150 kg m m

Transcription

1 kg m m

2 DDT PCB tri butyl tin TBT 2.2 TBT TBT TBT DDT PCB TBT TBT TBT TBT TBT TBT TBT TBT TBT 1980 TBT TBT m TBT

3 International Maritime Organization IMO m TBT 4 µg cm 2 TBT TBT TBT IMO AFS TBT TBT 400 t IMO IMO 2001 http: www. toryo. or. jp jp anzen index. html

4 m

5 µg l µg l µg l 1051 M1 10 M1 1.9 µg l M1 M2 M3 M µg l M M1

6 NOEC 0.3 µg l 50 EC µg l M1 M1 OECD organization for economical cooperation and development predicted no effective concentration PNEC predicted environmental concentration PEC

7 405 risk quotient RQ 16 RQ PEC PNEC RQ RQ 1 1 RQ PNEC PEC µg l 0.3 µg l PEC 0.3 µg l 3 PNEC EC µg l 100 PNEC µg l 1 RQ 0.3 µg l µg l EU biocidal products directive BPD 98 8 EC 25 m 3 25 m µg l mg kg PEC µg l 2.4 µg kg 0.10 µg l TBT 20

8 PEC PNEC EU pp Readman, J. W. Development, occurrence and regulation of antifouling paint biocides Historical review and future trends. Antifouling Paint Biocides, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 5 O, pp.1 15, Springer pp pp Okamura, H. and Mieno, H. Present status of the antifouling systems in Japan TBT substitutes in Japan, Antifouling Paint Biocides, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 5 O, pp , Springer p.21 No Yamada, H. Toxicity and preliminary risk assessment of alternative antifouling biocides to aquatic organisms, Antifouling Paint Biocides, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 5 O, pp , Springer pp Konstantinou, I. K. and Albanis, T. A. Worldwide occurrence and effects of antifouling paint booster biocides in the aquatic environment a review, Environ. Int. 30, pp C p Voulvoulis, N., Scrimshawm, M. D. and Lester, J. N. Comparative environmental assessment of biocides used in antifouling paints, Chemosphere, 47, pp Thomas, K. V. The environmental fate and behaviour of antifouling paint booster biocides: a review, Biofouling, 17, pp Harino, H., Mori, Y., Yamaguchi, Y., Shibata, K. and Senda, T. Monitoring of antifouling booster biocides in water and sediment from the port of Osaka, Japan. Arch. Environ. Conta m. Toxicol, 48, pp pp Lam, K. H., Lam, M. H. W., Lam, P. K. S., Qian, T., Cai, Z., Yu, H. X. and Cheung, R. Y. H. Identification and

9 407 characterization of a new degradation product of Irgarol 1051 in mercuric chloride catalyzed hydrolysis reaction and in coastal waters, Marine Pollut. Bull, 49, pp pp Thomas, K. V., M. McHugh, M. and Waldock, W. Antifouling paint booster biocides in UK coastal waters inputs, occurrence and environmental fate, Sci. Total Environ., 293, pp Cresswell T., Richards, J. P., Glegg, G. A. and Readman, J. W. The impact of legislation on the usage and environmental concentrations of Irgarol 1051 in UK coastal waters, Marine Pollut. Bull. in press 19 Gatidou, G., Thomaidis, N. S. and Zhou, J. L. Fate of Irgarol 1051, diuron and their main metabolites in two UK marine systems after restrictions in antifouling paints, Environ. Int. in press 20 Hu, J. Y., Aizawa, T. and Magara, Y. Analysis of pesticides in water with liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, Water Res., 33, pp Turley, P. A., Fenn, R. J. and Ritter, J. C. Pyrithiones as antifoulants Environmental chemistry and preliminary risk assessment, Biofouling, 15, pp Turley, P. A., Fenn, R. J., Ritter, J. C. and Callow, M. E. Pyrithiones as antifoulants Environmental fate and loss of toxicity, Biofouling, 21, pp Okamura, H., Kobayashi, N., Miyanaga, M., and Nogami, Y. Toxicity reduction of metal pyrithiones by near ultraviolet irradiation. Environ. Toxicol. 21, pp Voulvoulis, N. Antifouling paint booster biocides Occurrence and partitioning in water and sediments. Antifouling Paint Biocides. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 5 O, pp , Springer Takahashi, K., Yoshikawa, E., Akiyama, M., Kitaori, K. and Masuoka, S. Determination of release rate of pyridine triphenylborane PK from copper free antifouling paints. Proceeding of International symposium on antifouling paint and marine environment, Tokyo, Japan, pp Amey, R. L. and Waldron, C. Efficacy and chemistry of BOROCIDETM P Triphenylboron Pyridine, a non metal antifouling biocide. Proceeding of International symposium on antifouling paint and marine environment, Tokyo, Japan, pp No p TEL FAX RoHS TEL FAX TEL FAX HPI TEL FAX HPI TEL FAX