/ x]g{ ;Sg] Ifdtf, k fyldstfx? lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf h:tf u'0fx? x'g' kb{5. jftf{sf lgodx? ljjfb ;dfwfgdf cgo pkfox?df h:t} jftf{sf klg s]xl lgodx? x'g5g\ h;nfo{ lgdg adf]lhd pnn]v ug{ ;lsg5 M

237 1 c8fgdf ;f}bfafhl gug]{. jftf{ rfx] Jofkfl/s s/f/, kfl/jfl/s emu8f cyjf /fi6«/fi6«alrsf] g} lsg gxf];\ cs;/ jftf{sf/x? c8fgdf s]lgb t ep/ ;f}bfafhl ul//x]sf x'g5g\. jftf{sf x/]s kifn] Pp6f c8fg lng], ;f]xl c8fg k"/f ug{ ts{x? /fvg] / s]xl 5"6 lbp/ ;Demf}tfdf k'ug] of] cfd k rng g} ag]sf] 5. s'g} jftf{ ;kmn xf] ls xf]og egg] s'/fsf] d"nofíg b]xfosf tlgcf]6f cfwf/df ug]{ ul/g5 M ;Demf}tf ljj]s;ª\ut x'g'k5{, ;Demf}tf k efjsf/l x'g'k5{, / ;Demf}tfsf kifx? alrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'wfg'{k5{ cyjf eo/x]sf] egbf laufg'{ x'fb}g. 2 jftf{df ;dfwfg ug'{ kg]{ ljifoj:t'df s]lgb t x'g'kg]{. dfgj s'g} ogq xf]og, pglx?;fu s]xl efjgfx? x'g5g\. tl efjgfx? ;a} JolQm;Fu ldng] x'fb}gg\ / s'g} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug'{kg]{ vf; p2]zo;fu ;DalGwt x'g5g\. s'g} s'/fdf c8fg lng'sf] dtna o;n] l:yltnfo{ cem laufg]{ sfd u5{. lsgeg] p;sf] c8fg k lti7f;fu hf]l8psf] x'g5. To;}n] vf; ;d:ofsf ;DaGwdf jftf{ ug'{kbf{ JolQm / ;d:ofnfo{ 5' fp/ x]g{ ;Sg' kb{5. 3 c8fgdf xf]og lxtdf hf]8 lbg'k5{. lxtdf s]lgb t /x]/ jftf{ ugf{n] kf/:kl/s Pj+ kl/k"/s lxtsf ljifox? phfu/ x'g5g\ h;n] ;Demf}tfnfO{ ;Dej t'nofpf5. Fisher / Ury sf cg';f/ Pp6f ;a}egbf dxîjk"0f{ lxt eg]sf] kifx?alrdf ;DaGw ;f}xfb{ agfpg' xf]. of] s'/f jftf{df k ltågåftds /0fgLlt ckgfp/ xf]og, ;xof]uftds /0fgLltaf6 k fkt ug{ ;lsg5. 4 ;s];dd clws k Zg ;f]wg'k5{. 5 /fd f];fu cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / 5nkmndf ;'xffpbf] Ozf/fsf] k of]u ug'{k5{. 6 ;DaGw /fd f] agfpg' k5{. 7 cftd:jfledfg sfod ug'{ k5{. 8 c?sf s'/f w}o{tfk"j{s ;'Gg' k5{. 9 ;'Gbf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;'Gg' k5{. 10 cfkm"n] lbg] 5"6x? ;s];dd hf]ufpg' k5{. jftf{df 7Ls ;do 5fg]/ To;avt dfq cfk"mn] lbg] 5"6 jf l/ofotx? atfpg' k5{. 11 ;do, ;"rgf / gffo eg]/ jftf{sf] 6]a'n 5f]8\bf To;sf] kl/0ffdaf/] ;r]t x'g' k5{. s] s'/f s'g ;dodf egg' kb{5 egg] hfgsf/l /fvg' k5{. 12 vf; lg0f{ostf{df Wofg lbg'k5{. 13 csf]{kifn] yfxf gkfpsf] s'/f p;nfo{ yfxf lbg'k5{ tfls jftf{af6 p;n] klg l;sg] cj;/ kfcf];\. 14 clws ;] clws l;h{gftds x'g' k5{. 15 ;xdltaf6 csf]{ kifn] kfpg] JolStut nfesf tyox?nfo{ b]vfolbg' k5{. 16 zlqm;gt'ngnfo{ Wofg lbg' k5{. 17 lemgfdl;gf, Ps kiflo tyf cfzª\sfdf cfwfl/t ;jfn p7fp/ jftf{ layf]lng lbg' x'fb}g. 18 c? s;}sf] lxtlj 4 x'g] u/l jftf{ cufl8 a9fpg' x'fb}g. 19 cfk\mgf] cfrf/;+lxtf tyf g}ltstflj 4 x'g] u/l jftf{df ;xeful x'g'x'fb}g. 20 kf/:kl/s nfeo'qm ljsnkx?sf] vf]hl M s'g} lglzrt j:t'sf] 7"nf] efu lhtg}k5{ eg]/ jftf{df k ltikwf{ ug'{ h?/l 5}g. 21 j:t'ut cfwf/x?sf] k of]udf hf]8 lbg' k5{ M ha kifx?alr Ps csf{sf lxtx? k/:k/df aflemg5g\, ltglx? cf cfkm\g} c8fgdf sfod /x]/ cfkm\gf] kifdf ;Demf}tf u/fpg rfxg5g\. jftf{sf] of] k lqmofaf6 slxn]sfxlf s'g} kifn] cfkm\gf] lxt cg's"n ;xdlt u/fpg t ;Snf t/ o:tf] ;Demf}tfn] Nofpg] kl/0ffd ;w}+f ;xl jf c}lrtok"0f{ x'g5 egg ;lsgg. To;}n] ;Demf}tfnfO{ ;xl / cf}lrtok"0f{ kl/0ffddf k' ofpg :jr5 dfkb08 (Fair Standard) nfo{ cfwf/ agfpg' cfjzos dflgg5. o:tf] dfkb08sf]?kdf ahf/ d"no, ljz]if1sf] /fo, cg';gwfg k ltj]bg, k/dk/f / sfg"g :jo+ klg cfwf/ x'g ;Sb5g\. o:tf lglzrt Pj+ lbuf] cfwf/ g} bl3{sfnlg x'g5g\. 227

238 228 k[i7e"ld d]nldnfk P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldnfo{ x]bf{ xfdln] k/dk/fut?kdf ;d]t wd{zf:q / ;f+:s[lts /Lltl/jfhsf] cfwf/df d]nldnfk k 0ffnLsf] ljsf; epsf] kfpf5f}f. rfx] ;fd'bflos d]nldnfksf] cfwf/df xf];\ jf k/dk/fut ;fdflhs Goflos dfgotfsf] cfwf/df xf];\, d]nldnfkn] g]kfnsf] Goflos k 0ffnLsf] clegg cª\usf]?kdf dfgotf kfpsf] b]lvg5. xfd f wfld{s kf}/fl0fs u Gyx?df ;d]t ljlegg o'4sfndf jftf{, d]nldnfk / dwo:ytfsf] dfwodx? ckgfpsf] kfog5. glltzf:qdf ;d]t ljjfb ;fdfwfg ubf{ g}ltstf / /fd f] cfr/0f epsf], u'0f, ;Lk / Ifdtfsf af/]df pnn]v epsf] kfog5. xfd f] lxdfnl e]u d':tfª\sf] d'lvof k 0ffnL, ;f]n'v'da'sf] vfbfofª\hl / alb{ofsf] a8\3/ k 0ffnL ckgfo{ d]nldnfk epsf] / ljjfb :yfglo tj/af6 ;dfwfg ul/psf] kfog5. ljzjsf s]xl d'n'sx?df ;g\!(&) b]lv o;sf] k of]u / k rng z'? eptf klg ;g\!(*) b]lv cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, >Lnª\sf, lkmlnlkg; cflb d'n'sn] ;d]t Gofo k 0ffnLsf] clegg cª\usf?kdf o; k 0ffnLsf] yfngl u/]sf] kfog5. g]kfndf ;d]t o;sf] cfjzostf dxz'; u/l ;j{k yd lhnnf cbfnt sf] lgod #@-s_ df ;+;f]wg u/l d]nldnfknfo{ sfg'gl k lqmofleq NofOof]. Goflos k 0ffnLsf] cª\usf]?kdf dfgotf lbp ttkzrft\ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnl / ;jf]{rr cbfnt lgodfjnl adf]lhd cfjzos ;+zf]wg u/l cbfntåf/f k7fopsf] d'2fsf d]nldnfksf] ;DaGwdf sfg'gl Joj:yf ul/psf] kfog5. xfn ljlegg txsf cbfntx?df ldnfkq x'g] ljjfbx?sf] ;DaGwdf s]xl cbfntleq /x]sf d]nldnfk s]gb / s]xl g]=af=p=leq /x]sf ljlegg PsfO{dfkm{t d]nldnfk s]gb df d]nlnfksf] k of; x'g5 / ToxfFaf6 d]nldnfk x'g] kifx?sf] alrdf ;xdlt epdf d'n'sl P]g c=a+=!*@ g+ sf] cfwf/df ldnfkq (Conciliation) x'g] sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. o; ;DaGwdf g]kfn af/ P;f]l;o;gn] ;d]t d]nldnfksf] sfo{qmdnfo{ k >o lbg b]z el/sf ljlegg af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf s/la!@)) egbf a9l sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ :jb]zl Pj+ ljb]zl lj1x?af6 cgt/f{li6«o:t/sf] d]nldnfk ;DaGwL tflnd lbopsf] 5. xfn tflnd k fkt d]nldnfkstf{ (Mediator) sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] ;"rl agfo{ lghx?af6 cbfntaf6 d]nlknfksf] nflu k7fopsf] d'2fx?df d]nldnfkstf{sf]?kdf sfo{ u/l d]nldnfksf] cleofg yfngl epsf] kfog5. d]nldnfk s] xf] < d]nldnfk ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ljlegg j}slnks pkfox?dwo]sf] Pp6f pkfo xf]. o; k lqmofdf t6:y t]; f] kifsf] ;xof]udf ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ k of; ul/g5. zflabs?kdf d]nldnfk zabsf] cy{ vf]hbf c+u ]hl zab "Mediate" Nofl6g efiffsf] "Mediare" af6 lnopsf] xf]. h;sf] cy{ æalrdf /xg'æ (to be in the middle) x'g5. ;ffrr} g} d]nldnfkstf{sf] l:yltnfo{ x]bf{ pm ljjfbsf kifx?sf] alrdf g} /xg5. t/ ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] pkfosf]?kdf d]nldnfksf] cy{ / d]nldnfkstf{sf] e"ldsf a'em\g'kbf{ oltn] dfq d]nldnfksf] k"/f kl/ro kfpg ;lsfb}g. o;sf nflu s]xl kl/efiffx?sf] ;xof]u pkof]ul x'g ;Sb5. ANofS; n l8s;g/lsf cg';f/ æd]nldnfk agwgsf/l gx'g] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] Ps To:tf] pkfo xf] h;df lgikif t]; f] kif ;+nug eo{ ljjfbsf kifx? cfk;df ;xdt x'g] ;dfwfg lgsfng d2t ub{5g\æ. h]d; h]= clnkmlgsf cg';f/ æd]nldnfk ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] Ps To:tf] pkfo xf] h;df t6:y t]; f] kif ;xeful eo{ b'o{ jf b'o{egbf a9l ljjfbsf kifx?nfo{ ;/f]sf/ epsf ljifox? klxrfg u/l cfk;df ;xdt x'g] ;dfwfgsf pkfo vf]hg d2t ub{5g\.æ d]nldnfk d'2fsf kifx?alrsf] ljjfbdf dfgo ;xdltdf k'ug lgikif Pjd\ t6:y t]; f] kifaf6 ;xhstf{sf]?kdf sfo{ ug]{ ;+jfb / jftf{sf] :j}lr5s / uf]kglo k lqmof xf]. ;dfhdf ljjfb cfpg' :jfefljs / k fs[lts dflgg5 / ljjfb ;fdwfgsf] j}slnks pkfpaf6 olb ljjfb ;fdwfg ug{ ;lspdf b'j} kifnfo{ lhtsf] cg'e"lt x'g5. d]nldnfkåf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg ubf{ sd vr{, / Gofo l56f]5l/tf] tyf lbuf] x'g] k4lt epsfn] o;af6 lk5l8psf Pj+ zf]lift ju{df ;d]t Gofosf] kfx'r k'ub5. d]nldnfk g} lsg < s= d'2fdf sd vr{ nfug] / ttsfn /fxt ldng], v= d]nldnfk epkl5 tx tx d'2f n8\g' kg]{ cj:yf gkg]{ x'fbf ;dosf] art x'g], u= kifx?alrsf] ljjfb :yfol?kdf ;dfwfg x'g], 3= b'j} kifsf] lht x'g], ª= km};nf x'fbf cfkm"n] rfx] h:tf] kl/0ffd gcfpg] t/ d]nldnfkdf cfkm"n] rfx]s}] kl/0ffd cfpg],

239 r= e i6frf/ 36fpg dbb ldng], 5= d]nldnfk k lqmofdf ;xeful ep klg s'g} kifn] grfx]df d]nldnfk k lqmof alr}df /f]sg ldng], h= ldnfkq epdf as;f}gl nfub}g, em= d]nldnfk k lqmofdf af]lnpsf s'/fx?sf] Uff]kgLotf sfod /xg], `= k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ldnfkq ug{ ldng], 6= t6:y t]; f] kif -d]nldnfkstf{_n] b'j} kifx?alr ldng ;Sg] s'/fx? kqf nufpgdf dbb u/l b'j} kifnfo{ ghls Nofpg], j}/efj ;dfkt ug{ ;xof]u ldng], 7= ;fdfgo cj:yfdf egbf d]nldnfk k lqmofaf6 ljjfbdf ;+nug kifx?alrsf] k ToIf 5nkmn / d]nldnfkstf{sf] ;xof]un] ubf{ ldnfkqsf] ;Defjgf w]/} /xg], / 8= sfg"g / Jojxf/df km/s l:yltnfo{ ;xh?kdf ldnfo{ ;fdflhs Gofo k flktdf dbb ldng]. d]nldnfk sf ljz]iftf? M kifx?sf] bflotj k wfg x'g] cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn x'g] -h;df kifx?;fu ljlegg ljlwaf6 5nkmn ubf{ ljjfb ;dfwfgtkm{ k'ug ;lsg5_. t]; f] kif lg0ff{os geo{ kifx? :jod g} lg0ff{os x'g] d]nldnfkstf{ t6:y x'g] ljjfbdf p7]sf s'/f uf]ko /xg] kifx?alr lbuf] ldnfkq x'g] cfly{s ef/ sd x'g] l56f] 5l/tf] Gofo kfpg] d]nldnfksf k sf/x? cbfnt k ]lift d]nldnfk (Court Referred Mediation) cbfntdf bfo/ eo{ ljrf/fwlg /x]sf d'2fx?df d]nldnfk u/fpg pko'qm b]lvpdf d]nldnfkstf{ ;dif k7fo{ d]nldnfk u/fpg] k lqmof. cbfnt ;lgglxt d]nldnfk (Court Annexed Mediation) o; k sf/sf] d]nldnfk klg cbfntdf bfo/ eo{ ljrf/fwlg /x]sf d'2fx?df ckgfog5. d]nldnfksf] of] k lqmof cbfntleq} :yflkt Pp6f k 0ffnLsf]?kdf ;~rfng ul/psf] x'g5. of] k lqmofdf GofofwLz tyf cbfntsf cgo sd{rf/lx?n] d]nldnfkstf{sf]?kdf sfd ug{ ;S5g\. ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk (Community Mediation) s'g} ljjfb cbfntdf bfo/ x'g'egbf cufj} ;d'bfod} ;~rfng ul/g] d]nldnfknfo{ ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk elgg5. d}ql ;]jf (Conciliation Service) k fom of] zab d]nldnfk (Mediation) ;Fu Pp6} cy{df k of]u epsf] kfog5. vf; u/]/ hfkfgdf Mediation sf] ; f d}ql ;]jf Conciliation k of]u u/]sf] kfog5 eg] cd]l/sfdf Conciliation k of]u ug{ 5f]l8;lsPsf] 5. s;} s;}n] ol b'o{alr s]xl km/s / x]sf] atfpf5g\ eg] s;} s;}n] vf;} km/s g/x]sf] atfpf5g\. l;4fgttm Conciliation df t]; f] kifsf] e"ldsf ljjfbsf kifx?nfo{ 5nkmnsf nflu Ps 7fpFdf NofOlbg] ;Dddf ;Lldt x'g5 t/ d]nldnfkdf t]; f] kifsf] e"ldsf a9l ;lqmo x'g5. o;}u/l Conciliation df ljjfbsf kifx?alrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;f}xfb{ (Reconciliation) agfpg] s'/f klg k5{. ;xdlt lgdf{0f (Consensus Building) d]nldnfksf] of] tl/sf ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t' w]/} 5 jf ljjfbsf kifx? w]/} 5g\ / ltglx?sf :jfy{ klg legglegg 5g\ eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf ckgfog] k lqmof xf]. vf; u/]/ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifox?df ljjfb epdf o:tf] k lqmof ckgfpg] ul/g5. ;x d]nldnfk (Co-Mediation) PseGbf a9l d]nldnfkstf{x?af6 ;~rfng ul/g] d]nldnfknfo{ ;xd]nldnfk elgg5. s;} s;}n] o;nfo{ ;d"x d]nldnfk klg egg] u/]sf 5g\. k fom o; k sf/sf] cj:yf ;xdlt lgdf{0fsf] k lqmofdf ckgfog5. o; cltl/qm cgo ;fdfgo ljjfbx?df klg of] cj:yf gcfpg] eg] xf]og. h:tf] xfd f] cbfnt lgodfjnlx?df klg s'g} d'2f d]nldnfk ug{ tlg hgf;dd d]nldnfkstf{x? x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/psf]

240 ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slnks k 0ffnLx? M jftf{ d]nldnfk dwo:ytf ljjflbt kifx?n] g} t]; f] kifn] ljjflbt kifx?nfo{ t]; f] kifn] ljjfb;fu hf]l8psf cfk;l 5nkmnåf/f 5nkmnsf] dfwodaf6 kifx?nfo{ 5nkmn u/fo{ ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug]{. ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ k otg ul/g5. lg0f{o lbg]. o;df t]; f] kif ;+nug ep gepsf] o;/l ;xof]u ug]{ JolQmnfO{ o;/l lg0f{o lbg] JolQmnfO{ b'j} cj:yf x'g ;Sb5. d]nldnfkstf{ elgg5. dwo:ystf{ elgg5. j}slnks k 0fnLsf s]xl ;dfgtfx? M ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ d'vo p2]zo /x]sf] x'g5. kifx?sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf /x]sf] x'g5. ljjfb ;dfwfgdf 5nkmnnfO{ k fyldstf lbpsf] x'g5. ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] k d'v nio kifx?sf] ;xdlt x'g5. ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slnks k 0ffnLaLrsf] d'vo c;dfgtfx? jftf{ d]nldnfk dwo:ytf kifx?sf] ;lqmotf /xg5. ljjflbt kifx?n] :jlsf/]sf] JolQm dfq sfg"gl k lqmofaf6 dwo:ystf{n] kifx?n] g} k :tfj t}of/ u/]sf x'g5g\. d]nldnfkstf{ x'g ;Sb5. lg0f{o lbg5 / of] s]xl ljjfbsf] lg0f{odf k'ug] jf gk'ug] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu Goflos k 0ffnL h:tf] x'g5. kifx?df lglxt x'g5. b'j]} kifaf6 kxn x'g5. dwo:ystf{n] 5nkmnkl5 kifx?sf] :jfy{ kifx?sf] lgogqdf 5nkmnsf] bf}/fgdf epsf] eg]sf lg0f{o lbg] clwsf/ /fvb5. /x]sf] x'g5. s'/fsf] Uff]kgLotf /fvg' kb{5. xf/lhtsf] cg'e"lt x'g ;Sb5. ;xhstf{ gx'g klg ;Sb5. d]nldnfkstf{ t6:y x'g5. lg0f{o lbg] clwsf/ d]nldnfkstf{nfo{ x'fb}g. lht lhtsf] cg'e"lt x'g5. Goflos / j}slnks k 0fnLaLrsf] leggtf M Goflos k 0ffnL j}slnks k 0ffnL sfg"gl Joj:yf /x]sf] x'g5. kifx?alr cfk;l 5nknaf6 ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ k of; ul/g5. sfg"gsf] k of]u ug]{ lgsfo cflwsfl/s x'g5. dwo:yfdf cbfnt afx]s sfg"gn] dfgotf lbpsf] t]; f] kifaf6 lg0f{o x'g5. sfg"g adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o x'g5. d]nldnfkaf6 b'j]} kifnfo{ 5nkmn u/fo{ ;xdltdf k'ug] k of; x'g5. k efjsfl/tf / biftfn] e"ldsf v]nb5. kifx?sf] ;xeflutf k d'v x'g5. d]nldnfksf k lqmofx?m klxnf] r/0f bf]; f] r/0f t]; f] r/0f ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] nflu hfgsf/l u/fpg] ;xdltsf cfwf/e"t lgodx? kifx?af6 k :t'tls/0f ug{ nufpg]. rf}yf} r/0f KffFrf} r/0f 5}7f} r/0f ;d:ofx?sf] ljzn]if0f ljsnksf] vf]hl / 5gf}6 d]nldnfkdf ;xdlt c;xdlt ;ftf} r/0f d]nldnfksf] ;dflkt ;xdltsf ;ft a'fbfx? (Seven Steps)!= ;xefulx?nfo{ kfnf];fu 5nkmn u/fpg]. %= 5nkmndf cfjzos k ltlglw dfq pkl:yt 5nkmsf qmddf /flvpsf sfuh Pj+ lxtsf s'/fx? Uff]Ko /fvg]. ^= d'vo s'/fdf ;xdlt gep;dd ;fgfs'/fnfo{ dfq #= lxtnfo{ k fyldstf lbg' kg]{ s'/fdf kifx?nfo{ ;xdltdf Nofpg]. k fyldstf glbg]. $= ;a} kifx?k lt ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{. &= ;s];dd kifnfo{ af]ng clek ]l/t ug]{. 230

241 d]nldnfkstf{ ljjflbt s'g} jf ;a} ljifoj:t'df d]nldnfk u/fpg] p2]zon] ;xhstf{sf]?kdf sfo{ ug{sf nflu kifx?n] /f]h]sf] JolQm jf ;+:yfnfo{ d]nldnfkstf{ ;Demg' kb{5. d]nldnfk ;DaGwdf $) 306f tflnd k fkt d]nldnfkstf{nfo{ lhnnf, k'g/fj]bg / ;jf]{rr cbfntn] ;"rls[t ug]{ u/]sf]5. ;"rls[t d]nldnfkstf{n] zky u x0f u/]kl5 d]nldnfkstf{ eo{ sfd ug{ of]uo x'g]5g\. cbfntn] d]nldnfkstf{sf] ;"rl cbfjlws ug]{ u/]sf] 5. ;fdfgotof Ps hgf d]nldnfkstf{n] d]nldnfk u/fpf5g\ t/ d'2fsf] hl6ntf / kifx?sf] cg'/f]wdf a9l ;ª\Vofdf klg d]nldnfkstf{ x'g ;S5g\. lgdg k sf/sf] JolQm d]nldnfkstf{ x'g ;Sb5 M ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] nflu k7fopsf] JolQm ljjfbdf gd'l5psf] JolQm ljjfbdf :jfy{ g/x]sf] JolQm ;dfgefjgf /fvg ;sg] JolQm b'j} kifn] :jlsf/]sf JolQm d]nldnfk sfo{nfo{ lgogq0fdf lng ;Sg] JolQm d]nldnfkstf{ s] sfg"g Joj;foL xf] < tflnd k fkt sfg"g Joj;foL klg d]nldnfkstf{ x'g ;S5. t/ d]nldnfkstf{ eo{ sfd u/]sf] ljjfbdf d]nldnfstf{n] k ToIf jf k ToIf?kdf sfg"g Joj;foL eo{ sfd ug{ ldnb}g. d]nldnfkdf g]=af=p=sf] e"ldsf d'2fsf kifnfo{ Gofodf ;xh kx'fr k' ofpg / Gofosf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg g]=af=p= sf] ;xof]u / e"ldsf dxîjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5. d'2fsf kifx?n] ;fdfgotof sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;xof]u lnps} x'g5g\. sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] 5ftf ;+:yf epsf]n] g]=af=p=sf] ljzj;glotf / t6:ytfdf ljjfbdf ;+nug ;a} kifsf] cf:yf /x]s} x'g5. sfg"gl ;xfotf dfug cfpsfdwo] d]nldnfk x'g ;Sg] ;a} d'2fx?df g]=af=p=n] d]nldnfk u/fpg ;lqmo?kdf kxn ug'{ k5{. d]nldnfk x'g g;s]kl5 dfq sfg"gl ;xfotfsf nflu sfg"g Joj;foL d's/{/ ug'{ k5{. Pp6f kifnfo{ lhtfpg' / csf]{ kifnfo{ x/fpg' g]=af=p=sf] p2]zo gepsf]n] k"0f{ Gofosf nflu g]=af=p=n] d'2fsf ;a} kifx?nfo{ ;fy} /fvl d]nldnfk k lqmofnfo{ cufl8 a9fpg, k f]t;flxt ug{ ;S5. o;y{ sfg'gl ;fxfotfsf nflu g] af P=df cfpsf ljjfbx?nfo{ sfg"gl ;xfotf dfug cfpg] kif / csf]{ kifnfo{ ;d]t ;fy} /fvl d]nldnfksf] nflu g]=af=p=n] cfk\mgf] PsfOleqsf tflndk fkt d]nldnfkstf{sf] k sflzt ;"rldwo]af6 d]nldnfkstf{ /f]hfo{ d]nldnfk u/ fpg yk e"ldsf v]ng ;S5. cbfntn] d]nldnfksf nflu d'2f k7fpg] d]nldnfk u/fpg pko'qm 7fg]sf d'2fx? cbfntn] d]nldnfk ug]{ k of]hgsf nflu k7fpg] ub{5. d'2fsf kifx?sf] cg'/f]wdf klg d]nldnfksf nflu d'2f k7fpg] ul/g5. lhnnf, k'g/fj]bg / ;jf]{rr cbfnt lgodfjnldf o;;dagwl Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. s:tf] d'2fdf d]nldnfk x'g ;S5 < g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbl x'g] d'2fdf, 3"; d'2fdf afx]s cgo ;a} d'2fdf h'g;'s} txdf klg d]nldnfksf] k lqmof cjndag ug{ ;lsg5 / ldnfkq x'g ;S5 - c=a++=!*@ g+= _. d]nldnfk x'g] ljjfbsf s]xl pbfx/0fx? s= jf:tljs hf]tfxf ep klg df]lxofgl xssf] k df0fkq gepsf hf]tfxf / huufwglalr e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{nodf d]nldnfk x'g ;S5. v= k/fk"j{b]lv ef]urng u/l cfpsf Pp6f kif / cfk\mgf] gfpfdf >]:tf ep klg huuf ef]urng ug{ gkfpsf csf]{ kifalr cbfnt jf dfnkf]t sfof{nodf d]n ldnfk x'g ;S5. u= lnvtdf a9l y}nl ep klg Jojxf/df sd /sd n]gb]g epsf] n]gb]gdf d]nldnfk x'g ;S5. 3= a}+s jf ljqlo ;+:yfaf6 >[0f lnpsf]df C0f c;"nl Gofoflws/0fdf d'2f rn] klg Aofh / xhf{gf ldgfxf u/l a}+s jf ljqlo ;+:yf;fu d]nldnfk x'g ;S5. jif{b]lv rln/x]sf] d'2fdf ;jf{]rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jf lhnnf cbfntdf klg d]nldnfk x'g ;S5. r= km};nf eo;s]kl5 sfof{gjog txdf tx;ln zfvfdf klg d]nldnfk x'g ;S5. 5= :yfglo lgsfo -uf=lj=;=, g=kf= jf lh=lj=;=_ df d]nldnfk x'g ;S5. 231

242 l/6df ldnfkq x'g ;S5 < l/6df ldnfkqsf] sfg"gl Joj:yf 5}g. t/, d'2fsf kifx?nfo{ d]nldnfk k lqmofdf ;dfj]z u/fo{ b'j} kif ldng dgh'/ epdf ;xdltsf a'fbf / sfof{gjogsf ;DaGwdf sfuh tof/ kf/l ;f]xl Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg cbfntdf k]z u/]df l/6 hf/l jf vfl/h epdf klg kifx?alr epsf] sfuhn] sfg"gl dfgotf kfpf5. / xfn k rlnt Joj:yf cg';f/ l/6df lgj]bg lbp lkmtf{ ;Dd lng ;Sb5. d]nldnfk x'g g;s]df s] x'g5 < d]nldnfk k lqmofdf ;xeful x'g] gx'g] kifx?sf] :j]r5fsf] s'/f xf]. ldnfkq ug]{ gug]{ klg kifsf] clwsf/sf] s'/f xf]. d]nldnfk x'g g;s]df ljjfb ;flass} l:yltdf kmls{g] eo{ k rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd km};nf x'g5, Pp6f kifn] lht5 csf]{n] xf5{. k'gm d]nldnfk k lqmof x'g ;S5 < Ps k6s d]nldnf x'g g;sl lkmtf{ k7fopsf] d'2fdf kifx?n] rfx]df h'g;'s} ;dodf jf h'g;'s} txdf klg d]nldnfk x'g ;S5. d]nldnfksf] uf]kglotf sfod /xg] d]nldnfkdf af]lnpsf s'g} s'/f k df0fdf lng ldnb}g, d]nldnfkstf{nfo{ ;fiflsf]?kdf pkl:yt u/fpg klg ldnb}g. d]nldnfk ug]{ k of]hgsf nflu d]nldnfkstf{n] kifx?;fu 5'6[f 5'6[} uf]ko 5nkmn ug{ ;S5 t/ kifx?sf] dgh'/l a]u/ d]nldnfkstf{n] uf]ko hfgsf/l k s6 ug{ ldnb}g. uf]ko 5nkmndf ;g;glk"0f{ ;"rgfsf] v'nf;f ug]{ cjz/ ldn5, ljsnkx? kqf nufpg dbb ldn5, kifx?alrsf] l/; sd ug{ zq'tf x6fpg / efjgf kf]vg lbg df}sf ldn5. d]nldnfkstf{n] sfg"gl /fo lbg ldn5 < d]nldnfkstf{n] sfg"gl /fo lbg ldnb}g. d]nldnfk x'g g;sl lkmtf{ epsf d'2fx?df d]nldnfkstf{sf] x}lzptn] sfd u/]sf sfg"g Joj;foL afx]ssf cgo sfg"g Joj;foLn] pqm d'2fdf sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug{ s'g} afwf 5}g. sfg"g Joj;foL pkl:yt x'g ldn5 < kifx?n] rfx]df d]nldnfk k lqmofdf cf cfk\mgf sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ ;xeful u/fpg ;S5g\. kifx?sf cf cfk\mgf sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] cf cfk\mgf kifnfo{ d]nldnfk k lqmofdf sfg"gl /fo lbg ;S5g\. d]nldnfkstf{sf] kfl/>lds d'2fsf kifx?alr 5nkmn u/l ;a} kifsf] ;xdltsf cfwf/df d]nldnfkstf{n] k bfg ug]{ ;]jf jfkt d'gfl;a dflkmssf] kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ul/g5. d]nldnfk sfo{ z' ug'{cl3 kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ul/g5. ;f]afx]s d]nldnfk k lqmofdf s'g} k sf/sf] vr{ nfub}g. xfn d]nldnfkstf{n] cj}tlgs?kdf ;]jf k bfg u/l cfpsf 5g\. d]nldnfkdf ;xefulx?sf] cfr/0f ;xefulx?n] d]nldnfk k lqmofnfo{ ;xh?kdf cl3 a9fpg cf cfk\mgf Jojxf/ / cfr/0fdf lgogq0f /fvg' k5{. kifx?n] Ps csf{k lt cfb/efj k s6 ug'{ k5{, cf cfk\mgf egfox? kfn}kfnf] /fvg' k5{. d]nldnfkstf{sf] cfr/0f d]nldnfkstf{n] d]nldnfk sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, d]nldnfk;dagwl cfwf/e"t s'/fx? / cfr/0f kfng ug'{ kb{5. cfr/0fljk/lt sfd ug]{ d]nldnfkstf{ d]nldnfksf nflu of]uo x'g] 5}}gg\. d]nldnfkstf{ GofofwLz xf]og, ljzjfl;nf] ldq xf] d]nldnfkstf{n] s'g} km};nf ub}{g. kifx?sf] lxt x'g] s'/fdf kifx?;fu 5nkmn u/l ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ af6f] kqf nufpgdf kifx?sf] ;xof]ul ldq xf]. ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg / ldnfkq kifx?alr epsf ;xdltsf cfwf/df kifx?sf d]nldnfkstf{ jf kifx?sf sfg"g Joj;foLn] ldnfkqsf] sfuh tof/ u/l ;DalGwt lgsfodf uo{ c a!*@g+ sf] cfwf/df ldnfkq u/l ljjfb 6'ª\UofpF5g\. sfg"gn] ldnfkq gx'g] k j[mltsf d'2fx?df d]nldnfk x'g ;S5 < sfg"gn] ldnfkq ug{ lgif]w u/]sf d'2fx?df ldnfkq x'g ;Sb}g. t/, o:tf k sltsf d'2fx?df cfly{s lxt uffl;psf s'/fx?sf ;DaGwdf kll8t kif / k ltjfblx?nfo{ d]nldnfk k lqmofdf ;xeful u/fopdf Ifltk"lt{ufotsf cfwf/df ljjfb ;dfwfg vf]hg ;xof]u ldn5 / ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] cwf/ agg hfg5. ;fy} cbfntn] sfg"gsf] k of]u ubf{ klg g/dl b]vfpf5. 232

243 P3f/f}F kl/r5]b ;"rgfk ljlwdf cfwfl/t cg';gwfg IT Based Legal Research 233

244 kl/r5]bsf] pb]zo M ;"rgfk ljlwdf cfwfl/t cg';gwfg IT Based Legal Research sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] ug]{ sfdx?dwo] Pp6f k d'v sfo{ cfk\mgf] kifsf] lxtdf cfjzos sfg"g, ghl/, ljbdfg ceof;sf / k"j{ pbfx/0fx? vf]hg] klg x'g5. o;sf cltl/qm ldnbfh'nbf Gofo k 0ffnL epsf d'n'sx?df /x]sf] ;dfg k s[ltsf sfg"g / To:tf sfg"gx?sf] ;DaGwdf cbfntn] u/]sf lg0f{ox? klg o:tf vf]hlsf ljifo x'g5g\. lsgeg] To:tf ljifoa:t' cfk\mgf] /fi6«sf] cbfntsf nflu agwgsf/l gx'g] epklg k efjsf/l ;Gbe{ ;fdu L eg] x'g5g\. s'g}klg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] Jofj;flos sfo{cjlwsf] Pp6f dxtjk"0f{ efu o:t} vf]hl sfo{df latg] u/]sf] x'g5. o; kl/r5]bdf sfg"gl cg';gwfgsf] zf:qlo kifnfo{ geo{ Pp6f sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfk\mgf] Jofj;flos hljgdf cfjzos sfg"gl ;fdu Lsf] vf]h s;/l ug{ ;S5 / To;df klg pknaw ljb'tlo dfwodaf6 To:tf] vf]hl s;/l ug{ ;lsg5 egg] s'/fsf] Jofjxfl/s kifsf] hfgsf/l u/fpg] p2]zo /flvpsf] 5. Jofjxfl/s sfg"gl cg';gwfg eg]sf] Psbd} ;/n / dxtjxlg ljifo eg] xf]og. sfg"g Joj;foLsf]?kdf tkfo{;fu s'g} ;]jfu fxln] pbf]u :yfkgf ubf{ ;Lldt bflotjsf] sdkglsf]?kdf jf lghl kmd{, s'g :j?kdf pbf]u :yfkgf ug{ pko'qm x'g5 egg] h:tf] ;fdfgo ljifosf] /fo dfubf ;d]t tkfo{n] lgisif{df k'ug]u/l tl b'j}sf] :yfkgfdf nfug] vr{, s/sf] :j?k, cgo Jofj;flos emgem6x?, gjls/0f ug'{ kg]{ gkg]{ h:tf ;a} ;fgble{s s'/fsf] hfgsf/l k fkt ul/;s]kl5 dfq plrt /fo lbg ;Sg' x'g5. To;}n] o; kl/r5]bdf Jofjxfl/s cg';gwfg s;/l ug{ ;lsg5 egg] s'/fsf] ;fdfgo hfgsf/l xfn ljbdfg ceof;nfo{ cfwf/e"dl agfp/ tkfo{nfo{ k bfg ug{ vf]lhpsf] 5. h;nfo{ cfwf/ agfp/ tkfo{n] cfkm\gf] cg';gwfg biftf a[l4 ug{ ;Sg' x'g5. sfg"g Joj;foLn] ug]{ ;fdfgo cg';gwfgsf] ;DaGwdf ljlegg ;fdu Lx? pknaw epsf] x'gfn] g]kfnl sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] nflu Jofjxfl/s?kdf k of]u x'g ;Sg] pknaw ljb'tlo ; f]t / ltgsf] k of]usf] ;DaGwdf o; kl/r5]bdf hfgsf/l pknaw u/fpg] sf]lzz ul/psf] 5. sfg"gl cg';gwfgsf ttjx? M Jojxfl/s sfg"gl cg';gwfgsf] p2]zo cfk\mgf] s'g} lglzrt ;]jfu fxlsf] s'g} lglzrt ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ x'g5. o:tf] cg';gwfgsf] k lqmofleq lgdglnlvt ttjx? kg{ ;S5g\. s= tyox?sf] ;ª\sng M (Collection of Facts) s'g}klg sfg"gl cg';gwfg ;DalGwt ljifosf] tyox?sf] ;ª\sng / hfgsf/l a]u/ k"/f x'g ;Sb}g. o;sf] ljifoa:t'leq kifsf] k"0f{ lgb]{zg lng] cyf{t lghn] sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 s] u/fpg rfx]sf] xf] egg] s'/fsf] :ki6 hfgsf/l lng] ljifoklg k5{, h'g cfkm}df cgt/jftf{sf] 5'6\6} ;Lksf] klg ljifo xf]. tyox?sf] ;ª\sng, tyox?sf] ljzn]if0fsf] biftfdf klg lge{/ u5{ h;n] s'g s'g tyox? ;fgble{s 5g\ egg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/l sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ lbg5. tyosf] ljzn]if0fsf] nflu lglzrt tyox?sf] hfgsf/l ckl/xfo{ x'g5. pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} dlxnfn] cfk\mgf] klt;fu c+z dfu ug]{ d'2f ug{ rfx]sl 5g\ eg] kltsf c+lzof/ slt 5g\ < pglx?sf] alrdf c+zag8f epsf] 5 5}g < kltsf] c+z efu / lhddfdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ; f]tx? s] s] x'g\ < To:tf ;DklQx? klt jf cgo ;uf]nsf] c+lzof/nfo{ slxn] s;/l k fkt epsf] xf] egg] tyox? kqf nufpg' kg]{ x'g5. v= sfg"gl ljzn]if0f M (Legal Analysis) sfg"gl ljzn]if0f sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] d'vo biftfleq k5{. s'g} sfg"g Joj;foLsf] nflu cfk\mgf] kifsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f s'g s'g sfg"g / l;4fgtsf] cfwf/df x'g ;S5 egg] s'/f kqf nufpg] k lqmof sfg"gl ljzn]if0f g} xf]. o:tf] sfg"gl ljzn]if0fsf] k lqmof ljifolkr5] km/s x'g ;S5. s'g} sdkgl sfg"gsf] ljifodf / c+z d'2fsf] ljifodf ul/g] sfg"gl ljzn]if0fsf] k lqmof km/s x'g5. goff sfg"g Joj;foLn] qmlds 234?kdf h'g sfg"gsf] If]qdf a9l cg'ej cflh{t ub}{ hfg5g\, Tolt g} p;sf] sfg"gl ljzn]if0fsf] Ifdtfklg To; If]qdf ;fdfgotm a9\b} hfg5. ;fdfgo?kdf xfdln] sfg"gl ljzn]if0fnfo{ tnsf] k lqmofsf] r/0fx?df ljeflht u/]/ x]g{ ;S5f}F M

245 sfg"g Joj;foLsf]?kdf cfk\mgf] ;Dd'v cfpsf] s'g} ;d:ofnfo{ xfdln] dfly plnnlvt rf/cf]6f r/0fdf ljeflht u/l To;sf] cfwf/df lgisif{ lgsfng] sfd u/\of} eg] To;n] xfd f] sfg"gl ljin]if0fsf] biftfdf a[l4 ug{ ;S5. u= k':tsfno biftf M (Library Skill) sfg"gl ljzn]if0fsf] klxnf] r/0fdf xfdln] xfd fnflu s] s'g sfg"g, ghl/ ;Da4 x'g5 egg] klxrfg u5f}{ / To;kl5 To:tf] ;"rgfsf] vf]hl z'? x'g5. o; r/0fdf xfdln] sfg"gsf] k':tsfno -k':ts ;+u x_ sf] k of]u lgdglnlvt ;+efljt sfdsf] nflu u5f}{ M!= xfdln] k f/ldes sfg"gl ljzn]if0faf6 lgsfn]sf] lgisif{ ljbdfg sfg"g;fu d]n vfg5 ls vf+b}g < egg] s'/fsf] klxrfg ug]{ / o;sf] nflu ;fdfgotm P]g lgodsf] ;+u xaf6 ;DalGwt P]gsf] k fjwfg x]/] k f/ldes lgisif{ / sfg"gsf] ;DaGwdf agwgsf/l ghl/x? s] s] 5g\ < tl ghl/x?dwo] s'g sfod 5g\ s''g k'g/fjnf]sg e};s]sf 5g\, sf] hfgsf/l k fkt ug]{. ljb'tlo sfg"gl cg';gwfg M o; kl/r5]bdf ;"rgf k bfg ug{ vf]lhpsf] ljb'tlo sfg"gl cg;gwfgsf] If]q lgdglnlvt x'g ;S5g\ M s= km};nfx? lgmz'ns pknaw x'g] s]xl ljlzi6 O06/g]6df pknjw ;fo{6sf] k of]u ug]{ t/lsf v= g]kfnl sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ ghl/x? vf]hgsf nflu pko'qm x'g] sdko'6/ ;km\6j]o/sf] k of]u ug]{ t/lsf u= O06/g]6df pknaw cgo ; f]tx?sf] vf]hl ug]{ t/lsf s= km};nfx? lgz'ns pknjw x'g] s]xl ljlzi6 O06/g]6df pknjw ;fo{6sf] k of]u ug]{ tl/sf M sfg"g JojzfoLx?sf] Jofj;flos ;dosf] dxtjk"0f{ c+z sfg"g klqsfdf ghl/ vf]hbf latg] x'g5. l;4fgttm g]kfnsf] ;jf]{rr cbfntn] k ltkflbt u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ghl/ sfg"g ;/x agwgsf/l x'g] x'gfn] s'g}klg ghl/sf] af/]df sfg"g Joj;foL lj1 x'g' ckl/xfo{ x'g5. t/ jf:tjdf ;Dk"0f{ ghl/sf] hfgsf/l dlit:sdf /fvg ;Dej x'fb}g. To;dfly g]kfndf ;jf]{rr cbfntsf ;a} km};nfx? k sflzt x'g] u/]sf 5}gg\, ul/psf km};nfsf % k ltzt egbf sddfq sfg"g klqsfdf k sflzt x'g5g. o:tf] kl/:yltldf ;jf]{rr cbfntsf km};nfx?df sfg"g Jojzflo / cg';gwfgstf{x?sf] kx'fr k'uf];\ egg] p2]zon] g]kfn af/ ;fnb]lv z'? u/]sf] Pp6f k of; sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] nlfu k of]uof]uo x'g5. g]kfn af/ P;f]l;P;gn] ;fn kzrft\ ;jf]{rr cbfntaf6 epsf lg0f{ox? lgoldt?kdf /fvg] u/]sf] 5. p2]zo ;Dk"0f{ km};nfx? /fvg] eptfklg s/la %) k ltzt km};nfx? o; ;fo{6df e]6\g ;lsg5. t/ To:tf ;fn cfiff9 / To;eGbf kl5sf dfq 5g\. plnnlvt ;fo{6df km};nf vf]hg] t/lsf o; k sf/ 5 M klxnf] r/0f M O06/g]6df sg]s6 epkl5 tkfo{n] cfk"mn] ;Dks{ ug{ rfxg' epsf] 7]ufgfsf]?kdf 6fO{k ug'{ k5{. o;/l 6fO{k u/]kl5 tn b]vfopsf] h:tf] k[i7 b]vg' x'g]5. of] k[i7sf] b]a ]tkm{sf] dflynnf] s'gfdf qmdzm ;jf]{rrsf lg0f{ox? g]kfn /fhkq lgod lg0f{o vf]h P]g cflb zlif{s pnn]v u/]sf] b]vg' x'g]5. 235

246 ol zlif{sx?dwo] nio /flvpsf] eptfklg clxn];dd P]g, lgod / g]kfn /fhkqsf ;"rgfx? g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgn] /fvg ;s]sf] 5}g t/ ;jf]{rrsf lg0f{ox? /flvpsf 5g\. To:tf lg0f{o vf]hgsf nflu tkfo{n] lg0f{o vf]h n]lvpsf] zlif{sdf u} 8an lsns ug'{ xf];\. o;/l 8an lsns u/]kl5 tkfo{sf] cufl8 tn b]vfopsf] h:tf] k[i7 v'ng] 5. o; k[i7df kif, ljkif, GofofwLz, Ohnf;, s]z, btf{ g+=, lg0f{o ldlt, sfg"g Joj;foL, ;+If]k, ljifo / d'2f, ;fn / dxlgf egg] ljlegg zlif{sx? pnn]v ul/psf 5g\. t/ ghl/ vf]hgsf nflu olt w]/} ljj/0f pknaw u/fpg' ;Dej x'fb}g / of] ;fo{6df tkfo{n] ghl/ vf]hgsf nflu lo ;a} ljj/0f xfng'k5{ egg] klg xf]og. pnn]v ul/psf dwo] s'g} Ps dfq ljj/0f klg kof{kt x'g5. cgo ljj/0fsf] k of]u tkfo{n] cfk\mgf] vf]hnfo{ emg} ljlzi6 / ;ª\sL0f{ agfpfb} hfgsf nflu k of]u ug{ ;lsg5. pbfx/0fsf nflu tkfo{ xbdofb;dagwl ghl/ vf]hb} x'g'x'g5 eg] tkfo{n] tnsf] k[i7df b]lvp h:tf] ;+If]kdf xbdofb zab 6fO{k ug{' xf];\. o;/l ghl/ vf]hbf tkfo{n] la;{g gx'g] s'/f s] xf] eg] tkfo{ h'g ljj/0f eb}{ x'g' x'g5 To;sf] b]a] k6\6l b]lvpsf] ;fgf] sf]7fdf tkfo{n] dfp;n] lsns u/]/ /]hf lrgx nufpg' kg]{ x'g o;/l ljj/0f ebf{ ;fo{6df ephltsf xbdofb;dagwl ;"rl cfufdl k[i7df o;/l b]lvg5. tkfo{nfo{ xbdofbsf] ;DaGwdf s]jn hfn;fhl ghl/ vf]hg dg nfuof] eg] tkfo{ k'/fgf] k[i7df kmsl{ d'2fsf]= ljj/0fdf hfn;fhl n]vg ;Sg' x'g5. t/ To:tf] ljj/0fsf] 7Ls b]a] k6\6lsf] afs;df dfp;n] /]hf lrgx nufpg eg] gla;{g' xf]nf.

247 o;/l lgis]sf] kl/0ffd tkfo{nfo{ x]g{ dn nfu]sf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt d'2fsf] x/kmdf lsns u/]kl5 ;+lifkt ljj/0f lgisg]5. ghl/sf] ;+lifkt ljj/0faf6 tkfo{nfo{ k"0f{ kf7 x]g{ jf k of]u ug{ cfjzos nfu]sf] cj:yfdf tn pnn]v ul/psf] Download df tkfo{n] lsns ug'{eof] eg] km};nfsf] k"0f{ kf7 8fpgnf]8 x'g ;S5. O0/6g]6sf] ;'ljwf gepsf If]qdf km};nf vf]hgsf nflu g]kfn af/ P;f]l;P;gn] o;} u/l rnfpg ;Sg] ;L=8L= klg pknaw u/fpsf] 5. tkfo{n] To:tf] ;L=8L= cfk\mgf] sdko'6/df OG:6n u/]/ dfly pnn]v ul/p adf]lhd km};nf vf]hg ;Sg' x'g]5. dfly pnn]v ul/psf] ;fo{6sf] k of]u g]kfnl km};nf vf]hg x'g ;S5. g]kfnsf] cbfntdf Pp6f k d'v ;Gbe{;fdu L ef/tlo cbfntsf km};nfx? klg x'g] u5{g\. ljutdf ;DkGg / ;De fgt ju{sf sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] k':tsfnosf] dxfuf] efu ef/tlo cbfntsf km};nfx? epsf AIR (All India Reporter) sf ;ª\u x x'g] uy]{. plnnlvt ;ª\u x sfg"g klqsfsf] ef/tlo ;dsif xf]. t/ ;"rgf k ljlwn] ubf{ ca To:tf] dxfuf] nufglsf] s'g} cfjzostf 5}g. ef/tlo p+rr cbfntb]lv ;jf]{rr cbfnt;ddsf ;a} km};nf tkfo{n] O06/g]6sf] dfwodn] ;lhn} x]g{ vf]hg / 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;Sg' x'g]5 / Tof] klg lgmz'ns. 237

248 s;/l x]g{ ;lsg5 ef/tlo km};nfx? < o;sf nflu tkfo{n] O06/g]6df cyf{t ef/tlo Judicial Information System sf] ;fo6df k j]z ug'{kg]{ x'g5. tkfo{ dfly pnn]v ul/psf] 7]ufgf 6fO{k u/]kl5 tkfo{sf] sdko'6/df tn b]lvpsf] k[i7 v'ng] 5. o; ;fo{6sf] b]j] k66lsf] s'gfdf Supreme Court of India / To; egbf tn ljlegg p+rr cbfntsf] gfdx? pnn]v u/]sf] b]vg' x'g]5. tkfo{nfo{ ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] km};nf x]g'{ 5 eg] Supreme Court of India df lsns ug'{ xf];. tkfo{sf] ;Dd'v o:tf] k[i7 v'ng] 5. b]j ] k6\6l tkfo{n] qmdz M n]lvpsf] b]vg' x'g]5. oldwo] s'g} klg ljifosf] cfwf/df tkfo{n] ghl/ vf]hg ;Sg' x'g]5. h:t} tkfo{nfo{ ef/tlo ;jf]{rr cbfntn] cs"t ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf!(() ;Dddf u/]sf] km};nf s:tf /x]5g\ egl x]g{ cfjzos nfu]sf] 5 eg] tkfo{n] klxn] Text / Phrase df lsns ug{ ;Sg'x'G5. kl/0ffddf o:tf] k[i7 v'ng] snkgf u/f}f tkfo{n] )! hgj/l!(() b]lv! r'gg'eof] / Text / Phrase of Property without source 6fO{k ug'{eof] eg] o:tf] kl/0ffd cfpf5. o;/l b]lvpsf zlif{sdwo] s'g} klg km};nfdf tkfo{n] lsns ug'{ eof] eg] km};nfsf] k"0f{ kf7 x]g{ ;lsg5. o;/l tkfo{n] d'2fsf] zlif{s, kifx?sf] gfd, d'2f g+=, km};nf ldlt cflb dfly n]lvpsf] h'g;'s} cfwf/df klg tkfo{n] cfk"mnfo{ rfx]sf] ef/tlo ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] h'g;'s} km};nf vf]hg ;Sg' x'g]5.

249 239

250 g]kfnl sfg"g klqsfsf] lg0f{o vf]h M g]kfndf klg sfg"g cg';gwfg tyf ljsfz kmf]/d tyf DofUg;sf] ;+o'qm k otgdf sfg"g klqsfsf] ghl/ vf]hg ;k\m6j]o/ ljsf; ul/psf] 5. of] ;k\m6j]o/ Jofj;flos?kdf pknaw 5 / sfg"g klqsfsf ;Dk"0f{ ghl/x? o;df vf]hg ;lsg5. k"0f{kf7 gepsf] of] ;k\m6j]o/df ghl/sf] v08dfq pknaw 5. of] ;k\m6j]o/sf] k of]u ug{ klxn] sdko'6/df g]kfnl o'lgsf]8 xflnpsf] x'g'k5{. k f]u fd vf]lnpkl5 b]lvg] k[i7 o; k sf/sf] x'g5. o;df klg ;a} dflupsf] ljj/0f eg{ h?/l x'fb}g. s'g} Psdfq ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df klg km};nf vf]hg ;lsg5. pbfx/0fsf nflu GofofwLzsf] gfddf xfdln] zdf{ n]v]/ 6fO{k u/]sf] cj:yfdf zdf{ y/sf GofofwLzn] u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ km};nfx?sf] ;"rl b]lvg] 5. GofofwLzdf zdf{ / ljifodf c+z 6fOk u/]sf] cj:yfdf zdf{ y/sf] GofofwLzn] c+z ljifosf] d'2fdf k/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ km};nfsf] ;"rl o; k sf/ b]vg ;lsg] o; ;k\m6j]o/df k fkt glthfnfo{ %, % jif{sf] cjlwsf] ;d"xdf pnn]v ug]{ ul/psf] x'g5. ghl/sf] k"0f{ v08 x]g{sf nflu ;DalGwt zlif{sdf 6fOk u/]sf] cj:yfdf o:tf] lsl;dsf] kl/0ffd b]lvg5. Pl;ofO{ d'n'sx?sf nflu cfjzos sfg"gl ;"rgfx? ljz]if u/l /fli6«o P]g, lgodx? lgmz'ns pknaw u/fpg] p2]zon] Pl;ofO{ ljsfz a}+sn] k f]h]s6 8fonsf] z' jft u/]sf] lyof]. o;sf] dfwodaf6 ;fs{ d'n'snufotsf ljlegg Pl;ofO{ d'n'sx?sf] sfg"gl Joj:yf / P]gx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/l kfpg ;Dej 5. o; ;DaGwdf df x]l/psf] cj:yfdf yk ljj/0f k fkt x'g ;S5.

251 afx«f}f kl/r5]b ljljw Miscellaneous 241

252 o; lbubz{gdf kl/r5]b cg';f/ n]v]/ ;xof]u ug] { sfg"g Joj;foLx klxnf] kl/r5]b sfg"gl ;Lk tyf ceof; LEGAL SKILLS AND PRACTICES o; kl/r5]bdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx? Mark Segal,, ;ltzs[i0f v/]n, clgnj'mdf/ l;gxf, ;f]d n'o{6]n, piff dnn -kf7s_, hd'gf kf}8]n, /hgl ltjf/l / ljhosfgt d}gfnl bf]; f] kl/r5]b b]jfgl d'2fx? CIVIL CASES o; kl/r5]bdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx? ;ltzs[i0f v/]n, Zofdk ;fb kf08], ljgo :yflkt, jfdb]j 1jfnL, /fhljsfgt d}gfnl, cflzif clwsf/l, udel/l;+x P]/, kbd kf08]o / /d]z sfsñ t]; f] kl/r5]b k d'v kmf}hbf/l ck/fwx? SPECIFIC CRIMINAL CASES o; kl/r5]bdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx? k f=8f= /lhteqm k wfgfª\u, 8f= zª\s/j'mdf/ >]i7, an/fdk ;fb /fpt, l8nnl/fd >]i7, xl/k ;fb ;'j]bl, gf/fo0f kf}8]n / /jlgb e6\6/fo{ rf}yf] kl/r5]b dlxnf tyf afnaflnsflj 4 ul/g] ck/fwx? CRIME AGAINST CHILDREN AND WOMEN o; kl/r5]bdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx? k f=8f= /lhteqm k wfgfª\u, afnj[mi0f 9sfn, lgzf aflgof, an/fdk ;fb /fpt, l8nnl/fd >]i7, cflzif clwsf/l, lagbf du/, nidlb]jl kf]v/]n, zfgtf ;]9fO{+, Ct' yfkf du/ / ;fg'nidl u;l kffrf} kl/r5]b cgo ck/fwx? OTHER CRIMES 242 o; kl/r5]bdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx? k f=8f= /lhteqm k wfgfª\u, an/fdk ;fb /fpt, gf/fo0f kf}8]n / ab L e08f/l

253 o; lbubz{gdf kl/r5]b cg';f/ n]v]/ ;xof]u ug] { sfg"g Joj;foLx 5}7f}F kl/r5]b kfl/jfl/s d'2fx? FAMILY CASES o; kl/r5]bdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx? afnj[mi0f 9sfn, zfgtf ;]9fO{+, Ct' yfkf du/, ;fg'nidl u;l, udel/l;+x P]/, kbd kf08]o ;ftf}f kl/r5]b sfo{ljlw PROCEDURAS o; kl/r5]bdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx? k f=8f= /lhteqm k wfgfª\u, ;ltzs[i0f v/]n, ljhosfgt d}gfnl, afnj[mi0f 9sfn, e]if/fh Gof}kfg] / 6+s b'nfn cf7f}f kl/r5]b JolQmut36gf btf{;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf REGISTRATION OF PERSONAL EVENTS o; kl/r5]bdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx? Ct' yfkf du/, x]dj[mi0f >]i7, cggf bfxfn, xl//fh e6\6/fo{, k[yjl ltldln;gf, b]jl /]UdL, ljs? ofbj, ;'lgtf zdf{, c~rg e6\6/fo{, j[mi0f/d0f clwsf/l / Liza Scicluna (NRC) gjf}f kl/r5]b l/6;dagwl sfg"gl Joj:yf, To;sf] k of]u / k rng WRITS AND INJUCTIONS o; kl/r5]bdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx? k f=8f= /lhteqm k wfgfª\u, g/]gb kf7s, ;'/]Gb yfkf / ;Gtf]if dxtf] bzf}f kl/r5]b j}slnks ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ljlegg :j?kx? ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) o; kl/r5]bdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx? ab L e08f/l, ;'blk kf7s, /fdk ;fb e6\6/fo{, ljhosfgt d}gfnl / cflzif clwsf/l 243

254 o; lbubz{gdf kl/r5]b cg';f/ n]v]/ ;xof]u ug] { sfg"g Joj;foLx P3f/f}F kl/r5]b ;"rgfk ljlwdf cfwfl/t cg';gwfg IT BASED LEGAL RESEARCH o; kl/r5]bdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foL ;ltzs[i0f v/]n 244

255 kl/lzi6 245

256 g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg tyf ;L=Pd\=kL II åf/f!* clk df sf7df08"df cfof]lht k sfzg sfo{zfnfsf ;xefulx?!= ljzjsfgt xl/k ;fb pk ]tl #= d'j'mgb zdf{ kf}8]n $= /dgj'mdf/ >]i7 %= ;ljtf e08f/l -a/fn_ ^= gltf uf}td bllift &= ;fg'efo{ zfso *= g/axfb'/ zfxl (= afnj[mi0f 9sfn!)= sljtf yfkf!!= gd; sfsñ!@= zflgtb]jl vgfn!#= ;ltzj[mi0f v/]n!$= dfwj af:sf]6f!%= ljhosfgt d}gfnl!^= o'j/fh ;+u f}nf!&= k f= e/taxfb'/ sfsñ!*= k f= cda/k ;fb kgt!(= clgtf xl/j[mi0f clgnj'mdf/ 8f= /lhteqm k lszf]/ ;fg' zf]ef cda/ j[mi0fk ;fb PGh]nf qm]gh/ Angela /jlgb e6\6/fo{ #)= cldtf bllift #!= ;GWof a:g]t #@= a]g /L8 ##= lnhf l;:n'gf Liza Scicluna #$= /Ltf k wfg #%= zfgtf ;]9fO{ #^= lgzf km}h' #&= ab L e08f/l #*= >LsfGt kf}8]n #(= ;f]d n'o6]n $)= OlGb/f >]i7 $!= k' iff]qd 9'+u]n $@= ljj]s/fh 9'+u]n $#= /]jgt s'fj/ $$= lgzf aflgof $%= d~h' vltj8f $^= b'uf{ v8\sf $&= piff dnn kf7s $*= cflzif clwsf/l $(= 6ª\s b'nfn %)= k ]daxfb'/ v8\sf %!= :6Lu dfs{/ x]g;g Stig Marker Hansen %@= x]gl/s df]lg6ul8{ Henryk Montygierd Loyba %#= dfs{ ;Lu]n Mark Segal, Esquire %$= hof sfsl{ %%= gl/axfb'/ sfsñ %^= ;~hljgk ;fb kf}8]n %&= 808kfgL pkfwofo g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg tyf ;L=Pd\=kL II åf/f cfof]lht k sfzgsf df ;DkGg uf]i7lsf ;xefulx? sf7df8f}+!= a]g /L8 Ben PGh]nf q"mh/ Angela Krueger #= ljzjsfgt d}gfnl $= afns[i0f 9sfn %= Ct' yfkf du/ ^= cd[tf >]i7 &= gl/axfb'/ sfsñ *= ljhosfgt d}gfnl (= ;ltifs[i0f v/]n!)= clgns'df/ l;gxf!!= ;ljtf e08f/l a/fn!@= 8f= /lhteqm k wfgfª\u 246

257 g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg tyf ;L=Pd\=kL II åf/f cfof]lht k sfzgsf qmddf!^ df ;DkGg uf]i7lsf ;xefulx? sf7df8f}+!= /fdk ;fb ;Ldf wfdl #= lgzf aflgof $= clgns'df/ l;gxf %= ;ltifs[i0f v/]n ^= ;f]d n'o{6]n &= zfgtf ;]9fO{ *= hd'gf kf}8]n (= /jlgb e6\6/fo{!)= x]gl/s df]g6lul8{ nf]oaf Henryk Montygierd Loyba!!= hof sfsñ!@= clenfiff l/;fn!#= ab L e08f/l!$= /d]z sfsñ!%= g/]gb k ;fb kf7s!^= od'gf e6/fo{!&= ultf ;ª\u f}nf -kf7s+_!*= ;Gtf]if dxtf]!(= lagbf Ct' yfkf dl/f g/]gb k sfz nidl /hgl piff dnn ljhosfgt d}gfnl g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg tyf ;L=Pd\=kL II åf/f cfof]lht k sfzgsf qmddf!! df ;DkGg uf]i7lsf ;xefulx? sf7df8f}+!= ;f]d lgzf aflgof #= 6Lsf/fd e6\6/fo{ $= cda/ /fpt %= /jlgb e6/fo{ ^= 8f= z+s/j'mdf/ >]i7 &= /]jgt j'mfj/ *= k ]daxfb'/ v8\sf (= /fdk ;fb e6\6/fo{!)= ;GWof a:g]t!!= ;fg' 8+uf]n!@= piff dnn kf7s!#= hd'gf kf}8]n!$= ;Gtf]ifj'mdf/ dxtf]!%= g/]gb k ;fb kf7s!^= lzj l/hfn!&= ljhosfgt d}gfnl!*= clgnj'mdf/ l;gxf!(= hof /d]z a;gt njj'mdf/ afnj[mi0f xl/k ;fb pk ]tl 247

258 sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL tyf v08 $& cltl/qmfª\s $^ g]kfn /fhkq >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg"g tyf Gofo dgqfno 248 >L % dxf/fhflw/fh jl/]gb jl/ ljqmd zfxb]jsf] zf;gsfnsf] 5AaL;f}+ jif{df ;+;bn] agfpsf] tn n]lvpadf]lhdsf] P]g ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/lsf] nflu k sfzg ul/psf] ;fnsf] P]g g+=!^ :jl:t>l lul//fhrqmr"8fdl0f g/gf/fo0f]toflb ljljw lj?bfjnl lj/fhdfg dfgf]ggt dx]gb dfnf k/d g]kfnk tfkef:s/ cf]hl:j/fhgo k/d uf}/jdo t]h:jl lqe'jgk hftgq>lkb k/d phhjn sllt{do g]kfn>lkb k/d k f]hhjn g]kfntf/f k/d kljq pmf /fdk6\6 k/d Hof]ltd{o ;'ljvoft lqzlqmk6\6 k/d ;'k l;4 k an uf]/vfblif0fafx' k/dflwklt clt/yl k/d ;]gflwklt >L >L >L >L >LdGdxf/fhflw/ fh jl/]gb jl/ ljqmd zfxb]j b]jfgfd\ ;bf ;d/ljhlogfd\. sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g k :tfjgf M Sfg"gL /fhosf] l;4fgt cg'?k ;a}nfo{ ;dfg?kdf Gofo pknaw u/fpg cfjzos epsf]n] cfly{s / ;dflhs sf/0faf6 cfkm\gf] sfg"gl xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ g;sg] c;dy{ JolQmsf nflu cfjzos sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf sfg"gl Joj:y fug{ jf~5glo epsf]n], >L % dx/fhflw/fh jl/]gb jl/ ljqmd zfxb]jsf] zf;gsfnsf] 5AaL;f}+ jif{df ;+;bn] of] P]g agfpsf] 5.!= ;+lifkt gfd / k f/dem -!_ o; P]gsf] gfd sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL /x]sf] 5. -@_ of] P]gsf] bkmf! t'?gt k f/de x'g]5 / cgo bkmfx? >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sfzg u/l tf]s]sf] If]qdf tf]lslbpsf] ldltb]lv k f/de kl/efiffm ljifo jf k ;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; P]gdf -s_ sfg"gl ;xfotf eggfn] o; P]g adf]lhd c;dy{ JolQmnfO{ lbog] sfg"gl /fo ;Nnfx ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zabn] To:tf] c;dy{ JolQmsf] tkm{af6 c8\8f cbfntx?df ul/g] ax; k}/jl, n]vfk9l tyf sfg"gl sf/afxlsf ;DaGwdf ul/g] cgo ;]jf ;d]tnfo{ hgfpg]5. -v_ s]gb Lo ;ldlt eggfn] bkmf ^ adf]lhd ul7t s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt ;Demg' k5{. -u_ lhnnf ;ldlt eggfn] bkmf & adf]lhd ul7t lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt ;Demg' k5{. -3_ cbfnt eggfn] sfg"gl ;xfotf k fkt ug]{ JolQm kif /xl sfg"gl sf/afxl rln/x]sf] c8\8f cbfnt ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zabn] d'2f x]g]{ jf sfg"gl sf/afxl ug]{ clwsf/l jf sfof{nonfo{ ;d]t hgfpg]5. -8_ tf]lspsf] jf tf]lsp adf]lhd eggfn] o; P]g cgtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf tf]lspsf] jf tf]lsp adf]lhd ;Demg' k5{. #= sfg"gl ;xfotf k fkt ug]{ JolQmM -!_ tf]lspsf] jflif{s cfoegbf sd cfo epsf] JolQmn] dfq o; P]g adf]lhd sfg"gl ;xfotf k fkt ug{ ;Sg]5. -@_ j'mg} JolQmnfO{ sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] jf gu/fpg] j'm/fsf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt ;ldltnfo{ x'g]5. -#_ ;DalGwt ;ldltn] sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ c?nfo{ cgfjzos?kdf b'mv lbg] / cfwf/xlg d'2f ug]{ k j[lqnfo{ k f]t;fxg gxf];\ egg] tkm{ ;d]t ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ 5. $= sfg"gl ;xfotf jfktsf] vr{ ;f]wegf{ ug'{kg]{ M -!_ j'mg} JolQmn] sfg"gl ;xfotf k fkt u/]sf] sf/0faf6 j'mg} ;DklQ jf cfly{s nfe k fkt u/]df To:tf] JolQmn] sfg"gl ;xfotf k fkt u/] afkt tf]lsp adf]lhd ;DalGwt ;ldltn] u/]sf] vr{ ;ldltnfo{ ;f]wegf{ ug'{ kg]{5.

259 t/ To:tf] JolQmaf6 sfg"gl ;xfotf afktsf] vr{ ;f]wegf{ ln+bf ;f] JolQmnfO{ dsf{ kg]{ b]lvpdf ;DalGwt ;ldltn] To;/L cfk"mn] u/]sf] vr{ cf+lzs jf k"0f{?kdf glng] u/l 5"6 lbg ;Sg]5. cbfntn] cfkm\gf] km};nfdf ;DalGwt ;ldltn] j'mg} JolQmnfO{ sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fp+bf u/]sf] vr{ To:tf] sfg"gl ;xfotf k fkt ug]{ JolQmaf6 c;'n pk/ u/l lng kfpg] u/l cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 / To:tf] cfb]z k rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfof{gjog ul/g]5. %= sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] ;"rl / kfl/>lds M -!_ c;dy{ JolQmnfO{ sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpgsf nflu ;DalGwt ;ldltn] g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf ;b:ox?dwo]af6 5'6\6f5'6\6} ljifo jf k j[mltsf d'2f x]g{sf nflu 5'6\6} 5'6\6} sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] ;"rl tof/ ug]{5. t/ -!_ j''mg} lhnnfdf g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] PsfO gepsf]df g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf ;b:o g/x]sf sfg"g Joj;foLx?NfO{ ;d]t ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;"rldf ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sg]5. -@_ sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;"rl tof/ ubf{ j'mg} lhnnfdf ;DalGwt ljifo jf k j[mltsf] d'2f x]g]{ sfg"g Joj;foL pknaw gepdf ;DalGwt ;ldltn] csf]{ lhnnfsf sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ ;d]t ;f] sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;xdltnfo{ sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;"rldf ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sg]5. -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rldf k/]sf sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] o; P]g adf]lhd c;dy{ JolQmnfO{ sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug{ kfpg] 5g\. -#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rldf j'mg} sfg"g Joj;foLsf] gfd ;dfj]z ug]{ jf To:tf] ;"rlaf6 j'mg} sfg"g Joj;foLsf] gfd x6fpg] clwsf/ ;DalGwt ;ldltnfo{ x'g]5. t/ To;/L ;"rlaf6 j'mg} sfg"g Joj;foLsf] gfd x6fopsf]df lrq ga'em\g] ;DalGwt sfg"g Joj;foLn] tf]lsp adf]lhd ph'/ ug{ ;Sg]5. -$_ sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ ;DalGwt ;ldltn] tf]lsp adf]lhd kfl/>lds pknaw u/fpg]5. ^= s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] u7g tyf sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ M -!_ c;dy{ JolQmnfO{ sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf cfjzos Joj:yf ug{ s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] u7g x'g]5 / ;f] ;ldltdf b]xfosf ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ M -s_ sfg"g tyf Gofo dgql cwoif -v_ cwoif, g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ ;b:o -u_ cwoif g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg ;b:o -3_ s]gb Lo ;ldltaf6 dgf]lgt sfg"gljb\ Ps hgf ;b:o -8_ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] ;lrj ;b:o ;lrj -@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08-3_ adf]lhd dgf]glt ;b:osf] kbfjlw tlg jif{sf] x'g]5. -#_ s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M -s_ sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL gllt Pj+ sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug]{, -v_ lhnnf ;ldltx?sf] sfd sf/jfxlx?sf] /]vb]v / lgogq0f ug]{ tyf To:tf ;ldltx?nfo{ cfjzostf cg';f/ lgb]{zg lbg], -u_ sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL sfo{sf] nflu lhnnf ;ldltnfo{ cg'bfg lbg], -3_ sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL sfdsf] nflu cfjzos /sdsf] Joj:yf ug]{, -ª_ ;jf]{rr cbfntdf c;dy{ JolQmsf] tk{maf6 sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug{ sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] ;"rl tof/ ug]{, -r_ hg;fwf/0fnfo{ sfg"g / sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/l u/fpg ljlegg ljifosf kl/roftds k':ts, k'l:tsf, ljj/0f cflbsf] k sfzg tyf ljt/0f ug]{ / ;f] sfdsf] nflu cg';gwfg ug]{, u/fpg], -5_ sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL sfdsf] nflu cfjzostf cg';f/ ljlegg pk;ldltx? U7g ug]{ tyf To:tf pk;ldltx?sf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ tf]sg], -h_ s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] sf]ifsf] cfo Joosf] n]vf k/lif0f u/fpg n]vf k/lifs lgo'lqm ug]{, -em_ s]gb Lo ;ldltnfo{ cfjzos kg]{ sd{rf/lx? lgo'lqm ug]{, -`_ cfk"mnfo{ k fkt epsf] clwsf/ dwo] cfjzostf cg';f/ s]xl clwsf/ o; P]g adf]lhd ul7t j'mg} pk;ldlt jf s]gb Lo ;ldltsf j'mg} sd{rf/lnfo{ k Tofof]lht ug]{, -6_ o; P]gsf] p2]zo k"lt{sf nflu tf]lsp adf]lhdsf] cgo sfd ug]{, u/fpg]. 249

260 -$_ s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw tf]lsp adf]lhd x'g]5. &= lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] u7g tyf sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ M -!_ lhnnf :t/df c;dy{ JolQmnfO{ sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/ fpg tyf c;dy{ JolQmnfO{ sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] ;"rl tof/ ug]{ sfd ;d]tsf] nflu k To]s lhnnfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;b:ox? /x]sf] lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt u7g x'g]5 M -s_ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /x]sf] lhnnfdf k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/l jsln sfof{nosf ;/sf/l clwjqmf jf ;f] gepsf] lhnnfx?df lhnnf ;/sf/l clwjqmf cwoif -v_ lhnnfl:yt af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf OsfOx? dwo] dflynnf] OsfOsf] cwoif ;b:o t/ sf7df8f}+ lhnnfsf] xsdf lhnnf af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] cwoif ;b:o x'g]5. -u_ lhnnfsf sfg"g Joj;foLx? dwo] lhnnf ;ldltaf6 dgf]glt b'o{ hgf sfg"g Joj;foL ;b:o -3_ lhnnfl:yt af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf OsfOx? dwo] dflynnf] OsfOsf] ;lrj ;b:o ;lrj t/ sf7df8f}+ lhnnfsf] xsdf lhnnf af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] ;lrj ;b:o ;lrj x'g]5. -@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 u_ adf]lhdsf ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw tlg jif{sf] x'g]5. -#_ lhnnf ;ldltsf] cgo sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ tyf a}7s ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw tf]lsp adf]]lhd x'g]5. *= sfg"gl ;xfotf sf]if M -!_ sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL sfdsf] nflu Ps sf]if /xg]5 / ;f] sf]ifdf b]xfosf /sdx? /xg]5g\ M -s_ >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 cg'bfg :j?k k fkt /sd. -v_ j'mg} JolQm, ;+3 jf ;+:yfaf6 cg'bfg, rgbf ;xof]u :j?k k fkt /sd. -u_ cgo ; f]taf6 k fkt /sd. -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifsf] ;~rfng tf]lsp adf]lhd x'g]5. (= n]vf / n]vf k/lif0f M -!_ s]gb Lo ;ldlt / lhnnf ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] cfo Joosf] n]vf k rlnt sfg"g adf]lhdsf] 9f+rfdf /fvg' kg]{5. -@_ s]gb Lo ;ldlt / lhnnf ;ldltsf] cfo Joosf] n]vf k/lif0f dxfn]vf k/lifssf] ljefuaf6 x'g]5.!)= sd{rf/l ;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ s]gb Lo ;ldlt / lhnnf ;ldltdf cfjzos ;+Vofdf sd{rf/lx? lgo'qm ug'{ cl3 s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] :jlj[mlt lng' kg]{5. -#_ pkbkmf _!_ adf]lhd lgo'qm sd{rf/lx?sf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ tyf ;'ljwf ;DaGwL Joj:yf s]gb Lo ;ldltn] tf]lslbp adf]lhd x'g]5.!!= gssn ;fg{ lbg' kg]{ M sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL sfddf ;+nug ;DalGwt sfg"g Joj;foL tyf sd{rf/lnfo{ cbfntn] k rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfuhsf] gssn ;fbf{ lng] b:t'/ glno{ ;f] sfuhsf] gssn ;fg{ lbg' kg]{5.!@= lgod agfpg] clwsf/ M -!_ o; P]gsf] p2]zo sfof{gjog ug{ s]gb Lo ;ldltn] cfjzos lgodx? Agfpg ;Sg]5. -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd agfopsf] lgodx? >L % sf] ;/sf/, sfg"g tyf Gofo dgqfnoaf6 :jlj[mt eo{ g]kfn /fhkqdf k sfzg epkl5 nfu" x'g]5g\. nfndf]x/ ;b/ ldlt cf1fn], tly{dfg zfso >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;lrj 250

261 g]kfn /fhkq >L % sf] ;/sf/4f/f k sflzt v08 $* ;+Vof # g]kfn /fhkq efu # efu # >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg"g tyf Gofo dgqfnosf] ;"rgf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL s;f] bkmf! sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] lbpsf] clwsf/ k of]u u/l pqmf P]gsf] bkmf ^ /!@ b]lv k f/de x'g] u/l tf]s]sf] 5. cf1fn], tly{dfg zfso >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;lrj g]kfn /fhkq >L % sf] ;/sf/4f/f k sflzt v08 $* sf7df8f}+, ;fn cltl/qmf8+ %! efu # >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg"g tyf Gofo dgqfnosf] ;"rgf! >L % sf] ;/sf/n] sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL sf] bkmf! sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] lbpsf] clwsf/ k of]u u/l pqm P]gsf] k f/de x'g af+sl ;a} bkmfx? ;'g;/l, af/f, bf]nvf, kfnkf / af+s] lhnnfdf b]lv k f/de x'g] u/l tf]s]sf] 5. v08 $* cltl/qmf8+ %! g]kfn /fhkq efu # sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL sf] bkmf!@ n] lbpsf] clwsf/ k of]u u/l s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltn] agfpsf] b]xfosf lgodx? >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg"g tyf Gofo dgqfnon] :jlj[mt u/]sf]

262 kl/r5]b! k f/ldes!= ;+lifkt gfd / k f/de M -!_ ol lgodx?sf] gfd sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL /x]sf] 5. -@_ of] lgodfjnl t'?gt k f/de kl/efiff M ljifo jf k ;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; lgodfjnldf, s_ P]g eggfn] sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL ;Demg' k5{. v_ ;ldlt eggfn] P]gsf] sf] v08 v_ / -u_ adf]lhdsf] s]gb Lo tyf lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt ;Demg' k5{. u_ ;b:o eggfn] ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zabn] ;ldltsf] cwoif tyf ;b:o ;lrj ;d]tnfo{ hgfp+5. sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] ;DaGwL Joj:yf #= sfg"gl ;xfotf k fkt ug{ b/vf:t lbg' kg]{ M -!_ P]g tyf o; lgodfjnl adf]lhd sfg"gl ;xfotf k fkt ug{ rfxg] g]kfnl gful/sn] cg';"rl! df tf]lsp adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf ;DalGwt ;ldltdf b/vf:t lbg' kg]{5. -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd b/vf:t lbfbf ufpf ljsf; ;ldltsf] xsdf ;DalGwt ufpf ljsf; ;ldltsf] cwoif jf ;b:o jf ;lrjn] / gu/kflnsfsf] xsdf ;DalGwt j8fsf] cwoifn] adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf ul/lbpsf] l;kmfl/z ;d]t ;+nug ug'{ kg]{5. -#_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} j'm/f n]lvpsf] eptf klg sfg"gl ;xfotf k fkt ug{ rfxg] JolQm :jo+ b/vf:t kmf/fd eg{ ghfgg] jf ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf cfo{ b/vf:t kmf/fd eg{ g;sg] cj:yfdf /x]5 eg] lghn] ktofpsf] cgo JolQmn] ;ldltdf b/vf:t lbg ;Sg]5. -$_ pklgod -#_ adf]lhd cgo JolQm dfkm{t b/vf:t lbg NofPdf ;ldltsf] sd{rf/ln] b/vf:t kmf/fd adf]lhd a'em\g' kg]{ ;a} j'm/f a'eml pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] l;kmfl/; ;d]t ;+nug u/fo{ b/vf:t btf{ ul/lbg' kg]{5. -%_ ;ldltdf b/vf:t btf{ u/fpg NofpFbf b/vf:tdf plnnlvt Joxf]/f k dfl0ft x'g] j'mg} sfuhft ep To:tf] sfuhft ;d]t b/ vf:tjfnfaf6 k]z ug{ nufpg' kg]{5. $= b/vf:t pk/ hffra'em M lgod # adf]lhd btf{ x'g cfpsf] b/vf:t /f ;f] ;fy ;+nug sfuhft ;b:o ;lrjn] hffra'em u/l ;ldltsf] a}7sdf k]z ug'{ kg]{5. %= ;ldltsf] lg0f{o / hfgsf/l M -!_ lgod $ adf]lhd ;ldltsf] a}7sdf k]z x'g cfpsf] b/vf:tsf] ;DaGwdf ;ldltn] b/vf:tjfnfnfo{ P]g, o; lgodfjnl / s]gb Lo ;ldltn] ;do ;dodf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] gllt lgb]{zgsf] cwlgdf /xl sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] jf gu/fpg] lg0f{o ug]{5. -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lg0f{o ubf{ b/vf:tjfnfsf] d'2fsf] k j[mlt, d'2f bfo/ ug'{ kg]{ xbdofb jf k ltpq/ lbg' kg]{ Dofb tf/]v ;d]tnfo{ ljrf/ u/l b/vf:t k/]sf] ldltn] a9ldf $% lbg leq lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{5. -#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;ldltaf6 epsf] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/l ;DalGwt b/vf:tjfnfnfo{ pknaw u/fog]5 ^= sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw gu/fog] M -!_ jflif{s rfln; xhf/?k}off egbf a9l cfo x'g] JolQmnfO{ ;ldltn] sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] 5}g. -@_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf d'2fdf cleo'qm kifnfo{ ;ldltn] sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] 5}g M -s_ hf;";l cgtu{tsf], -v_ hlp df:g] a]rg] sfo{ -lgogq0f_ cgtu{tsf], -u_ k frlg :df/s ;+/If0f cgtu{tsf] d'2f, -3_ d'n'sl P]g ha/h:tl s/0flsf] dxnn] ;hffo x'g] d'2f, -8_ e i6rf/ lgjf/0f tyf clvtof/ b'?kof]u cg';gwfg cfof]u cgtu{tsf] d'2f, -r_ /fh:j r'xfj6 lgogq0f cgtu{tsf] d'2f, -5_ nfu" cf}ifw lgogq0f_ cgtu{tsf] d'2f, -h_ s]gb Lo ;ldltn] ;do ;dodf tf]s]sf] cgo d'2f, 252

263 &= sfg"gl ;xfotf jfktsf] vr{ ;f]w egf{ Joxf]g'{ kg]{ M -!_ j'mg} JolQmn] sfg"gl ;xfotf k fkt u/]sf] sf/0faf6 j'mg} ;DklQ jf cfly{s nfe k fkt u/]df To:tf] JolQmn] lghnfo{ sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] qmddf ;DalGwt ;ldltn] u/]sf] vr{sf] ;f]w egf{ Joxf]g'{ kg]{5. -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;ldltn] u/]sf] vr{sf] ;f]w egf{ u/fpfbf lghn] k fkt u/]sf] j"mn ;DklQ jf cfly{s nfesf] bz k ltztsf] b/n] x'g cfpg] /sd ;f]w egf{ u/fog]5. kl/r5]b # s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ tyf a}7s ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw *= s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ M P]gsf] bkmf ^ df plnnlvt sfd, st{jo / clwsf/sf] cltl/qm s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M -s_ lgod ^ sf[ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd tf]lspsf] cfo egbf sd cfp epsf w]/} JolQmx?af6 sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] dfu epdf sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaq u/fpg' kg]{ JolQmx?sf] k fyldstf qmd lgwf{/0f ug{ cfjzos gllt lgwf{/0f ug]{ / To;/L lgwf{l/t glltsf] cwlgdf /xl sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg' kg]{ JolQmx?sf] k fyldstf qmd lgwf{/0f ug]{, -v_ P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] k ltagwftds jfsof+; adf]lhd j'mg} JolQmnfO{ sfg"gl ;xfotr pknaw u/fpg] qmddf ;ldltn] u/]sf] vr{ cf+lzs jf k"0f{?kn] 5"6 lbg] gllt lgwf{/0f ug]{, -u_ P]gsf] bkmf % sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ lbog] kl/>ldssf] c+s lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjzos gllt lgwf{/0f ug]{ / To;/L lgwf{/0f glltsf] cwlgdf /xl sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] sfg"g Joj;foLsf] kffl/>lds lgwf{/0f ug]{, -3_ lgod & sf] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;ldltn] u/]sf] vr{sf] ;f]w egf{ u/fpfbf lghn] k fkt u/]sf] j"mn ;DklQ jf cfly{s nfesf] d"nof+sg ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjzos gllt lgwf{/0f ug]{ / To;/L lgwf{l/t glltsf] cwlgdf /xl sfg"gl ;xfotf k fkt u/]sf] JolQmn] k fkt u/]sf] j"mn cfly{s nfesf] d"nof+sg ug]{, -8_ P]g tyf o; lgodfjnl adf]lhd sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] j'mg} sfg"g Joj;foLn] sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] sfddf x]nrqmoffo jf nfk/jfxl u/l ;DalGwt JolQmsf] d'2f lau g updf To:tf] sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ k rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxlsf] nflu sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ ;dif l;kmfl/; ug]{, -r_ s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 kfl/t ug]{. (= s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] a}7s ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw M -!_ s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s k To]s jif{df rf/ k6s cwoifn] tf]s]sf] ldlt, ;do / :yfgdf a:g]5 / cfjzos epdf ;f] egbf a9l k6s klg a}7s a:g ;Sg]5. -@_ s]gb Lo ;ldltn] cfjzostf cg';f/ j'mg} kbflwsf/l jf ljz]if1x? s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf cfdlgqt jf ko{j]ifssf]?kdf efu lng cfdgq0f jf ko{j]ifssf]?kdf efu lng cfdgq0f ug{ ;Sg]5. -#_ s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] j"mn ;b:o ;+Vofsf] krf; k ltzt ;b:o pkl:yt epdf s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] nflu u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'u]sf] dflgg]5. -$_ s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] cwoiftf ;ldltsf] cwoifn] ug]{5. cwoifsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;b:ox?n] cfk"mdwo]af6 5fg]sf] ;b:on] a}7ssf] cwoiftf ug]{5. -%_ s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] ax'dtsf] /fo dfgo x'g]5 / dt a/fa/ epdf a}7ssf] cwoiftf ug]{ JolQmn] lg0f{os dt lbg]5. -^_ s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] lg0f{o ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrjn] lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf hgfo{ k dfl0ft u/l hfgsf/lsf] nflu ;a} ;b:ox?nfo{ pknaw u/fpg]5. -&_ s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s ;DaGwL cgo sfo{ljlw s]gb Lo ;ldlt cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd x'g]5. 253

264 kl/r5]b $ lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ tyf a}7s ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw!)= lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ M P]gsf] bkmf & df plnnlvt sfd, st{jo / clwsf/sf] cltl/qm lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M -s_ lgod ^ sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lgwf{l/t cfo egbf sd cfo epsf w]/} JolQmx?af6 sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] dfu epdf sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg' kg]{ JolQmx?sf] k fyldstf qmd lgwf{/0f ug{ cfjzos gllt lgwf{/0f ug]{ / To;/L lgwf{l/t glltsf] cwlgdf /xl sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg' kg]{ JolQmx?sf] k fyldstf qmd lgwf{/0f ug]{, -v_ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lhnnf cbfnt tyf cgo lgsfodf c;dy{ kifsf] tkm{af6 sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug{ ;DalGwt af/ OsfO;Fu ;dgjo sfod u/l sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;"rl tof/ ug]{, -u_ P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] k ltagwftds jfsof+; adf]lhd j'mg} JolQmnfO{ sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] qmddf ;ldltn] u/]sf] vr{ cf+lzs jf k"0f{?kn] 5"6 lbg] ;DaGwdf s]gb Lo ;ldlt4f/f lgwf{l/t glltsf] cwlgdf /xl cfjzos lg0f{o ug]{, -3_ P]gsf] bkmf % sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ lbg] kfl/>ldssf] c+s lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf s]gb Lo ;ldlt4f/f lgwf{l/t glltsf] cwlgdf /xl sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] sfg"g Joj;foLsf] kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ug]{, -8_ lgod & pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;ldltsf] vr{sf] ;f]w egf{ u/fpfbf lghn] k fkt u/]sf] j"mn cfly{s nfesf] d"nof+sgsf] ug]{ ;DaGwdf s]gb Lo ;ldlt4f/f lgwf{l/t glltsf] cwlgdf /xl sfg"gl ;xfotf k fkt u/]sf] JolQmn] k fkt u/]sf] j"mn cfly{s nfesf] d"nof+sg ug]{, -r_ P]g tyf o; lgodfjnl adf]lhd sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] j'mg} sfg"g Joj;foLn] sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fpg] sfddf x]nrqmoffo jf nfk/jfxl u/l ;DalGwt JolQmsf] d'2f lju g updf To:tf] sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ k rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxl ug{ sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ ;dif l;kmfl/z ug{ s]gb Lo ;ldltnfo{ cg'/f]w ug]{, -5_ lhnnf ;ldltsf] jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf jh]6 kfl/t u/l :jlj[mltsf] nflu s]gb Lo ;ldltdf k7fpg].!!= lhnnf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] a}7s ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw M -!_ lhnnf ;ldltsf] a}7s k To]s jif{df tlg k6s cwoifn] tf]s]sf] ldlt, ;do / :yfgdf a:g]5 / cfjzos epdf ;f] egbf a9l k6s klg a}7s a:g ;Sg]5. -@_ lhnnf ;ldltn] cfjzostf cg';f/ j'mg} ljz]if1nfo{ lhnnf ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ko{j]ifssf]?kdf efu lng cfdgq0f ug{ ;Sg]5. -#_ lhnnf ;ldltsf] j"mn ;b:o ;+Vofsf] krf; k ltzt ;b:o pkl:yt epdf lhnnf ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] nflu u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'u]sf] dflgg]5. -$_ lhnnf ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] cwoiftf ;ldltsf] cwoifn] ug]{5. cwoifsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;b:ox?n] cfk"mdwo]af6 5fg]sf] ;b:on] a}7ssf] cwoiftf ug]{5. -%_ lhnnf ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ax'dtsf] /fo dfgo x'g]5 / dt a/fa/ epdf a}7ssf] cwoiftf ug]{ JolQmn] lg0ff{os dt lbg]5. -^_ lhnnf ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] lg0f{o ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrjn] lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf hgfo{ k dfl0ft u/l hfgsf/lsf] nflu ;a} ;b:ox?nfo{ pknaw u/fpg]5. -&_ lhnnf ;ldltsf] a}7s ;DaGwL cgo sfo{ljlw lhnnf ;ldlt cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g] kl/r5]b % ljljw!@= sf]ifsf] ;~rfng M -!_ ;ldltsf] sf]ifsf] gfddf k fkt x'g cfpg] /sd ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] jfl0fho a}+sdf hddf ul/g]5. -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifsf] ;~rfng s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] xsdf s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj / j'mg} Ps ;b:o jf ;ldltsf] sd{rf/lsf] ;+o'qm x:tfif/af6 ;~rfng x'g]5 / lhnnf ;ldltsf] xsdf lhnnf ;ldltsf] cwoif / j'mg} Ps ;b:o jf ;ldltsf] sd{rf/lsf] ;+o'qm x:tfif/af6 ;~rfng x'g]5.!#= clwsf/ k Tofof]hg M P]g tyf o; lgodfjnl adf]lhd ;ldltn] k fkt u/]sf sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ dwo] s]xl clwsf/ ;ldltn] tt\ tt\ ;ldltsf] ;b:ox? /xg] u/l u7g epsf] j'mg} pk;ldlt jf j'mg} ;b:o jf ;ldltsf] sd{rf/lnfo{ ;'Dkg ;Sg]5.

265 !$= lg0f{o k dfl0ft ug]{ M ;ldltsf] lg0f{o ;DalGwt ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrjn] k dfl0ft ug]{5.!%= pk;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ ;ldltn] P]g jf o; lgodfjnl adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{ j'mg} sfd ug{ cfjzostf cg';f/ ;ldltsf] ;b:o jf ljz]if1x? /x]sf] pk ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5. -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ul7t ;ldltsf] sfd, st{jo tyf clwsf/ / sfof{jlw ;ldltn] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5.!^= jflif{s k ltj]bg M -!_ lhnnf ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] jflif{s k ltj]bg s]gb Lo ;ldltnfo{ k]z ug'{ kg]{5 / s]gb Lo ;ldltn] lhnnf ;ldltsf] k ltj]bgsf j'm/fx? ;d]tnfo{ ;dfj]z u/l jflif{s k ltj]bg tof/ u/l >L % sf] ;/sf/df k]z ug'{ kg]{5. -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd tof/ ul/g] k ltj]bgdf cgo j'm/fx?df cltl/qm ;ldltsf] cfo Joo ljj/0f, sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwdf epsf] vr{sf] nfut ;fdflhs k efj / pknawlsf] af/]df pnn]v ug'{ kg]{5. v08 $* cltl/qmf+s %! g]kfn /fhkq efu # cg';"rl! -lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ sfg"gl ;xfotf dfu ug{sf] nflu lbog] b/vf:t kmf/fdsf] gd"gf >L =========================================================== sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt, ====================================================================================== ljifo M sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fo{ lbg] af/]. dnfo{ sfg"gl ;xfotsf] cfjzos k/]sf] x'gfn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ljj/0fx? v'nfo{ sfg"gl ;xfotf kfpgsf] nflu cg'/f]w ub{5'.! sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fog' kg]{ ljifo j:t'sf] ;+lifkt ljj/0f kfl/jfl/s l:yltsf] ljj/0f M #= cfly{s l:yltsf] ljj/0f M d]/f] d'vo k]zf Joj;fo ====================================================== xf]. ;f] afx]s d}n] gf]s/l. Jofkf/. Joj;fo u/]sf] 5'. u/]sf] 5}g. cgo gf]s/l, Aofkf/ Joj;fo u/]tfklg d]/f] jflif{s j"mn cfo?= rfnl; xhf/ egbf a9l 5}g. dfly plnnlvt Joxf]/f k dfl0ft ug{sf] nflu cfjzos b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfuhftx?sf] ;Ssn tyf gssn k ltx? o;} ;fy ;+nug u/]sf] #= dfly plnnlvt Joxf]/f l7s ;ffrf] 5. em"7f] 7x/] sfg"g adf]lhd ;x'fnf a'emfpfnf. b/vf:tjfnfsf], ;xl M k"/f gfd y/ M 7]ufgf M 255

266 v08 $* cltl/qmf+s %! g]kfn /fhkq efu # -lgod # sf] pklgod -@_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ sfg"gl ;xfotf lbnfpg ;DalGwt ufpf ljsf; ;ldltsf] cwoif jf ;lrj jf ;b:o jf gu/kflnsfsf] j8f cwoifn] ul/lbg] l;kmfl/;kq >L ========================================================= sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt, ================================================== ljifom sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/folbg] af/] l;kmfl/; o;df sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] nflu dfu ug]{ >L. >LdtL. ;'>L ==================================== o; ufpf ljsf; ;ldlt. gu/kflnsf cgtu{t j8f g+=============== sf afl;gbf x'g\. lghsf] d'vo k]zf Joj;fo j[mlif. gf]s/l. Jofkf/. =================================================================== xf]. d'vo k]zf Joj;fo tyf cgo ; f]taf6 ;d]t u/l lghsf] jflif{s j"mn cfo?= rfnl; xhf/ egbf sd /x]sf]5. lghsf] cfly{s l:ylt cg';f/ ========================================================== d'2f bfo/ ug{. k ltpq/kq bfo/ ug{ nufot cgo sfg"gl ;Nnfxsf] nflu sfg"g Joj;foL d's// ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt g/x]sf]n] lghnfo{ To; ;ldltaf6 sfg"gl ;xfotf pknaw u/fo{ lbg' x'g l;kmfl/z ;fy cg'/f]w ul/g5. l;kmfl/; ug]{ uf= lj= ;= jf j8f sfof{nosf] 5fk M l;kmfl/; ug]{ M uf= lj= ;. gu/kflnsfsf] gfd M l;kmfl/; ug]{sf] gfd M bhf{ M j8f cwoif jf ;lrjn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] ep j8f g+= l;kmfl/; stf{sf] ;xl ldlt M cf1fn], tly{dfg zfso >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;lrj 256

267 g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg gj]{lhog af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgf cgtu{t sfo{qmd ;~rfng ;DaGwL k :tfjgf g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg / gj]{lhog af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf alr ;DkGg ;Demf}tf cg'?k sfg"gl ;xfotfsf :j?k lgwf{/0f tyf ltgsf] ;'Jojl:yt ;~rfngsf nflu of] lgb]{lzsf s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;ldltn] agfo{ b]lv nfu" u/]sf] 5.!= sfo{qmd -s_ -v_ -u_ efu! sfg"gl ;fif/tf sfo{qmd ;fif/tf zlif{sdf /x]sf ah]6sf] lx;faaf6 j'mn sfo{qmd ;Vof lgwf{/0f u/l ;lqmotfsf cfwf/df af/ PsfOx?nfO{ jflif{s sfo{qmd ;+Vof ljt/0f ul/g] 5. ;lqmo af/ 5'6\ofpg] sf] g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf] lg0f{o tyf g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgn] cfof]hgf ug]{ ;ef, ;Dd]ng / uf]i7lx?df Tof] PsfOsf] ;xeflutfsf] k j[mlt x'g] 5. * Ps sfo{qmddf nfug] clwstd /sdsf] ;Ldf lgod % / ^ sf cwlgdf /xl?= #,%)). tf]lspsf] 5. of] /sdegbf a9l vr{ nfu]df ;DalGwt PsfOn] g} Joxf]g'{ kg]{5. t/ sfo{qmd :yn lgs} 6f9f /x]sf] ;d]t sf/0faf6 of] /sdegbf a9l vr{ nfug] lnlvt ;"rgf g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfsf lgb]{zsnfo{ lbo{ lghsf] lnlvt k"j{ :jlj[mlt epsf] cj:yfdf eg]?= %)) -kffr ;o_ ;Dd cltl/qm vr{ Joxf]l/g] 5. g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf PsfO g/x]sf b'u{d lhnnffdf ;~rfng ul/g] ;fif/tf sfo{qmd % cnu cnu 7fpFdf ul/g' kg]{5. of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ hgf s]gb Lo ko{j]ifs k7fog] 5. cgo b'o{ hgf k lzifsdf :yfglo clwjqm jf clejqmf jf GofofwLz jf ;/sf/l jslnnfo{ cg'/f]w ul/g]5. sfo{qmd :yn / ljifosf] rog M -s_ :yfglo af/ sfo{ ;ldltn] sfg"gl ;fif/tf ;~rfng ug]{ PsfO sfod /x]sf] lhnnfleqsf] pko'qm :yfgsf] rog ug]{5. -v_ :yfglo cfjzostfnfo{ ljrf/ u/l Ps lbg] sfg"gl ;fif/tf sfo{qmdsf nflu $ ljifo :yfglo af/ sfo{ ;ldltn] g} lgwf{l/t ug]{5. dlxnf sfg"gl ;fif/tf sfo{qmdsf nflu eg] dlxnf sfg"g;fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'x? a9l ;dfj]z ul/g] 5g\. sfg"gl ;fif/tfsf] Ps ljifo Go"gtd! 306fsf] x'g]5. -u_ b'u{d If]qdf ul/g] sfo{qmd :ynsf] lgwf{/0f :yfglo lhnnf cbfnt jf lhnnf GofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] k/fdz{df sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfsf lgb]{zsn] to ug]{5g\ / k lzif0f lbg] ljifo s]gb Lo ko{j]ifsn] :yfglo cfjzostfsf cfwf/df to ug]{5g\. #= k lzifs M -s_ :yfglo af/ PsfO sfo{ ;ldltn] cfk\mgf] PsfOdf jflif{s z'ns ltg{ affsl g/fv]sf, cg'ejl / k]zfdf k ToIf?kdf ;+nug jl/i7 clwjqmf, clwjqmf / clejqmfdwo] a9ldf rf/ hgfnfo{ sfg"gl ;fif/tf sfo{qmddf k lzifssf?kdf v6fpg] 5. sf] g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef4f/f kfl/t ;lqmo PsfO 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/x?m!= ;fwf/0f ;efdf /fd f] sfo{sfl/0fl kl/ifbdf /fd f] ;xeflutf. #= ;dodf lgjf{rg u/fpg] tbf?stf. $= s]gb Lo sfof{nonfo{ oyf;dodf ;b:otf b:t"/ k7fpg] ttk/tf. %= s]gb Lo sfof{non] cg'/f]w u/]sf sfo{ oyf;dodf ;DkGg ug]{ ;hutf. ^= Gofob"tsf] u fxs agfpg], lj1fkg p7fpg] / laqml ljt/0fdf ;3fpg] ;lqmotf. 257

268 -v_ af/ PsfO g/x]sf b'u{d lhnnfx?df cfk\mgf] af/ PsfOnfO{ a'emfpg kg]{ jflif{s z'ns a'emfpsf / tf]lsp adf]lhdsf] Go"gtd Jofj;flos cg'ej epsf jl/i7 clwjqmf jf clwjqmf jf clejqmfnfo{ k lzifssf?kdf sfg"gl ;xfotf sfof{gjog ;ldlt - ;fif/tf_ 4f/f lgwf{l/t gfdfjnlsf cfwf/df sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfn] k7fpg] 5. $= ;xeful M -s_ sfo{qmddf k lziffyl{ ;xefulx?sf] gfd, 7]ufgf v'nfo{ ;xl5fk u/fpg' kg]{5. -v_ Ps ;fif/tf sfo{qmddf ;fdfgotof!%) hgf ;xefulx? /xg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] bflotj :yfglo af/ PsfOsf] x'g]5. -u_ ;xefulx?nfo{ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgf4f/f pknaw u/fopsf k':tsx? pknaw u/fog] 5. -3_ ;xefulx?nfo{ Pp6f ;fdfgo vfnsf] lzzf snd jf 86k]g k[i7 k'mln:s]k sfuh pknaw u/fog] 5. t/, sfg"g ;xfos tflndsf nflu eg] k lt k[i7 k'mln:s]k sfuh jf ;fgf] sfkl pknaw u/fog] 5. -ª_ ;xefulx?nfo{ lgod % -3_ sf] cwlgdf /xl vfhf cfof]hsn] pknaw u/fpg] 5. %= ;fif/tf sfo{qmdsf nflu :yfglo af/ PsfOn] ug{ kfpg] vr{sf] ;Ldf M -s_ sfo{qmdsf] k rf/ k ;f/, t'n, kqfrf/, dfos / kfn cflb Joj:yf ug{ cfof]hs af/ PsfOnfO{ k lt sfo{qmdsf]? %)). -kffr ;o_ k agw vr{ pknaw x'g]5. k]zsl km5f}{6sf nflu of] /sdsf] aln ekf{o k]z ug'{ kg]{ 5}g. -v_ sfo{qmdsf] kmf]6f] lvrl kmf]6f]sf] k5fl8 sfo{qmd :yn / ldlt n]vl sdtldf # cf]6f kmf]6f] k7fpg clgjfo{ epaf6! /Ln / ;f]sf] lk G6 lgsfng] vr{ pknaw x'g]5. -u_ sfo{qmdsf ;xefulx?nfo{ pknaw u/fpg ;fdfgo vfnsf] Pp6f Pp6f lzzf snd jf 86k]g k[i7 k'mln:s]k sfuh lslgpsf] aln cg';f/sf] /sd pknaw x'g]5. -3_ sfo{qmdsf ;xefulx?nfo{ ;/b/ hgxl? %. sf b/n]!%) hgfnfo{ vfhf v'jfpg k lt lbgsf] a9ldf &%). pknaw x'g]5. ;xeful ;+Vof sd epdf of] /sd ;f]xl cg'kftdf sd x'g]5. ;xeful ;+Vof!%) egbf a9l epdf ;Dd yk / sd pknaw x'g]5. ^= sfg"gl ;fif/tf sfo{qmdsf k lzifsnfo{ kfl/>lds M &= -s_ ;fif/tf sfo{qmddf :yfglo af/ PsfOaf6 vl6psf k lzifsnfo{ siff lnp jfkt sfo{qmd epsf] lbgsf]? #)). -tlg ;o_ kfl/ >lds lbog] 5. -v_ oftfoftsf] j'mg} ;fwg pknaw geo{ k}bn lxf8g' kg]{ 7fpFsf xsdf sfo{qmd:yn ;b/d'sfdaf6 uo{ sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/l kmls{cfpg g;sg] lsl;dsf] b"/ldf eo{ af; a:g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] epdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng epsf] lbg afx]s cgo lbgsf] -b'o{ ;o_ eqf lbog]5. t/, af; a:g' gkg]{ cfk\mgf] 3/ afx]s cgoq vfgf / vfhfsf] k jgw ug'{ kg]{ ep?!)). -Ps ;o_ dfq lbog]5. vfgf / vfhf vr{ gkfpg] l:yltdf a; r9l sfo{qmd:yndf hfg' k/]df l6s6 cg';f/sf] /sd lbog]5. -u_ af/ PsfO g/x]sf b'u{d lhnnfx?df ;fif/tf sfo{qmd ug{ vl6hfg] jf sfg"gl ;xfos tflnddf vl6hfg] jf cfsl:ds lg/lif0f jf hffra'em ug{ hfg] s]gb Lo ko{j]ifsnfo{ b}lgs?= %)). lbog] 5. b'u{d If]qdf hfg] ko{j]ifsnfo{ eg]? %)). sf cltl/qm el/ of vr{ jfkt el/of k of]u ug'{ k/]sf lbgx?sf nflu?!)). -Ps ;o_ pknaw x'g]5. t/, s]xl ;do dfq el/of k of]u epsf]df ;f]xl cg'kftdf el/of vr{ lbog] 5. -3_ s]gb Lo ko{j]ifsnfo{ siff lnp jfkt j'mg} cltl/qm kfl/>lds lbog] 5}g. -ª_ af/ PsfO g/x]sf b'u{d lhnnfdf ;fif/tf sfo{qmd ug{ vl6hfg] jf cfsl:ds lg/lif0f ug{ hfg] jf hffra'em ug{ hfg] jf sfg"g ;xfos tflnddf hfg] s]gb Lo ko{j]ifsnfo{ a; ef8f l6s6 cg';f/ pknaw u/fog] 5. s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltn] k"j{ lg0f{o u/]df afx]s xjfo{ hxfh / cgo ;jf/l ;fwg gepsf] cj:yfdf dfq l6s6 cg';f/ xjfo{ vr{ / ljdfg:yn s/ lbog]5. k]zsl km5\of}{6 M -s_ k]zsl km5\of}{6sf nflu cfjzos aln e/kfo{ ;lxt sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfdf cg';"rl! sf] 9fFrfdf sfo{qmd ;dfkt epsf] a9ldf tlg lbgleq ljj/0f k7fo{ k]zsl km5\of}{6 ug]{ lhdd]jf/l ;DalGwt af/ PsfO sfo{ ;ldltsf] x'g]5. -v_ klxn]sf] k]zsl km5\of}{6 gep;dd csf]{ sfo{qmd jf yk ah]6 ;f] PsfOnfO{ lbog] 5}g. -u_ k]zsl km5\of}{6sf nflu cg';"rl! df plnnlvt lgod % -s_ sf] cj:yf afx]s cgo ;a} ljj/0f / ltgnfo{ k'i6l ug]{ k df0f clgjfo{?kdf ;+nug x'g' kg]{5. 258

269 -3_ s]gb Lo ko{j]ifs vl6upsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t sfo{qmd ;dfkt u/l cfk"m kmsl{ cfpsf] tlg lbgleq cg';"rl! sf] 9fFrfdf ljj/0f bflvn u/l k]zsl km5\of}{6 ug]{ bflotj ;DalGwt ko{j]ifssf] x'g]5. -ª_ k]zsl km5\of}{6 epkl5 ;f]sf] lnlvt ;"rgf g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfn] lbg]5. *= PsfOn] cfk\mgf] ; f]taf6 ug'{ kg]{ sfo{qmd M -s_ x/]s PsfOn] k ltjif{ cfk\mg} ; f]taf6 cf]6f sfg"gl ;fif/tf sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{5. -v_ pklgod -s_ cg'?k ul/g] sfo{qmdsf nflu g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfn] j'mg} vr{ Joxf]g]{ 5}g. -u_ pklgod -s_ cg'?k sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/l cljnda g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfdf sfo{qmd :yn, ldlt ;xeful ;+Vof, k lzifs / k lzif0fsf ljifo vf]nl hfgsf/l u/fpg' kg]{5. sfg"gl ;xfos (Paralegal) tflnd (= sfg"g ;xfos tflnd ;~rfng k4lt M -s_ kffr ljsf; If]qsf cfwf/df sfg"g ;xfos tflnd :ynsf] lgwf{/0f jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf cg'?k ul/g]5. of] sfo{qmd tf]sbf klxn] of] sfo{qmd gepsf] goff lhnnfnfo{ k fyldstf lbog] 5. -v_ jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf cg'?k sfo{qmdnfo{ dlxnf jf ;fdfgo egl jul{s/0f ul/g]5. -u_ k To]s uf= lj= ;= af6! hgf ;xefulnfo{ :yfglo af/n] of] sfo{qmddf ;xeful agfpg] 5. dlxnf sfo{qmdsf nflu ;xeful s]jn dlxnf dfq x'g] 5g\. -3_ k j]lzsf pql0f{ u/]sf pko'qm ;xeful ufpfdf gepdf dfq pknaw ep;ddsf ;fif/ JolQmnfO{ ;xefulsf?kdf :jlsf/ ul/g]5. -ª_ of] sfo{qmd % lbg ;~rfng ul/g] 5. Ps lbgdf k lt ljifo! 306fsf b/n] % ljifodf k lzif0f lbog] 5. k lzif0f lbog] ljifo / sfg"gl d:of}bfsf] lgwf{/0f :yfglo cfjzostf x]/l :yfglo af/ PsfOn] ug]{5. -r_ ;xefulnfo{ of] lgb]{lzsfsf] lgod $ -u_, $ -3_ / % -3_ sf ;'ljwfsf cltl/qm xflh/ epsf] lbgsf] b}lgs? &%. -krxq/_ sf b/n] eqf ;d]t lbog] 5. -5_ cfof]hs af/ PsfOnfO{ o; sfo{qmdsf] kqfrf/, ef8f e/f}6 / t'n ;d]tsf] k agw vr{ :j?k?=!))). -Ps xhf/_ pknaw u/ fog] 5. of] /sdsf] aln e/kfo k]zsl km5\of}{6sf nflu cfjzos kg]{ 5}g. -h_ lgod # -v_ sf] of]uotf k'u]sf sfg"gl ;xfotf sfo{gjog ;ldlt -;fif/tf_ 4f/f lgwf{l/t gfdfjnlsf cfwf/df Ps hgf s]gb Lo ko{j]ifsnfo{ sfo{qmddf s]gb Lo ko{j]ifssf?kdf sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfn] k7fpg ;Sg]5. -em_ s]gb Lo ko{j]ifsn] b}lgs Ps siff lng' kg]{5. o;sf nflu j'mg} kfl/>lds lbog] 5}g. -`_ sfg"g ;xfos tflnd lbopsf] JolQmnfO{ k df0f kq lbog] 5. -6_ sfg"g ;xfos tflnd lng] JolQmx?sf] gfd, 7]ufgf PsfOn] clelnlvt ug'{ kg]{5. g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/ of]hgfn] o:tf JolQmx?sf] lhnnf / gfd, 7]ufgf /lhi6/df pnn]v u/l /fvg'kg]{5. tflnd k fkt JolQmx?nfO{ sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] k of]hgsf nflu ;Dks{ ;"qsf?kdf pkof]u ul/g]5.!)= k lzifs / kfl/>lds M -s_ of] sfo{qmd k lzif0f lbg o; lgb]{lzsfsf] lgod # -s_ sf] of]uotf k'u]sf sfg"g Joj;foLsf cnfjf GofofwLz, ;/sf/l jsln tyf ljifo;fu ;DalGwt c8\8fsf k d'vnfo{ ;d]t :yfglo af/ PsfOn] cfu x ug{ ;Sg]5. -v_ k lzifsnfo{ o; lgb]{lzsfsf] lgod ^ -s_ cg'?ksf] kfl/>lds lbog]5.!!= k]zsl km5\of}{6 M -s_ s]gb Lo ko{j]ifs v6fopsf] cj:yfdf k]zsl km5of}{6sf] lhdd]jf/l ;DalGwt ko{j]ifssf] / s]gb Lo ko{j]ifs gv6fopsf] cj:yfdf :yfglo af/ PsfOsf] x'g]5. -v_ k]zsl km5\of}{6sf nflu o; lgb]{lzsfsf] cg';"rl! df lgwf{l/t cfwf/x? cjndag ug'{ kg]{5. 259

270 -u_ k]zsl km5\of}{6sf nflu sfo{qmd ;dfkt epsf] tlg lbgleq g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfdf cg';"rl! sf cfwf/df ljj/0f, aln / ekf{o{ ;d]t k7fpg' jf k]z ug'{ kg]{5. -3_ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfaf6 k]zsl km5\of}{6 ep kl5 k]zsl km5\of}{6sf] lnlvt ;"rgf lbog]5. efu # sfg"g lziff sfo{qmd!@= sfg"g lziff sfo{qmd :ynsf] 5gf}6 M -s_ dlxnfsf sfg"gl clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/l lbg] p2]zon] ljbfnosf siff *, ( /!) df k9\g] 5fqfx? tyf SofDk;df k9\g] 5fqfx?sf nflu of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5. -v_ of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] lhnnfsf] 5gf}6 jflif{s sfo{of]hgf4f/f ul/g]5. -u_ of] sfo{qmd 5fqfx?sf] lgoldt cwoognfo{ c;/ gkg]{ lsl;dsf] ;dodf to ul/g] 5. -3_ of] sfo{qmdsf nflu k lzif0fsf lgldt!.! 306fsf b/n] b'o{ ljifo :yfglo cfjzostfcg'?k cfof]hsn] to ug]{5. Ps :yfgdf of] sfo{qmd k6s ;~rfng ul/g] 5. -ª_ of] sfo{qmdsf ;xefulnfo{ Ps Ps cf]6f 86k]g, k':ts / k lt k[i6 k'mln:s]k sfuh pknaw u/fog] 5. -r_ k lziffyl{x?nfo{ v'jfpg o; lgb]{lzsfsf] lgod % -3_ cg'?k vfhf vr{ cfof]hsnfo{ pknaw x'g]5.!#= k lzifs / kfl/>lds M -s_ of] sfo{qmddf k lzif0f lbg] o; lgb]{lzsfsf] lgod # -s_ sf] of]uotf k'u]sf b'o{ hgf sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ cfof]hsn] cfu x ug]{5. -v_ k lzifsnfo{ o; lgb]{lzsfsf] lgod ^ -s_ cg'?ksf] kfl/>lds lbog] 5. efu $ * d'2f dfldnf M!$= sfg"gl ;xfotfsf nflu u x0f ul/g] d'2f dfldnfsf k j[mlt M -s_ sfg"gl ;xfotsf nflu u x0f ug]{ d'2fsf k j[mlt sfg"gl ;xfotf sfof{gjog ;ldlt -d'2f dfldnf_ n] to ug]{5. -v_ pk lgod -s_ cg';f/ d'2fx? to ul/fbf c;xfo, lgw{g / ;fdflhs?kdf lk5l8psf ju{sf dlxnf, afns / j[4sf d'2fnfo{ ;dfj]z x'g] lsl;dsf] gllt to ul/g]5.!%= d'2f dfldnf ;~rfng ljlw M -s_ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltn] ;lqmo PsfOx?nfO{ d'2f dfldnf x]g{ kfpg] u/l clvtof/l lbg ;Sg]5. o;/l clvtof/l k fkt PsfOn] g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;PzgnfO{ a'emfpg kg]{ z'ns affsl /fv]df jf kbfjlw ;dfkt eo;s]kl5 klg sfo{ ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg gu/fpdf jf g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] ljwfg cg'?k ;fwf/0f ;ef gu/fpdf of] clvtof/l :jtm ;dfkt x'g]5. jflif{s?kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;dliff ul/fbf PsfOsf d'2f dfldnf ;Dkfbg sfo{ ;Gtf]ifhgs gepdf of] clvtof/l k lt;+xl/t x'g]5. -v_ pklgod -s_ adf]lhd clvtof/l kfpsf af/ PsfO jf dlxnf zfvfn] ;DalGwt JolQm;Fu lgmz'ns d'2f u/fo kfpg lgj]bg lno{ cfk\mgf] btf{ lstfadf btf{ ug'{ kg]{5. o; lgj]bg ;fy lgj]bs c;xfo jf lgw{g jf ;fdflhs?kdf ld5l8psf] ju{sf] JolQm xf] egg] lg:;f ;dfj]z x'g kg]{ * df a;]sf] s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]lwt

271 !^=!&= -u_ -3_ -ª_ -r_ -5_ -h_ pk lgod -v_ adf]lhd k/]sf] lgj]bg cg';f/ d'2f lng] jf glng] lg0f{o PsfO sfo{ ;ldlt jf dlxnf zfvfn] ug'{ kg]{5. t/, PsfO sfo{ ;ldlt jf dlxnf zfvfn] cfjzos ;Dem]df a9ldf # hgf cfk\mgf ;b:o ;dfj]z epsf] sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldlt u7g u/l of] clvtof/l ;'Dkg ;Sg]5. d'2f, dfldnf x]g{ clvtof/l kfpsf] PsfO jf dlxnf zfvfn] sfg"gl ;xfotf k bfg ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] d'2fdf d:of}bf tyf ax; k}/jl ug{ OR5's of]uo / cg'ejl cfk\mgf PsfOsf ;b:o, sfg"g Joj;fodf k ToIf?kdf ;+nug jl/i7 clwjqmf, clwjqmf / clejqmfx?sf] ;"rl pko'qm ;Dem]sf] t/lsf ckgfo{ tof/ ug]{5. dlxnf zfvfn] o; lsl;dsf] ;"rl t}of/ ubf{ dlxnf sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ dfq ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5. pklgod -3_ cg'?ksf] ;"rl t}of/ ubf{ Jofj;flos cg'ejsf] Go"gtd jif{ / sfg"g Joj;fo k ltsf k lta4tf x]l/g' kg]{5. cfk\mgf] PsfOnfO{ a'emfpg kg]{ z'ns affsl /fvg] JolQm of] ;"rldf ;dfj]z x'g cof]uo dflgg] 5. cfk"m jf cfk"m cgt/utsf] dlxnf zfvfdf sdtldf %) rfn' d'2f /x]df Ps hgf sd{rf/lsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ 5. sd{rf/lsf] kfl/>lds s]xl ;DalGwt af/ PsfOn] / s]xl s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg'?k s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltn] Joxf]g]{ 5. PsfOn] g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfdf e'qmfgl kfpg adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f k7fo{ e'qmfgl lbopsf d'2fsf] ljj/0f ;DalGwt cbfnt / lhnnf ljsf; ;ldltnfo{ hfgsf/l k7fpg ;lsg] 5. Ps egbf a9l PsfO /x]sf lhnnfdf cffk"m;fu ;DalGwt cbfnt jf c4{ Goflos lgsfo;fu ;DalGwt d'2fdf dfq PsfOsf] sfo{ If]q x'g]5. d'2f dfldnf x]g]{ sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ kfl/>lds M -s_ lkm/fb, k ltpq/, k'g/fj]bg, bf]xf]/\ofo{ kfpf egg] lgj]bg, l/6 lgj]bg, lnlvt hjfkm / k'g/fjnf]sgsf lgj]bg h:tf d'2fsf cfwf/e"t d:of}bf jfkt? %)). -kffr ;o_ kfl/>lds lbog] 5. -v_ tfobftl, ldnfkqsf] b/vf:t d:of}bfnfo{? #)). -tlg ;o_ kfl/>lds lbog]5. -u_ sfg"gl ;xfotfsf] dfu eo{ ljlwjt nutdf btf{ epsf d'2fsf] xsdf tf/]v yfdg], kif xflh/ u/fpg], ;fifl pkl:yt u/fpg], jf/];gfdf, d~h'/lgfdf tyf d'2fsf sf/jfxl cfb]z ;DaGwL lgj]bg, b/vf:tsf -krrl;_ kfl/>lds lbog] 5. -3_ zflgt ;'/Iffsf lgj]bg nufot cw{goflos lgsfodf lbog] lgj]bgsf nflu? %) -krf;_ kfl/>lds lbog] 5. -ª_ nufpsf d'2fsf d:of}bfsf xsdf cltl/qm d:of}bf jfkt pklgod -s_ sf xsdf?=!)). -Ps ;o_ / pklgod -v_ sf xsdf? %) -krf;_ yk kfl/>lds lbog] 5. -r_ nufpsf d'2fdf Ps d"n d'2f afx]s cgo d'2fsf d:of}bfsf] aln cg';f/sf] 6fOk vr{ klg pknaw x'g] 5. o:tf] 6fOk vr{sf] clwstd ;Ldf?=!)). -Ps;o_ egbf a9l x'g] 5}g. -5_ b'o{ tkml{ ax;sf nflu?= %)) -kffr ;o_ kfl/>lds lbog] 5. -h_ d'2fdf k df0f d's//, sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z, cgtl/d cfb]z, em= lem= ;DaGwL cfb]z h:tf PstkmL{ ax; u/]sf]df?= #)). -tlg ;o_ kfl/>lds lbog] 5. t/, o; l:yltdf nufpsf d'2f epdf ;d]t cltl/qm kfl/>lds lbog] 5}g. -em_ nufpsf d'2fdf ax; jfkt pklgod -5_ df plnnlvt kfl/>ldssf cltl/qm k lt d'2f?!)). -Ps ;o_ cltl/qm kfl/>lds lbog] 5. t/, cltl/qm kfl/>ldssf] -b'o{ ;o_ egbf a9l x'g] 5}g. -`_ ;fiflk/lif0f jfkt? %)). -kffr ;o_ kfl/>lds lbog] 5. t/ ;f]wk'5 jf lh/x ug'{ k/]sf ;fiflx?sf] ;+Vof # hgfegbf a9l epdf / jskq u/fpg b'o{ lbg jf ;f]egbf a9l ;do nfu]sf]df?=!))). -Ps xhf/ _ ;Dd kfl/>lds lbg ;lsg] 5. -6_ kifsf tkm{af6 cbfntdf ltg'{ k/]sf] /sd b:t"/ / k ltlnkl lnfbfsf] b:t"/sf xsdf cbfntsf] /;Lb cg';f/sf] /sd e'qmfgl lbog] 5. d'2f dfldnf x]g{ clvtof/l lbopsf af/ PsfOnfO{ ul/g] e'qmfgl ljlw M -s_ -v_ -u_ d'2f dfldnf x]g{ clvtof/l kfpsf] af/ PsfOn] O:jL ;g\ cg'?ksf] k To]s dxlgfdf d'2f dfldnf;fu ;DalGwt sfo{ ;DkGg u/l d:of}bf ep d:of}bfsf] k ltlnlk, ax; jf ;fiflk/lif0f ep cfb]z, km};nf / jskq ;d]tsf] k ltlnlk ;lxt dxlgf lat]sf] & lbgleq e'qmfglsf nflu lgb]{zs ;dif sf] 9fFrfdf dfu ug'{ kg]{5. pklgod -s_ df plnnlvt ;ft lbg g3fo{ dfu epsf] e'qmfgl glbg ;lsg] 5 eg] gj]{lhog af/ Pzf]l;Pzgdf k7fpg' kg]{ q}dfl;s k ult ljj/0fdf ;dfj]z gepsf d'2fsf xsdf e'qmfgl lbog] 5}g. e'qmfglsf] dfu af/ PsfOn] ug]{5. cfk"mn] u/]sf] d:of}bfsf] 6fOk jf ;fkml vr{, k]z ul/g] sfuhftsf] k ltlnlk vr{ ;d]t ;DalGwt sfg"g Joj;foLn] cfk"mn] kfpg] kfl/>ldsaf6 Joxf]g'{ kg]{5. 261

272 -3_ e'qmfgl dfu eo{ cfpsf] lgj]bg k fkt epsf] & lbgleq ;f]wk'5 kq jf e'qmfgl g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfn] k7fpg' kg]{5. -ª_ sfg"gl ;Nnfx jfkt j'mg} kfl/>lds lbog] 5}g.!*= cfk\mg} ; f]taf6 sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] u/]sf d'2fx?sf] nut M -s_ af/ PsfOn] Pp6f /lhi6/ /fvl cfk\mgf ;b:ox?n] u/]sf lgmz'ns d'2fx?sf] nut /fvg]5. nutdf sfg"g Joj;foL, kif / ljkifsf] gfd, d'2fsf] k j[mlt / ;DalGwt c8\8f cbfntsf] gfd ;d]tsf ljj/0f ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5. -v_ pklgod -s_ cg'?ksf] nutsf] ljj/0f k lt dxlgf :yfglo af/ PsfOn] g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfnfo{ pknaw u/fpg] 5. -u_ pklgod -s_ cg'?k k bfg ul/psf] ;]jf jfkt g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfn] j'mg} /sd pknaw u/fpg] 5}g. -3_ d'2f dfldnf :jtgq?kn] x]g{] clvtof/l af/ PsfOnfO{ k bfg ug]{ lg0f{odf k lt jif{ k'g/ljrf/ ubf{ af/ PsfOn] o; lgod cgtu{t u/]sf d'2f ;+VofnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dflgg] 5.!(= dlxnf zfvfsf] u7g -s_ -v_ -u_ -3_ efu % * dlxnf zfvf M sfg"g Joj;fodf k ToIftM ;+nug, SofDk; jf ljzjljbfno h:tf z}lifs ;+:yfdf cwoog/t\ g/x]sf / cgo hful/ jf k]zfdf ;+nug g/x]sf sdtldf tlg hgf dlxnf sfg"g Joj;foL epsf] PsfOdf ;DalGwt sfo{ ;ldltn] dlxnf zfvf u7g ug]{ ljj/0f ;lxt dfu u/]df s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltn] ;f] zfvfnfo{ :jlj[mlt lbg ;Sg]5. dlxnf zfvfsf] ;+of]hs, ;lrj / sf]iffwoif PsfO sfo{ ;ldltn] cfk\mgf] kbfjlw sfod /xfbf ;Ddsf nflu tf]sg] 5. ol tl kbflwsf/ln] a9ldf cgo rf/ hgf pklgod -s_ adf]lhdsf dlxnf sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ ;b:o dgf]glt ug{ ;Sg]5. dlxnf zfvfn] o; lgb]{lzsfdf plnnlvt sfg"gl ;fif/tf, sfg"g ;xfos tflnd, sfg"g lziff / d'2f dfldnfsf dlxnf;fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd tf]lsp adf]lhd ug{ kfpg] 5. dlxnf zfvfn] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ PsfO /x]sf] lhnnf / ;DalGwt cbfntdf ;Lldt /xg' kg]{5. dlxnf zfvf PsfO cgtu{t /xg]5. o; zfvfsf x/]s a}7sdf PsfO sfo{ ;ldltsf] cwoif, pkfwoif, ;lrj / sf]iffwoifnfo{ cfdlgqtsf] x}l;otn] af]nfpg' kg]{5. dlxnf zfvfsf] bflotj M -s_ dlxnf zfvfsf] gfddf a}+sdf 5'6\6} vftf vf]ng' kg]{5. -v_ dlxnf zfvfn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ k ult ljk/0f / vr{sf] k dfl0ft kmff6jf/l O:jL ;g\ cg';f/sf] dxlgf e'qmfg epsf & lbgleq dlxnf clwj[mt dfkm{t sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfdf k7fpg' kg]{5. -u_ dlxnf zfvfn] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ o; lgb]{lzsfsf ;DalGwt kl/r5]b adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{5. -3_ dlxnf zfvfn] g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgf;fu e'qmfgl cg';"rl! sf] 9fFrfdf dlxnf clwj[mt dfkm{t dfu ug'{ kg]{5. cg';"rl! cg'?k ljj/0f ebf{ dlxnf zfvfsf ;+of]hs, ;lrj / sf]iffwoif dwo] j'mg} b'o{ kbflwsf/lsf] ;xl5fk x'g' kg]{5 / af/ PsfOsf] ;6\6f dlxnf zfvfsf] 5fk nufpg' kg]{5. * df a;]sf] s]gb o sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]lwt 262

273 efu ^ ljljw M sfo{qmdkl5 e'qmfgl M -s_ sf/0fjz PsfO jf zfvfx?nfo{ sfo{qmd vr{ klxn] k7fpg g;lsg] kl/l:ylt k/l sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ kq jf cf=jf= k7fopsf]df sfo{qmd ;dfkt epkl5 klg sfo{qmd vr{ k7fog] 5. -v_ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfsf] pklgod -s_ cg';f/sf] k"j{ :jlj[mlt a]u/ sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/psf] egl e'qmfglsf] dfu eo{ cfpsf]df e'qmfgl lbog] 5}g. -u_ pklgod -s_ / -v_ df h] ;'s} n]lvpsf] ep klg O:jL ;g\sf] l8;]da/ leq e'qmfgl x'g ;Sg] cj:yff gf3l epsf] bfalsf xsdf /sd e'qmfgl x'g] 5}g. cgo sfo{qmd / ljifo M o; lgb]{lzsfdf plnnlvt gepsf ljifo, lgb]{lzsfsf] JofVof / cfly{s Joj:yf ;DaGwdf s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ x'g]5. klxn]sf] sfdsf] dfgotf ;fnsf] lgb]{lzsf cg'?k epsf sfdx? o;} lgb]{lzsf cg'?k epsf] dflgg] /]l8of]af6 lj1fkg M x'g nfu]sf sfo{qmdsf] hfgsf/l lbg] p2]zon] sfo{qmdx?sf] /]l8of]af6 lj1fkg ug{ ;lsg] d'2fx?sf] ljj/0f k sfzg M PsfO{n] sfg"g ;xfotf u/]sf] egl bfal eo{ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, sfg"gl ;xfotf kl/of]hgfn] e'qmfgl u/]sf d'2fx?sf] ljj/0f k sflzt ul/g] 5. lgod!* cg'?ksf d'2fx?sf] nut k sflzt ug{ ;lsg] ;+zf]wg M s]gb Lo sfg"gl ;xfotf ;ldltn] of] lgb]{lzsfdf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] vf/]hl ;fnsf sfg"gl ;xfotf ;DaGwL rf/ cf]6f lgb]{lzsfx? vf/]h ul/psf 5g\. 263

274 HISTORY OF THE LEGAL AID MANUAL The Legal Aid Manual was planned from the start of the Conflict Mitigation Programme II. The European Union, the Nepal Bar Association, and the Project Team collaborated in the initial design. The objectives are to promote access to justice, enhance the quality of legal services for individuals of limited means and members of disadvantaged groups, and develop legal information resources for young lawyers. The Bar Association and Project Team began preparations in 2007, and in March 2008 an international legal expert was assigned to coordinate the work. To set a precedent that could be repeated, it was decided to create an inclusive and collaborative process that would bring in contributions from throughout the legal community. To coordinate preparation of the Manual and organise and deliver training, an Editorial Board was formed. It includes senior members of the Bar Association and Project Experts. The first major activity was a Legal Aid Workshop, held on 18 April Around sixty legal experts, providers of legal aid, representatives of Non-Governmental Organisations and professional associations, and official parties participated in this historic event. Planning for the Manual was openly discussed, and participants were invited to join in the work. Then, participants formed working groups to identify and prioritise the subjects to be covered. Existing materials were collected and categorised. Recommendations for the structure and use of the Manual were presented. After the Legal Aid Workshop, the Editorial Board formed working groups for specific subjects, assigned tasks to interested parties, coordinated contributions, drafted certain chapters, assembled materials, and performed editing, proof-reading, and formatting. One of the first sections to be completed was the Guidelines for Handling Legal Aid Cases, which constitute a code of best practice for the legal profession and providers of legal aid. The Manual was prepared during the second half of calendar year 2008, and finalised for publication at the start of Preparation and publication of the Manual has been financed by the European Union, with significant contributions from the Bar Association and the Conflict Mitigation Programme II. The dozens of parties involved in preparing the Manual sincerely hope that it is the first step in a continuing process of creating and distributing informational materials and delivering training, in order to strengthen the legal profession and enable it to better protect human rights in Nepal.

275 k'gm k sfzg ;xof]um sfg"gl zf;g tyf dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0f k 0ffnL ;anls/0f sfo{s d o"pgl8kl