Draft for comments only Not to be cited as East African Standard

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1 EAST AFRICAN STANDARD Safflower seed grains Specification and grading EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY HS CD/K/468:2010 ICS EAC 2010 First Edition 2010

2 Foreword Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing requirements governing quality of products and services in East Africa. It is envisaged that through harmonized standardization, trade barriers which are encountered when goods and services are exchanged within the Community will be removed. In order to meet the above objectives, the EAC Partner States have enacted an East African Standardization, Quality Assurance, Metrology and Test Act, 2006 (EAC SQMT Act, 2006) to make provisions for ensuring standardization, quality assurance, metrology and testing of products produced or originating in a third country and traded in the Community in order to facilitate industrial development and trade as well as helping to protect the health and safety of society and the environment in the Community. East African Standards are formulated in accordance with the procedures established by the East African Standards Committee. The East African Standards Committee is established under the provisions of Article 4 of the EAC SQMT Act, The Committee is composed of representatives of the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the representatives from the private sectors and consumer organizations. Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standards Bodies in the Partner States. The comments received are discussed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the procedures of the Community. Article 15(1) of the EAC SQMT Act, 2006 provides that Within six months of the declaration of an East African Standard, the Partner States shall adopt, without deviation from the approved text of the standard, the East African Standard as a national standard and withdraw any existing national standard with similar scope and purpose. East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the East African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest versions of the standards they are implementing. East African Community 2010 All rights reserved * East African Community P O Box 1096 Arusha Tanzania Tel: /8 Fax: / eac@eachq.org Web: * 2010 EAC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for EAC Partner States NSBs. ii EAC 2010 All rights reserved

3 Introduction CD/K/468:2010 In the preparation of this East African Standard, the following sources were consulted extensively: Safflower seed, Official Grain Grading Guide, August 1, 2009, Canadian Grain Commission CODEX STAN 193:1995 (Rev.5:2009), General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods CODEX STAN 228:2001 (Rev.1:2004), General methods of analysis for contaminants Codex Alimentarius website: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service website: USDA Agricultural Marketing Service website: USDA Plant Inspectorate Service website: Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration: European Union: Assistance derived from these sources and others inadvertently not mentioned is hereby acknowledged. This standard has been developed to take into account: the needs of the market for the product; the need to facilitate fair domestic, regional and international trade and prevent technical barriers to trade by establishing a common trading language for buyers and sellers. the structure of the CODEX, UNECE, USA, ISO and other internationally significant standards; the needs of the producers in gaining knowledge of market standards, conformity assessment, commercial cultivars and crop production process; the need to transport the product in a manner that ensures keeping of quality until it reaches the consumer; the need for the plant protection authority to certify, through a simplified form, that the product is fit for crossborder and international trade without carrying plant disease vectors; the need to promote good agricultural practices that will enhance wider market access, involvement of small-scale traders and hence making farming a viable means of wealth creation; and the need to ensure a reliable production base of consistent and safe crops that meet customer requirements. EAC 2010 All rights reserved iii

4 Contents 1 Scope Normative references Definitions and grading factors Essential composition and quality factors Basis of determination Representative portion of safflower seed for grading, grams General quality requirements Classification Unclassified safflower seeds Reject safflower seeds Contaminants Pesticide residues Heavy metals Mycotoxin and chemical limits Environment Hygiene Packaging Marking or labelling Sampling Annex A (normative) Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety Annex B (normative) Determination of moisture content Annex C (informative) Model certificate of conformity with standards for farm produce Annex D (normative) Safflower Fact sheet Annex E (informative) Safflower Codex, EU and USA pesticide residue limits Annex F (informative) Sieves for assessing dockage and grading factors iv EAC 2010 All rights reserved

5 EAST AFRICAN STANDARD CD/K/468:2010 Safflower seed grain Specification and grading 1 Scope This East African Standard specifies the quality and grading requirements and methods of test for dry safflower seed grains of cultivated varieties (cultivars) grown from Carthamus tinctorius L. intended for human consumption and industrial processing. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 605, Pulses Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety Test methods ISO 711, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content (Basic reference method) ISO 712, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content Routine reference method ISO 5223, Test sieves for cereals ISO , Cereals and pulses Determination of hidden insect infestation Part 1: General principles ISO , Cereals and pulses Determination of hidden insect infestation Part 2: Sampling ISO , Cereals and pulses Determination of hidden insect infestation Part 3: Reference method ISO , Cereals and pulses Determination of hidden insect infestation Part 4: Rapid methods ISO 13690, Cereals, pulses and milled products Sampling of static batches ISO 16050, Foodstuffs Determination of aflatoxin B 1, and the total content of aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G 1 and G 2 in cereals, nuts and derived products High performance liquid chromatographic method CAC/RCP 1, Recommended international code of practice General principles of food hygiene EAS 38, Labelling of prepackaged foods Specification EAS 79, Cereals and pulses as grain Methods of sampling EAS 217, Methods for the microbiological examination of foods ISO 22000:2005, Food safety management systems Requirements for any organization in the food chain OIML R87:2004, Quantity of product in prepackages 3 Definitions and grading factors For the purpose of this East African Standard, the following definitions and grading factors shall apply. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 1

6 3.1 safflower seed grain that is obtained from the plant, botanically known as Carthamus tinctorious Linn; 3.2 cleaning for grade improvement if the grade of a delivery can be improved by additional cleaning, perform the cleaning and add the additional material to dockage. Cleaning for grade improvement can be done at any time. 3.3 commercially clean primary samples defined as commercially clean may contain up to 2.5% by weight of dockage 3.4 contaminated grain grain containing any substance in sufficient quantity that the grain is unfit for consumption by persons or animals or is adulterated within the meaning of the regulations on food safety 3.5 cultivated safflower seed safflower seed grown for oil content. The term seed in this and other definitions related to safflower seed refers to both the kernel and hull which is a fruit or achene 3.6 damaged safflower seed seed and pieces of safflower seed that are badly ground-damaged, badly weather-damaged, diseased, frost-damaged, heat-damaged, mould-damaged, sprout-damaged, very immature, insectdamaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 3.7 dehulled seed intact safflower seeds are called achenes which consists of the hull containing the seed. Dehulled seeds are broken or whole seeds without hulls. 3.8 dockage all matter other than safflower seeds that can be removed from the original sample by use of an approved device and procedure. Dockage includes Material removed by the No. 15 round-hole sieve, except sound whole safflower seeds Material removed by the No. 6 slotted, the No. 6 buckwheat sieve, or both Material removed by aspiration; except sound whole safflower seeds Soft earth pellets handpicked from the clean sample constituting up to 2.5% of the sample by weight if the percentage of soft earth pellets is 2.5% or more, soft earth pellets becomes a grading factor. 3.9 net weight of sample the sample after cleaning and removal of dockage is referred to as the cleaned sample. Its weight is the net weight of the sample. Percentages by weight for grading refer to percentages of net weight kernel counts (K) To do kernel counts you must have 500 grams of cleaned sample. All grading is done on representative portions divided down from the cleaned sample using a Boerner-type divider gross weight sample the sample as it arrives is referred to as the uncleaned sample. Its weight is the gross weight of the sample. 2 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

7 3.12 hazardous substances in samples any pesticide, herbicide or desiccant 3.13 earth pellets Hard earth pellets are pellets that do not crumble under light pressure. See stones. Soft earth pellets are pellets that crumble under light pressure. See soft earth pellets. CD/K/468: empty hulls intact safflower seeds are called achenes which consists of the hull containing the seed. Empty hulls are achenes with intact hulls but which contain no seeds. This also includes hulls having less than one-third of the seed attached ergot a plant disease producing elongated fungal bodies that have a purplish-black exterior, a purplishwhite to off white interior, and a relatively smooth surface texture fertilizer pellets fertilizer pellets are typically either small, round and white or irregular shaped and pink or red. Fertilizer pellets are not considered a hazardous substance however there is no visible means of assuring that material resembling fertilizer pellets is not some other contaminant fireburnt seeds charred or scorched by fire. A cross-section of a fireburnt seed resembles charcoal with numerous air holes. The air holes result in a low weight seed which crumbles easily under pressure foreign matter foreign material in safflower seed includes other grains, sclerotinia, soft earth pellets and stones 3.19 heated, rotted or musty heated seeds have the colour and or odour typical of seeds that have heated in storage or have been damaged by artificial drying 3.20 hull (husk) the ovary wall of the safflower seed 3.21 inert material mineral matter such as stones, coal shale and hard and soft earth pellets 3.22 insect damage insect-damaged seeds have hull perforations of any size caused by insects and include any hulled seeds which have been bored or chewed by insects 3.23 kernel the interior contents of the safflower seed that are surrounded by the hull 3.24 matter other than cereal grains weed seeds and other grains that are not readily removable and may include EAC 2010 All rights reserved 3

8 Peas, lentils, beans, corn, other domestic or wild seeds Ergot and sclerotinia sclerotiorum 3.25 moisture water content in safflower seed as determined by an approved device and procedures 3.26 odour there is no numeric tolerance for odour. Consider The basic quality of the sample The type and degree of the odour The presence of visible residue causing the odour 3.27 other grains other grains in safflower seed include wheat,rye, triticale, barley, oats and groats, including wild oat groats, that remain in the cleaned sample 3.28 poisonous, toxic and/or harmful seeds any seed which if present in quantities above permissible limit may have damaging or dangerous effect on health, organoleptic properties or technological performance such as Jimson weed dhatura (D. fastuosa Linn and D. stramonium Linn.) corn cokle (Agrostemma githago L., Machai Lallium remulenum Linn.) Akra (Vicia species), Argemone mexicana, Khesari and other seeds that are commonly recognized as harmful to health 3.29 rotted seeds have the colour or odour typical of grain that has heated or deteriorated in storage. Rotted seed is considered in combination with heat-damaged kernels Sclerotinia sclerotiorum a fungus producing hard masses of fungal tissue, called sclerotia. The sclerotia vary in size and shape, have a course surface texture, vary in exterior color from dark black to gray to white and have a pure white interior. In samples eligible for off-grades, sclerotia are considered a grading factor and are not added to the dockage soft earth pellets Soft earth pellets are pellets that crumble under light pressure if they do not crumble, they are considered stones. These pellets can be Earth and fertilizer pellets Any non-toxic material of similar consistency 3.32 stones hard shale, coal, hard earth pellets, and any other non toxic materials of similar consistency. Fertilizer pellets are assessed as stones when constituting 1.0% or less of the net sample weight treated seed and other chemical substances (a) Treated seed is grain that has been coated with an agricultural chemical for agronomic purposes. These seed dressings contain a dye to render the treated seed visually conspicuous. The colour of the dye varies depending upon the type of treatment and the type of grain. The coatings or stains may appear greasy or powdery and surface area distribution ranges from tiny flecks to complete coverage. 4 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

9 (b) Other chemical substances refers to any chemical residues either adhering to the kernel or remaining in the sample and to samples having a chemical odour of any kind varieties safflower seed is graded without reference to variety 3.35 very immature seeds very immature seeds are whole safflower seeds that contain no meat 4 Essential composition and quality factors 4.1 Basis of determination Each determination of heat-damaged kernels, damaged kernels, test weight per hectolitre, and dehulled seed is made on the basis of the grain when free from foreign material. Other determinations not specifically provided for in the general provisions are made on the basis of the grain as a whole, except the determination of odour is made on either the basis of the grain as a whole or the grain when free from foreign material. 4.2 Representative portion of safflower seed for grading, grams Table 1 Representative portion of safflower for grading, grams Grading factor Minimum Optimum Export Damage Dehulled Empty hulls Excreta working sample working sample working sample Heated Matter other than cereal grains Odour working sample working sample working sample Other grains Rotted Soft earth pellets Stones General quality requirements Safflower seeds shall meet the following general requirements/limits as determined using the relevant standards listed in Clause 2. Safflower a) shall consist of grain that is obtained from the plant botanically known as Carthamus tinctorious Linn; b) be sweet, hard, clean, wholesome, uniform in size, shape, colour, well filled and in sound merchantable condition; c) shall be free from a substance which renders it unfit for human or animal consumption or processing into or utilisation thereof as food or feed; d) shall be free of pests, live animals, animal carcasses, animal droppings, fungus infestation, added colouring matter, moulds, weevils, obnoxious substances, discoloration, glass, metal, coal, dung and all other impurities except to the extent indicated in this standard and must meet any other phytosanitary requirements specified by the importing country authority; EAC 2010 All rights reserved 5

10 e) shall be free from filth (impurities of plant and animal origin including insects, rodent hair and excreta) in amounts that represent a hazard to human health; f) shall be free from toxic or noxious seeds that are commonly recognized as harmful to health; g) shall be free from abnormal flavours, musty, sour or other undesireable odour, obnoxious smell and discolouration; h) shall be free from micro-organisms and substances originating from micro-organisms or other poisonous or deleterious substances in amounts that may constitute a hazard to human health. i) shall contain no chemical residues which exceed the prescribed maximum residue limit: Provided that: (i) (ii) if the prescribed maximum residue limit of an importing country is lower than is permissible, the prescribed maximum residue limit of the importing country shall be complied with; and the Food Safety Authority may grant permission for the produce with a higher maximum residue limit, to be exported to countries where this higher residue limit is permissible: Provided that the export documents are accordingly endorsed with the name of the importing country; j) shall contain not more than 10 microgram per kilogram aflatoxin of which not more than 5 microgram per kilogram may be aflatoxin B1: Provided that: (i) (ii) (iii) if the prescribed maximum aflatoxin limit of an importing country is lower than is permissible, the prescribed maximum aflatoxin limit of the importing country shall be complied with; the Food Safety Authority may grant permission for the produce with a higher maximum aflatoxin content to be exported to countries where this higher aflatoxin limit is permissible: Provided that the export documents are accordingly endorsed with the name of the importing country; and an inspector shall verify compliance to the levels of aflatoxin by sampling and submitting samples for analysis of only certain consignments according to a risk-based plan. k) shall comply with the requirements for declared plant injurious organisms of phytosanitary importance as determined by the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) If safflower seed are presented in bags, the bags shall also be free of pests and contaminants. In addition the safflower seeds shall comply with any conditions set by the importing country authority If safflower seeds are rejected because pests or contaminants are found in inspected samples, the safflower seeds are not to be re-presented for inspection unless they have been treated or cleaned Blending of rejected safflower seed is not permitted as a treatment for insect infestation or as a method of cleaning for contaminants for which there is a nil tolerance Brushing the outside of bags is not permitted as a remedy to remove pests or contaminants. 4.4 Classification Safflower seeds shall be classified into two grades on the basis of the tolerable limits established in Table 2 and Table 3 which shall be additional to the general requirements set out in this standard. 6 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

11 Table 2 Specific requirements for polyunsaturated safflower CD/K/468:2010 Parameter Specification Method of Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 test Physical and Chemical Parameters Description Safflower seeds shall: (a) be obtained from the plant, botanically known as Carthamus tinctorious Linn; (b) be well developed, mature, clean dry and free from dirt, obnoxious smell, deleterious substances, insect infestation and rodent contamination except to the extent provided in this table; (c) not show any visible sign of mould attack; (d) be reasonably uniform in shape, size and colour. Oil 38% base level 38% base level 38% base level 2% premium or deduction for each 1% above or below 38% Linoleic Acid 75% 75% 75% Rejectable under this limit Moisture, max (%) 8% for immediate processing - if accepted over the maximum, 2% deduction for each 1% over maximum For storage - if accepted over the maximum, 1.5% deduction for each 1% over maximum plus a drying charge ISO 711/712 Standard of quality Minimum test weight kg/hl n/a n/a n/a Degree of soundness Well matured, good natural colour Reasonably well matured, may be moderately weatherstained Excluded from higher grades on account of weather-stained, may have the odour associated with low quality seed but not distinctly sour, musty or rancid ISO 605 Protein n/a n/a n/a Seed Retention n/a n/a n/a Germination n/a n/a n/a Hulls, % by mass, max. Empty hulls Dehulled seeds Defective safflower Heat-damaged or mouldy Nil Nil 1.0 (Maximum % wt/wt based on Damage cleaned half litre sample Sprouted retained above 2.0mm round Total defective hole sieve) Broken or split, % by mass, max Foreign matter, % by mass, Matter other than cereal max. grains, % Stones 3 K 3 K 3 K Total, % by mass, max Seed Type 1 (Alligator Weed, Giant Sensitive Plant, Nil Nil Nil contaminants (maximum tolerance per half litre to Parthenium Weed, Saffron Thistle, Star Burr, Stinkwort, St. Johns Wort, Jute, Mexican Poppy) Type 2 (Castor Oil Plant, Coriander, Darling Nil Nil Nil apply to individual seeds, Pea, Ragweed, Rattlepod, Opium Poppy, Crow Garlic) Type 3 (a) (Cape Tulips, Dodder, Burrs rejectable over) (Xanthium spp.) all except where otherwise stated, Wild Mignonette, Thornapple) Type 3 (c) (Common Heliotrope,) Type 4(a) (Skeleton Weed, Darnel, Hexham Scent, Mintweed, Nightshade) Type 5 (Sesbania pea) Other Chemicals Not Approved for canola Nil Nil Nil contaminants Total Aflatoxin (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1 +AFG2), (Maximum per half litre ppb Aflatoxin B1 only, ppb unless Fumonison Total ppb(fb1 + FB2 + FB3) otherwise Field Insects stated, Includes Rutherglen bugs, ladybirds, 10 large per ½ litre 10 large per ½ litre 10 large per ½ litre rejectable grasshoppers and wood bugs over unless Field insects 100 small per ½ 100 small per ½ litre 100 small per ½ litre deductions All species of aphid and all species of mites litre are stated as Snails Nil above screen Nil above screen Nil above screen applying) Nil tolerance per 2.5 litre sample for any snails remaining above a 3.0 mm round hole screen. If one snail is found above the screen in the ½ litre sample, then a further four ½ litre samples should be taken. If a snail is found in any one of the subsequent samples, the load is to be rejected. Snails Tolerance of 1 snail per ½ litre sample, 1 snail per ½ litre below screen 1 snail per ½ litre below screen 1 snail per ½ litre below screen passing through a 3.0 mm round hole screen. Objectionable material (entire load) Nil Nil Nil ISO 605 Other non-objectionable material (% by wt) Ryegrass ergot 0.5cm maximum Maximum of all pieces aligned end on end 0.5cm maximum 0.5cm maximum EAC 2010 All rights reserved 7

12 Table 3 Specific requirements for monounsaturated safflower Parameter Specification Method of Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 test Physical and Chemical Parameters Description Safflower seeds shall: (a) be obtained from the plant, botanically known as Carthamus tinctorious Linn; (b) be well developed, mature, clean dry and free from dirt, obnoxious smell, deleterious substances, insect infestation and rodent contamination except to the extent provided in this table; (c) not show any visible sign of mould attack; (d) be reasonably uniform in shape, size and colour. Oil 38% base level 38% base level 38% base level 2% premium or deduction for each 1% above or below 38% Oleic Acid 75% 75% 75% Rejectable under this limit Moisture, max (%) 8% for immediate processing - if accepted over the maximum, 2% deduction for each 1% over maximum For storage - if accepted over the maximum, 1.5% deduction for each 1% over maximum plus a drying charge ISO 711/712 Standard of quality Minimum test weight kg/hl n/a Degree of soundness Well matured, good natural colour Reasonably well matured, may be moderately weatherstained Excluded from higher grades on account of weather-stained, may have the odour associated with low quality seed but not distinctly sour, musty or rancid ISO 605 Protein n/a n/a n/a Seed Retention n/a n/a n/a Germination n/a n/a n/a Hulls, % by mass, max. Empty hulls Dehulled seeds Defective safflower (Maximum Heat-damaged or mouldy Nil Nil 1.0 % wt/wt based on cleaned half Damage litre sample retained above Sprouted mm round hole sieve) Total defective Broken or split, % by mass, max Foreign matter, % by Matter other than cereal grains, % mass, max. Stones 3 K 3 K 3 K Total, % by mass, max Seed Type 1 (Alligator Weed, Giant Sensitive Nil Nil Nil Contaminants (maximum tolerance per half litre to apply Plant, Parthenium Weed, Saffron Thistle, Star Burr, Stinkwort, St. Johns Wort, Jute, Mexican Poppy) Type 2 (Castor Oil Plant, Coriander, Darling Nil Nil Nil to individual seeds, rejectable over) Pea, Ragweed, Rattlepod, Opium Poppy, Crow Garlic) Type 3 (a) (Cape Tulips, Dodder, Burrs (Xanthium spp.) all except where otherwise stated, Wild Mignonette, Thornapple) Type 3 (c) (Common Heliotrope,) Type 4(a) (Skeleton Weed, Darnel, Hexham Scent, Mintweed, Nightshade) Type 5 (Sesbania pea) Contaminants Chemicals not approved for safflower Nil Nil Nil (Maximum per Total Aflatoxin (AFB1+AFB2+AFG half litre unless otherwise stated, +AFG2), ppb Aflatoxin B1 only, ppb rejectable over Fumonison Total ppb(fb1 + FB2 + FB3) unless Field insects deductions are Includes Rutherglen bugs, ladybirds, 10 large per ½ litre 10 large per ½ litre 10 large per ½ litre stated as grasshoppers and wood bugs applying) Field insects 100 small per ½ litre 100 small per ½ litre 100 small per ½ litre All species of aphid and all species of mites Snails Nil above screen Nil above screen Nil above screen Nil tolerance per 2.5 litre sample for any snails remaining above a 3.0 mm round hole screen. If one snail is found above the screen in the ½ litre sample, then a further four ½ litre samples should be taken. If a snail is found in any one of the subsequent samples, the load is to be rejected. Snails Tolerance of 1 snail in 0.5L sample, passing 1 snail per ½ litre below screen 1 snail per ½ litre below screen 1 snail per ½ litre below screen through a 3.0 mm round hole screen. Objectionable material (entire load) Nil Nil Nil ISO 605 Other non-objectionable material (% by wt) Ryegrass ergot 0.5cm maximum Maximum of all pieces aligned end on end 0.5cm maximum 0.5cm maximum 8 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

13 4.5 Unclassified safflower seeds CD/K/468:2010 Shall be safflower seeds which do not fall within the requirements of Grades 1, 2 or 3 of this standard but are not rejected safflower seeds. 4.6 Reject safflower seeds Reject safflower seeds are those that: (a) (b) (c) (d) Does not meet the requirements for the Grade Nos. 1, 2 or 3; or Contains 8 or more stones which have an aggregate weight in excess of 0.20 percent of the sample weight, 2 or more pieces of glass, 3 or more crotalaria seeds(crotalaria spp.), 2 or more castor beans (Ricinus communis L.), 4 or more particles of an unknown foreign substance(s), or a commonly recognized harmful or toxic substance(s), 10 or more rodent pellets, bird droppings, or equivalent quantity of other animal filth per 600 grams of safflower seed; or Has a musty, sour, or commercially objectionable foreign odor; or Is heating or otherwise of distinctly low quality. 5 Contaminants 5.1 Pesticide residues Saffflower seed shall comply with those maximum pesticide residue limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity. The limits listed below were current as of the dates indicated. Annex E provides current MRLs for the USA, EU and Codex markets. Table 4 Maximum pesticide residue limits and extraneous maximum residue limits in safflower seed (current as at ) Type Unit symbol Limit Method of test Notes METHIDATHION mg/kg Heavy metals Safflower seed shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard to health. If present, they shall not exceed the limits established in Table 3. Table 3 Heavy metal contaminant limits Parameter Limit Test method i) Arsenic (As), ppm max EAS 101 or EAS 100 ii) Copper (Cu), ppm max. 2.0 EAS 100 iii) Lead (Pb), ppm max EAS 100 iv) Cadmium (Cd), ppm max EAS 100 v) Mercury (Hg), ppm max EAS Mycotoxin and chemical limits Safflower seed shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity Uric acid shall not exceed 100 milligrams per kilogram Total aflatoxin levels in safflower seed for human consumption shall not exceed 10 ppb with B 1 not exceeding 5 ppb when tested according to ISO Environment Safflower seed shall be produced, processed and handled under conditions complying with the stipulations of relevant environmental regulations and therefore conform to cleaner production technological practices. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 9

14 6 Hygiene 6.1 It is recommended that the produce covered by the provisions of this Standard be prepared and handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of CAC/RCP 1, ISO 22000, and other relevant Codex texts such as Codes of Hygienic Practice and Codes of Practice. 6.2 The produce should comply with any microbiological criteria established in accordance with CAC/GL To the extent possible in good agricultural practice, the products shall be free from objectionable mater. 6.4 When tested by appropriate standards of sampling and examination listed in Clause 2, the products: shall be free from microorganisms in amounts which may represent a hazard to health and shall not exceed the limits stipulated in Table 4; shall be free from parasites which may represent a hazard to health; and shall not contain any substance originating from microorganisms in amounts which may represent a hazard to health. Table 4 Microbiological limits for safflower seed Type of micro-organism Limits Test method i) Yeasts and moulds, max. per g 10 2 ii) S.aureus per 25 g Nil iii) E. Coli, max. per g Nil iv) Salmonella, max. per 25 g Nil 7 Packaging EAS Safflower seed shall be packed suitable packages which shall be clean, sound, free from insects, fungal infestation and the packing material shall be of food grade quality. 7.2 Safflower seed shall be packed in containers which will safeguard the hygienic, nutritional, technological and organoleptic qualities of the products. 7.3 The containers, including packaging material, shall be made of substances which are safe and suitable for their intended use. They shall not impart any toxic substance or undesirable odour or flavour to the product. 7.4 The net weight of the safflower seed in a package shall comply with OIML R Each package shall contain safflower seed of the same type and of the same grade designation. 7.6 Each package shall be securely closed and sealed. 8 Marking or labelling 8.1 In addition to the requirements in EAS 38, each package shall be legibly and indelibly marked with the following: i) product name as Safflower seeds ; ii) variety; 10 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

15 iii) iv) grade; name, address and physical location of the manufacturer/ packer/importer; v) lot/batch/code number; vi) vii) viii) ix) net weight, in g/kg; the declaration Food for Human Consumption ; storage instruction as Store in a cool dry place away from any contaminants ; crop year; x) packing date; xi) xii) xiii) xiv) xv) expiry date or best before month year; a declaration of the product lifespan; instructions on disposal of used package; country of origin; a declaration on whether the safflower seeds were genetically modified or not. CD/K/468: A declaration of any inaccurate information in marking/labelling is prohibited and shall be punishable by law under the statutes of the Partner States. 8.3 The authorized packer shall observe all instructions regarding testing, grading, packing, marking, sealing and maintenance of records applicable to the product. 9 Sampling Sampling shall be done in accordance with the EAS 79/ISO EAC 2010 All rights reserved 11

16 Annex A (normative) Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety These shall be determined in accordance with ISO 605, Pulses Determination of impurities, size, foreign odours, insects, and species and variety Test methods 12 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

17 Annex B (normative) Determination of moisture content Moisture content shall be determined in accordance with the following standards: CD/K/468:2010 ISO 711, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content (Basic reference method) ISO 712, Cereals and cereal products Determination of moisture content Routine reference method EAC 2010 All rights reserved 13

18 Annex C (informative) Model certificate of conformity with standards for farm produce 1. Trader: Certificate of conformity with the Community marketing standards applicable to fresh fruits and vegetables 2. Packer identified on packaging (if other than trader) No... (This certificate is exclusively for the use of inspection bodies) 3. Inspection body 6. Identifier of means of transport Packages (number and type) 4. Place of inspection/country of origin ( 1 ) 5. Region or country of destination 9. Type of product (variety if the standards specifies) Internal Import Export 10. Quality Class 11. Total net weight in kg 12. The consignment referred to above conforms, at the time of issue, with the Community standards in force, vide: CD/K/468:2010, Safflower seed grain Specification and grading Customs office foreseen. Place and date of issue. Valid until (date): Signatory (name in block letters): Observations: Signature ( 1 ) Where the goods are being re-exported, indicate the origin in box 9. Seal of competent authority 14 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

19 D.1 Carthamus tinctorius Description Annex D (normative) Safflower Fact sheet CD/K/468:2010 Authority L. Family Magnoliopsida:Asteridae:Asterales:Compositae Synonyms Common Safflower, Carthame, Cartamo, Alazor, Saflor, Honghua, names Osfor, Podsolnuh, Kusum, Kusumba, Kusumbha, Suff, Aspir, Golbar aftab, Muswar, Benibana, Cartama, Carthami flos, Carthami semen, Oleum carthami, False saffron, Bastard saffron, American saffron, Dyer's thistle, Dyer's saffron, Saffron thistle, Hong hua Editor Ecocrop 2514 code A herbaceous, often spined, thistle-like plant reaching a height of cm. It has a deep taproot and a strong stem with many branches, each terminating in a flower. Uses Seeds are extracted for oil used in paints, varnishes, cooking, illumination, and in the manufacture of soap. A scarlet red dye, insoluble in water, can be obtained from the dried florets and used for dying clothes, cakes, biscuits, and rouge. Killing temperature Seedling in the rosette leafy state is frost-resistant to -7 to -14 C depending on the varieties, after this stage frost below -2 C may destroy the plant. Growing period Annual. Autumn-planted crop varies in growing period from days, when planted in spring it varies from days. Further information Safflower is probably native of an area bounded by the eastern Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf. Production is approximately restricted to the region within the latitudes 20 S and 40 N. It is usually grown below 900 m in elevation but not suited for the low hot tropics, in Ethiopia it is grown up to 1400 m and in Kenya up to 1800 m in elevation. Emerging plants need cool temperatures for root growth and rosette development (mean daily temperature 15 to 20 C) and high temperatures during stem growth, flowering and yield formation periods (20 to 30 C). Humidity should be medium to low and safflower shows good resistance to drought and wind. Photosynthesis pathway C3 II. Yields of fresh petals may range from t/ha, giving up to 150 kg/ha of dry drug. Yields of seeds from t/ha. Bees or other insects are generally necessary for optimum fertilization and maximum yields. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 15

20 D.2 History D.2.1 Distribution Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an annual, broadleaf oilseed crop adapted chiefly to the smallgrain production areas of the western Great Plains. Evaluations of safflower in the Great Plains states began in 1925, but the seed had an oil content that was too low for profitable oil extraction. In the following years the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station developed varieties with about 35% oil compared to older varieties with less than 30%. There are two types of safflower varieties, the type that produces oil which is high in monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid), and those with high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid). D.2.2 Uses Safflower was originally grown for the flowers that were used in making red and yellow dyes for clothing and food preparation. Today this crop supplies oil, meal, birdseed, and foots (residue from oil processing) for the food and industrial products markets, although this crop is now primarily grown for the oil. The oil in linoleic safflower contains nearly 75% linoleic acid, which is considerably higher than corn, soybean, cottonseed, peanut or olive oils. This type of safflower is used primarily for edible oil products such as salad oils and soft margarines. Researchers disagree on whether oils high in polyunsaturated acids, like linoleic acid, help decrease blood cholesterol and the related heart and circulatory problems. Nonetheless, it is considered a "high quality" edible oil and public concern about this topic made safflower an important crop for vegetable oil. Varieties that are high in oleic acid may serve as a heat-stable, but expensive cooking oil used to fry potato chips and french fries. As an industrial oil, it is considered a drying or semidrying oil that is used in manufacturing paints and other surface coatings. The oil is light in colour and will not yellow with aging, hence it is used in white and light-coloured paints. This oil can also be used as a diesel fuel substitute, but like most vegetable oils, is currently too expensive for this use. The meal that remains after oil extraction is used as a protein supplement for livestock. The meal usually contains about 24% protein and much fibre. Decorticated meal (most of hulls removed) has about 40% protein with a reduced fibre content. Foots are used to manufacture soap. The birdseed industry buys a small portion of the seed production. Sheep and cattle can graze succulent safflower and stubble fields after harvest. D.2.3 Growth habit Safflower is an annual species in the same plant family as sunflower. This crop is adapted to dryland or irrigated cropping systems. Each seed germinates and produces a central stem that does not elongate for two to three weeks, and develops leaves near the ground in a rosette, similar to a young thistle. The slow growth of seedlings in early spring often results in a weedy crop. The strong central stems, with variable numbers of branches, grow to between 30 cm to 90 com depending on environmental conditions. Safflower can compensate for hail damage with little yield loss once branches have developed. This crop is more drought tolerant than small grains since it has a taproot that can grow to 240 cm to 300 cm if subsoil temperature and moisture allow. Stiff spines develop on leaf margins of most varieties at about the flower bud stage and make it difficult to walk through the fields. Branches usually produce one to five flower heads. Flower heads, about 2.5 cm in diameter, are usually yellow or orange in colour, although some varieties have red or white flowers. Flower buds form and continue developing into flowers for two to three weeks depending on environmental conditions, stand density, and varietal differences. Each flower head produces 15 to 30 seeds with a seed oil content usually between 30 to 45%. Seeds are enclosed in the head at maturity, which 16 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

21 prevents shattering before harvest and delays somewhat the feeding loss from birds. Seeds usually mature about four weeks after flowering ends. This crop usually needs 110 to 140 days to mature. D.2.4 Environmental Requirements: D Climate Safflower production is not recommended for areas with more than 381 mm of annual precipitation or growing seasons with fewer than 120 frost-free days and less than 2,200 growing degree days. Temperatures as low as 20 F are tolerated by plants while in the rosette stage, but safflower is very sensitive to frost injury after stem elongation until crop maturity. This crop does best in areas with warm temperatures and sunny, dry conditions during the flowering and seed-filling periods. Yields are lower under humid or rainy conditions since seed set is reduced and the occurrence of leaf spot and head rot diseases increases. Consequently, this crop is adapted to semiarid regions. Good seed production requires hot, dry conditions during the periods of flowering, seed set, and maturation. Cool temperatures at these times may cause poor yields. D Soil Deep, fertile, well-drained soils that have a high waterholding capacity and high level of stored moisture are ideal for safflower. This crop is also productive on coarse-textured soils with low waterholding capacity when adequate rainfall or moisture distribution is present. Soils that crust easily can prevent good stand establishment. High levels of soil salinity can decrease the frequency of seed germination and lower seed yield and oil content. Safflower has approximately the same tolerance to soil salinity as barley. D Seed preparation and germination Seed should be treated with a registered fungicide to reduce losses due to seed-borne rust and damping-off organisms. Germination will not begin until soil temperature exceeds 40 F. D.2.5 Cultural practices Safflower gives farmers some options in a dryland crop rotation with respect to weed and disease control, and in using soil moisture available to its deep taproot. This crop is usually grown in rotation with small grains or fallow. Safflower can be severely injured by soil residues of broadleaf herbicides that were used on small grains earlier in the rotation. Caution must be used when growing safflower after small grains. Safflower should not follow sunflower in rotation or in close rotation with crops susceptible to Sclerotinia head rot (white mould), such as sunflower, mustard, canola (oilseed rape), or dry bean. A crop following safflower should be grown only if there has been a significant recharge of soil moisture. Very little crop residue remains after harvesting safflower. Therefore, reduced tillage or chemical fallow after safflower may help reduce wind and water erosion of the soil. The production practices and equipment needed for safflower are similar to those used for small grains. Fertility requirements Soil tests are necessary to correctly determine whether any additional soil nutrients are required. The amount of fertilizer needed for safflower production depends on the yield goal, its position in the rotation, and the other crops used in the rotation. Safflower has deeper roots than small grains or flax, and can effectively use nitrogen remaining in the soil from previous crops to a depth of 7 ft. As a result, soil samples should be collected at depths from 2 to 4 ft to increase the accuracy of fertilizer recommendations. Variety selection Only varieties that are tolerant to Alternaria leaf spot and bacterial blight are recommended. Do not mix the seed of linoleic and oleic safflower in planting a crop or at harvest. EAC 2010 All rights reserved 17

22 Diseases and control Alternaria (Alternaria carthanti) leaf spot and bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae) are the most serious disease problems. Alternaria leaf spot has symptoms of large, brown irregular spots on leaves and flower bracts. Varieties vary in the degree of resistance they have to leaf spot, and severe losses may occur. Bacterial blight has symptoms similar to those of Alternaria leaf spot that usually appear during periods of heavy rainfall. These leaf lesions have yellow-green margins. Using disease-free seed of a variety with some resistance, and the proper seed treatment before planting, should reduce these disease problems. Rust (Puccinia carthand) is usually not a problem in safflower since it is easily controlled by seed treatment. Flower head rots caused by Sclerotinia and Botrytis, root rots produced by Phytophthora and Pythium fungi, and wilts from Verticillium or Fusarium are included in the list of potential disease problems. A four-year crop rotation should separate safflower from safflower, sunflower, canola, mustard, dry bean, soybean, or lentils so that common disease problems are reduced. Disease problems with safflower have historically been worse in regions where humidity and rainfall are higher. Insects and other predators Safflower can compensate well for insect damage. Economic losses do not usually occur unless the stands are greatly reduced. Growers must consider the effect of any insect control measure on beneficial insects, such as bees, since they are attracted to safflower during the flowering period and improve seed set with their pollination activity. Wireworms, cutworms, and seed corn maggots can be harmful to germinating seeds and seedlings. Seed treatment is an effective control measure. Wireworms can be controlled with Lindane at seeding time or in combination with seed-treatment fungicides. The safflower crop may be damaged later by thrips, lygus bugs, grasshoppers, and sunflower moths. These pests should be controlled only if they reach population levels that can cause serious losses. Severe insect damage that occurs early in the flowering period may cause premature senescence of Rower heads (bronzebeads) with a possible 20 to 30% loss of the crop. Producers should consider the full range of possible cultural and chemical control measures for insect pests. Harvesting Safflower is ready to harvest when most of the leaves turn a brown colour and very little green remains on the bracts of the latest flowering heads. The stems should be dry, but not brittle, and the seeds should be white and hand thresh easily. This crop should be harvested as soon as it matures in order to avoid the seed discoloration or sprouting in the head that can occur with fall rains. Drying and storage Quality safflower seed should have a white seed coat, a bushel weight over 38 lb, no uncleanable admixtures, and no sprouting, heated seeds. Safflower seed has recently been purchased on a clean basis with a desired oil content of 34 to 36%. Oil content above or below this level results respectively, in a premium or dockage on prices paid to growers. Moisture content of the cleaned seed should not exceed 8% for safe, long-term storage. 18 EAC 2010 All rights reserved

23 Annex E (informative) Safflower Codex, EU and USA pesticide residue limits CD/K/468:2010 Users are advised that international regulations and permissible Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) frequently change. Although this International MRL Database is updated frequently, the information in it may not be completely up-to-date or error free. Additionally, commodity nomenclature and residue definitions vary between countries, and country policies regarding deferral to international standards are not always transparent. This database is intended to be an initial reference source only, and users must verify any information obtained from it with knowledgeable parties in the market of interest prior to the sale or shipment of any products. The developers of this database are not liable for any damages, in whole or in part, caused by or arising in any way from user's use of the database. Results Key MRL values in {Italics} are more restrictive than US --- indicates no MRL value is established. Cod, EU, etc. indicates the source of the MRL and EXP means the market defers to the exporting market. All numeric values listed are in parts per million (ppm), unless otherwise noted Alachlor {1} Azoxystrobin {0.05} Beta-cyfluthrin Boscalid {0.5} 1 Captan {0.02} 1. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Captan/Sunflower, Seed combination, but does maintain an MRL of 0.02 PPM for its "Oilseeds and Oilfruits" group. 2 Carbaryl 0.5 {0.2} {0.05} 2. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Carbaryl/Sunflower, Seed combination, but does maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Oilseeds and Oilfruits" group. 3 Carfentrazoneethyl {0.02} 3. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Carfentrazone-ethyl/Sunflower, Seed combination, but does maintain an MRL of 0.02 PPM for its "Oilseeds" group. 4 Chlorpyrifos {0.05} 4. European Union does not maintain a specific MRL for the Chlorpyrifos/Sunflower, Seed combination, but does maintain an MRL of 0.05 PPM for its "Oilseeds and Oilfruits" group. Clethodim 5 {0.5} {0.5} Cyfluthrin Deltamethrin 0.1 {0.05} {0.05} EPTC EAC 2010 All rights reserved 19